croy family history croy surname history croy family history has a complex evolution of which the particulars can be pieced together by croy family researchers. this croy research page contains the accumulated history of the croy surname made up of user - contributed content from other ancientfaces users. the croy family name is an old family line that has migrated all across the world for many generations, and as the name croy has migrated, it has evolved making its etymology a challenge to unearth. no content has been submitted here about croy. the following is speculative information about croy. you can submit your information by clicking edit. the evolution of croy begins at it ' s earliest origins. even in the earliest days of a name there have been changes in that name simply because last names were infrequently written down at that stage in history. as these families emigrated between countries and languages, the croy name may have changed with them. it was not unusual for a surname to change as it enters a new country or language. croy ancestors have travelled across various regions all throughout history. croy country of origin no content has been submitted about the croy country of origin. the following is speculative information about croy. you can submit your information by clicking edit. the nationality of croy is often complicated to determine because country boundaries change over time, making the nation of origin a mystery. the original ethnicity of croy may be in dispute as result of whether the name came about organically and independently in different locales ; e. g. in the case of surnames that come from a craft, which can come into being in multiple places independently ( such as the surname " gardener " which was given to people of that profession ). meaning of the last name croy no content has been submitted about the meaning of croy. the following is speculative information about croy. you can submit your information by clicking edit. the meaning of croy come may come from a profession, such as the name " miller " which referred to the profession of working in a mill. many of these profession - based family names may be a profession in some other language. this is why it is important to understand the nationality of a name, and the languages spoken by its progenitors. many names like croy originate from religious texts like the quran, the bhagavadgita, the bible, and so forth. commonly these family names are shortened versions of a religious phrase such as " worthy of praise ".


##itors. many names like croy originate from religious texts like the quran, the bhagavadgita, the bible, and so forth. commonly these family names are shortened versions of a religious phrase such as " worthy of praise ". - princess kunigunde of croy - marie - chantal d ' erlanger de croy - isabel de croy croy - princess maria of croy - charlotte prinzessin von croy croy 1938 -? - isabelle de croy 1446 - 1486 - georgienne amalie de croy - jean ii de croy 1436 - 1505 - jeanne de croy 1442 - 1511 - princess sophie of croy - prince alexander of croy - philippe i de croy 1433 - 1511 - charles de croy 1438 -? - jacqueline de croy 1448 - 1486 - 3rd row ; - croy, - prince klemens of croy - marie de croy 1440 -? - guillaume seigneur de croy de croa ¿ i, i 1315 - 1384 - princess eugenie of croy croy family tree famous people named croy no famous people named croy have been submitted. you can submit your information by clicking edit. nationality and ethnicity of croy no content has been submitted about the ethnicity of croy. the following is speculative information about croy. you can submit your information by clicking edit. we do not have a record of the primary ethnicity of the name croy. many surnames travel around the world throughout the ages, making their original nationality and ethnicity difficult to trace. more about the name croy fun facts about the croy family we have no fun facts about croy. you can submit your information by clicking edit. croy spelling variations no content has been submitted about alternate spellings of croy. the following is speculative information about croy. you can submit your information by clicking edit. understanding misspellings and alternate spellings of the croy last name are important to understanding the possible origins of the name. in times when literacy was uncommon, names such as croy were transcribed based on their pronunciation when people ' s names were recorded in public records. this could have resulted in misspellings of croy. family names like croy transform in how they ' re written as they travel across communities, family unions, and languages over time.


yaroslav, undertook to take care of the devastated russian land. the tartars and mongols were not the only enemies russia had to face at the time. germans and swedes threatened it from the west. prince alexander was 20 years old when he clashed with them for the first time. be that time grand prince yaroslav, alexander ’ s father, made him prince of novgorod. taught martial arts since early childhood, alexander was a skilled warrior. he was a man of military bearing and rare beauty. a contemporary wrote about him : “ i traveled about many countries and saw many celebrities, but never did i meet a prince or king equal to prince alexander. ” prince alexander was a wise and just ruler, and had good manners which made him very popular and highly respected. a contemporary of his wrote : “ he treated priests and monks with love and respect ; he was considerate to the poor. and as for metropolitans and bishops, prince alexander honored them as he honored jesus christ. ” prince alexander ’ s subjects used to say : “ our prince is sinless. ” in 1240 prince birger of sweden sent his messengers to prince alexander with the following address. “ hey, prince alexander! you may resist if you can. but remember that i am already here ready to conquer your land. ” for a long time prince alexander prayed in the st. sofia cathedral of novgorod. he recalled the words of jesus christ : “ no love is greater than the love of a man who gives life for his friends ”. when he left the church, he addressed the army in these words : “ god is not force, god is truth. ” prince alexander entrusted his hopes to the holy trinity and made up his mind to fight. the two armies met on the banks of the neva river. one was the army of the proud invader, the other – of the russian combatants. our lord helped his hermit — prince alexander. the legend has it that a soldier named philip had a miraculous vision on the eve of the battle. he was on patrol on the neva river. at dawn he saw a boat with martyr princes boris and gleb, ancestors of prince alexander, in full combat gear. suddenly philip heard a voice from the boat : “ gleb, brother of mine! hurry up, we must help our relative, grand prince alexander. ” and the vision disappeared … encouraged by the miraculous vision, alexander rushed his men to the scene and gave the battle on the banks of the neva. the battle was great, says


hurry up, we must help our relative, grand prince alexander. ” and the vision disappeared … encouraged by the miraculous vision, alexander rushed his men to the scene and gave the battle on the banks of the neva. the battle was great, says the chronicle, and many people were killed, both russians and latins, and prince alexander left a scar on the face of their leader with a lance. at this point i must explain that in medieval russia all intruders from the west were called latins. after the glorious victory in the battle of the neva prince alexander was awarded the honorary title alexander nevsky or alexander of the neva. birger and his warriors were defeated. but another threat to russia already loomed in the west. the german crusaders ( or teutonic knights ) conquered the ancient russian fortress of koporye. in 1241 alexander nevsky regained it, but in a year the teutonic knights were back. they also seized the ancient russian towns pskov and izborsk. by the winter of 1242 prince alexander had gathered an army to defend russia from the german crusaders. and on april 5th russian warriors and teutonic knights met in a merciless battle on the ice of lake chudskoye, also known as lake peipus. prince alexander was praying : god and our savior jesus christ! help us defend our country, our mothers and fathers, our sons and daughters, as many years ago you helped moses. here ’ s how one chronicler described the battle on lake chudskoye : “ prince alexander arranged his men in battle formation and moved towards the enemy. alexander had many brave men, like king david in ancient times. it was a saturday. the troops clashed when the sun rose. it was a fierce battle. the crackle of breaking spears and the clanging swords sounded as though the ice began to move. the ice couldn ’ t be seen for blood … with god ’ s help the courageous russian warriors defeated the teutonic knights. many knights drowned, others were taken prisoner, and only few of them escaped. the contemporaries rejoiced over the victory in what would later be called “ the battle on the ice ”. entrance of alexander nevsky at pskov after the battle on the ice. artist : valentin serov having preserved russian land in the west, the grand prince alexander clearly realized he ought to maintain peace with the tartars, the “ golden horde ”. weak and devastated, russia was in no position to fight again. the tartar


valentin serov having preserved russian land in the west, the grand prince alexander clearly realized he ought to maintain peace with the tartars, the “ golden horde ”. weak and devastated, russia was in no position to fight again. the tartar yoke was a heavy burden on the russian people. before he could become a real ruler of his domain any russian prince had to go to the “ golden horde ” where, after a long and humiliating procedure he might ( or might not ) get the so called “ yarlyk ” – a license to rule. for many russian princes, landlords and warriors the way to the “ golden horde ” was the last. alexander nevsky too, went to see batu khan, the king of the tartars. batu khan was amazed to see him ; he told his nobles : “ it ’ s true what they said, that there ’ s no one like him. ” he paid the prince all due honors and let him go safely. alexander nevsky had to go to sarai, the capital of the “ golden horde ” on three occasions. and every time he was not sure he would return. but he never lost heart, for he was sure that god would not leave him. in the “ golden horde ” prince alexander always remembered he was not only a prince but also a christian. he told pagans and muslims about the christian faith, about our lord and savior jesus christ and about the holy trinity. that was the beginning of christianization of oriental peoples. thousands of them turned their souls to jesus christ. owing to the efforts of alexander nevsky the russian orthodox episcopate was established in sarai in 1261. in 1252 alexander nevsky became the absolute ruler of the russian land. his responsibilities were enormous. he managed to protect southern, eastern and western boundaries of russia firmly enough. his wise rule breathed a new life into russia after the tartar invasion. churches, monasteries and towns were built all over the country. unfortunately, prince alexander ’ s farsighted policy was sometimes disapproved of by his fellow countrymen. in 1261 many russian towns rose in revolt. the tartar envoys who had come to collect tribute were killed. people waited for revenge with horror. prince alexander had to go to the tartar capital again in order to ward off devastating raids against russia. an excellent diplomat, the prince saved russia and coped with his duty to god and the country. however years of wars and the affairs of the state undermined alexander nevsky


the tartar capital again in order to ward off devastating raids against russia. an excellent diplomat, the prince saved russia and coped with his duty to god and the country. however years of wars and the affairs of the state undermined alexander nevsky ’ s health. upon his return from sarai the grand prince fell ill and died in a small monastery of st. feodor in the town of gorodets, not far from the ancient city of vladimir, on november 14, 1263. just before his death alexander, in keeping with the ancient russian tradition, took monastic vows and was named alexi. the death of alexander nevsky in 1263. artist : m. v. nesterov “ brethren! the sun has set over russian land! our grand prince alexander has passes away. no one like him will be found in russian land. ” and there was so much weeping and groaning as had never been heard before ; the land trembled. nine days people carried grand prince alexander ’ s body to the city of vladimir where the burial service took place in the st. vladimir cathedral on november 23. during that service a miracle happened. when a priest about to pull a scroll with the last prayer in the late prince ’ s hand approached the body, the dead prince stretched out his hand, took the prayer and crossed his hands on his chest again. this episode caused awe and terror in the crowd present … in 120 years, shortly before a great battle with the tartars, a monk at the church where the grand prince alexander ’ s body was buried saw a vision during the night praying. the candles in front of prince alexander ’ s tomb suddenly lit up and two elders came up to the tomb and said : “ arise, our prince! hurry to help your relative, prince dmitry! ” and the saint prince arose and became invisible. after that vision the saint ’ s tomb was opened and the relics found undecayed. many sick people who came close to them are said to have been healed. the russian orthodox church canonized grand prince alexander. 1724 was the time of sweeping and rapid reforms of the russian emperor peter the great. those were the times of great changes in all spheres of life : spiritual, political, economic. the emperor and the holy synod began to play the leading role in the russian church, whereas before the patriarch was the most important figure. the emperor and the holy synod decided that the relics of alexander nevsky be transferred to st. petersburg, to the monastery built in his honor. on august 30 the capital


role in the russian church, whereas before the patriarch was the most important figure. the emperor and the holy synod decided that the relics of alexander nevsky be transferred to st. petersburg, to the monastery built in his honor. on august 30 the capital of the russian empire welcomed the boat carrying the holy relics. peter the great piloted the boat himself ; senior officials assisted him as sailors. a festive religious service for the grand prince took place at the monastery of his name. the commemoration of st. alexander took place shortly after russia ’ s victory in the northern war of 1700 - 1721 against sweden. almost for 200 years the relics of st. alexander were kept in the alexander nevsky monastery. after the bolshevik revolution of 1917 the relics were taken away and put on display at a museum of atheism. as for the alexander nevsky monastery, it was closed down. alexander nevsky remained a saint most revered by the russian people. people named in his honor are too numerous to count. in 1990 the relics of saint alexander nevsky were returned to the russian orthodox church to take their place in the alexander nevsky lavra in st. petersburg to the joy of all russian believers. and we know that owing to st. alexander ’ s prayers, our russian land will be revived and stand firm forever … watercolour of the alexander nevsky lavra in st. petersburg 7 december, 2012


the history behind ancient musical instrument organ reaches back to approximately 270 b. c. when a greek engineer named ctesibius of alexandria invented water organ. in the middle ages, swell - organs were built in all the largest european cathedrals. nowadays, organ with its ranks of pipes of different tonalities possesses a unique ability to produce sounds, similar to trumpet, oboe, trombone, violoncello and even a human voice and the instrument itself has acquired the status of european cultural heritage. the mission of the netherlands - based organization stiching voor de wind is to make it familiar to wider audience. initiated and organized by stiching voor de wind, the festival connecting arts has set off in autumn 2011 and is based upon the success formula of the previously held wind art festival ( 2002 - 2010 ). it links the sound of organ to fine samples of other art disciplines, like choreography and acrobatic circus acts, spanning musical masterpieces from brahms ' requiem to famous compositions of bach and verdi. moreover, the interdisciplinary festival encourages usage of this ancient instrument in most various spheres of art. churches in denmark, sweden, france and netherlands acquire entirely different and surprising artistic settings during this festival, becoming a platform for audiovisual installations, dance improvisations, musical theatre productions, poetry readings and amazing interplays of jazz and organ music. for more detailed information and the festival event calendar, please visit the website : www. connectingarts. org keywords : copenhagen, festival, festivals


created on day 6 december 28, 2011 since the cottonmouth spends much of its time in the water, it needs to bask in the sun throughout the day to maintain a constant body temperature. young cottonmouths flick their brightly - colored tail tips to attract frogs and small fish within their striking range. - the cottonmouth is normally dark green, brown, or black. it has patterns of darker and lighter shades especially along its sides. - the juvenile is brightly colored with reddish - brown crossbands on a brown background. - the cottonmouth is also known as the water moccasin. - the species name piscivorus actually means “ fish - eater. ” - the cottonmouth exposes its white mouth when threatened. this gives its predator warning. - the cottonmouth is a pit viper. it possesses a pair of heat - sensing pits between its eyes and nostrils. the pits are able to detect temperature differences of as little as 0. 05oc higher or lower than that of the background. this allows the snake to strike very accurately at the source of heat — its prey. created kind members class : reptilia ( reptiles ) order : squamata ( amphisbaenians, lizards, and snakes [ scaly ] ) family : viperidae ( pit vipers and vipers ) genus / species : agkistrodon piscivorus size : 20 – 48 in ( 51 – 121 cm ) weight : nearly 2 lbs ( 0. 9 kg ) original diet : plants present diet : fish and other aquatic life ; sometimes small mammals habitat : many varied aquatic regions of the southeastern u. s.


in this issue... q : was christmas once a pagan holiday? a : this is a common, but good question — especially around this time of year — and the answer is much deeper than most realize. up front, the bible simply doesn ’ t give us the date of christ ’ s entrance into the world, so any estimates would only be inferences. but first, let ’ s discuss the pagan holiday. this celebration was the pagan holiday saturnalia, which was the roman festival for their god saturn. it ran from about december 17 – 23. saturn is the roman god analogous to the greek god “ cronus ” or “ kronos. ” the land of greece was inhabited by the descendants of noah ’ s grandson javan. in fact, the hebrew name for greece is still javan. javan had 4 sons, and they were : in greece and the surrounding area, these names are still a reflection on the landscape. many of javan ’ s sons ’ names and variants have cities, islands, and other geographical features named for them. paul, the biblical author of two - thirds of the new testament came from “ tarsus, ” a variant of tarshish. there were also the “ taurus ” mountains in turkey, and the “ tanais ” is the old name for the don river flowing into the black sea. read our full answer to the question in our special holiday feedback, the origin of christmas. double your impact! there ’ s still time to double your donation through the incredible gift - matching opportunity made possible by a couple of aig supporters. the deadline is december 25, and the match ceiling has been raised to $ 150, 000. we ’ re just about halfway there ( keep track of the progress — updated live! ), and we need your help to enable aig to take advantage of some tremendous opportunities next year to share biblical truths. by investing in the lord ’ s work at answers in genesis, you are impacting lives in a way that will provide eternal returns for the kingdom of christ. thank you for helping us continue to reach the world with the vital message that god ’ s word can be trusted. read ken ham ’ s full exhortation in double your donation, and please go ahead and double your donation! we thank you for remembering us in your end - of - year giving. your donations help keep the ministry of answers in genesis alive — including free outreaches such as this weekly newsletter. news to note quick look a rat ’ s fifteen minutes of fame :


written by david bernstein, md, facp, facg friday, 16 october 2009 00 : 00 in our frenetic world of multi - tasking with its endless exposure to 15 - second snippets of useful and useless data, we have managed to create an environment of significant anxiety, short attention spans and poor personal communication skills. in no population are these behaviors as prevalent as in our youth. how many parents out there have been told by their children or have told their children, “ don ’ t call me, just send me a text. ” throughout this chaos, team athletics stands out as a way to foster many of the skills that our youth are losing. for decades, little league baseball, first available to only boys and now available to boys and girls, has been an excellent way of promoting communication skills as well as fostering a sense of community in our towns. i can still remember playing games against many teams filled with my friends from fourth grade. we competed, we tried to win and at the end of the game, some of us were happy, some were sad but we were all friends. we went to school the next day with bragging rights and we talked about playing again. our parents, although boisterous during the games, knew that it was just a game and that none of us were going to do this as a career. more than 40 years later, when we get together, we still fondly remember some of the hard - fought contests and we laugh together. as in years past, the guiding principles of little league are unchanged and are as follows. “ little league is a program of service to youth. it is geared to provide an outlet of healthful activity and training under good leadership in the atmosphere of wholesome community participation. the movement is dedicated to helping children become good and decent citizens. it strives to inspire them with a goal and to enrich their lives toward the day when they must take their places in the world. it establishes the values of teamwork, sportsmanship and fair play. ” the words stated above have important meaning. “ little league is geared to provide an outlet of healthful activity. ” this is a wonderful ideal. “ training under good leadership in the atmosphere of wholesome community participation. ” let ’ s emphasize the community participation and overall inclusive nature of this principle. “ dedicated to helping children become good and decent citizens. ” interesting, not dedicated to making the players professional baseball players. “ establish teamwork, sportsmanship and fair play. ” perhaps this is


the community participation and overall inclusive nature of this principle. “ dedicated to helping children become good and decent citizens. ” interesting, not dedicated to making the players professional baseball players. “ establish teamwork, sportsmanship and fair play. ” perhaps this is the most important principle and as stated, it is not based upon winning at all costs. can you imagine what would happen to little league baseball if the people entrusted to run the organization lost sight of these basic tenets? what if leadership forgot about wholesome community participation and decided that it was better to limit participation to only the good players and have them play not against other children in their own community but to have them travel to other towns to play people that they do not know. is that dedication to children and their community? what if those same leaders stratified these travel teams by skill and then had the self - labeled best team in town not play the best players from other towns so that they could have a winning record. does that sound like good sportsmanship or fair play? what if the same leaders had the number 2 team play the best teams from other towns knowing that they would be humiliated in every game? i am not sure that this has the best interest of our children at heart nor does it qualify as good sportsmanship or fair play. most readers and i would agree that the scenarios described above are so ludicrous that they could not occur. no parent in their right mind would either propagate such behavior or willingly expose their children to it. we are the role models that our children follow and we strive to set good examples for our children and for our communities. yet, despite all that, this behavior does exist in at least one of our long island communities. ( disclaimer : the views and opinions represented are those of the author and meant for informative purposes only. for your specific questions, consult your physician. )


hybrid poplars are the thoroughbreds of the tree world. their claim to fame is speed. growth of 5 to 8 feet per year is not uncommon, which makes this tree a good choice for quick shade on a vacant lot or for suburban firewood groves. a very fast - growing tree, up to 5 to 8 feet per year. has silvery - green leaves and broad shade - tree shape. usually planted for very fast shade, or can be harvested for firewood in 5 to 7 years. this is a cottonless hybrid. plant back from sidewalks. grows to 40 ' to 50 ', 30 ' spread. ( zones 3 - 9 ) hybrid poplar bark, twigs, and leaves eaten by rodents, rabbits, deer, beaver, and porcupines. it provides forage for browsing wildlife such as whitetail and mule deer up through the sapling stage. it also provides important nesting and roosting habitat for various species of birds. there are many crosses that go by the name hybrid poplar, but this one between eastern cottonwood from the united states and black poplar from europe and north africa has been a favorite for a very long time. botanists and hobbyists in colonial times are said to have exchanged the parent trees across the ocean, with both natural and artificial hybrids soon resulting. the oldest account of the tree was given by a scientist in 1785. wet soil preferred. the leaves are triangular, 3 - 6 inches long and 4 - 5 inches wide, with " teeth " all around the margin. often silver - green in color, but this is quite variable. stalks are frequently reddish.


giant guitarfish ( rhynchobatus djiddensis ) | also known as : | | whitespot guitarfish, whitespotted giant guitarfish, white - spotted guitarfish, whitespotted wedgefish | | size | | length : up to 310 cm ( 2 ) | | weight | | up to 227 kg ( 2 ) | classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list. however, the publication of a taxonomic revision is pending ( 1 ). its large, elongated, greyish - coloured body, two tall dorsal fins, and a large scythe - like tail give this fish its remarkable shark - like appearance ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ). large black eyespots occur at the base of each pectoral fin ; there is a distinctive black cross between the eyes and the upper body is marked by rows of small white spots. the snout is pointed and the mouth is small, with flattened, pavement - like teeth ( 2 ). widely distributed in the tropical indo - west pacific ( 6 ), ranging from south africa to the red sea, and from japan to new south wales, australia ( 7 ). however, this distribution is thought by many to in fact refer to several closely - related species that require taxonomic revision, with the true rhynchobatus djiddensis thought to be confined to the western indian ocean, and those ranging from the north - western indian ocean to the western pacific constituting separate species ( 1 ). this bottom - dwelling fish is found in muddy and sandy substrates in estuaries, lagoons and near coral and rocky reefs ( 5 ) ( 7 ), at intertidal depths to 50 metres ( 2 ) ( 8 ). the giant guitarfish swims onto reef flats at high tide to feed and find refuge ( 7 ). diet comprises crabs, lobsters, clams, small fish and squid ( 2 ). males mature at a length of around 156 centimetres, females at around 177 centimetres. reproduction is ovoviviparous, and litters of between four and ten live young are usual. in south african waters, birth takes place in summer ( 7 ). the fins of the giant guitarfish are among the most sought - after of any species in asian markets - used for making shark - fin soup - and consequently there are concerns about over - fishing ( 1 ) ( 6 ). its value makes this species an important fish to be directly targeted as well as retained as bycatch, and substantial declines in abundance have been recorded in


- fin soup - and consequently there are concerns about over - fishing ( 1 ) ( 6 ). its value makes this species an important fish to be directly targeted as well as retained as bycatch, and substantial declines in abundance have been recorded in indonesian fisheries, and are also thought likely to be occurring elsewhere ( 1 ). additionally, this unusual fish is highly prized by sport anglers in southern africa for its size and powerful fight when hooked ( 7 ). there are currently no conservation measures targeting this species. more research is certainly needed into current levels of harvesting and the direct impact this is having on population sizes ( 1 ). for further information on the conservation of sharks and rays see : authenticated ( 19 / 06 / 2006 ) by r. aidan martin, director of the reefquest centre for shark research. - bycatch : in the fishing industry, the part of the catch made up of non - target species. - dorsal fin : the unpaired fin found on the back of the body of fish, or the raised structure on the back of most cetaceans. - ovovivipary : method of reproduction whereby the egg shell is weakly formed and young hatch inside the female ; they are nourished by their yolk sac and then ‘ born ’ live. - pectoral fins : in fish, the pair of fins that are found one on each side of the body just behind the gills. they are generally used for balancing and braking. iucn red list of threatened species ( april, 2006 ) fishbase ( april, 2006 ) marine themes ( april, 2006 ) sundive : the marine life of julian rocks and byron bay ( april, 2006 ) ministry of natural resources, environment and meteorology : samoa ’ s biodiversity ( april, 2006 ) reefquest centre for shark research ( april, 2006 ) the life and times of long dead sharks ( april, 2006 ) - martin, r. a. ( 2006 ) pers. comm.


perentie ( varanus giganteus ) | also known as : | | parenthie, perente, perenty | | size | | length : up to 2. 5 m ( 2 ) | | weight | | up to 6 kg ( 3 ) | - the perentie is the world ’ s second largest lizard. - reaching speeds of up to 40 kilometres per hour, the perentie runs at about the same speed as an olympic sprinter. - as well as running fast on all fours, the perentie is also able to run on just its two hind legs. - the skin pattern of the perentie is said to be the inspiration for a particular style of aboriginal woodcarving. the perentie has not yet been assessed by the iucn, but is listed on appendix ii of cites ( 4 ). also known as a monitor or a goanna ( 5 ), the perentie ( varanus giganteus ) is australia ’ s largest lizard ( 3 ). it has creamy colouration, becoming browner on the upperparts with age, occasionally with a reddish tinge ( 6 ). the body and tail are darkly speckled and have transverse bands of pale, dark - edged spots ( 7 ), occurring from the neck to two - thirds of the way down the tail ( 6 ). the perentie has black lines on the throat ( 7 ), and its long neck has unique spot patterns that can be used to identify individuals ( 3 ). the perentie ’ s snout is long and is flattened at the end ( 8 ), and this species has a forked tongue and sharp, slightly curved teeth. its powerful legs are dark brown ( 6 ) and end in five clawed toes ( 5 ), while the tail is laterally compressed ( 7 ) and extremely strong ( 5 ). the perentie occurs in the arid landscapes of central, southern, and western australia, as well as in the northern territory ( 7 ). it is also common on barrow island, off the coast of western australia, where it is an ecologically significant top predator ( 3 ). preferring arid habitats ( 7 ), the perentie digs its burrows in sandy ground ( 9 ). it also inhabits rocky ranges, flat - topped elevated land, semi - arid savanna, caves and rock crevices ( 7 ). the perentie is a carnivorous lizard, eating a wide variety of animals such as small mammals, birds, other lizards, turtle eggs and insects


- topped elevated land, semi - arid savanna, caves and rock crevices ( 7 ). the perentie is a carnivorous lizard, eating a wide variety of animals such as small mammals, birds, other lizards, turtle eggs and insects ( 5 ). like all monitors of the varanus genus, it is able to effectively track its prey using its long tongue, which picks up chemical signals in the air. mates may also be located in this way ( 10 ). like other varanids, the perentie learns to recognise good locations for food and other resources, returning regularly to these sites when foraging ( 11 ). when prey is caught, it is shaken violently until dead, and then swallowed whole ( 5 ). monitor species are unique in their ability to run extremely fast over great distances ( 12 ). the perentie holds its legs underneath its body, walking erect like a mammal ( 13 ), and it is also able to run solely on its hind legs ( 6 ). it can reach speeds of up to 40 kilometres per hour, enabling it to catch fast - moving mammals such as rabbits. the perentie is able to do this due to its ability to expand and contract the sides of its neck, effectively making the throat behave like bellows, pumping air from the nostrils down to the lungs while it is running ( 12 ). in addition to this athletic ability, monitor lizards also have extremely good eyesight ( 2 ). perentie courtship resembles that of other monitors. the male perentie licks and nuzzles the female, and several copulations will take place over a few days ( 10 ). breeding in spring to early summer, the female perentie lays one clutch of 8 to 11 eggs per year ( 3 ). reptile eggs are vulnerable to damage due to their thin casing, and are not fully impervious to water, allowing them to be laid in the absence of open water. to protect its eggs and keep them at constant optimum temperature and humidity, the perentie lays its eggs inside a termite nest. termites maintain the temperature and humidity of their nests with the utmost vigilance, and the conditions are ideal for perentie eggs ( 12 ). in general, male monitor lizards are territorial and will fight other males for access to a female. during combat, males grasp each other with their forelegs while standing on their hind legs, trying to push their rival to the ground. defensive behaviour includes lashing the tail, claw


are territorial and will fight other males for access to a female. during combat, males grasp each other with their forelegs while standing on their hind legs, trying to push their rival to the ground. defensive behaviour includes lashing the tail, clawing, and hissing ( 10 ). when threatened, the perentie will often rise on its hind legs, swell its throat and hiss ( 5 ). there are no known threats to the perentie at present. no specific conservation measures are currently known to be in place for the perentie. however, in some parts of its range, such as barrow island, all reptiles are under protection ( 3 ). this species is also listed on appendix ii of the convention on international trade in endangered species ( cites ) meaning that any international trade in the perentie should be carefully controlled and monitored ( 4 ). more on the perentie : perth zoo - perentie : find out more about reptiles : the reptile database : find out more about conservation in australia : australian wildlife conservancy : australian conservation foundation : this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. if you are able to help please contact : - carnivorous : feeding on flesh. - genus : a category used in taxonomy, which is below ‘ family ’ and above ‘ species ’. a genus tends to contain species that have characteristics in common. the genus forms the first part of a ‘ binomial ’ latin species name ; the second part is the specific name. - territorial : describes an animal, a pair of animals or a group that occupies and defends an area. the reptile database ( november, 2012 ) - watharow, s. ( 2011 ) living with snakes and other reptiles. csiro publishing, collingwood, australia. moro, d. and macaulay, i. ( 2010 ) a guide to the reptiles and amphibians of barrow island. chevron australia, perth. available at : cites ( november, 2012 ) perth zoo - perentie species profile ( november, 2012 ) - pianka, e., king, d. and king, r. ( 2004 ) varanoid lizards of the world. indiana university press, bloomington, indiana. - wilson, s. ( 2005 ) a field guide to reptiles of queensland. reed new holland, sydney. - boulenger, g. ( 1885 ) catalogue of the lizards in the british museum ( natural history ). volume 2 : iguanidae, x


born : october 25, 1864 ; moscow, russia died : january 4, 1956 ; new york, ny the long - lived alexander grechaninov was, until the latter twentieth century, a largely neglected figure seen as having written a few worthwhile liturgical works and some attractive children ' s music, but little more. then, his five symphonies and other orchestral compositions garnered some attention, while his many stage works awaited rediscovery. stylistically, he was very conservative, and as neo - classical, serial, and other progressiveread more techniques took hold in the twentieth century, his music was increasingly viewed as outdated. had it not been for the stubborn opposition of his uneducated father, who could barely read, grechaninov may have developed sooner. he began study on the piano at the relatively late age of 14, mainly owing to the urging of a caring sister - in - law. grechaninov enrolled at the moscow conservatory in 1881 over the objections of his father. there he studied piano first with nikolai kashkin, then later with vasily safonov. he also took instruction in composition from taneyev and arensky, the latter largely in fugal writing. he left moscow in 1890 for further study with rimsky - korsakov at the st. petersburg conservatory. his concert overture ( 1892 - 1893 ) gave grechaninov his first success, and his 1894 string quartet captured a prize at the belyayev chamber music competition. he supported himself and his wife ( whom he married in 1891 ) during this time as a piano teacher. perhaps his greatest success in the nineteenth century was the 1895 premiere of his symphony no. 1 ( led by rimsky - korsakov ). in 1896, he relocated to moscow once again, where he taught piano and worked on several compositions, chief among them his opera dobrinya nikitich ( 1895 - 1901 ) and the first of his four liturgies of st. john chrysostom ( 1897 ). he also wrote incidental music for plays during this time, such as his score for the death of ivan the terrible ( 1896 ). in the first decade of the twentieth century, grechaninov arranged many songs of ethnic origin for children, producing several popular numbers and giving him great prominence among russian composers. in 1906, he accepted teaching posts at the moscow conservatory and gnessin school of music. throughout his career, grechaninov composed many works in the sacred genre and in recognition of this continuing work, the tsar


great prominence among russian composers. in 1906, he accepted teaching posts at the moscow conservatory and gnessin school of music. throughout his career, grechaninov composed many works in the sacred genre and in recognition of this continuing work, the tsarist government granted him a yearly stipend of 2, 000 rubles. after the bolshevik revolution, he lost the stipend and ultimately his faith in his homeland, feeling his religious and political convictions were at odds with those of the communist regime. after several trips abroad, he emigrated to paris in 1925, where he established a career as a pianist and still managed to devote much time to composition. he completed his third st. john chrysostom liturgy there ( 1917 - 1926 ), as well as his suite for cello and orchestra ( 1919 - 1929 ). in 1929, he made the first of several trips to the united states, a country he felt increasingly drawn toward. in 1939, he emigrated to the united states, ultimately making new york his home ( 1940 ). he continued to compose in his adopted homeland, especially in the sacred realm, producing several important works, including et in terra pax, a roman catholic mass ( 1942 ). he also wrote chamber works, but his output steadily declined in the 1940s. he became a u. s. citizen in 1949, at the age of 85. his last composition came in 1950, the piano work lettres amicales. grechaninov was well enough to attend a 1954 concert in new york town hall, held to celebrate his 90th birthday. read less there are 17 alexander grechaninov recordings available.


would you like to become active, feel and become healthy? well, the solution to this question is obvious. all of us wish to be healthy but not all of us possess the determination and enthusiasm to pursue wellness. most people these days are not prepared to make the essential sacrifices to attain a greater degree of fitness and general well - being. if you are certainly one of them, then you might wish to rethink your priorities and discover a little about the little changes you could make to become healthier. you will find numerous methods that you could be healthy. probably the most obvious way is to physical exercise. by working out regularly, you will increase your metabolic rate that will help get rid of harmful toxins and dangerous substances in our body, to not mention burn excess calories. these individuals who don ’ t regularly exercise may have an increased risk in developing cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases, and other degenerative diseases. exercise will enhance the high quality of one ’ s lifestyle because it will make you ’ re feeling refreshed and energized. you will find of course other good spin - offs such as enhanced self image and appearance including six pack abs, flatter abdomen and less fat. an additional way to be healthy is to preserve your immune system. your immune system plays a big function in fighting off infections and diseases. you are able to enjoy a stronger immune system whenever you consume a balanced meal rich in vitamins and minerals. ensuring you get a sufficient quantity of rest each evening may also bolster your physical defenses. throughout rest, your body repairs damaged tissues and cells that will in turn enhance your natural body defenses. if you want to become healthy, steer clear of risky behaviors that may harm your body. adopting a healthy lifestyle is vitally needed if you want to stay away from diseases. much more frequently than not, the risk elements that might harm us are avoidable and you can do some thing about it. these risk elements can be vices such as too much alcohol, cigarette smoking, using illicit drugs, a habitual lack of rest, and numerous others. these destructive behaviors ought to be replaced by healthy choices. each choice you make will make an impact in your well being regardless of how little it is. ultimately, you will reap the compound effects of those little choices and you ’ ll be glad that you selected the proper choice. 1 more tip, it is a great idea to preserve great personal hygiene. not only does this restrict the bacteria and germs you ’ re exposed to however it also is


from the art and popular culture encyclopedia march starts on the same day of the week as november every year and february in common years only. march ends on the same day of the week as june every year. in leap years, march starts on the same day as september and december of the previous year. in common years, march starts on the same day as june of the previous year. the name of march comes from ancient rome, when march was the first month of the year and named martius after mars or ares, the greek god of war. in rome, where the climate is mediterranean, march was the first month of spring, a logical point for the beginning of the year as well as the start of the military campaign season. january became the first month of the calendar year either under king numa pompilius ( c. 713 bc ) or under the decemvirs about 450 bc ( roman writers differ ). the numbered year began on march 1 in russia until the end of the 15th century. great britain and its colonies continued to use march 25 until 1752, which was when they ultimately adopted the gregorian calendar. many other cultures and religions still celebrate the beginning of the new year in march. in finnish, the month is called maaliskuu, which is believed to originate from maallinen kuu, meaning earthy month, because during maaliskuu, earth finally becomes visible under the snow ( other etymological theories have however been put forward ). in ukrainian, the month is called березень, meaning birch tree. historical names for march include the saxon lentmonat, named after the march equinox and gradual lengthening of days, and the eventual namesake of lent. saxons also called march rhed - monat or hreth - monath ( deriving from their goddess rhedam / hreth ), and angles called it hyld - monath. in slovene, the traditional name is susec, meaning the month when the earth becomes dry enough so that it is possible to cultivate it. the name was first written in 1466 in the skofja loka manuscript. other names were used too, for example brezen and breznik, " the month of birches ". the turkish word mart is given after the name of mars the god.


an object of global historical and cultural significance, received by explorer captain james cook from a canadian first nation during his final voyage ( 1776 - 1779 ), is being donated to the university of british columbias museum of anthropology by a leading arts philanthropist. recently purchased through a private dealer in new york, and valued at $ 1. 2 million, the rare ceremonial club was the last remaining object from captain cooks personal collection not housed in a public museum. thanks to the audain foundation for the visual arts, the club returns to british columbia, where the famous explorer received it from the nuu - chah - nulth people of vancouver islands west coast in 1778, or 234 years ago. this ceremonial club has immense historical and cultural value. i am delighted to play a part in its return to canadas west coast, says michael audain, chairman of the audain foundation for the visual arts, and one of canadas most active arts supporters. while certain nuu - chah - nulth objects collected by cook exist in museums abroad for example, in london, berlin, and vienna this is the first and only in canada. with our foundations donation, i hope to encourage the repatriation of other northwest coast art works to public museums and cultural centres in british columbia. misattributed in some historical documents as a curious war instrument from the sandwich isles ( hawaii ), the club was carved by an aboriginal northwest coast artist as early as the mid - 1700s, placing it within the last generation of traditional objects created before european contact. considered the oldest known and most finely executed club of this style, it is carved from yew wood in the shape of a hand holding a sphere. it may have been both a ceremonial symbol of its owners high rank and a functional tool or weapon. on cooks final voyage, his third to the pacific, the explorer sailed the hms resolution to hawaii ( 17761777 ) and become the first european to set foot on the northwest coast when he arrived at b. c. s nootka sound on march 28, 1778. after sailing north in search of the northwest passage, cook returned to hawaii, where he was killed in 1779. like much of cooks personal collection, the club found its way from his family into the private leverian museum in london, where it was sold in 1806, passing through several private collections in britain and the united states until it was obtained by the audain foundation and returned to b. c. we welcome the homecoming of this great gift by the audai


in london, where it was sold in 1806, passing through several private collections in britain and the united states until it was obtained by the audain foundation and returned to b. c. we welcome the homecoming of this great gift by the audain foundationa treasure once given by our people to captain james cook, and now returned to us to share with the people of canada and those who come to visit, says margarita james, president of the land of maquinna cultural society, speaking on behalf of mowachaht hereditary chief yahɬua, michael maquinna, and muchalaht hereditary chief norman george. the mowachaht - muchalaht first nation, one of 15 nations comprising the nuu - chah - nulth people, greeted and hosted captain james cook in 1778 at yuquot ( friendly cove ), nootka sound. as our council of chiefs said in 1997 : many of the early visitors were anxious to take home our gifts as souvenirs of their time among us. as part of our diplomacy, we presented carved images of our great ancestors to representatives of european governments visiting our territory. these ancestors are now living in your great treasure houses, which you call museums. they are our representatives in your cities and capitols. they are your acknowledgement of our diplomacy and the greatness of our nation. they are our boundary markers showing the extent of our influence throughout the world. thanks to the audain foundation and the mowachaht - muchalaht and nuu - chah - nulth first nations, this important artifact will be a catalyst for new research and thinking on both the object itself and its global journey, says anthony shelton, moa director. the club will be displayed at moa in its multiversity galleries, which house more than 10, 000 objects from around the world.


109. 0 x 48. 0 x 29. 5cm a bodhisattva is one who has achieved enlightenment but who chooses to stay on this earth to bring salvation to suffering mankind. bodhisattvas, usually bejewelled, are seen alone, or flanking a buddha figure. this figure stands in the classic ' tribhanga ' ( triple bend ) pose, the upper front part of his body naked except for the scarf and jewels around his neck, the lower half covered by a dhoti that clings to the thighs in concentric ridges. the right hand holds part of his scarf while the left, raised, is broken at the wrist. like many of these figures, this one has not survived intact, and his head and feet are also missing. a distinctive feature of this bodhisattva is the carved curls of hair on the shoulders. while the naturalism of this figure is derived from indian influences, never in chinese sculpture does one see anything of the unbridled sensuality typical of much indian sculpture. with both the buddhist writings and images, the chinese interpreted them in their own cultural terms. ( when buddhism first came to china and was being translated into terms the chinese could understand, the key daoist term ' dao ', " the way ", was sometimes used to render the buddhist term ' dharma ', " the teaching " [ a. f. wright, ' buddhism in chinese history ', stanford university press, 1959. p36 ] ). for the first 200 years of the tang dynasty buddhism flourished as never before. it was imperial policy to patronize buddhist establishments and clergy and to build and support temples in the capital and provinces. buddhist temples and monasteries were tax - exempt and soon acquired great wealth. buddhist ritual was an integral part of state and imperial observances. most of the larger pieces that survive from this period are in stone or clay, wood having been destroyed in time and bronze figures melted down. the rebellion of an lushan from 755 - 763 weakened the tang empire. the suppression of buddhism between 842 and 845 brought empire - wide destruction of temples, and icons. this destruction, together with the increasing influence of the chan ( zen ) sect which paid little attention to statuary, and the revival of confucianism, marked the end of buddhism ' s influence among the literate. jackie menzies, ' early chinese art ', agnsw, 1983. cat. no. xxvii. jackie menzies (


growing independence & fluency by : seth clark fluent readers must read consistently, fluently, accurately, and with emotion. in order for the students to become fluent readers, we will work on reading speed. this lesson will help students increase their reading fluency through charting one - minute reads. stopwatch : 1 per pair of students a chart to record one - minute reads ( one for each child ) vast selection of decodable books in classroom ( color coded for different levels ) 1. introduce the fluency lesson by explaining what it means to be a fluent reader and the steps they will take while working with their groups this week to help students to become more fluent readers. " the word fluency means that you have the ability to read words fast and automatically. " " it is a good idea to go back and re - read what you have read until it sounds like " real " talk between you and another person. " 2. " have you ever wanted to read your favorite books a little faster? well today we ' re going to learn how to practice reading so we can get a little bit faster. when we read books faster, we can also read with more expression. we can make parts happy, sad, suspenseful, or really exciting! i would like you to go to the shelf and pick a book with the colored dot that represents your own reading level. " ( teacher needs to have a book ready so he / she can model next. ) 3. after students return to their seats, show them your book. " when i first picked up this book, there were some words i did not know. first, i read the book once and had to read it slow to figure those words out. then, i read the book again. do you know why? because the more times we read a book, the easier it gets to read! " 4. " now i ' d like you to read the book you chose at your desk. keep reading until i say stop. when you finish reading it once, read it again so it will get easier. 5. after ten minutes stop the students and pair the students off with students with the same instructional level. 6. the student who is not reading should time the other with a stopwatch and record the time it took for their partner to read. switch accordingly. have each student read their text two times and record both times. 7. after all students have read to a partner, say, " now let ' s chart our results and see how we read just a bit faster the


toilet training and autism toilet training a child with autism has nearly become an " industry ". " new and improved " methods are bought and sold on the internet, at bookstores, parent meetings, conferences, and just about everywhere else. experts seem to crop up everywhere. of course, this is not a problem confined to the world of autism. before you begin, understand that a child on the autism spectrum may have a few extra obstacles between him or her and dry pants. all the the characteristics that identify the child as having autism, asperger ' s syndrome may well interfere with " normal " social interaction deficits? how much more intimate can you get with a child once you have toilet trained together? many children with autism will resist the idea just because it is your idea, or because it involves closeness, or because it involves imitation, etc. the things that are reinforcing to children without autism ( " big boy " or " big girl " ) may mean very little or nothing to a child with autism. be aware of possible communication issues are there communication deficits? does the child understand language? does he or she understand " potty ", " diaper ", " dry pants ", " toilet ", " bathroom ", or any other words, signs, or pictures / symbols that get the idea of toileting across? children with autism may have difficulty understanding and associating words with actions and most will at least need more time to process what you say. can the child express the urge or need to use the toilet? expressive language is almost always a problem for children with an autistic disorder. it will be important to be able to read their cues and / or teach a way to express the need or urge to use the toilet. be aware of sensory problems many children with autism or asperger ' s syndrome may have unusual reactions to various sensory stimuli ( smells, tastes, textures, colors, temperature, sounds ) due to sensory problems. watch for signs of unusual reactions when a child is in or near the bathroom. bathrooms have been known to have an unusual smell or two attached to them - a child may react with fear or tantrum to perfumes, noxious smells, or other smells. bathrooms tend to be either hotter or colder than the rest of the house - make sure the temperature is similar throughout the house. bathrooms are usually tiled - some children may dislike or fear a cold tile, a fluffy rug, or the colors in a bathroom. the answer may be in wearing socks or slippers,


the house - make sure the temperature is similar throughout the house. bathrooms are usually tiled - some children may dislike or fear a cold tile, a fluffy rug, or the colors in a bathroom. the answer may be in wearing socks or slippers, etc. flushing the toilet may be fearful to a child, noisy pipes may startle a child, etc. - watch for signs and warn about noises and explain the reasons for the noises. the more you can predict changes for your child with autism and the more you explain the reasons for things, the better prepared the child will be for changes. along these lines, it probably is better to make the switch to training pants for toilet training. pull - ups are too similar to diapers and probably absorb too much liquid, etc. understand the stress of learning a new life skill insistence on routine, sameness, repetitive actions / interests? children with autism will probably find it distressing to include toileting in their already full schedule. repetitive behaviors, self - stimulation, and insistence on following their own routine will certainly interfere with your new idea ( toilet training ). of course, once toileting is established as part of the routine, this insistence on routine may work to your benefit. problems with organizing and sequencing actions may also interfere with learning a new and also before you begin : make sure your child does not have a medical problem which would interfere with toileting behavior. usually, this can be ruled out by the family physician after routine physicals, etc. however, if you notice any unusual signs of too much or too little urination or painful urination, contact your physician for a referral to a specialist. if you notice too much, or too little, or too loose, or too hard stools, contact your physician for a referral to a specialist. children with autism have a higher than expected rate of bowel problems ( constipation or loose stools or both ) and require extra care if this is the case. during toilet training make sure your child drinks plenty of fluids and eats a diet that includes roughage or fiber ( fruits are great ) to assure that the bowel movements will not be hard. one hard, painful bowel movement during toilet training may set the child back for a long time! consult your physician for all of this. aids to toilet training remember kids on the autism spectrum usually learn better with both visual and verbal information. try simple illustrations using stick figures, and show the step - by - step actions. try using these illustrations in a social story, a


of this. aids to toilet training remember kids on the autism spectrum usually learn better with both visual and verbal information. try simple illustrations using stick figures, and show the step - by - step actions. try using these illustrations in a social story, a powerful technique for learning new skills. there are commercial toilet training materials that may help, but won ' t be adapted for the communication issues that arise with autism and asperger ' s. with a bit of ingenuity, you may be able to use dolls, water and play dough to simulate the toileting process. toilet training is hard work but don ' t make it worse than it already is by stressing out on it. there is a saying among those who teach toilet training methods that goes like this : " how many 20 year olds have you seen walking around in diapers? " the saying is supposed to help us relax and not pressure kids into compliance with toilet training because it " always " happens. well, as one who has worked with many adults with developmental disabilities who still wear diapers, i would have to say : forget about that saying. but do relax. there is no urgency here. don ' t worry about what your family or others say. take your time, make sure the child is ready, and then begin with the idea of a marathon not a sprint. perhaps " our " toilet training book should be titled : toilet training in less than a year! that ' s probably closer to the time frame for some, but not all, children with autism. well, now it is time to work. look at this as a job and give it the priority you would to anything important in your life. the skill of toileting is very important in your child ' s life. it opens doors of independence and privilege that you will only be aware of as your child ages and remains in diapers. can your child move up into the next room at pre - school? not until he or she is toilet trained, probably! not being toilet trained limits your child ' s options for child care, school programs, and, if it goes on too long, may be one of the factors that leads to more - restrictive placements at school or residential programs in the future. make sure you have set aside a lot of time to devote to toilet training, especially in the beginning. azrin and foxx recommend taking a day off from work to devote to a full day of nothing but toilet training. for us, let ' s start with a week off from work. many parents


devote to toilet training, especially in the beginning. azrin and foxx recommend taking a day off from work to devote to a full day of nothing but toilet training. for us, let ' s start with a week off from work. many parents opt to have the toilet training begin at pre - school or school. that ' s okay but make sure you are aware of the methods they are using and do the same at home. choose a method and stick with it they say a habit takes three weeks to become a habit. give any method at least this long to see if it works. check for readiness there are many checklists for toilet training readiness. for children on the autism spectrum, i would recommend looking for the following : awareness that he or she has wet or soiled and / or a desire to remove the wet or soiled diaper ( pulling at it, taking it off, digging in it, vocalizing displeasure, getting a clean diaper, taking you to the bathroom or changing area ) ; ability to imitate actions ( at least some actions ) ; responds favorably to some form of positive reinforcement ( a behavior increases after you reward it with something the child likes ) ; and stays dry / clean know your child ' s routine spend at least one week charting the times of day your child eats, drinks, wets, soils, gets changed ( with results ), and sleeps. use a day planner, chart ( some of the links below have good charts ) or simply write down each item and the time it occurs in a log. for example : 6 : 00am - change diaper - dry 6 : 15am - drink 1 cup juice 6 : 30am - ate cereal, toast - drink 1 cup milk 6 : 40am - change diaper - wet & soiled. at the end of the week look at the data ( or log ) and see if you see can pick out some general patterns of toileting. for example : he soils 30 minutes after every meal or he wets 10 minutes after drinking his juice, etc. these times can then be built into your toilet training procedures you are about to set up. find several reinforcers ( things your child would do anything reinforcers may be special food treats, special drinks ; special toys, or other items that your child loves. make a rule with everyone that has contact with your child that these special reinforcers will be used only for toilet training rewards. the items will forever be know as : " potty candy " or " potty toys. " this may


child loves. make a rule with everyone that has contact with your child that these special reinforcers will be used only for toilet training rewards. the items will forever be know as : " potty candy " or " potty toys. " this may produce neurotic behavior in the future but we ' ll worry about that later - just kidding! make a rule with everyone that has contact with your child that that toilet accidents are not be be punished. instead, if a toilet accident occurs use it to associate the toilet with wetting or soiling. matter - of - factly, without anger or emotion say, " you are wet ( or soiled, or had a boo - boo, or had a bm ). big boys ( or girls ) do that on the potty ( or toilet ). " if you can, without a tantrum, lead the child to the toilet and sit him or her on the toilet or potty chair once the diaper or training pants ( my preference ) are off. immediately reward your child for sitting on the toilet or potty and say, " good pottying! " or " big boy ( or girl )! sitting on the potty! " ( or something similar that is reinforcing for your child ). if your child dislikes the toilet or sitting on the toilet, you will have to " shape " his or her behavior so he or she associates the toilet with the reinforcement. shaping is a step - by - step process that reinforces a child for getting closer and closer to the behavior goal. for example : reward the child for coming into the bathroom, then going near the toilet, then sitting on the closed toilet, then sitting on the open toilet, then sitting for five seconds, then for wetting on the toilet, and finally for the " grand - daddy " of them all : having a bowel movement on the toilet! use positive reinforcement for appropriate toileting behavior use the reinforcers you have identified and save them for toileting. make sure everyone who has contact with your child is aware of your method and means of reinforcement. if you were able to devote a week to toilet training your child, use a schedule ( based upon the information you gathered from charting his or her toileting activity ) to provide many opportunities for your child to use the toilet or potty chair. use positive reinforcement for each attempt at toileting by giving the reinforcer ( food or drink treat, time with a favorite toy, etc. ) after the child does what is expected of


opportunities for your child to use the toilet or potty chair. use positive reinforcement for each attempt at toileting by giving the reinforcer ( food or drink treat, time with a favorite toy, etc. ) after the child does what is expected of him or her. you may have to " shape " this behavior by reinforcing the child in steps that lead to the complete behavior. for example : at first the child is rewarded for going in the bathroom, then for pulling down pants, then for sitting, then for urinating, then for having a bowel movement, etc. once a child has mastered one step, move on to the next and do not reward the first step as much. always give verbal praise as you give the special treat or toy ( the verbal praise will begin to take on the reinforcing powers of the treat and, eventually, you can give verbal praise only ). continue with this method until the child has mastered the steps. by gary j. heffner, creator of the autism home page at msn groups. visit gary ' s page for a wide range of links concerning toilet training techniques click here for the full range of asperger ' s and autism fact sheets and personal stories visit http : / / groups. msn. com / theautismhomepage / environmental. msnw which is the autism home page of gary heffner, the author of this article. this fact sheet remains under his copyright and is used with his permission. you are encouraged to visit his site as it is one of the few autism websites offering free comprehensive information.


the truth behind humane slaughter law ; animal welfare institute report reveals lack of enforcement washington, d. c. - - " the hog was lying in the cradle and all four feet had been removed. the hog was observed to be kicking and shaking its head. it exhibited skin twitching and irregular but rhythmic breathing with deep abdominal and thoracic movement. it appeared to be gasping for breath, " a us department of agriculture ( usda ) inspector wrote about a still - conscious hog at a slaughter plant in frankenmuth, mo. with meat recalls due to bacterial contamination and the horrific handling and slaughtering of downer cows making headlines in recent months, consumers are increasingly aware of some of the problems occurring behind slaughterhouse doors. but new documentation reveals how dire the situation really is. the animal welfare institute ( awi ) has released the first report of its kind to analyze humane slaughter enforcement at state, federal and foreign slaughterhouses. drawing from over 1, 000 documents obtained from sources including 60 public records requests to federal and state agriculture departments from 2002 to 2007, the report exposes the lack of sound enforcement at plants throughout the united states and across the globe. " this report shows that enforcement of humane slaughter law is a low priority of the us department of agriculture, state agriculture departments, and the u. s. animal agriculture industry as a whole, " said author dena jones, a consultant to awi. " legal and regulatory changes need to be made in the current inspection system to better protect the approximately 10 billion animals killed for food each year in the united states. " currently, humane slaughter laws require that livestock be rendered insensible with one stunning attempt before they are killed. however, american meat institute guidelines consider an acceptable stunning effectiveness rating of 99 percent for pigs and 95 percent for cattle and sheep, while the national chicken council has set an acceptable stunning standard of 98 percent for chickens. even if every single slaughter plant was able to meet these voluntary industry goals, the report notes, 185 million chickens, 1. 8 million cattle and sheep and 1 million pigs would still be killed inhumanely each year in the united states. little time is actually spent by agriculture department inspectors observing the handling, stunning and slaughter of animals. nonetheless, the citations recorded by the usda are disturbing. at a plant in benton, ark., an inspector noted, " at approximately 1 : 00 p. m. [ a holstein cow ] had a 1 cm hole in its forehead from a captive bolt stunner. at 1 : 10 p. m. the


in benton, ark., an inspector noted, " at approximately 1 : 00 p. m. [ a holstein cow ] had a 1 cm hole in its forehead from a captive bolt stunner. at 1 : 10 p. m. the cow had not been moved and was breathing regularly. an establishment employee tried to re - stun the animal twice but the hand held captive bolt stunner did not fire. " between 2002 and 2005, only 42 enforcement actions beyond issuances of deficiency reports for noncompliances with humane slaughter laws were taken in the united states. but whistleblower accounts and undercover videotape documentation from inside slaughterhouses reviewed in the report suggest that the current low level of humane enforcement is not due to a lack of violations. instead, crimes are either not observed or recognized by inspection personnel, not reported through the proper channel, or the appropriate remedial measures are not being taken. " usda inspectors must be present at plants to ensure adherence to basic standards of decency, said awi president cathy liss. " at the very least, animals who are killed for food are entitled to a merciful death. " for a pdf version ( 150 pgs, 1. 4mb ) of the report, click here. - animal welfare institute and humane farming association release video footage entitled " scenes from usda inspected slaughterhouses " - government report confirms slaughter is not humane - awi quarterly - groups say human oversight necessary at us slaughterhouses - awi press release cathy liss, ( 202 ) 446 - 2121 dena jones, ( 202 ) 446 - 2146 for over 57 years, awi has been the leading voice for animals across the country and on capitol hill. awi promotes humane farming practices and fights the growth of animal factories for the benefit of animals, consumers, farm families, rural communities and the environment. more information is available at www. awionline. org.


if your baby is shoving fists — or anything else — in his mouth, chances are you have a teether, says dr. ken haller, md, pediatrician at ssm cardinal glennon children ' s medical center and assistant professor of pediatrics at saint louis university. other telltale signs of teething include fussiness, crying, and needing something, anything, to chew on, adds dr. haller. teething is a trying time for parent and child alike. take a look at these most - asked teething questions and find helpful answers from pediatricians and pediatric dentists. 1. what can you expect? " teething is a normal process of new teeth pushing through the gums — and this process takes time. while a baby is teething you may notice increased saliva, drooling, and a desire to chew, mild gum pain, slightly swollen gums over the cutting tooth, changes in appetite, and low - grade fever less than 100, " says dr. vivian lennon, medical director of primary care at the children ' s hospital in atlanta. 2. why do kids drool when they are teething? " the saliva helps cool off inflamed and tender gums, " explains dr. haller. 3. are high fevers and runny noses related to teething? " no. the temperature elevation during teething is very mild and rarely exceeds 100. 4. the most common symptom will be increased drooling, " says dr. lennon. 4. is diarrhea a symptom of teething? " an association between teething and diarrhea has never been scientifically proven — many unrelated illnesses are blamed on teething, " points out dr. lennon. " if your child is particularly miserable with excessive crying or fever greater than 100. 4, they may not be teething and you should contact your pediatrician. " 5. is refusing solids common during teething? the answer is yes, according to dr. lennon. " a child ' s gums will be sore for several days until the tooth breaks through the gum. they may show some decrease in appetite. "


a brief introduction in traditional agricultural society, temple fair would include worshipping services as well as a variety of folklore shows. common people loved to attend such event, because it helps to express their sincere thanks to gods, also because of the festive atmosphere. traditionally, baoan temple ’ s baosheng emperor ’ s birthday is the major festivity for locals. in 1994 ( year 83 of roc ), baoan added some modern, humanistic spirits and cultural vigor to this traditional temple fair ; hence the “ baosheng cultural festival ” was launched. parading the neighorhood with the deity parading and inspecting the neighborhood streets, the spiritual powers will “ bring peace to the community. ” baoan temple ’ s parade is held on the 14th day of the 3rd moon – the eve of baosheng emperor ’ s birthday. in the morning, there is a contest of folklore sports on baoan ’ s grounds. at 1 pm, with point messengers, earth gods and flag wagonsheading the parade, bands from various temples, guardsmen and yi - zhen ( flower wagons and folklore performing squads ) performers would proceed one by one and begin to put up a performance for birthday celebration. the procession then departs from baoan ’ s front door ; the colorful, winding parade lineup looks very splendid. the routing of each year ’ s parade is similar and pretty much covers the entire dalongdong and dadaocheng neighborhood. when the procession passes by temples, the latter would give their welcome in the form of fire - crackers. when paying tributes to the parading deities, some temples would play bells and drums simultaneously. the parade team usually does not return to baoan until dusk. all baosheng deities are then sent back to their seats. this concludes the parade. what comes next is bound to cause more exciting moments – “ releasing fire lions. ” “ yi - zhen ” is the combination of yi - ge and zhen - tou, which are indispensable parts of folklore performances at temple fairs. “ yige ” is also called “ shiyi - ge ( poetic pavilion ) ” or “ flower wagon ; ” the carriage would carry a pavilion loaded with folklore figures. “ zhen - tou ” means folklore performing squads, which come in several genres – religion, music, amusement and skit. at temple - fair time, other worshipping groups and temple members also are invited to join the festivity. such set - up not only shows their gratitude toward gods, but also provides


in several genres – religion, music, amusement and skit. at temple - fair time, other worshipping groups and temple members also are invited to join the festivity. such set - up not only shows their gratitude toward gods, but also provides opportunities for unofficial competitions. thanks to these activities, many customs and rituals get to be preserved and carried on. surname folk opera series by way of public participation, taiwan ’ s traditional folk operas have helped to express people ’ s passions and solidify sub - ethnic identities. baoan temple ’ s annual series of surname theater - opera performance has done just that for tung - an folks in dalongdong. however, due to the city ’ s rapid development, dalongdong has become an older neighborhood. due to a number of moving - out migrants and new - coming residents, the lineage organization was breaking apart gradually. therefore, the surname series no longer carries that time - honored cultural characteristic. nowadays, the bustling surname series at “ baosheng cultural festival ” has been given new, cultural appearance which belongs in this modern society. its expanded repertoire now includes taiwanese puppet show, kaoka show, taiwanese opera, peikuan ( the northern school of ancient chinese music of wind instrument ) opera, and peikuan - and - nankuan ( the southern school of ancient chinese music of wind instrument ) ensemble. participating groups come into three categories : professional troupes, baoan temple ’ s own clubs, and art - student groups. such diversity has definitely gone beyond the traditional “ surname ” make - up. baosheng emperor ’ s birthday ritual the 15th day of the 3rd moon is baosheng emperor ’ s sacred date of birth. baoan temple would celebrate the day by way of the traditional, three worshipping services. the ceremony is solemn and stately. its sequence is as follows : beating the first round of drum, welcoming the deities, singing the ode to baosheng emperor ’ s miracles, and gazing at the burner that burns the congratulatory messages. we always invite superiors and government officials to attend this ceremony and offer incense. guided tours of the historic site in order to promote the temple as a tourist attraction and arouse people ’ s interests in regional folk arts, baoan temple offers “ guided tour of the historic site ” during “ baosheng cultural festival. ” such activity has been widely welcomed. other than the guided tours on weekends and holidays, any organization ( e. g. government organizations, social communities, religious organizations, and schools )


of the historic site ” during “ baosheng cultural festival. ” such activity has been widely welcomed. other than the guided tours on weekends and holidays, any organization ( e. g. government organizations, social communities, religious organizations, and schools ) can make arrangement and visit baoan. through guided tours, visitors will find themselves being linked with the history as well as the forefathers ; they will also learn to appreciate and respect the precious values of religious arts. free chinese - medicine clinics to commemorate baosheng emperor the medicine god, baosheng cultural festival holds free chinese - medicine clinics and seminars, as well as exhibitions of related cultural items and medicinal herbs. this event very much hands down baosheng emperor ’ s spirit of curing people. with modern scientific attitude and methods, it not only presents the essence of baoan ’ s belief, but also preserves and glorifies traditional medicines. with the hope of showing more people the looks of baoan temple, we had sponsored photo contest that features baoan. we then asked experts to select the best photos and displayed them at baosheng cultural festival. this event was able to meet a number of goals such as promoting architectural arts and attracting photographers ’ attention. our working with the media also paid off in giving very good publicity to baoan temple and “ baosheng cultural festival. ” baosheng cultural festival has since seen several photo contests for the coming years. for the purpose of laying the foundation for folk - culture education, in 1994 ’ s ( year 83 of roc ) “ baosheng cultural festival ” we held the second drawing contest for children. with baosheng cultural festival ’ s activities as a theme, participating young artists depict their impression and imagination. children are encouraged to be concerned about folk culture ; they also get to improve their esthetic sense and ability in artistic appreciation, as well as enriching their leisure life. this event, so far, has been held in each and every “ baosheng cultural festival. ” the feast of music baoan temple has always paid much attention to music - related activities, and the performances of “ baosheng cultural festival ” usually include concerts, which we believe will help to cultivate our temple members ’ spiritual life. baoan does not hold fast to traditional music though. for the two birthday concerts of 2000 ( year 89 of roc ) we had invited taipei string quartet and taipei trombone quartet ; they performed many nice, popular, and admirable chinese / western pieces for all classes. graceful and lively music


music though. for the two birthday concerts of 2000 ( year 89 of roc ) we had invited taipei string quartet and taipei trombone quartet ; they performed many nice, popular, and admirable chinese / western pieces for all classes. graceful and lively music notes float around the solemn temple grounds – this was quite a unique, ear - opening experience for us all. exhibition of cultural items in addition to the bustling parade, baoan temple also holds quiet event as seen in an antique show. the contents of our exhibition are mostly from baoan temple ’ s own collection, which includes items that were weeded out by the recent restoration project and all kinds of old, ritual objects. for example, a wood - carved dragon head dated back to ching dynasty ’ s chia - ching era, eaves holder with bird - flower pattern, double - dragon blue porcelain vase, wine jar, eight - diagram incense burner, baosheng emperor ’ s imperial robe, burner with dragon ears, square tripod, candle stand, old account books from the taisho period, etc. the fire - walking ritual the last yet best show of “ baosheng cultural festival ” is the “ fire - walking ” ritual on baosheng emperor ’ s sacred birthday. baoan temple ’ s fire - walking ritual has been around for many years ; it is about the only religious custom in the greater taipei area, having preserved the tung - an home - country characteristics. with no intention to make itself a tourist attraction, baoan temple changed nothing about the old way. actually, we have kept the flow of this 100 - year - old ritual when it comes to the spirit - possession and time - checking prior to the fire walking, parading of the grand procession, and arranging the firewood as the spirits would dictate. generally speaking, the roots of baoan temple ’ s “ baosheng cultural festival ” basically come from traditional beliefs and rituals. we have then added some new, cultural elements and converted the event into a festival that features religion, culture, sightseeing, and folklore. no wonder it has become a yearly blockbuster for the neighborhood and for northern taiwan.


rev. alban butler ( 171173 ). volume xii : december. the lives of the saints. 1866. st. servulus, confessor from st. gregory, hom. 25, in evangel. and dial. l. 4, c. 14. in this saint was exemplified what our divine redeemer has taught us of lazarus, the poor man full of sores, who lay before the gate of the rich mans house. servulus was a beggar, and had been afflicted with the palsy from his infancy ; so that he was never able to stand, sit upright, lift his hand to his mouth, or turn himself from one side to another. his mother and brother carried him into the porch of st. clements church at rome, where he lived on the alms of those that passed by. whatever he could spare from his own subsistence he distributed among other needy persons. the sufferings and humiliation of his condition were a means of which he made the most excellent use for the sanctification of his own soul, by the constant exercise of humility patience, meekness, resignation, and penance. he used to entreat devout persons to read the holy scriptures, and he heard them with such attention, as to learn them by heart. his time he consecrated by assiduously singing hymns of praise and thanksgiving to god, and his continual pains were so far from dejecting or distracting him, that they proved a most pressing motive for raising his mind to god with greater ardour. after several years thus spent, his distemper having seized his vitals, he perceived his end to draw near. in his last moments he desired the poor and pilgrims, who had often shared in his charity, to sing sacred hymns and psalms by him. whilst he joined his voice with theirs, he on a sudden cried out : silence ; do you not hear the sweet melody and praises which resound in the heavens! soon after he had spoken those words he expired, and his soul was carried by angels into everlasting bliss, about the year 590. the body of st. servulus was buried in st. clements church, and honoured with miracles, according to the roman martyrology. st. gregory the great concludes the account he gives of him in a sermon to his people, by observing that the whole behaviour of this poor sick beggar loudly condemns those who, when blessed with good health and a plentiful fortune, neither do good works, nor


the worlds famous orations. greece ( 432 b. c. 324 b. c. ). 1906. ii. on being declared guilty socrates ( 469399 b. c. ) born about 470 b. c., died in 399 ; for a time followed his fathers art as a sculptor ; served in three campaigns ; president of the pyrtanes in 406 and opposed the thirty tyrants ; his philosophical precepts, as those of the wisest man of his time, known to us only in the writings of his disciple, plato. that1 i should not be grieved, o athenians, at what has happened, namely, that you have condemned me, as well as many other circumstances concur in bringing to pass, and moreover this, that what has happened has not happened contrary to my expectations ; but i much rather wonder at the number of votes on either side. for i did not expect that i should be condemned by so small a number, but by a large majority ; but now, as it seems, if only three more votes had changed sides i should have been acquitted. as far as miletus is concerned, as it appears to me, i have been already acquitted, and not only have i been acquitted, but it is clear to every one that had not anytus and lycon come forward to accuse me, he would have been fined a thousand drachmas, for not having obtained a fifth part of the votes. the man then awards me the penalty of death. well. but what shall i, on my part, o athenians, award myself? is it not clear that it will be such as i deserve? what then is that? do i deserve to suffer or to pay a fine, for that i have purposely during my life not remained quiet, but, neglecting what most men seek after, money - making, domestic concerns, military command, popular oratory, and moreover all the magistracies, conspiracies and cabals that are met with in the city, thinking that i was in reality too upright a man to be safe if i took part in such things, i therefore did not apply myself to those pursuits, by attending to which i should have been of no service either to you or to myself ; but in order to confer the greatest benefit on each of you privately, as i affirm, i thereupon applied myself to that object, endeavoring to persuade every one of you not to take any care of his


you or to myself ; but in order to confer the greatest benefit on each of you privately, as i affirm, i thereupon applied myself to that object, endeavoring to persuade every one of you not to take any care of his own affairs, before he had taken care of himself, in what way he may become the best and wisest, nor of the affairs of the city before he took care of the city itself, and that he should attend to other things in the same manner. what treatment then do i deserve, seeing i am such a man? some reward, o athenians, if at least i am to be estimated according to my real deserts ; and moreover such a reward as would be suitable to me. what then is suitable to a poor man, a benefactor, and who has need of leisure in order to give you good advice? there is nothing so suitable, o athenians, as that such a man should be maintained in the prytaneum, and this much more than if one of you had been victorious at the olympic games in a horse race, or in the two or four - horsed chariot race ; for such a one makes you appear to be happy, but i, to be so : and he does not need support, but i do. if, therefore, i must award a sentence according to my just deserts, i award this, maintenance in the prytaneum. perhaps, however, in speaking to you thus, i appear to you to speak in the same presumptuous manner as i did respecting commiseration and entreaties : but such is not the ease, o athenians, it is rather this. i am persuaded that i never designedly injured any man, tho i can not persuade you of this, for we have conversed with each other but for a short time. for if there was the same law with you as with other men, that in capital cases the trial should last not only one day but many, i think you would be persuaded ; but it is not easy in a short time to do away with great calumnies. being persuaded then that i have injured no one, i am far from intending to injure myself, and of pronouncing against myself that i am deserving of punishment, and from awarding myself anything of the kind. through fear of what? lest i should suffer that which miletus awards me, of which i say i know not whether it be good or evil? instead of this, shall i choose what


of punishment, and from awarding myself anything of the kind. through fear of what? lest i should suffer that which miletus awards me, of which i say i know not whether it be good or evil? instead of this, shall i choose what i well know to be evil, and award that? shall i choose imprisonment? and why should i live in prison, a slave to the established magistracy, the eleven? shall i choose a fine, and to be imprisoned until i have paid it? but this is the same as that which i just now mentioned, for i have not money to pay it. shall i then award myself exile? for perhaps you would consent to this award. i should indeed be very fond of life, o athenians, if i were so devoid of reason as not to be able to reflect that you, who are my fellow citizens, have been unable to endure my manner of life and discourses, but they have become so burdensome and odious to you, that you now seek to be rid of them ; others, however, will easily bear them ; far from it, o athenians. a fine life it would be for me at my age to go out wandering and driven from city to city, and so to live. for i well know that, wherever i may go, the youth will listen to me when i speak, as they do here. and if i repulse them they will themselves drive me out, persuading the elders ; and if i do not repulse them, their fathers and kindred will banish me on their account. perhaps, however, some one will say, can you not, socrates, when you have gone from us, live a silent and quiet life? this is the most difficult thing of all to persuade some of you. for if i say that that would be to disobey the deity, and that therefore it is impossible for me to live quietly, you would not believe me, thinking i spoke ironically. if, on the other hand, i say that this is the greatest good to man, to discourse daily on virtue, and other things which you have heard me discussing, examining both myself and others, but that a life without investigation is not worth living for, still less would you believe me if i said this. such, however, is the case, as i affirm, o athenians, tho it is not easy to persuade you. and at the same time i am not accustomed to think myself deserving of any


blaise pascal ( 16231662 ). minor works. the harvard classics. 190914. of the geometrical spirit we may have three principal objects in the study of truth : one to discover it when it is sought ; another to demonstrate it when it is possessed ; and a third, to discriminate it from the false when it is examined. i do not speak of the first ; i treat particularly of the second, and it includes the third. for if we know the method of proving the truth, we shall have, at the same time, that of discriminating it, since, in examining whether the proof that is given of it is in conformity with the rules that are understood, we shall know whether it is exactly demonstrated. geometry, which excels in these three methods, has explained the art of discovering unknown truths ; this it is which is called analysis, and of which it would be useless to discourse after the many excellent works that have been written on it. that of demonstrating truths already found, and of elucidating them in such a manner that the proof of them shall be irresistible, is the only one that i wish to give ; and for this i have only to explain the method which geometry observes in it ; for she teaches it perfectly by her examples, although she may produce no discourse on it. and since this art consists in two principal things, the one in proving each proposition by itself, the other in disposing all the propositions in the best order, i shall make of it two sections, of which the one will contain the rules for the conduct of geometrical, that is, methodical and perfect demonstrations ; and the second will comprehend that of geometrical, that is, methodical and complete order : so that the two together will include all that will be necessary to direct reasoning, in proving and discriminating truths, which i design to give entire. but it is first necessary that i should give the idea of a method still more eminent and more complete, but which mankind could never attain ; for what exceeds geometry sur - passes us ; and, nevertheless, something must be said of it, although it is impossible to practise it. 1 this true method, which would form demonstrations in the highest excellence, if it were possible to arrive at it, would consist in two principal things : the one, in employing no term the meaning of which had not first been clearly explained ; the other, in never advancing any proposition which could not be demonstrated by truths already known ; that


possible to arrive at it, would consist in two principal things : the one, in employing no term the meaning of which had not first been clearly explained ; the other, in never advancing any proposition which could not be demonstrated by truths already known ; that is, in a word, in defining every term, and in proving every proposition. but to follow the same order that i am explaining, it is necessary that i should state what i mean by definition. the only definitions recognized in geometry are what the logicians call definitions of name, that is, the arbitrary application of names to things which are clearly designated by terms perfectly known ; and it is of these alone that i speak. their utility and use is to elucidate and abbreviate discourse, in expressing by the single name that has been imposed what could otherwise be only expressed by several terms ; so that nevertheless the name imposed remains divested of all other meaning, if it has any, having no longer any than that for which it is alone designed. here is an example : if we are under the necessity of discriminating numbers that are divisible equally by two from those which are not, in order to avoid the frequent repetition of this condition, a name is given to it in this manner : i call every number divisible equally by two, an even number. this is a geometrical definition ; because after having clearly designated a thing, namely, every member divisible equally by two, we give it a name divested of every other meaning, if it has any, in order to give it that of the thing designated. hence it appears that definitions are very arbitrary, and that they are never subject to contradiction ; for nothing is more permissible than to give to a thing which has been clearly designated, whatever name we choose. it is only necessary to take care not to abuse the liberty that we possess of imposing names, by giving the same to two different things. but if we fall into this error, we can oppose to it a sure and infallible remedy : that of mentally substituting the definition in the place of the thing defined, and of having the definition always so present, that every time we speak, for example, of an even number, we mean precisely that which is divisible into two equal parts, and that these two things should be in such a degree joined and inseparable in thought, that as soon as the discourse expresses the one, the mind attaches it immediately to the other. for geometricians, and all