educators : subject areas include high school science, design / architecture, and social studies. green your school project this project could be started as a competition between the different science classes in one grade to find the winning proposal and action plan. once the proposal is presented / accepted, the entire school can implement the action plan together. 1. read the background essays and discussion questions for the episodes the druk white lotus school - ladakh and greening the federal government. watch the episodes and discuss the post - viewing questions. 2. using this link - http : / / www. epa. gov / climatechange / wycd / school. html - download the environmental protection agency ' s " climate change emission calculator kit " ( climate check ) to determine the greenhouse gas emissions of your school. 3. using the resources listed below or any that you can find on your own, research what you can do to make your campus more energy efficient and environmentally friendly. 4. write an action plan to " green your school " by reducing the school ' s greenhouse gas emissions, and create a formal proposal to present to the school board or administrative team. 5. implement any changes that you can immediately, and keep the school community updated on the progress of the school ' s greenhouse gas emission reductions. 6. share your action plan with your peers and community through the school newspaper, local paper, and / or web logs! looking for inspiration? read this article about the many schools that are going green : watch a video about the sidwell school, the first secondary school in the country to receive the leed platinum rating, and learn about how they became the greenest school in the world : the alliance to save energy has a green schools program as well as lesson plans to improve the energy efficiency of your school. green schools teams typically save between 5 to 15 percent on school electricity costs. a portion of the savings can be returned to your school to make even more significant changes, like retro - fitting the buildings for increased energy efficiency : in 2004 global green launched a new effort focused on k - 12 schools in southern california called the " green schools for southern california initiative. " the web site has lots of research and case studies to help prepare a well - informed proposal : great resources for schools on how and why to go green : see what colleges and universities are doing to take on the green power challenge. some universities are already running on 100 percent green power. make your high school like a green college : personal online emissions calculator : national standards from mc


to go green : see what colleges and universities are doing to take on the green power challenge. some universities are already running on 100 percent green power. make your high school like a green college : personal online emissions calculator : national standards from mcrel standard standard 1. 9 : writes persuasive compositions that address problems / solutions or causes / effects ( e. g., articulates a position through a thesis statement ; anticipates and addresses counter arguments ; backs up assertions using specific rhetorical devices [ appeals to logic, appeals to emotion, uses personal anecdotes ] ; develops arguments using a variety of methods such as examples and details, commonly accepted beliefs, expert opinion, cause - and - effect reasoning, comparison - contrast reasoning ). standard 5. 6 : knows renewable and non - renewable sources of energy ( e. g., fossil, wind, nuclear, solar ). standard 14 : uses the design process to solve problems. standard 3. 3 : knows that alternatives, risks, costs, and benefits must be considered when deciding on proposals to introduce new technologies or to curtail existing ones ( e. g., are there alternative ways to achieve the same ends? who benefits and who suffers? what are the financial and social costs and who bears them? how serious are the risks and who is in jeopardy? what resources will be needed and where will they come from? ) standard 4. 6 : knows that a design involves different design factors ( e. g., ergonomics, maintenance and repair, environmental concerns ) and design principles ( e. g., flexibility, proportion, function ). download pdf format


many conditions during pregnancy or labor can make a c - section necessary, including : prolonged or ineffective labor placenta issues if the placenta is positioned abnormally low in the cervix ( placenta previa ), it can block the birth canal. the placenta can also suddenly separate from the uterus ( placenta abruptia ), causing the mother to hemorrhage and the baby to have an abnormal heart rate. disproportion or multiple births : if the baby ’ s head is too large for the birth canal, or if there is more than one baby to deliver, a c - section may be safer than a vaginal delivery. abnormal presentation : if the baby ’ s position in the womb is abnormal, it may be safer to deliver via a c - section. prolapsed cord : if the umbilical cord cord comes before the baby through the vagina, it can strangle the baby during a vaginal delivery. fetal distress or medical problems : if the mother has diabetes, genital herpes, hypertension, cardiac disease, toxemia, or ovarian or uterine cysts, vaginal delivery may be hazardous for both mother and child. if a c - section may be necessary for you, it is important to plan ahead and know what risks may be involved. learn more about potential c - section risks.


hives ( urticaria ) and a swollen face ( angioedema ) are typical hypersensitivity ( or allergic ) reactions to drugs, chemicals, something eaten, or even sunlight. what are the symptoms of hives and angioedema? in hives, small bumps occur within the skin. often, the hair will stand up over these swellings. sometimes, they itch. in angioedema, we see swelling of the face, especially the muzzle and around the eyes. sometimes, the swelling is so severe, the cat cannot open his eyes. angioedema often results in itching. facial swelling and hives generally develop within 20 minutes of being exposed to the allergen ( substance to which the animal is allergic ). in general, these types of allergic reactions are not life - threatening and will go away by themselves. rarely, the swelling in angioedema can affect the throat and make breathing difficult. a more severe allergic reaction, called anaphylaxis, is life - threatening, and requires immediate veterinary attention. how are hives and a swollen face treated? antihistamines are generally the best treatment for angioedema and hives. if severe, steroids are sometimes given. if respiration is affected, epinephrine is administered. if your cat has hives or a swollen face, contact your veterinarian, who will advise you about the proper treatment. can hives and angioedema be prevented? in general, there is no way to predict which animals may develop hives or angioedema as a result of exposure to a certain substance. if a cat has already had an allergic reaction, such as anaphylaxis, angioedema or hives, to a substance, the substance should be avoided. if your cat has ever had a reaction to a vaccine or medication, be sure your veterinarian knows and the information is placed in your cat ' s medical record. if your cat has ever had an allergic reaction to a vaccine, subsequent vaccinations should be given by your veterinarian. your veterinarian will probably administer an antihistamine prior to vaccination and have you remain in the office for 20 - 30 minutes after the vaccination, so you are right there if your pet has a reaction. in some cases, certain vaccines may be excluded from your cat ' s vaccination regimen, or a different type of vaccine will be used. many vaccines contain


just the right amount of sun should all kids avoid the sun, all the time? as the days grow longer and warmer and as summer approaches, it ' s a question parents wonder about. just the right amount of sun gary emmett, m. d. not every kid or teen needs the same “ prescription ” when it comes to sun exposure. one of my patients, a 15 - year - old girl, was a self - described tanning bed " addict. " too much sunlight ages the skin and makes it leathery. and, indeed, her skin was like shoe leather. even more worrisome : overexposure was tripling her risk for skin cancer. she needed to avoid tanning beds and be careful outdoors, too. should all kids avoid the sun, all the time? as the days grow longer and warmer and as summer approaches, it ’ s a question parents wonder about. different doctors have different perspectives. a dermatologist who sees deadly melanoma skin cancers and precancers daily will warn “ keep a baby under 6 months completely out of the sun. ” but a primary care pediatrician who sees jaundiced infants ( improved by sunlight ) and toddlers with rickets ( caused by a combination of little or no sun exposure and a diet low in vitamin d ) will tell parents children need 15 to 30 minutes of facial exposure to sunlight daily. what ’ s best for your child? i believe a little sunlight is good — but not too much. i have had fair - skinned young patients end up in a burn unit with second - degree burns when they fell asleep in the sun. even dark - skinned individuals are at risk. i have had african - american patients get severe sun poisoning, too. the cdc suggests children should avoid being outdoors at midday and seek the shade as much as possible - cover up children with tightly woven cloth – loose weaves let uv light through. - have children wear floppy hats. i know this doesn ’ t always work. personally, my children would never wear hats and still don ’ t. and i didn ’ t wear hats until i went bald and the sunburn came too easily. good suggestions are nice only if one actually does them! - encourage little ones to wear sunglasses, but only polarized sunglasses actually block uva and uvb. children also lose sunglasses in about 8 seconds, so buy on price. - apply sunscreen. there are two types of sun protection : sun blocks ( with ingredients like zinc oxide and titanium dioxide — the white stuff the beach


uva and uvb. children also lose sunglasses in about 8 seconds, so buy on price. - apply sunscreen. there are two types of sun protection : sun blocks ( with ingredients like zinc oxide and titanium dioxide — the white stuff the beach lifeguard puts on his / her nose ) are very safe because they do not react with the skin. and they work immediately ( no waiting! ). sun screens work by chemically interacting with the uv light. they come in many strengths, but an spf over 30 buys very little added protection. the problem with sun screens? they have to be on the skin for 30 minutes before they reach maximum protection. and they contain active chemicals which can cause allergic skin reactions. ( to check your child, dab a little bit of the sunscreen on her skin the day before you need it and make sure there is no reaction. ) children ’ s sunscreen is not much different from adult sunscreen so the extra expense probably is not worthwhile. what is : reapply as directed after swimming, when your child is sweaty or at least every 2 to 3 hours. gary emmett, m. d., is director of hospital pediatrics at thomas jefferson university hospital. read more : http : / / www. philly. com / philly / blogs / healthy _ kids / meet - our - healthy - kids - bloggers. html # emmett # ixzz1pyrhf6uv watch sports videos you won ' t find anywhere else


portland, or 97203 the columbia boulevard wastewater treatment plant is part of a collection and treatment system that serves nearly 600, 000 residential and commercial customers. the plant operates every day around the clock to manage, monitor and adjust the treatment process. sewage pump stations and pipes convey wastewater to the facility 24 hours a day. - 1952 plant completed - 1969 primary expansion - 1974 addition of secondary treatment - 1982 digester expansion - 1994 secondary modification complete - 1996 new headworks complete - 2000 new dry weather primary clarifiers added - 2005 switched from liquid chlorine to sodium hypochlorite for wastewater disinfection - 2008 adopted new cbwtp facilities plan - 2008 activated cogeneration facility to use biogas to fuel plant operations 2011 two new digesters ( 9 and 10 ) put into service, adding 5. 6 million gallons of sludge treatment capacity and 8 to 10 days of detention time to the process. 2011 willamette river cso tunnel systme becomse fully functional with the east side big pipe joining the west side big pipe to convey combined sewage to the treatment plant. 2011 wwsf ( wet weather screening facility ) goes online to capture excess storm flow debris. 2012 cept ( chemically - enhanced primary treatment ) added to capture excess storm flow solids. " to protect public health and the environment " is the mission of the columbia boulevard wastewater treatment plant. stewardship of our natural resources and service to the community are the underlying reasons that many plant employees chose a career in wastewater treatment. the staff is specially trained to manage, monitor and adjust the treatment process. dozens of pump stations and thousands of miles of sewer lines are part of the system that brings wastewater to the facility 24 hours a day. the tryon creek wastewater treatment plant, a second wastewater treatment plant south of portland, is also monitored at the columbia boulevard facility. why we treat wastewater portland first began treating its wastewater in 1952. before then the city ' s industrial discharges, agricultural waste and sewage emptied directly into the willamette river and columbia slough. the water became dangerously contaminated. when portland citizens realized it would take new infrastructure to help clean up the problem, they approved a $ 12 million bond issue to build a wastewater treatment facility. the columbia boulevard wastewater treatment plant is the last stop for portland ' s wastewater. a trip through the treatment plant removes most of the suspended solids and dissolved materials and sends a river water quality effluent to the columbia river. the city recycles some of the solids for use as a


stop for portland ' s wastewater. a trip through the treatment plant removes most of the suspended solids and dissolved materials and sends a river water quality effluent to the columbia river. the city recycles some of the solids for use as a beneficial soil supplement. treatment plant overview the columbia boulevard plant has a two - phase treatment process. the primary phase screens out large debris for landfilling, skims off grease, oil and floatable solids, and collects and thickens settleable solids. in the secondary phase, naturally - occurring microorganisms feed on organic pollutants in the wastewater and the resulting residue is separated. after disinfection, the treated water flows into the columbia river. finally the treatment of solids removed during the primary and secondary phases produces biosolids. processing extracts water to make a concentrated, stable material and speeds natural decomposition. microorganisms living at a constant temperature in an oxygen - free environment aid solids decomposition. the city uses biosolids as a soil supplement on dry pasture land. innovations and the future new and innovative wastewater treatment technology is vital to meet the needs of portland ' s growing population. the city has continually improved and expanded the plant since it was built in 1952. in 1969, the primary treatment process was expanded and modernized. in 1974, the secondary treatment process was added. in 1979, twin belt presses were added. in 1982, anaerobic digesters were expanded. an anoxic flow process added to the secondary phase in 1993 makes columbia boulevard one of the largest treatment plants in the country to convert to this process. the $ 12 million addition eliminates unwanted microorganisms and minimizes the need for chlorination while increasing secondary treatment flow from a maximum of 120 million gallons per day to 200 million gallons per day. construction began in 2009 to upgrade the plant ' s screening facility to allow more wastewater to flow to the supplemental primary sedimentation tanks used during wet weather. in 2012, the plant completed installing a chemically - enhanced primary treatment ( cept ) facility for wet weather wastewater flows. cept makes solid particles in wastewater clump together and settle faster to increase treatment efficiency. construction began in late 2012 on a secondary process improvement ( spi ) project using step feed technology to increase treatment in our biological aeration basins by up to 25 %. in 1997, environmental services opened a new headworks facility, replacing one of the oldest parts of the columbia boulevard plant. the headworks provides preliminary wastewater treatment. large screens remove debris, grit, and sand from


quilt, australian aids memorial quilt, various makers and places of manufacture, australia / united states of america, 1989 - 1994 the australian aids memorial quilt, of which this eight - panel quilt forms a part, is an evocative record of those who were lost to hiv, many of them in their 20s and 30s. the visual diversity of the panels is marked, capturing as they do the character and individuality of the person who died. in the 1980s and 90s, at the onset of aids and in the following decade, societal attitudes were often homophobic. the quilt records memories of those vibrant young people who faced their death in times of ignorance, often with no help, no friends ( many had died already ), family denial and discrimination. some panels are anonymous, while many are now supported by documentation such as written descriptions by the maker, photographs and eulogies. as a result, the aids quilt tells us a great deal about social change and changing attitudes to safe sex, gay culture and death in the late twentieth century in western societies. the quilts are important ¬? so there is a record of that person existing, whereas with a lot of people with aids that ( record ) is not there. there¬? s a whole generation of people - unless we tell their stories, they are not there¬?. ( interview with libby woodhams, sydney quiltproject convenor 2010 ). in most western societies, mourning is a fairly private and restrained affair in which depths of emotion are kept out of the public eye. given the prejudices surrounding the aids epidemic, one can understand how difficult it is for those who are mourning their aids victims to express their grief fully and openly. the aids quilt is remarkable because it combined an opportunity to share in the mourning process with a celebration of the life of the deceased. first diagnosed in 1981, hiv / aids is the major infectious epidemic of the late 20th century. the first australian death from aids was recorded in melbourne in 1983. subsequently, public programs undertaken by community organisations and government departments in australia have educated people about the disease and its transmission. the australian aids memorial quilt project, then comprising 35 panels, was formally launched in sydney on 1 december 1988 ( world aids day ), by ita buttrose, chairperson of the national advisory committee on aids ( nacaids ). while the quilt began as a memorial, it has become one of the nation¬? s most valuable resources for promoting a compassionate and educational dialogue about aids within australian communities. its non - threatening nature and artistic and creative


aids ( nacaids ). while the quilt began as a memorial, it has become one of the nation¬? s most valuable resources for promoting a compassionate and educational dialogue about aids within australian communities. its non - threatening nature and artistic and creative approach enables accessibility to the content and allows people from all walks of life to learn about the aids epidemic from its human side. uk quilt website http : / / www. aidsquilt. org. uk / gallery. asp? quilt = 2 anni turnbull, curatorial design & society, 2011 this quilt was made by various people in sydney, new south wales ; brisbane, queensland, australia ; and new york, united states of america, between 1989 - 1994. in the documentation, ' panel ' refers to a single memorial piece ; several panels stitched together form one ' quilt ' ; many individual quilts make up the australian aids memorial quilt. typically very personalized, individual quilt panels were created by the loved ones of someone who died of aids - related causes. each panel is roughly the size of a human grave ; the panels were given to the australian quilt project, where they were grouped with other similar panels to form a quilt. quilts like this were often the only opportunity people had to remember and celebrate their loved ones ' lives. this quilt was created as part of the australian aids memorial quilt project, which was founded in september 1988 by andrew carter oam and richard johnson in sydney. it was formally launched on world aids day, 1 december 1988 by ms ita buttrose. the founding 35 memorial panels were displayed that day in sydney with visiting panels from the american names project. australian traveller andrew carter saw the american quilt during its 1988 us national tour, and upon his return home he was inspired to found the australian quilt with richard johnson. andrew carter was later awarded the medal of the order of australia in recognition of this work. the australian quilt remains the largest outside the usa. local groups of the quilt now exist in states and territories across australia. in 2007 the quilt project sydney, which became the custodian of the australian aids memorial quilt in 2000 offered the quilt to the powerhouse museum for acquisition into the collection. a lengthy collaborative process ensued, in order to ensure that both the families of those commemorated and the makers of the quilts were in agreement with this proposal. at the same time, photography and documentation of the quilts, together with purpose - designed storage were carried out.


alan turing, who conceived of the modern computer decades before it came into existence, earned his ph. d. from princeton university in 1938. his dissertation, titled " systems of logic based on ordinals, " made important contributions to both computer science and mathematics. video stills courtesy of zach donnell video feature : turing ' s legacy and computer science at princeton posted may 3, 2012 ; 12 : 00 p. m. considered the father of computer science, alan turing earned his ph. d. in mathematics from princeton in 1938. andrew appel, chair of the department of computer science, discusses turing ' s legacy in this video. princeton is hosting a conference may 10 - 12 in honor of the centennial of turing ' s birth. featured speakers include google executive chairman eric schmidt, a 1976 princeton alumnus, and eight winners of the turing award, often considered the computer science equivalent of the nobel prize. registration to the conference is free and open to the public. play the " alan turing at princeton " video. speakers will be discussing turing ' s legacy as well as the future of computing. in addition to schmidt, presenters include internet pioneer and 1964 graduate alumnus robert kahn on managing distributed information ; barbara liskov of the massachusetts institute of technology ( mit ) on modern programming languages ; james murray, princeton university senior scholar of applied and computational mathematics, on mathematical biology ; ronald rivest of mit on cryptography, leslie g. valiant of harvard university on computing as a natural science ; godel prize winner and 1983 graduate alumnus avi wigderson of the institute for advanced study on proving computational hardness ; and andrew chi - chih yao of tsinghua university on quantum computing. appel, a 1981 princeton alumnus, is the editor of a new edition of turing ' s princeton ph. d. thesis that wil be issued by princeton university press this month.


action team approach : each school ’ s action team for partnerships ( atp ) is made up of parents, teachers, administrators and community members. this team meets monthly at each school to develop a one - year action plan for school & family partnerships, ensures the activities in the plan happen, and evaluates the activities that take place. they also help to publicize events that involve families and gather ideas for new activities. six types of involvement : parenting, communicating, volunteering, learning at home, decision making, and collaborating with the community parents or other family members are essential members of the action team for partnerships. parents and other family members contribute ideas on topics that will be important for families, design ways to involve all families, conduct activities on family friendly schedules, recruit families to lead and implement activities and encourage families to participate in activities. community partnerships are a key element of the atp. community partners can contribute human and material resources, share innovative ideas and give perspectives that result in improved school programs and expanded learning experiences for students. teachers on the atp contribute ideas for family and community involvement activities linked to academic goals for students. teachers also work with the other teachers in the school to reinforce their own best practices to involve families and the community, and encourage other teachers to participate in schoolwide partnership events. what is the national network? established at johns hopkins university in 1996, the national network of partnership schools ( nnps ) invites schools, districts, states, and organizations to join together and use research - based approaches to organize and sustain excellent programs of family and community involvement that will increase student success in school. more information at johns hopkins. you can also find more information about the district ' s atp program on the district website.


abdominal aortic aneurysm repair ( aaa repair ) why is the doctor performing this surgery? to repair a weakened portion of the aorta located in the abdomen. the aorta is the largest artery in the body. it carries oxygen - rich blood from the heart to the rest of the body, including the abdomen. the weakened aorta can balloon out, becoming thin, large, and fragile. this ballooning is called an aneurysm. as it progresses, there is risk of rupture, with massive internal bleeding. what is the surgery? traditional aaa repair is an open - abdomen ( or open - chest ) surgery. the bulging aneurysm part of the aorta is removed, an artificial graft is put in its place, and the remaining aortic end - pieces are reattached to the graft. alternatively, a less invasive surgery involves placing a stent graft to cover the aneurysm. blood flows thru the stent, entirely bypassing the aneurysm, thus preventing rupture, and excludes the aneurysm from the circulation. this less invasive procedure can decrease length of stay and recovery time significantly. where is the surgery performed? in the operating room ( or ), under general anesthesia. how long does this surgery take? aaa repair usually takes 3 - 5 hours.


it seems as normal as the world dress boys in blue and girls pink. in fact, we would not at all strange if a girl you put a blue outfit but what if a child what to wear pink? it seems unthinkable, right? well, i discovered that in the nineteenth century wore backwards, ie, girls and boys blue rose, though more common than not to do or a color or otherwise, but dressed in neutral colors such as gray, white, brown, veige … each color is associated with a meaning and is associated with certain qualities or characteristics. thus, the blue is identified with the calmness, purity, tranquility, nature ( the blue sky or the sea ), while red is more about passion, courage, honor, stoicism. pink could be more innocent version of this color and thus was used in childhood. at what point is turned the tables? well it looks like the first signs feminists, the struggle for gender equality, the effort to avoid differences and prejudices between the sexes. they wanted to avoid that already, from small, barriers will be marked distinctions in clothing for infants and was passed to change this tradition. dressing up a blue boy and a girl in pink, was an act of rebellion against stereotypes. although it appears that this industrial action fell into a new tradition. the point is that, without realizing it, and we are making certain conduct prejudiced in infants and there is still too rooted tradition in relation to this issue. many mothers fleeing her and dress their children as they want, regardless of color association is implied. however, it is a losing battle as the market and society are not yet preperados for a change. chances are that the girl likes the dolls, 90 % of cases go dressed in pink and cartoon - like hello kitty, whose world is in pink, while children will feel more attracted to superman or spiderman, painted mainly in red and blue. to see if any brave to create a princess with a blue dress and pink tights superhero. perhaps this could be the beginning of a change.


the bufflehead ( bucephala albeola ) is a small american sea duck of the genus bucephala, the goldeneyes. this species was first described by linnaeus in his systema naturae in 1758 as anas albeola. the bufflehead ranges from 32 - 40 cm long ( 12. 5 - 16 inches ) and 270 - 550 g (. 6 - 1. 2 lbs ), with the drakes larger than the females. averaging 35. 5 cm ( 14 in ) and 370 g ( 13 oz ), it rivals the green - winged teal as the smallest american adult males have a glossy, greenish - black head with a large white cap behind the eye and a mainly white body with a black back. adult females have a brown head with a smaller white patch behind the eye and a mainly brown body with a light underside. the name bufflehead is a combination of buffalo and head, referring to the oddly bulbous head shape of the species. this is most noticeable when the male puffs out the feathers on the head, thus greatly increasing the apparent size of the head. distribution and habitat they are migratory and most of them winter in protected coastal waters, or open inland waters, on the east and west coasts of north america and the southern united states. the bufflehead is an extremely rare vagrant to western europe. their breeding habitat is wooded lakes and ponds in alaska, almost entirely included in the boreal forest or taiga buffleheads do not tend to collect in huge flocks ; groups are usually limited to small numbers ( less than 10 ). one duck will serve as a sentry, watching for predators as the others in the group dive in search of food. predators of adults include peregrine falcon ), snowy owl ), bald eagle ), great horned owl ) and cooper ' s hawk ). females may be killed on the nest by mammals, such as weasels spp. ) or mink ), and by goldeneyes over nest competition. they nest in cavities in trees, often using old flicker or pileated woodpecker nests, occasionally 425 m ( 1400 ft ) from water. nest competitors include mountain bluebird ), tree swallow ), northern flicker, and european starling. there was one recorded instance of a female barrow ' s goldeneye killing a bufflehead adult female and her brood. smaller cavities are preferred because of less competition with the larger goldeneyes a clutch may range from 5 to 10 eggs


. there was one recorded instance of a female barrow ' s goldeneye killing a bufflehead adult female and her brood. smaller cavities are preferred because of less competition with the larger goldeneyes a clutch may range from 5 to 10 eggs. eggs are typically about 36. 3 mm ( 1. 4 in ) in breadth and 50. 6 mm ( 2 in ) in length, weighing about 37. 4 g ( 1. 3 oz ) on average. the incubation period ranges from 28 to 33 days, during which the female is quite attentive. locally, the clutch survival rate may range from 45 % to 5 % based on factors like cold weather, rain, competitors ( i. e. grebes or other ducks ) or predators ( like northern pike ). the female abandons the nest after 5 to 6 weeks, and the young fledge at 45 to 55 days of age. these diving birds forage underwater. they prefer water depths of 1. 2 - 4. 5 m ( 4 to 15 ft ). in freshwater habitats they eat primarily insects, and in saltwater they feed predominantly on crustaceans. aquatic plants eggs can often become locally important food items as well. relationship with humans habitat degradation is now the major threat to this bird, since they almost always return to their hatch site to breed. although buffleheads do use man - made nest boxes, they still need the forest habitat in order to thrive.


kolam ( tamil : கோலம ) is a form of sandpainting that is drawn using rice powder by female members of the family in front of their home. it is widely practised by hindus in south india. a kolam is a sort of painted prayer — a line drawing composed of curved loops, drawn around a grid pattern of dots. kolams are thought to bestow prosperity to homes. every morning in southern india, millions of women draw kolams on the ground with white rice powder. through the day, the drawings get walked on, rained out, or blown around in the wind ; new ones are made the next day. every morning before sunrise, the floor is cleaned with water, the universal purifier, and the muddy floor is swept well for an even surface. the kolams are generally drawn while the surface is still damp so that it is held better. occasionally, cow - dung is also used to wax the floors. cow dung has antiseptic properties and hence provides a literal threshold of protection for the home. it also provides contrast with the white powder. decoration was not the sole purpose of a kolam. in olden days, kolams used to be drawn in coarse rice flour, so that the ants don ' t have to work so hard for a meal. the rice powder is said to invite birds and other small critters to eat it, thus inviting other beings into one ' s home and everyday life : a daily tribute to harmonious co - existence. it is a sign of invitation to welcome all into the home, not the least of whom is goddess lakshmi, the goddess of prosperity. the patterns range between geometric and mathematical line drawings around a matrix of dots to free form art work and closed shapes. folklore has evolved to mandate that the lines must be completed so as to symbolically prevent evil spirits from entering the inside of the shapes, and thus are they prevented from entering the inside of the home. it used to be a matter of pride to be able to draw large complicated patterns without lifting the hand off the floor standing up in between. the month of margazhi was eagerly awaited by young women, who would then showcase their skills by covering the entire width of the road with one big kolam. the ritual kolam patterns created for occasions such as weddings can stretch all the way down streets. patterns are often passed on generation to generation, from mother to daughter. for special occasions limestone and red brick powder to contrast are also used. though kolam


no legal vacuum in cyber space | publisher | | international committee of the red cross ( icrc ) | | publication date | | 16 august 2011 | | cite as | | international committee of the red cross ( icrc ), no legal vacuum in cyber space, 16 august 2011, available at : http : / / www. refworld. org / docid / 4e5341102. html [ accessed 21 may 2013 ] | | disclaimer | | this is not a unhcr publication. unhcr is not responsible for, nor does it necessarily endorse, its content. any views expressed are solely those of the author or publisher and do not necessarily reflect those of unhcr, the united nations or its member states. | cyber warfare and international humanitarian law. all over the world, policy makers and military leaders are considering the implications of cyber warfare. cordula droege, an icrc legal expert, explains that the existing legal framework is applicable and must be respected even in the cyber realm. what do you mean by " cyber warfare " and why is it of concern to the icrc? the concept of cyber warfare is somewhat nebulous and different people appear to mean different things when they refer to it. for the purposes of this discussion, cyber warfare refers to means and methods of warfare that rely on information technology and are used in the context of an armed conflict within the meaning of international humanitarian law as opposed to the traditional kinetic military operations. similarly, such terms as " cyber attacks, " " cyber operations " or " computer network attacks " have no internationally agreed legal meaning and are used in different contexts ( not always limited to armed conflicts ) and with different meanings. let us use the rather broad term of cyber operations to refer to operations against or via a computer or a computer system through a data stream. such operations can aim to do different things, for instance to infiltrate a computer system and collect, export, destroy, change, or encrypt data or to trigger, alter or otherwise manipulate processes controlled by the infiltrated system. the technology can be used in warfare and, under certain circumstances, some of these operations can constitute attacks as defined under international humanitarian law. cyber operations can raise humanitarian concerns, in particular when their effect is not limited to the data of the targeted computer system or computer. indeed, they are usually intended to have an effect in the " real world. " for instance, by tampering with the supporting computer systems, one can manipulate an enemy ' s air traffic


to the data of the targeted computer system or computer. indeed, they are usually intended to have an effect in the " real world. " for instance, by tampering with the supporting computer systems, one can manipulate an enemy ' s air traffic control systems, oil pipeline flow systems or nuclear plants. the potential humanitarian impact of some cyber operations is therefore enormous. cyber operations that have been carried out thus far, for example in estonia, georgia and iran, do not appear to have had serious consequences for the civilian population. however, it seems that it is technically feasible to interfere with airport control systems, other transportation systems, dams or nuclear power plants via cyber space. potentially catastrophic scenarios, such as collisions between aircraft, the release of poisons from chemical plants, or the disruption of vital infrastructure and services such as electricity or water networks, therefore cannot be dismissed. the main victims of such operations would most likely be civilians. does international humanitarian law apply to cyber operations? international humanitarian law, or ihl, only comes into play if cyber operations are committed in the context of an armed conflict whether between states, between states and organized armed groups or between organized armed groups. therefore, we need to distinguish the general issue of cyber security from the specific issue of cyber operations in armed conflict. terms like " cyber attacks " or even " cyber terrorism " may evoke methods of warfare, but the operations they refer to are not necessarily conducted in armed conflict. cyber operations can be and are in fact used in crimes committed in everyday situations that have nothing to do with situations of war. a large proportion of operations colloquially termed " cyber attacks " are in fact network exploitation attacks carried out for the purpose of illicit information gathering and occur outside the context of armed conflicts. but in armed conflict situations, ihl applies when the parties resort to means and methods of warfare relying on cyber operations. if ihl applies to cyber operations, what does it say about them? ihl does not specifically mention cyber operations. because of this, and because the exploitation of cyber technology is relatively new and sometimes appears to introduce a complete qualitative change in the means and methods of warfare, it has occasionally been argued that ihl is ill adapted to the cyber realm and cannot be applied to cyber warfare. however, the absence in ihl of specific references to cyber operations does not mean that such operations are not subject to the rules of ihl. if the means and methods of cyber warfare produce the same effects in the real world as conventional weapons ( such as destruction, disruption, damage, injury


specific references to cyber operations does not mean that such operations are not subject to the rules of ihl. if the means and methods of cyber warfare produce the same effects in the real world as conventional weapons ( such as destruction, disruption, damage, injury or death ), they are governed by the same rules as conventional weapons. new technologies of all kinds are being developed all the time and ihl is sufficiently broad to accommodate these developments. ihl prohibits or limits the use of certain weapons specifically ( for instance, chemical or biological weapons, or anti - personnel mines ). but it also regulates, through its general rules, all means and methods of warfare, including the use of all weapons. in particular, article 36 of protocol i additional to the geneva conventions provides that, " [ i ] n the study, development, acquisition or adoption of a new weapon, means or method of warfare, a high contracting party is under an obligation to determine whether its employment would, in some or all circumstances, be prohibited by this protocol or by any other rule of international law applicable to the high contracting party. " beyond the specific obligation it imposes on states parties, this rule shows that general ihl rules apply to new technology. this is not to say that there might not be a need to develop the law further as technologies evolve or their humanitarian impact becomes better understood. that will have to be determined by states. in the meantime, it is important to stress that there is no legal vacuum in cyber space. beyond that, however, we are faced with a number of question marks on how ihl will apply in practice. what is it about cyber space that makes it difficult to apply the rules of ihl? the means and methods of cyber warfare are still incompletely understood, except presumably by the technical experts who develop and apply them. the development of new technologies is frequently classified. that being said, to determine whether and to what extent the means and methods of cyber warfare are qualitatively different from those of conventional warfare, the most important thing is to understand how the technology could be used and what effects it could have in armed conflict. but one aspect of cyber space that would seem to pose difficulties is the anonymity of communications. in the cyber operations that occur on an everyday basis, anonymity is the rule rather than the exception. it appears to be impossible in some instances to trace their originator. since all law is based on the allocation of responsibility ( in ihl to a party to a conflict or to an individual ), major difficulties


is the rule rather than the exception. it appears to be impossible in some instances to trace their originator. since all law is based on the allocation of responsibility ( in ihl to a party to a conflict or to an individual ), major difficulties arise. in particular, if the perpetrator of a given operation and thus the link of the operation to an armed conflict cannot be identified, it is extremely difficult to determine whether ihl is even applicable to the operation. another feature of cyber space is, of course, interconnectivity. the interconnections between computer systems civilian and military could make it difficult to apply even the most fundamental rules of ihl. what rules of ihl are applicable to cyber operations? how can they be applied in the world of interconnectivity? all ihl rules governing the conduct of hostilities are potentially applicable during armed conflict, but whether they are relevant in such a context, and how they could be applied, are real questions. before giving some examples, it is important to recall that one of the main purposes of ihl is to protect the civilian population and civilian infrastructure from the effects of hostilities. let us consider some fundamental rules of ihl to illustrate not only their importance for cyber operations but also the difficult questions that their application to cyber space raises. these rules are related to the principles of distinction, proportionality and precaution. the principle of distinction and the prohibition of indiscriminate and disproportionate attacks the principle of distinction requires that parties to a conflict distinguish at all times between civilians and combatants and between civilian objects and military objectives. attacks may only be directed against combatants or military objectives. indiscriminate attacks, that is attacks which are not or cannot be directed at a specific military objective or whose effects cannot be limited as required by ihl, are prohibited. similarly, attacks against military objectives or combatants are prohibited if they may be expected to cause incidental civilian casualties or damage which would be excessive in relation to the concrete and direct military advantage anticipated ( so - called disproportionate attacks ). this means that, in planning and carrying out cyber operations, the only targets permissible under ihl are military objectives, such as computers or computer systems used in support of military infrastructure or of infrastructure used specifically for military purposes. it follows that attacks via cyber space may not be directed against, for example, computer systems used in medical facilities, schools, and other purely civilian installations. the issue of humanitarian concern in this respect is


infrastructure or of infrastructure used specifically for military purposes. it follows that attacks via cyber space may not be directed against, for example, computer systems used in medical facilities, schools, and other purely civilian installations. the issue of humanitarian concern in this respect is that cyber space is characterized by interconnectivity. it consists of innumerable interconnected computer systems across the world. military computer systems appear to often be interconnected with commercial, civilian systems and to rely on them in whole or in part. thus, it might well be impossible to launch a cyber attack on military infrastructure and limit the effects to just that military objective. for instance, the use of a worm that replicates itself and cannot be controlled, and might therefore cause considerable damage to civilian infrastructure, would be a violation of ihl. obligation to take precautions the party responsible for an attack must take measures, to the maximum extent feasible, to avoid or minimize incidental damage to civilian infrastructure or harm to civilians. this will require verifying the nature of the systems that are being attacked and the possible damage that might ensue from an attack. it also means that when it becomes apparent that an attack will cause excessive incidental civilian damage or casualties, it must be cancelled. also, parties to conflicts have an obligation to take necessary precautions against the effects of attacks. it would therefore be advisable for them, in order to protect the civilian population against incidental effects of attacks, to assess whether military computer systems are sufficiently separate from civilian ones. the reliance of military computer systems and connections on systems run by civilian contractors which are also used for civilian purposes could be a cause for concern. on the other hand, information technology might also serve to limit incidental damage to civilians or civilian infrastructure. for instance, it might be less damaging to disrupt certain services used for military and civilian purposes than to destroy infrastructure completely. in such cases, the principle of precaution arguably imposes an obligation on states to choose the less harmful means to achieve their military aim. what is the icrc doing in relation to cyber warfare? we need to bear in mind that the military potential and the humanitarian impact of cyber warfare despite all the things we read about them in the media are far from fully understood. however, it is certainly possible that cyber operations could have disastrous consequences for civilians. that is why the icrc monitors their development and reminds parties to conflicts of their obligations to comply with ihl. we are also paying close attention to a number of initiatives that aim to clarify the law applicable to cyber operations


william t. nicholson ( 1834 - 1893 ) was the founder of the nicholson file company of providence, the originator of machine - made files in america, the largest company of its kind in the world, and one of providence ’ s “ five industrial wonders ” of the nineteenth century. nicholson was born on march 22, 1834 in the village of pawtucket, then in the town of north providence. his father, a machinist, moved the family to whitinsville, massachusetts where young william was raised and educated. at age fourteen, he became an apprentice machinist in whitinsville, but moved to providence when seventeen to seek better job opportunities. he found them at brown & sharpe manufacturing company where he rose to the position of shop manager by 1856, and supervised the production of that firm ’ s precision instruments. in 1858 nicholson opened his own machine company in partnership with isaac brownell. by 1860, he bought brownell out and moved to a larger facility and eventually turned his skill and attention to developing a machine for making files. in 1864, after patenting his invention, he formed the nicholson file company. eventually this enterprise became world - renowned for the quality of its specialized product and brought nicholson great wealth. in his later years nicholson traveled widely and supported a number of civic projects, including the establishment of the providence public library in 1877. african americans | agriculture / farming | architects & designers | artists & painters | banking / finance | business / entrepreneurs | civic leaders | civil engineer | civil rights / abolitionists | craftsmen | criminals / rogues | dance | education & universities | explorers & adventurers | famous ri families | food / culinary | founders of rhode island | government & politics | historians / historical accounts, preservation | immigrants : chinese | immigrants : irish | immigrants : portuguese | industry - general | industry - jewelry | industry - maritime | industry - textiles | inventors & inventions | labor / unions | law / legal pioneers | literature / writers / newspapers | medicine & health care | military | music ( singers, composers ) | native americans | olympic athletes | philanthropists | religion & churches | retail pioneers | sports - baseball | sports - basketball | sports - football | sports - golf | sports - hockey | sports - other | technology & science | theater | tv & radio | women |


like all liberal arts, dance teaches life skills that will benefit the student later in life, regardless of the vocation selected. dance teaches self - discipline, respect, dedication and determination. plato once wrote, " to sing and dance well is to be well educated. " he considered the uneducated man achoreutos or danceless ; the educated one, kechoreukos, endowed with dance. it is our mission to endow our students with dance. w. robert sherry director of dance dan 170 ballet i : introduces fundamental concepts and historical background. presents positions and barre exercises to build correct alignment, flexibility, strength, coordination, and ballet vocabulary. dan 175 tap : introduces fundamental concepts and historical background. covers basic time steps, waltz clog, triplets, shim - sham, buffalo, cramp roll, and soft - shoe, along with tap vocabulary. dan 177 jazz i : introduces fundamental concepts and historical background. works in studio on body placement and alignment through highly - structured classical jazz warm - up ( luigi ). values clarity and quality of movement, rhythm, style, and use of dynamics. dan 179 modern dance i : introduces fundamental concepts and historical background. focuses on style, phrasing, mood projection, and changing dynamics. dan 200 dance in america : studies relationships of choreographers, critics, and performers to historical trends in the art form. links dance to contemporary political and social issues. dan 203 dance history : follows evolution of western concert dance from primitive times to late 20 th century : dance in ancient egypt, greece, and rome ; ballet comique ; opera ballet ; ballet d ' action ; and romantic ballet. dan 210 dances of other cultures : explores various regional and ethnic dances with a focus on non - western dance as an expression of cuture. participation in selected will be augmented by lecture and film. dan 220 women leaders in american modern dance : transcending from sylph to heroine : examines the women who led the modern dance movement from 1900 to present. focuses on choreographic works and politics surrounding the development of modern dance in america through its leaders - - isadora duncan, ruth st. denis, doris humphery, martha graham, catherine dunham, and twyla tharp. dan 270 ballet ii : drills pirouettes and longer and more complex " adages " and " allegros. " completes ballet theory and essentials of technique. prerequisite : dan 170 or consent. dan 275 tap dance ii : explores technique on an intermediate level, including all


##rouettes and longer and more complex " adages " and " allegros. " completes ballet theory and essentials of technique. prerequisite : dan 170 or consent. dan 275 tap dance ii : explores technique on an intermediate level, including all time steps ( buck, soft - shoe, traveling, wing ), irish - over, cincinnati, draw - backs, pick - ups, wings, maxiford, and riffs. stresses speed, accuracy, and performance ability. may be repeated for credit. prerequisite : dan 175 or consent. dan 277 jazz ii : concentrates studio work on more complicated combinations, changes of direction, and initiation of pirouettes. includes historical research, critical studies, and vocabulary building. prerequisite : dan 177 or consent. dan 279 modern dance ii : builds on technique and includes history, theory, and vocabulary. prerequisite : dan 179 or consent. dan 300 dance composition : introduces dance composition. highlights personal invention, solo and group focus, and evaluative process in basic choreography. includes readings and writings on choreographers and choreography. may be repeated for credit. intended for dance minors. prerequisite : dan 394 or consent. dan 380 studies in dance : delves into particular period, choreographer ' s work, or special issue, depending on interest of students and faculty. may be repeated for credit. dan 394 intermediate / advanced dance technique : offers heightened movement experience with greater emphasis on technical development and performance. includes weekly classes in ballet, jazz, and modern dance. may be repeated for credit. prerequisite : consent. dan 420 labanotation : teaches system of movement notation invented by rudolph van laban and used in dance, sports, science, and other research areas. does not require knowledge of dance. consists of lecture, studio work, and movement - recording exercises. dan 422 dance production : assigns students to performing or technical / design role in production. prerequisite : consent.


image collection : medical anatomy and illustrations - all ( 557 ) - allergic skin disorders ( 31 ) - viral skin diseases ( 26 ) - bacterial skin diseases ( 29 ) - fungal skin diseases ( 17 ) - bites and infestations ( 27 ) - noncancerous, precancerous and cancerous tumors ( 56 ) - diseases of pigment ( 26 ) - papules, scales, plaques and eruptions ( 47 ) - vascular, lymphatic and systemic conditions ( 48 ) - scalp, hair and nails ( 26 ) - pregnancy stages ( 9 ) 43. picture of colon cancer colon cancer : a malignancy that arises from the inner lining of the colon. most, if not all, of these cancers develop from colonic polyps. removal of these precancerous polyps can prevent colon cancer. colon polyps and early colon cancers cause no signs or symptoms. full - blown colon cancer can cause occult ( a microscopic amount of ) blood in the stool, overt rectal bleeding, bowel obstruction, and weight loss. risk factors for colon cancer include a family history of it or of colonic polyps, and long standing ulcerative colitis. the overall risk can be reduced by following a diet low in fat and high in fiber. colon cancer is preventable and curable. it is preventable by removing the precancerous colon polyps. it is curable if detected early when it can be surgically removed before it has spread to other parts of the body. if screening and surveillance programs were practiced universally, there would be a tremendous reduction in the incidence and mortality of colon cancer. text : medicinenet, inc. guide to understanding the image collection gallery categories :


many european countries have passed anti - smoking legislation which bans smoking from restaurants, bars and public buildings. after implementation of such a smoking ban on 1 january 2008 in the metropolitan area of bremen in northwest germany ( 800, 000 inhabitants ) a 16 % decline in st - elevation myocardial infarction ( stemi ) was observed. stemi is the severest form of myocardial infarction. for the study, 3, 545 stemis in the bremen - stemi - registry which occurred between 2006 and 2010 were analyzed. figure 1 shows the average number of stemis per month in the total population, smokers and non - smokers in 2006 - 2007 and 2008 - 2010. dr schmucker said : “ there were more non - smokers than smokers, which explains why the non - smokers group had more stemis registered. ” figure 1 : average number of stemis per month in the total population, smokers and non - smokers in 2006 - 2007 and 2008 - 2010. for the total population in 2006 and 2007, before the smoking ban was passed, averages of 65 stemis were registered per month. in 2008 to 2010, after the smoking ban was passed, the number fell by 16 % to an average of 55 stemis per month. “ this confirms that the smoking ban had a positive impact on the population as a whole by decreasing the number of stemis, ” said dr schmucker. a nearly constant rate of stemis was observed in active smokers during 2006 - 2010. in 2006 - 2007 active smokers had an average of 25 stemis per month. in 2008 - 2010, they had an average of 26 stemis per month, a 4 % increase. dr schmucker said : “ active smokers are inhaling such high doses of tobacco smoke that being exposed to less passive smoke in public venues is not going to change the risk for that particular group. ” in non - smokers there was a 26 % decrease in stemis, from an average of 39 stemis per month in 2006 - 2007 to an average of 29 stemis per month in 2008 - 2010. the steepest decline in the non - smoking group was detected in young non - smokers ; in this group the average number of stemis per month was 31 % lower in 2008 - 2010 compared to 2006 - 2007. “ the reduction in the occurrence of this severest and deadliest form of myocardial infarction in the metropolitan area of bremen can be partially attributed to


this paper was presented at the twenty - second annual national conference of the society of aeronautical weight engineers at st. louis, missouri, april 29 - may 1, 1963. the decision by douglas aircraft company to rely chiefly on electronic rather than mechanical systems for its overall research and development ( r & d ) missiles and space weighing operations was based on several considerations. these included convenience of use, portability, accuracy, and relative cost. application of the earlier electronic systems, however, left much to be desired. end - to - end calibration was mandatory. repairs usually necessitated return of the entire unit to the manufacturer. additional weighing requirements, involving different capacity load cells, meant procuring a complete new system. still another problem, although not the fault of the systems themselves, was the lack of adequate calibration and evaluation test facilities. the whole operation thus was costly, time - consuming, and otherwise unacceptable. the solution to these problems called for a re - evaluation of the overall weighing requirements. it was then possible to specify a system which would meet these requirements. interchangeability of components was the most essential prerequisite, and upon this concept the universal system was founded. in order to verify the characteristics and capabilities of the universal system, certain tests were necessary. by establishing dead weight loading facilities at its santa monica, california, location, douglas not only could perform these tests, but could also assume the responsibility for accurate periodic certification, a function previously either delegated to the national bureau of standards, performed by inaccurate methods, or foregone altogether. test results did, in fact, demonstrate that load cells, cables, and even the indicating instruments themselves could be interchanged without any significant loss of accuracy. “ creep ”, the change in load cell output with time, was found to vary from one cell to another ; in some cells, as much as 0. 05 percent creep was present. the lack of a direct reading capability, a consequence of the internal design of the universal system, necessitated the use of correction curves or tables in order to obtain the desired accuracy of 0. 1 percent, but due to the nature of r & d operations, this did not detract appreciably from the system. further tests uncovered errors in the order of 0. 2 percent due to misalignment of the load cell and mechanical fittings. these tests were repeated using various flexures or pivots for isolation of loads into the cells, the results of which showed that the effect of misalignment could be virtually eliminated.


revista panamericana de salud publica print version issn 1020 - 4989 ho, gloria y. f. et al. cancer disparities between mainland and island puerto ricans. rev panam salud publica [ online ]. 2009, vol. 25, n. 5, pp. 394 - 400. issn 1020 - 4989. http : / / dx. doi. org / 10. 1590 / s1020 - 49892009000500003. objectives : examination of cancer rates in a single hispanic subgroup - puerto ricans - and comparison of incidence rates among mainland puerto ricans living in the united states, island puerto ricans in puerto rico, and u. s. non - hispanic whites to reveal ethnic - specific cancer patterns and disparities in puerto ricans. methods : incidence data were obtained from the cancer registries of puerto rico and three u. s. northeastern states ( new york, new jersey, and connecticut ) with a high density of mainland puerto ricans. age - adjusted rates were compared by standardized rate ratios ( srrs ). results : total cancer incidence was the lowest in island puerto ricans, intermediate for mainland puerto ricans, and highest in u. s. non - hispanic whites. compared to mainland puerto ricans, islanders had significantly lower rates ( p < 0. 05 ) for major cancers - lung ( srrs = 0. 36 in males and 0. 29 in females ), prostate ( srr = 0. 71 ), female breast ( srr = 0. 73 ), and colon - rectum ( srrs = 0. 74 in males and 0. 65 in females ) - as well as several less common cancers ( urinary bladder ; non - hodgkin lymphoma ; liver ; kidney and renal pelvis ; pancreas ; thyroid ; leukemia ; and skin melanoma ). overall cancer rates in mainland puerto ricans were modestly lower than those in u. s. non - hispanic whites, but mainland puerto ricans had the highest rates for stomach, liver, and cervical cancers among the three populations. conclusion : despite socioeconomic disadvantages, island puerto ricans have relatively low cancer incidence. identifying contributing factors would be informative for cancer research, and understanding the reasons for increased cancer risk in their mainland counterparts would facilitate the development of ethnic - specific intervention programs. keywords : hispanic americans ; neoplasms ; incidence ; puerto rico ; united states.


a park ranger could... | spot a forest fire and help put it out. | | transport injured animals to wildlife clinics for treatment. | | enforce federal laws and park regulations in a park. | | give a guided tour of a national park. | key facts & information | overview | | park rangers are the law enforcement officials of our state and national parks. they protect and preserve parklands, keeping park resources safe from people who might try to damage them, deliberately or through neglect, and keeping people safe from dangers within the park. to achieve this goal, park rangers work in a wide variety of positions, including education and interpretation for park visitors, emergency dispatch, firefighting, maintenance, law enforcement, search and rescue, and administration. there is a large global shortage of park rangers in developing countries. | | key requirements | | love of nature, ability to work well on a team or in remote isolation, excellent physical condition, outstanding communication skills, and an ability to stay calm in an emergency | | minimum degree | | bachelor ' s degree | | subjects to study in high school | | biology, computer science, algebra, geometry, algebra ii, english ; if available, environmental science | | projected job growth ( 2010 - 2020 ) | | more slowly than average ( 3 % to 6 % ) | | interview | | read this article to meet many of the park rangers who work in the south carolina state park system. | education and training park rangers are usually required to have a bachelor ' s degree ; however, high school graduates are sometimes eligible for ranger jobs after three years of progressively responsible experience in conservation work or park operations. interested individuals should study botany, zoology, geology, and ecology in college. other useful subjects include park management, forestry, and the social sciences. candidates with master ' s degrees in these fields often have an advantage over other applicants who are seeking jobs as park rangers. other requirements for park rangers include physical strength, good health, and good eyesight. rangers should enjoy the outdoors and working with people. they should also be creative, resourceful, responsible, and energetic. nature of the work in this video, you ' ll see how urban park ranger sarah aucoin tries to educate people in new york city about nature, and give them a sense of connection to their environment. park rangers teach people to respect the delicate natural balance of our national and state parks and forests. they are employed by the national park service, which is an agency of the u. s. federal government, and by state


of connection to their environment. park rangers teach people to respect the delicate natural balance of our national and state parks and forests. they are employed by the national park service, which is an agency of the u. s. federal government, and by state agencies. rangers work throughout the country preserving the natural environment for future generations. they protect these areas by enforcing park rules and regulations, preventing forest fires, helping to maintain an ecological balance, and seeing that visitors plan campsites wisely. park rangers are skilled campers with a great deal of knowledge about botany and wildlife. perhaps the greatest danger to our parks is the danger of overuse : rangers watch and regulate the number of visitors to parks. they also provide information regarding park use and points of interest, issue fire permits, and collect fees. in addition to protecting natural resources, park rangers protect people. they may rescue a rock climber who has fallen or chase away a bear that is threatening campers. in addition, rangers act as educators by teaching campers how to use camping equipment, taking visitors on nature walks, setting up exhibits, and lecturing on historic topics. park rangers also help to train new rangers. some rangers specialize in a certain type of patrol. there are backcountry rangers, who load up their mules with supplies and spend weeks at a time in isolated, undeveloped areas checking on hikers and watching for trails that need repairing. snow rangers patrol their area on skis and are skilled in first aid, which includes applying splints to injured skiers. some rangers make their rounds by boat or canoe. many rangers are assisted by park aides. law enforcement is among the many duties of a park ranger. some national park rangers carry guns. park rangers sometimes recover stolen cars or quiet rowdy visitors. they are also in charge of investigating any suspected illegal activity committed in national parks. most rangers work outdoors in all kinds of weather, and their work is physically strenuous. they generally work long hours during the summer and somewhat shorter hours during the winter. rangers in the national park service may have to spend time alone in isolated areas. they can expect to be assigned to several different parts of the country during their careers and receive no assurance that they will remain in a particular area. despite these obstacles, most park rangers derive a great deal of satisfaction from their work. on the job - provide visitor services by explaining regulations ; answering visitor requests, needs and complaints ; and providing information about the park and surrounding areas. - conduct field trips to point out scientific,


park rangers derive a great deal of satisfaction from their work. on the job - provide visitor services by explaining regulations ; answering visitor requests, needs and complaints ; and providing information about the park and surrounding areas. - conduct field trips to point out scientific, historic, and natural features of parks, forests, historic sites or other attractions. - prepare and present illustrated lectures and interpretive talks about park features. - perform emergency duties to protect human life, government property, and natural features of park. - confer with park staff to determine subjects and schedules for park programs. - assist with operations of general facilities, such as visitor centers. - plan, organize and direct activities of seasonal staff members. - perform routine maintenance on park structures. - prepare brochures and write newspaper articles. - construct historical, scientific, and nature visitor - center displays. - research stories regarding the area´s natural history or environment. - interview specialists in desired fields to obtain and develop data for park information programs. - compile and maintain official park photographic and information files. - take photographs and motion pictures for use in lectures and publications and to develop displays. - survey park to determine forest conditions and distribution and abundance of fauna and flora. - plan and develop audiovisual devices for public programs. companies that hire park rangers explore what you might do on the job with one of these projects... - biodiversity survey - bug vacuums : sucking up biodiversity - day or night? - fighting litter in your neighborhood - here today, gone tomorrow : saving migratory animals - invasive species - making species maps - moss is boss : using plants to determine direction - where did all the stars go? - where, oh where, do the wild wolves wander? do you have a specific question about a career in environmental science that isn ' t answered on this page? post your question on science buddies ask an expert forum. - american forests : www. amercianforests. org - association of national park rangers : www. anpr. org - national park service : www. nps. gov - national recreation and park association : www. nrpa. org - o * net online. ( 2009 ). national center for o * net development. retrieved may 1, 2009, from http : / / online. onetcenter. org / - net industries. 2009. park ranger job description, career as a park ranger, salary, employment - definition and nature of the work, education and training requirements, getting the job. retrieved october 2, 2009, from http : / /


nov. 26, 2009 a recently devised method of imaging the chemical communication and warfare between microorganisms could lead to new antibiotics, antifungal, antiviral and anti - cancer drugs, said a texas agrilife research scientist. the new article was published nov. 8 in nature chemical biology. it describes a technique developed by a collaborative team that includes dr. paul straight, agrilife research scientist in the department of biochemistry and biophysics at texas a & m university in college station, dr. pieter dorrestein, yu - liang yang and yuquan xu, all at the university of california, san diego. " microorganisms encode in their genomes the capacity to produce many small molecules that are potential new antibiotics, " straight said. " because we do not understand the circumstances under which those molecules are produced in the environment, we see only a small fraction of them in the laboratory. " an example is the antibiotic erythromycin, which is often prescribed for people who are allergic to penicillin, straight said. " we know that saccharopolyspora erythraea, the bacteria from which erythromycin is derived, encodes the capacity to produce numerous other small molecules that might be potentially valuable drugs, " he said. " conventional microbial culture and drug discovery techniques uncovered erythromycin. other potentially useful metabolites may require some unconventional methods for identification. " historically, medicinal drugs have been discovered serendipitously or by finding the active ingredient in homeopathic remedies, straight said. for example, the use of blue mold for treating wounds was a folk remedy dates back to the middle ages. but scientists didn ' t isolate and purify the active ingredient, penicillin, until the early 20th century, which marks the beginning of the era of ' natural product ' medicines originating from microorganisms. modern methods of drug discovery rely on screening technologies, knowledge of how infection is controlled and why diseases originate at the molecular level. some new drugs can be designed accordingly from the ground up, often at significant cost, but serendipitous discovery of what nature has to offer is still a valid approach, he said. microorganisms, such as the bacteria that produces erythromycin, have been communicating and battling with each other for millennia using similar small molecules. " what we learn about how microbes interact and exchange chemicals, and how the presence of one signaling molecule or antibiotic


as the bacteria that produces erythromycin, have been communicating and battling with each other for millennia using similar small molecules. " what we learn about how microbes interact and exchange chemicals, and how the presence of one signaling molecule or antibiotic changes the output of potential antibiotics from a neighboring microbe, will guide us to new strategies for boosting the number of potential therapeutic drugs from any given bacteria, " straight said. the national institutes of health recognizes the need to boost development of new drug compounds, he said. " globally, there is a shortage of new antibiotics that are being discovered by pharmaceutical companies in the traditional way and an ever - increasing number of multiple drug - resistant pathogens and newly emerging pathogens, " straight said. the method of straight, dorrestein and colleagues employed an instrument called a " matrix - assisted laser desorption / ionization mass spectrometer. " the device ionizes part of the sample with a laser beam while a crystalline matrix prevents the bio - molecules from being destroyed. the plate upon which the bio sample sits is moved during the scan, from which hundreds to thousands of spectra are collected. the data is then processed as a grid and rendered as false - color by computer, then overlaid on a visual image of the sample. straight, dorrestein and colleagues used two common bacteria that are cultured in the laboratory for their tests, bacillus subtilis and steptomyces coelicolor, both commonly found in soils. the bacteria were cultured together and their complex chemical interaction recorded using the mass spectrometer. in competition for resources, the bacteria produced small molecules that alter antibiotic production from patterns present when cultured separately, straight said. for example, they found that production of an antibiotic that targets gram - positive organisms ( streptococcus and staphylococcus are examples of gram - positive organsims ) was inhibited in one bacteria by the other. the data reveal the chemical complexity of interspecies encounters. using genetic sequencing, the researchers found that bacteria may dedicate up to 20 percent of their dna to the bio - synthesis of small molecules in their communications and chemical battles with other microorganisms. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : note : materials may be edited for content and length. for further information, please contact the source cited above. - yu - liang yang, yuquan xu, paul straight & pieter c dorrestein. translating metabolic exchange with imaging mass spectrometry. nature


mar. 11, 2010 distant galaxy clusters mysteriously stream at a million miles per hour along a path roughly centered on the southern constellations centaurus and hydra. a new study led by alexander kashlinsky at nasa ' s goddard space flight center in greenbelt, md., tracks this collective motion - - dubbed the " dark flow " - - to twice the distance originally reported. " this is not something we set out to find, but we cannot make it go away, " kashlinsky said. " now we see that it persists to much greater distances - - as far as 2. 5 billion light - years away. " the new study appears in the march 20 issue of the astrophysical journal letters. the clusters appear to be moving along a line extending from our solar system toward centaurus / hydra, but the direction of this motion is less certain. evidence indicates that the clusters are headed outward along this path, away from earth, but the team cannot yet rule out the opposite flow. " we detect motion along this axis, but right now our data cannot state as strongly as we ' d like whether the clusters are coming or going, " kashlinsky said. the dark flow is controversial because the distribution of matter in the observed universe cannot account for it. its existence suggests that some structure beyond the visible universe - - outside our " horizon " - - is pulling on matter in our vicinity. cosmologists regard the microwave background - - a flash of light emitted 380, 000 years after the universe formed - - as the ultimate cosmic reference frame. relative to it, all large - scale motion should show no preferred direction. the hot x - ray - emitting gas within a galaxy cluster scatters photons from the cosmic microwave background ( cmb ). because galaxy clusters don ' t precisely follow the expansion of space, the wavelengths of scattered photons change in a way that reflects each cluster ' s individual motion. this results in a minute shift of the microwave background ' s temperature in the cluster ' s direction. the change, which astronomers call the kinematic sunyaev - zel ' dovich ( ksz ) effect, is so small that it has never been observed in a single galaxy cluster. but in 2000, kashlinsky, working with fernando atrio - barandela at the university of salamanca, spain, demonstrated that it was possible to tease the subtle signal out of the measurement noise by studying large numbers of clusters. in 2008, armed with a catalog of 700 clusters assembled by


with fernando atrio - barandela at the university of salamanca, spain, demonstrated that it was possible to tease the subtle signal out of the measurement noise by studying large numbers of clusters. in 2008, armed with a catalog of 700 clusters assembled by harald ebeling at the university of hawaii and dale kocevski, now at the university of california, santa cruz, the researchers applied the technique to the three - year wmap data release. that ' s when the mystery motion first came to light. the new study builds on the previous one by using the five - year results from wmap and by doubling the number of galaxy clusters. " it takes, on average, about an hour of telescope time to measure the distance to each cluster we work with, not to mention the years required to find these systems in the first place, " ebeling said. " this is a project requiring considerable followthrough. " according to atrio - barandela, who has focused on understanding the possible errors in the team ' s analysis, the new study provides much stronger evidence that the dark flow is real. for example, the brightest clusters at x - ray wavelengths hold the greatest amount of hot gas to distort cmb photons. " when processed, these same clusters also display the strongest ksz signature - - unlikely if the dark flow were merely a statistical fluke, " he said. in addition, the team, which now also includes alastair edge at the university of durham, england, sorted the cluster catalog into four " slices " representing different distance ranges. they then examined the preferred flow direction for the clusters within each slice. while the size and exact position of this direction display some variation, the overall trends among the slices exhibit remarkable agreement. the researchers are currently working to expand their cluster catalog in order to track the dark flow to about twice the current distance. improved modeling of hot gas within the galaxy clusters will help refine the speed, axis, and direction of motion. future plans call for testing the findings against newer data released from the wmap project and the european space agency ' s planck mission, which is also currently mapping the microwave background. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : note : materials may be edited for content and length. for further information, please contact the source cited above. - a. kashlinsky, f. atrio - barandela, h. ebeling, a. edge, and d. kocevski. a new measurement


apr. 18, 2011 it ' s one of the world ' s two best - loved flavours, and demand for it is increasing all the time. but now its future in the global food industry could be more secure, thanks to research at the university of nottingham ' s malaysia campus. vanillin is a compound that comes from the vanilla bean, the ' fruit ' of the flowering vanilla orchid. the orchid is a tropical, climbing vine originally cultivated by ancient central american civilisations such as the aztecs and is now grown worldwide with madagascar, indonesia and china by far the biggest producers. the uniquely scented flavour of vanilla is second only to chocolate in popularity on the world ' s palate. it ' s also the second most expensive spice after saffron. but highly labour intensive cultivation methods and the plant ' s temperamental life cycle and propagation mean production on a global scale is struggling to keep up with the increasing demand for the product. scientists in the school of biosciences on the university ' s malaysia campus ( unmc ) are working to create new and robust methods for the cloning of some economic species and some rare species of the orchid through tissue culture. the research is concentrating on the most common cultivated vanilla orchid, vanilla planifolia, a perennial which produces the pods from which the natural vanillin is extracted. traditionally the vanilla orchid is propagated by stem cuttings but this method is labour intensive, time - consuming and not economical because taking cuttings can cause the retardation of the mother plant and a reduction in yield. tissue culture or ' cloning ' of a high quality parent plant from somatic ( non - reproductive ) cells offers a viable and simple method for the large scale commercial production of vanilla plants, but the technique has a current flaw which the scientists are hoping to overcome. problems arise when variations occur in the ' sub - clones ' of one parental line, creating ' off - types ' which are not of the same quality as the parent plant. it can be costly if a high percentage of the micropropagated sub - clones are off - types that have to be scrapped. the scientists have been awarded a fundamental research grant ( frgs ) from the malaysian ministry of higher education to use dna marker systems to investigate how these mutations occur. such marker systems have been widely used to detect the genetic similarities and differences in micro - propagated material in various plants and are simple, quick and cost - effective for routine application. the research is being carried out by dr peter alderson and


such marker systems have been widely used to detect the genetic similarities and differences in micro - propagated material in various plants and are simple, quick and cost - effective for routine application. the research is being carried out by dr peter alderson and dr chin chiew foan in the school of biosciences, unmc. dr chin chiew foan said : " our research will help to provide a tool for tracking abnormality of growth occurring in tissue culture and will also attempt to understand how such abnormalities can occur after a number of cycles of subculturing in tissue culture. currently, we are developing a tool that will explore the internal rna sequence region to detect sequence variations. our initial results indicate that some variability of dna fragments exists among the tissue culture samples under study. we are sending these dna fragments for sequencing to reveal the level of mutations that has taken place. " the funding is for two years and will meet the costs of a graduate research assistant as well as other research staff. to date, this is the first study investigating the possible occurrence of genetic variants of vanilla planifolia through these types of regeneration protocols. findings from the study will provide useful guidance on the suitability of tissue culture protocols for long term use for vanilla regeneration without risk of genetic instability. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : note : materials may be edited for content and length. for further information, please contact the source cited above. note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.


jan. 27, 2012 dr. susan mallery, a professor in the college of dentistry at the ohio state university and oral pathology consultant at the ohio state university and james cancer hospitals, has dedicated her nearly 30 - year career to studying new strategies to preventing oral cancer. oral cancer is currently responsible for more than 7, 000 deaths each year, and has a particularly high mortality rate. treatment relies on excising cells before they turn cancerous, but as many as one - third of all patients will experience a recurrence within a year. " while not all oral lesions progress to cancer, we cannot accurately predict which will be the ' bad actors. ' this often results in multiple surgeries and high anxiety in both our patients and clinicians, " says mallery. since 2003, mallery has been investigating a variety of agents ranging from anti - angiogenesis drugs to natural products, to identify new therapeutics that can suppress the conversion of pre - cancerous to cancerous cells. her first breakthrough was the creation of an oral gel based on anthocyanins, powerful antioxidants found in black raspberries. study results showed that the gel, when applied to the mouth, would suppress genes associated with functions that allow cancerous cells to grow, thus diminishing the risk for recurring lesions. mallery next turned her attention to identifying alternatives to the surgical removal of pre - cancerous lesions. mallery thought she might have good possibilities with fenretinide, a decades - old breast cancer treatment that had been largely abandoned by oral pathologists despite strong clinical evidence that showed fenretinide can induce cell death, encourage the body ' s natural cellular defense system and strangle blood supply to tumors. " the discrepancy between the established efficacy of fenretinide in other cancer types and in oral cancer was puzzling. then it occurred to me that maybe the structure of the oral mucosa wasn ' t allowing a therapeutic amount to reach the lesions, even at high doses, " says mallery. " we knew we needed to come up with a way to deliver the therapy directly to the lesion " in 2009, the ohio state university college of dentistry, in collaboration with the center for clinical and translational science ( ccts ) awarded mallery and her team funding for a project aimed at developing a way to treat precancerous lesions directly in the mouth and preventing recurring lesions. mallery partnered with two pharmaceutical chemists from the university of michigan ( drs. stephen schwen


##ery and her team funding for a project aimed at developing a way to treat precancerous lesions directly in the mouth and preventing recurring lesions. mallery partnered with two pharmaceutical chemists from the university of michigan ( drs. stephen schwendeman and kashappa goud desai ) along with two ohio state investigators drs. gary stoner and peter larsen to develop a first of its kind patch that could stick to the inside of the mouth, and deliver a continuous therapeutic dose of fenretinide directly on the lesion. the research team plans to move the patch into pre - clinical and clinical trials, and is already looking at a combination of fenretinide and anthocyanins, as well as testing a combination therapy using the patch and black raspberry - based gel mouthwash to prevent recurrence of lesions. " if we can effectively treat the lesions with the patch, and then prevent more from coming back, we will completely change - - and improve upon - - the way oral cancer is currently treated, " said mallery. mallery says the best course of action is to prevent oral cancer in the first place, and provides the following tips : - use of tobacco products - - particularly burned tobacco - - is the greatest risk factor for development of oral cancer. - watch what you drink and eat. alcohol consumption - - in excess and especially during smoking - - can have an additive effect and increase your chances to develop oral cancer. conversely, a diet high in fruits and vegetables can lower your risk. - infection with human papilloma viruses ( hpv ) causes a subset of oral cancers. inoculation of both young women and men with the hpv vaccine would markedly decrease hpv - associated oral cancers. - remember the mouth heals quickly. if you have a sore in your mouth that doesn ' t heal in 14 days, seek prompt treatment from your dentist. - see your dentist at least once a year ( better if twice a year ) for a complete oral health screening. this is extremely important as oral cancer initially develops a precancerous oral lesions ( patient treatment and survival is much better at this stage ). other social bookmarking and sharing tools : the above story is reprinted from materials provided by ohio state university center for clinical and translational science, via newswise. note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.


apr. 15, 2012 in the world ’ s largest brain study to date, a team of more than 200 scientists from 100 institutions worldwide collaborated to map the human genes that boost or sabotage the brain ’ s resistance to a variety of mental illnesses and alzheimer ’ s disease. published april 15 in the advance online edition of nature genetics, the study also uncovers new genes that may explain individual differences in brain size and intelligence. “ we searched for two things in this study, ” said senior author paul thompson, professor of neurology at the david geffen school of medicine at ucla and a member of the ucla laboratory of neuro imaging. “ we hunted for genes that increase your risk for a single disease that your children can inherit. we also looked for factors that cause tissue atrophy and reduce brain size, which is a biological marker for hereditary disorders like schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, alzheimer ’ s disease and dementia. ” three years ago, thompson ’ s lab partnered with geneticists nick martin and margaret wright at the queensland institute for medical research in brisbane, australia ; and with geneticist barbara franke of radboud university nijmegen medical centre in the netherlands. the four investigators recruited brain - imaging labs around the world to pool their brain scans and genomic data, and project enigma ( enhancing neuro imaging genetics through meta - analysis ) was born. “ our individual centers couldn ’ t review enough brain scans to obtain definitive results, ” said thompson, who is also a professor of psychiatry at the semel institute for neuroscience and human behavior at ucla. “ by sharing our data with project enigma, we created a sample large enough to reveal clear patterns in genetic variation and show how these changes physically alter the brain. ” in the past, neuroscientists screened the genomes of people suffering from a specific brain disease and combed their dna to uncover a common variant. in this study, project enigma researchers measured the size of the brain and its memory centers in thousands of mri images from 21, 151 healthy people while simultaneously screening their dna. “ earlier studies have uncovered risk genes for common diseases, yet it ’ s not always understood how these genes affect the brain, ” explained thompson. “ this led our team to screen brain scans worldwide for genes that directly harm or protect the brain. ” in poring over the data, project enigma researchers explored whether any genetic variations correlated to brain size. in particular, the scientists looked for gene variants that deplete brain tissue beyond normal in a healthy person. the sheer scale of the


brain. ” in poring over the data, project enigma researchers explored whether any genetic variations correlated to brain size. in particular, the scientists looked for gene variants that deplete brain tissue beyond normal in a healthy person. the sheer scale of the project allowed the team to unearth new genetic variants in people who have bigger brains as well as differences in regions critical to learning and memory. when the scientists zeroed in on the dna of people whose images showed smaller brains, they found a consistent relationship between subtle shifts in the genetic code and diminished memory centers. furthermore, the same genes affected the brain in the same ways in people across diverse populations from australia, north america and europe, suggesting new molecular targets for drug development. “ millions of people carry variations in their dna that help boost or lower their brains ’ susceptibility to a vast range of diseases, ” said thompson. “ once we identify the gene, we can target it with a drug to reduce the risk of disease. people also can take preventive steps through exercise, diet and mental stimulation to erase the effects of a bad gene. ” in an intriguing twist, project enigma investigators also discovered genes that explain individual differences in intelligence. they found that a variant in a gene called hmga2 affected brain size as well as a person ’ s intelligence. dna is comprised of four bases : a, c, t and g. people whose hmga2 gene held a letter “ c ” instead of “ t ” on that location of the gene possessed larger brains and scored more highly on standardized iq tests. “ this is a really exciting discovery : that a single letter change leads to a bigger brain, ” said thompson. “ we found fairly unequivocal proof supporting a genetic link to brain function and intelligence. for the first time, we have watertight evidence of how these genes affect the brain. this supplies us with new leads on how to mediate their impact. ” because disorders like alzheimer ’ s, autism and schizophrenia disrupt the brain ’ s circuitry, project enigma will next search for genes that influence how the brain is wired. thompson and his colleagues will use diffusion imaging, a new type of brain scan that maps the communication pathways between cells in the living brain. project enigma received funding from hundreds of federal and private agencies around the world. thompson ’ s ucla coauthors included first author jason stein, derrek hibar, rudy senstad, neda jahanshad, arthur toga, rita cantor, dr. nelson freimer, roel ophoff,