two sample test determines if two groups differ in distribution. the grouping factor is put in the factor list. the statistical tests will determine if there is a differences between the groups on any of the variables in the ' outcomes ' list. the groups can be specified using the split button. test options can be altered with the options button. if the factor variable has two levels, the groups do not need to be defined, however, if the variable is continuous or has more than two levels, the two groups must be specified. the plots dialog can be used to specify a plot summary. - show box plot - indicated the display of the box plot. - show points - should jittered points be displayed. - scale variables - should variables be standardized to mean 0 and variance 1. - alpha - the level of transparency equality of means the t - test tests whether two means are different from one another. details of the procedure can be found here. by default the welch t - test is performed, which doesn ' t require the assumption of equal variance. clicking the test options allows one to change to the student ' s t - test, which does rely on the equal variance assumption. the welch test requires that the sample sizes are sufficiently large, while the student ' s test requires that either the data be normally distributed, or the sample size is sufficiently large. practically speaking, the welch test performs well even at very small sample sizes when the data is normally distributed. both tests are sensitive to outliers. like the t - test, the permutation test compares the means of two samples. unlike the t - test, the permutation test does not require that the samples be large, so long as the exchangeability assumption holds, which is a similar assumption to the equal variance assumption. if this assumption does not hold, the default permutation test, which permutes the t - statistic, still still be valid if the samples are large enough. unlike the t - test, which measures the difference between two groups as the difference between their means, tests of central tendency use a different measure called the area under the curve, or auc. the auc is defined as the probability that a random observation drawn from one group has a higher value than one drawn from the other group ( plus 1 / 2 the probability they have exactly the same value ). so, if the auc = 1 / 2, then an observation in one group is not more likely to be above the other group, and visa versa, implying that the two groups


a beautiful bay the call for permanent protection continues in alaska ’ s bristol bay, where offshore drilling threatens wildlife and a way of life. by dan strickland © william h. mullins / accent alaska the sockeye salmon breaking the surface in flashes of silver look like giant popping kernels of corn. it ’ s july and the fish are leaping upstream in the millions to spawn in the bering sea ’ s bristol bay, off the coast of southwest alaska. with the run at its peak, anyone wading in hip boots here can feel the fish hitting and careening off both legs. these sockeye — along with chinook, halibut, pollock, cod and crab — make bristol bay one of the most productive, unspoiled wild fisheries on earth. almost half of the seafood harvested in u. s. waters comes from here, generating more than $ 2 billion a year and supporting fishermen throughout alaska and down the west coast. bristol bay also provides vital habitat for hundreds of other fish species, dozens of marine mammal species — including threatened northern sea otters, walruses and several species of imperiled whales — and is home to one of the world ’ s largest concentrations of seabird colonies. “ there are certain assets in our national heritage that are simply too spectacular and too valuable to be put at risk. bristol bay is one such place. ” on shore, four national wildlife refuges attest to the area ’ s magnificence and its abundant variety of life. bears roam in impressive numbers. caribou prance across the hills in delightful counterpoint to the moose that stand quietly chewing willow and alder scrub. wolves, lynx, hares and other animals play out scenarios little changed throughout the ages. birds darken the skies in mind - numbing, inconceivable numbers. “ this area is one of nature ’ s more wonderful gifts — rich almost beyond words, ” says karla dutton, director of defenders ’ alaska office. “ there are certain assets in our national heritage that are simply too spectacular and too valuable to be put at risk. bristol bay is one such place. ” yet despite being one of the country ’ s most sustainable and spectacular remaining marine ecosystems, 5. 6 million acres in bristol bay — dubbed the north aleutian basin — is at risk from oil and gas companies eager to drill. alaska ’ s northern coast, bordered by the beaufort and chukchi seas, has also seen high interest from oil companies, with shell actively pursuing new drilling options for 2012


relatively calm seas and within reach of some of the industry ’ s best technology. even then, crews only managed to clean up 3 percent of the oil spilled. in the arctic, responders could be dealing with near darkness, freezing temperatures, rough seas and the nearest coast guard station 1, 000 miles away. in the winter months, when the seas are completely frozen, cleanup would simply be impossible. q : can defenders do anything to stop drilling in the arctic? a : defenders is working hard to keep big oil out of our arctic ocean. we recently joined with alaska native and conservation groups to challenge in court the bureau of ocean energy management, regulation and enforcement ’ s decision to allow shell oil to drill in the beaufort sea as early as summer. one of the most aggressive arctic drilling proposals in the history of the country, the plan lacks a realistic spill response plan and fails to acknowledge the gaping holes in our understanding of the region ’ s marine environment. until we know more about the true implications oil and gas exploration have for fragile arctic waters and the life it supports, they must remain drilling - free. defenders is committed to keeping them that way. despite assurances from the oil industry — shell oil has long claimed it can operate safely in the arctic ocean without threatening wildlife and the environment — a catastrophic oil well blowout like the one that happened in the gulf of mexico in 2010 could trap oil for months under sea ice, where it would be nearly impossible for cleanup crews to reach. the oil could also collect around the edges of ice sheets and breathing holes used by seals, bowhead whales and other marine mammals. in 2008, two years before the gulf oil disaster, the national marine fisheries service — one of the federal agencies that reviewed plans for the deepwater horizon rig in the gulf — recommended removing bristol bay from the offshore leasing program, calling plans to drill there “ unrealistically ambitious. ” federal studies predict at least one major spill as well as a number of smaller spills if drilling is allowed in bristol bay. the sea ice, high tides and strong currents that occur in this area would make any spill — whether small or large — difficult, if not impossible to contain and clean up. dramatic images from the discovery channel tv reality series “ deadliest catch, ” which chronicles the lives of fishermen in the bering sea, reveal black winter nights, immense waves ripped by 100 - knot winds and fishermen battling icy crab pots in frigid waters. it ’ s not hard to imagine that an oil spill response would be extremely difficult here. when


in the bering sea, reveal black winter nights, immense waves ripped by 100 - knot winds and fishermen battling icy crab pots in frigid waters. it ’ s not hard to imagine that an oil spill response would be extremely difficult here. when the cargo vessel selendang ayu ran aground near the aleutian islands off alaska in december 2004, months passed before any real response could take place, and oil still remains on beaches. one of the refuges closest to the north aleutian basin leasing area, izembeck national wildlife refuge, contains some of the world ’ s largest eel grass beds. “ they provide the largest migratory staging area for waterfowl and shorebirds on the continent, ” says terry hoefferle with the alaska marine conservation council in anchorage. “ there is evidence that salmon smolts from bristol bay rivers also use the beds for cover and food as they adapt to a saltwater environment. this habitat could not be recovered from an oil spill. ” even without a spill, research has shown that oil exploration could cause whales to abandon prime feeding areas. whales are particularly sensitive to the noise associated with drilling operations and the seismic waves from air - gun explosions that the industry uses to detect oil and gas deposits. one of the most endangered whales on earth, the north pacific right whale, uses the southeast bering sea as an important summering ground. fewer than 50 of these whales remain. bristol bay landed on the radar of conservationists in 1986, when the reagan administration first leased the north aleutian basin to a consortium of oil companies. industry and government estimates put the oil and gas potential at 1 percent and 2 percent, respectively, of anticipated u. s. outer continental shelf resources, and projected that $ 7. 7 billion might be generated over the 25 - to 40 - year life of any oil and gas field that might be found. but bristol bay communities, the seafood industry and conservationists cried foul, citing the damage to fish and crab caused by the seismic blasts that precede drilling. oil spills would be devastating to both larval and adult stages of fish and shellfish, to marine mammals and to land animals as well, since miles of sensitive shoreline would be exposed. the projected 200 production rigs would dump some 10, 000 tons of toxic wastes into the sea, including heavy metals such as cadmium, chromium and mercury — a sludge cocktail potentially lethal to marine life. and the infrastructure associated with tanker traffic, the anticipated 150 miles of offshore pipeline,


000 tons of toxic wastes into the sea, including heavy metals such as cadmium, chromium and mercury — a sludge cocktail potentially lethal to marine life. and the infrastructure associated with tanker traffic, the anticipated 150 miles of offshore pipeline, 50 miles of onshore pipeline, and the proposed liquefied natural gas production facility, would intrude upon critical habitat and staging areas for huge populations of shorebirds and migrating waterfowl. three years later, without any development in bristol bay yet taking place, the oil supertanker exxon valdez grounded itself on bligh reef in alaska ’ s prince william sound. the oil spill killed tens of thousands of birds. “ if oil came ashore in izembek lagoon from a spill in bristol bay during the breeding season, that level of avian mortality could be eclipsed virtually overnight, ” says richard charter, a former defenders of wildlife spokesperson who is now a senior fellow with the ocean foundation. “ it takes decades before toxic oil compounds break down. after years of study, we know that the oil still persists in the mussel beds — where otters and shorebirds feed heavily — more than two decades later. ” federal studies predict at least one major spill as well as a number of smaller spills if drilling is allowed in bristol bay. following the exxon valdez disaster, congress slapped a moratorium on much of the federal government ’ s planned offshore drilling, including within bristol bay. the locals in southwest alaska regrouped and with congress and the courts initiated a buyback program that resulted in oil companies relinquishing their offshore leases in 1995 for $ 100 million. but in 2003 congress yielded to relentless pressure from the oil industry to ease protections put in place with the moratorium. additional protections by presidents george bush, sr. and bill clinton in 1990 and 1998 were removed by president george w. bush in 2007, and the drilling debate boiled to the surface again. “ we ’ re seeing a well - funded oil industry ‘ disinformation campaign ’ focused on promoting the false premise that by sacrificing america ’ s coastal natural heritage and our best fishing grounds, we can somehow make a significant dent in our need to import oil, ” says charter. “ to the contrary, offshore drilling in bristol bay would instead put at risk one of america ’ s premier fisheries and the substantial export value it provides in fish products, while doing virtually nothing to move us toward energy independence. ” though it may be difficult to assign a dollar value to the aesthetic


bristol bay would instead put at risk one of america ’ s premier fisheries and the substantial export value it provides in fish products, while doing virtually nothing to move us toward energy independence. ” though it may be difficult to assign a dollar value to the aesthetic assets of the wildlife found here, a recent ecotrust study reveals that when the indirect costs and benefits of the fishing industry are calculated, crab, pollock, herring, salmon and other fisheries amount to more than $ 5 billion each year. over 25 to 40 years, that equals $ 125 billion to $ 200 billion versus the potential $ 7. 7 billion that oil and gas might generate over the same time period. “ the long - term value of the renewable fisheries that operate in bristol bay far outweighs the short - term value of nonrenewable fossil fuel extraction in the area, ” says weaver. “ risking this ecological and economic powerhouse for short - term gain — and with potentially devastating results — is unwise and should be reconsidered. ” the consensus among the local communities, tribal organizations, seafood industry associations and conservation groups that are working together to secure permanent protection for bristol bay and the southeast bering sea, is that there is a promising political window of opportunity right now. but it ’ s a narrow opening that could be closing fast as the next presidential election approaches. “ we lost this place once, ” says charter. “ then we got it back with a great deal of blood, sweat and tears. if we make the same tragic mistake again and open bristol bay to oil and gas exploration, this truly unique ecosystem will be gone forever. the interior department needs to protect bristol bay once and for all. these waters are a rare gift from the earth, and the legacy we should leave to future generations is that we had the wisdom to protect them. ” dan strickland is a fisherman and writer living with his family in palmer, alaska.


- breastfeeding : new hampshire 2011 is a data brief. it summarizes breastfeeding rates ; baby - friendly practices in hospitals ; the risk of not breastfeeding ; and the role of policy. - childhood obesity report reviews the key finding of the nh third grade healthy growth survey and national trends, summarizes the effects of childhood overweight and obesity, and suggests relevant policies. - nh municipal survey, 2011 : assessment of municipal policies regarding healthy eating and physical activity provides baseline data on city and town policies that support physical activity and healthy eating. municipal survey report : obesity prevention in new hampshire communities is an easy - to - read version with resources and sample policies. - nh obesity data book, nh obesity data book faq and - nh third grade healthy growth survey and graphs - overweight and obesity in new hampshire : 2011 brfss update compares adult weight status with risk factors and chronic diseases such as type - 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, heart attack, and stroke. - physical activity among new hampshire adults reports findings of the nh behavioral risk factor surveillance survey and the state indicator report on physical activity 2010. - report of the commission on the prevention of childhood obesity outlines 13 prevention strategies for the state and outlines current data and economic consequences of childhood obesity. - weight status and chronic disease reviews findings from the nh behavioral risk factor surveillance survey. cdc - developed reports on new hampshire and the nation - behavioral risk factor surveillance system ( brfss ) is the world ' s largest telephone survey. it tracks adult health risks in the united states and includes data on overweight, obesity, and related topics such as exercise, physical activity, and fruit and vegetable consumption. - breastfeeding report card looks at five behavioral indicators and nine policy indicators that assess breastfeeding - friendly communities in each state. - census tract level state maps of the modified retail food environment states and communities can use the data table to create their own maps using gis software or link the data to other census - tract data. - overweight and obesity trends in the united states looks at children, teens, and adults. - school health profile assesses school health policies and practices. profiles are conducted every two years by middle and high school principals and health education teachers. - school health program report card assesses school health policies and practices at the national, state, district, school, and classroom levels. view the 2006 nh report next survey will be in 2012. - the state indicator report on children ' s food environment, 2011 provides state data


card assesses school health policies and practices at the national, state, district, school, and classroom levels. view the 2006 nh report next survey will be in 2012. - the state indicator report on children ' s food environment, 2011 provides state data on child and adolescent sugar drink consumption, television viewing, and family meal time, as well as policy and environmental indicators for schools, communities, and child care settings. the national action guide suggests potential actions to create places that support healthy choices. - state indicator report on fruits and vegetables, 2009 reports on six behavioral indicators and ten policy and environmental indicators. - state indicator report on physical activity, 2010 tracks physical activity behavior, policy, and environmental supports in each state. - youth risk behavior surveillance system ( yrbss ) is a paper - and - pencil survey of high school students. view new hampshire ’ s 2011 yrbss data on the nh department of education website. other national reports with new hampshire and national data - accelerating progress in obesity prevention is a 2012 consensus study from the institute of medicine. - cost of recommended daily servings of fresh produce provides the facts on what it costs to buy the recommended daily fruits and vegetables, possible cost savings if you shop sales, and variations by region and season. - f as in fat : how obesity threatens america ' s future 2012 looks at obesity data and related standards, legislation, and strategies. this year ’ s annual report forecasts 2030 adult obesity rates for each state. view the new hampshire report. - food desert locator identifies low - income census tracts where a substantial number of residents have low access to a supermarket or large grocery store. - your food environment atlas is a rich source of county - level data on obesity, physical activity, community access to healthy food, utilization of usda programs ( e. g. snap ( food stamps ) wic, free and reduced lunch, etc. ) and number of food outlets ( convenience stores, restaurants, super centers, etc. ) adobe acrobat reader format. you can download a free reader from adobe.


what asian and pacific islander americans need to know on this page : - what is hepatitis b? - what is chronic hepatitis b? - why are asian and pacific islander americans at higher risk? - what are the symptoms of chronic hepatitis b? - who is at risk for hepatitis b? - how can i protect myself and others from hepatitis b? - how can i protect my baby from hepatitis b? - where can i get more information about hepatitis b? did you know that asian and pacific islander americans and other foreign - born americans are at higher risk for chronic hepatitis b, which can lead to liver failure and liver cancer? what is hepatitis b? hepatitis b is a liver disease spread through contact with blood, semen, or other body fluids from a person infected with the hepatitis b virus. the disease is most commonly spread from an infected mother to her infant at birth. hepatitis b is also spread through sex, wound - to - wound contact, and contact with items that may have blood on them, such as shaving razors, toothbrushes, syringes, and tattoo and body piercing needles. hepatitis b is not spread through casual contact such as shaking hands or hugging ; nor is it spread by sharing food or beverages, by sneezing and coughing, or through breastfeeding. what is chronic hepatitis b? hepatitis b may start as a brief, fl ulike illness. most healthy adults and children older than 5 completely recover after the body ’ s immune system gets rid of the virus. hepatitis b becomes chronic when the body ’ s immune system can ’ t get rid of the virus. over time, having the virus can lead to inflammation of the liver ; scar tissue in the liver, called cirrhosis ; or liver cancer. inflammation is the painful red swelling that results when tissues of the body become infected. young children and people with weakened immune systems are especially at risk. people who were infected as infants have a 90 percent chance of developing chronic hepatitis b. 1 1weinbaum cm, williams i, mast ee et al. recommendations for identification and public health management of persons with chronic hepatitis b virus infection. morbidity and mortality weekly report recommendations and reports. 2008 september 19 ; 57 ( rr – 8 ) : 1 – 20. why are asian and pacific islander americans at higher risk? since 1986, a hepatitis b vaccine has been available and should be given to newborns and children in the united states. the vaccine, however, is unavailable — or has only recently become available — in many parts of the world


americans at higher risk? since 1986, a hepatitis b vaccine has been available and should be given to newborns and children in the united states. the vaccine, however, is unavailable — or has only recently become available — in many parts of the world. you are at higher risk for hepatitis b if you or your mother was born in a region of the world where hepatitis b is common, meaning 2 percent or more of the population is chronically infected with the hepatitis b virus. 1 in most asian and pacific island nations, 8 to 16 percent of the population is chronically infected. 2 2 custer b, sullivan sd, hazlet tk, iloeje u, veenstra dl, kowdley kv. global epidemiology of hepatitis b virus. journal of clinical gastroenterology. 2004 november ; 38 ( 10 suppl 3 ) : s158 – s168. what are the symptoms of chronic hepatitis b? hepatitis b is called a “ silent killer ” because many people have no symptoms, so the disease often progresses unnoticed for years. unfortunately, many people first learn they have chronic hepatitis b when they develop symptoms of severe liver damage, which include - yellowish eyes and skin, called jaundice - a swollen stomach or ankles - loss of appetite - weight loss - spiderlike blood vessels, called spider angiomas, that develop on the skin who is at risk for hepatitis b? anyone can get hepatitis b, but some people are at higher risk, including - people who were born to a mother with hepatitis b - people who have close household contact with someone infected with the hepatitis b virus - people who have lived in parts of the world where hepatitis b is common, including most asian and pacific island nations - people who are exposed to blood or body fluids at work - people on hemodialysis - people whose sex partner ( s ) has hepatitis b - people who have had more than one sex partner in the last 6 months or have a history of sexually transmitted disease - injection drug users - men who have sex with men how can i protect myself and others from hepatitis b? get tested if you are from an asian or pacific island nation or other region where the hepatitis b virus is common. the sooner you get tested, the sooner you can take steps to protect yourself and others. a health care provider can test your blood to see if you are currently infected or were infected in the past. if you test positive, your doctor may measure virus and liver enzyme levels in your blood to determine if the virus


to protect yourself and others. a health care provider can test your blood to see if you are currently infected or were infected in the past. if you test positive, your doctor may measure virus and liver enzyme levels in your blood to determine if the virus is active or causing liver injury. the doctor may use ultrasound — a procedure that uses sound waves to create images of the body ' s internal tissues and organs — to screen for liver cancer, also called hepatocellular carcinoma. you may not need treatment right away, but you will need periodic tests to monitor the health of your liver. encourage your family members and other close personal contacts to get tested. hepatitis b is preventable. get vaccinated if you have not been infected. the hepatitis b vaccine is given in three shots over 6 months. you must get all three shots to be fully protected. the vaccine is safe for people of all ages, including pregnant women and infants. if you think you have been recently exposed to the hepatitis b virus, see your doctor right away. the first dose of hepatitis b vaccine combined with hepatitis b immune globulin — an injection of antibodies that temporarily protects against hepatitis b infection — may prevent infection. no cure exists for hepatitis b, but several medicines are approved for treating chronic hepatitis b. the goal of treatment is to reduce the risk of liver damage, liver cirrhosis, and liver cancer by decreasing liver inflammation and the amount of virus in the body. current medicines do not completely get rid of the virus, so treatment is often lifelong. people with chronic hepatitis b should avoid alcohol, drugs, supplements, and herbal medicines that may harm the liver. how can i protect my baby from hepatitis b? getting tested for hepatitis b is especially important for pregnant women. if you are not infected, get the vaccine. if you have hepatitis b, make sure the doctor and staff that deliver your baby know so they can minimize your baby ’ s risk of infection. the hepatitis b vaccine and hepatitis b immune globulin should be given to your baby immediately after birth, greatly reducing the chance of infection. where can i get more information about hepatitis b? centers for disease control and prevention national center for hiv / aids, viral hepatitis, std, and tb prevention division of viral hepatitis 1600 clifton road, mailstop g – 37 atlanta, ga 30333 2 information way bethesda, md 20892 – 3570 the national digestive diseases information clearinghouse is a service of the national institute of diabetes and digestive and kidney diseases


in the field of extractive metallurgy, mineral processing, also known as mineral dressing or ore dressing, is the process of separating commercially valuable minerals from their ores. valuable minerals in the ore body is usually locked, extracted using different mining methods. these methods depends on the deposit characteristics and safety, technical, environmental and economic constraints. such as shape and intensity of rock geology has played a key role in selection methods. mining units to extract the basic steps of operation of the valuable minerals. they are divided into two categories : rock mining and material handling. the first two basic unit operations : drilling, blasting, and material handling, including loading or excavation and transport ( horizontal transport ). general heterogeneous brittle rock materials, this heterogeneity is a mineral composition, particle size, particle shape, particle strength, porosity and micro - cracks from blasting and other factors. the last few decades have seen major advances in instrumentation and technology, and simplifications and modifications of new flotation plant designs. this has allowed for significant developments in process control. in particular, the development of base level process control ( control of pulp levels, air flowrates, reagent dosing, etc. ) has seen significant progress. long - term, automated advanced and optimising flotation control strategies have, however, been more difficult to implement. it is hoped that this will change as a result of the development of new technologies such as machine vision and the measurement of new control variables, such as air recovery. rock can be called ore processing in a profit. to extract the mineral from the ore carrying separation operation of the integration of mineral processing or mineral is well known precious metals are required. the purpose is to increase the concentrator, in the way of economically viable and valuable mineral content, so that the metal extraction process then become profitable. ball mill : http : / / www. crusher - machine. com / 21. html mining - crushing - grading enrichment - the final product - processing - = port + smelting - tailings the main operations of a mineral processing plant crushed. rock crushing ( crushed ) liberated from the ore matrix ( dressing ) of valuable minerals, thereby increasing the high reactivity ( in hydrometallurgy ) area and facilitate the particle transport between the unit operations use the impact crusher and grinding ball mill. view of the dry ore mill operation, the main work of mill mud, which means that a certain amount of water must be added to the ore milling circuit entered. size


particle transport between the unit operations use the impact crusher and grinding ball mill. view of the dry ore mill operation, the main work of mill mud, which means that a certain amount of water must be added to the ore milling circuit entered. size separation. the crushing process often produces a wide range of particle size distribution of particles, some products may not provide adequate liberation of the right size, so need to be further crushed. particles of sufficient size ( liberation ) by the large spiral separator the size of particles through a classification process to complete. vibrating screen for coarse particles and fine particle size or mechanical classification is used. mineral concentration. this enriched ore ( gangue ) retained as much as possible ( the concentration process ) may remove the unwanted precious minerals process most of the species. froth flotation separation of sulfide is the most commonly used method, which is used for gravity separation of heavy minerals ( such as precious metals, iron oxide, etc. ), magnetic and electrostatic industrial minerals and iron oxide separation. in froth flotation, air bubbles into the excitement of the pulp. by adjusting the number of pulp properties ( ph, pulp potential ( eh ), etc. ) - author articles - more from this authorin recent years, the high - speed rail, highway, housing and other infrastructure are developing rapidly in china, and the sand and stone industry also entered an unprecedented age. the number of the companies... the term ' primary crusher ', by definition, might include any type and size of crushing machine. it implies that at least two stages of crushing are involved, but in many cases the machine which performs the... the stone directly falls into the high - speed rotary wheel from the above of the machine, under the driving force of the high - speed centrifugal force ; it is impacted with high - speed and crushed with... in the current society with economy rapidly developing, we should always keep a clear head in the meantime of development. in recent years, along with the rapid development of the economy in our country, the... ball grinder is mainly composed of charging and discharging, cyclone and rotation parts ( like redactor, minor rotation gear, motor, electric machine, etc ). hollow axis is made of steel parts with a lining... - related articles - related articlesaccording to our cultural mythology, the average male is like a raging bull in terms of his romantic desire ; men are viewed as having an unending well of


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resistant spores of bacillus subtilis have spent 22 months in the ' expose - r ' test container outside the international space station ( iss ). for the first time during a long - duration mission, they were mixed with artificial meteorite dust and exposed to the harsh conditions of outer space. scientists at the german aerospace center ( deutsches zentrum fur luft - und raumfahrt ; dlr ) are now determining precisely how many of these spores have survived their stay in space. if it turns out that the meteorite dust was able to shield the spores from the hostile space environment, microorganisms may be capable of surviving in meteorites for long periods of time and travelling from one planet to another. expose - r with microorganisms outside the iss after disassembly – expose - r on board the space station over the next few months, gerda horneck, director of the spores in artificial meteorites ( spores ) experiment, and her colleagues from the dlr institute of aerospace medicine will examine almost 300 samples containing these microorganisms. since this experiment began back in march 2009, the samples have been subjected to harsh conditions. they have been exposed to ultraviolet and ionising radiation, vacuum and temperature variations from minus 20 to plus 40 degrees celsius in the esa expose - r facility, as well as microgravity and a complete absence of any type of nutrients. the spores of bacillus subtilis have proven to be true survivors, employing an effective strategy ; they enter a kind of hibernation, waiting for conditions to become more favourable, and then germinate again and restart their metabolism. the scientists now want to trigger this reaction themselves. " first, we try to bring the spores back to life by feeding them nutrients, " explains astrobiologist corinna panitz, one of the scientists involved in spores. " by doing this we can examine how many spores have survived their extended stay in space, the extent of damage to their dna and the precise nature of that damage. " resistant to vacuum, radiation and temperature extremes bacillus subtilis is a thoroughly researched microorganism that is widespread in land, water and air. its ability to withstand vacuum, radiation and temperature extremes makes it a good candidate for potential travel through space in a meteorite. researchers have been testing its ability to survive under a wide range of conditions in the expose - r test facility. " using optical filters and various artificial meteorite materials, we have created different environments for


candidate for potential travel through space in a meteorite. researchers have been testing its ability to survive under a wide range of conditions in the expose - r test facility. " using optical filters and various artificial meteorite materials, we have created different environments for these microorganisms, " states panitz. opening up the sample containers in the experiment carriers, some of the samples were exposed to an inert gas atmosphere, while others were exposed to vacuum conditions. some of the carriers, each of which contained ten million spores, were exposed to ultraviolet radiation through eight - millimetre - thick highly ultraviolet - transparent glass. other samples received a reduced radiation dose through optical filter wheels. the microorganisms placed on the lower two of the three stacked trays remained completely protected from extraterrestrial uv radiation. " the spores have been subjected to various radiation environments ; those that were exposed to the entire spectrum of radiation will probably have died because their cells are unable to repair the damage incurred, " explains the astrobiologist. " at lower doses, more of the microorganisms will probably have survived. " the researchers also simulated different scenarios with the meterorite dust – some microorganisms were covered with it, while others were mixed together with it. protection for a journey through space the same experiment that was being carried out on the iss was also being conducted on the ground by dlr researchers at the planetary and space simulation facility. in the vacuum test facilities at cologne, 300 samples of bacillus subtilis in meteorite dust were exposed to virtually the same conditions as the microorganisms in space. the temperature, vacuum and radiation parameters were reported by the iss, and the conditions were then simulated in the laboratory to create a similar environment for the samples. " we have a set of comparison samples here on earth, " states corinna panitz. " but we can ' t replicate ionising radiation and zero gravity as they only really exist on this scale in space. " in addition to the dlr scientists ' 300 samples, an additional 800 from expose - r returned to earth on board discovery. gerda horneck is the coordinator of the response of organisms to space environment ( rose ) consortium ; this is why the dlr team not only prepared the entire test facility at the start of this mission, but is also in charge of assigning and physically sending the samples to the other scientists involved from around the world. this is when the real work starts ; dlr researchers estimate that it will take about one year


congratulations, it is an eye opener to other states that are thinking of such schemes. in hyderabad, the government... our nomadic ancestors had to quickly cover long distances while hunting. a prey that ran faster had to be outrun. while running after the animal they constantly moved their arms ; it reduced the effort and counterbalanced the body weight. people now run after buses, sprinters run to win a medal. but the dynamics of running have not changed. what a team was interested in knowing was why humans swing their arms even the researchers from the university of michigan, usa and delft university of technology, netherlands, studied arm swinging that goes into a walk and concluded that it is an energy conservation measure. if humans do not swing their arms normally while walking, they will burn more energy. health enthusiasts who take early morning walks in parks to lose some flab should change the way they swing their arms. the team developed a walking model to test its theory. even with no force driving it, the model easily produced a walking gait similar to humans. when the model swung its arms in a way that opposed the normal mode of walk, it required muscular effort. this proved that swinging arms normally while walking requires little muscular effort. whether it yields energetic benefits or not the team found out next. ten people were asked to walk in four ways : normally, arms clamped by the sides, arms held loosely by the sides and arms swinging anti - normally. in the anti - normal mode, the right arm moved with the right leg and vice - versa. barring the normal swing, the body burnt energy in all the other modes. metabolic rate was the lowest in the normal walk. it increased 7 per cent in bound condition, 12 per cent in the held position and was 26 per cent greater than normal in the anti - normal mode. " swinging one ' s arms normally does indeed save energy. to get better exercise, one could swing them in the opposite direction. this is not the funniest way to burn calories, " said steven h collins, key scientist of the study and from the michigan university. " our interest is in saving energy for patients with gait disorders who use too much energy as it is, " he added. the study is in the august issue of proceedings of the royal society b.


bill long 1 / 18 / 05 the loss attendant upon the cry " craven " no one really knows the etymological origin of the term " craven. " but we learn from blackstone, who no doubt gives us an idealized picture of life in days of old, that if an appellant cries " craven " in the trial of battle, his life is spared but he suffers severe civil penalties. blackstone didn ' t invent what he said. he took the substance of his account almost from the greatest expositor of the common law before him, edward coke. in the third volume of his institutes ( 1634 ), coke says : " if he become recreant, that is, a crying coward or craven he shall for his perjury lose liberam legem. " he is being punished " for his perjury, " because he has sworn on the bible that the appellee has committed the felony that led to battle. when appellant was not able to defeat the appellee, god showed the appellant to be false, i. e., a ' perjurer. ' four additional terms so once he cries " craven, " [ and i say " he " because women don ' t have to fight in their own person. i want to write an essay on this, because this " privilege " went hand in hand with diminished ability of women to bring charges of felony... see magna carta, chapter 54 ], a lot of things happened. the first thing is that by doing so he is recreant. make sure you keep the " n " in recreant or you may be playing ( recreating ) with words. bracton, in 1260, is the first to use the term referred to it as a " verbum odiosum " - - a hateful word. anyone who " gives up " in such a situation therefore is a person who is shamed - - he is shown to be a perjurer in the sight of god and all the people. by the seventeenth century the word recreant took on a theological significance and referred to a person who was an apostate ( leaving the true faith ). a person who " turned recreant " is one who leaves the faith. but the recreant ( both an adjective and noun ) not simply faces the shame of loss and perjury. he is deprived of his liberam legem - - his legal freedom. he becomes, in the words of blackstone


. but the recreant ( both an adjective and noun ) not simply faces the shame of loss and perjury. he is deprived of his liberam legem - - his legal freedom. he becomes, in the words of blackstone quoted in the previous essay, infamous. the word infamy comes from the latin infamis and means " having a bad name, of ill repute, " or " notorious. " interestingly enough, if you displayed the infamis digitus at someone, you were not displaying to them your pinky. but, the infamis digitus had its origin, acording to the old, " as a defence against the evil eye. " wow. so, if someone gave you the evil eye in antiquity, thereby supposedly subjecting you to some spell or evil consequences, you just have to display the infamis digitus to drive it away. it is reminiscent of luther ' s line that when he was oppressed by the devil, he would " drive him away by a fart. " we have come so so far, haven ' t we? back to infamy and infamous. according to the oed : " an infamous person is, until he has served his sentence, disqualified for any public appointment, any public pension or allowance, the right to sit in parliament or exercise any francise. he is permanently disqualified ( unless restored by a free pardon ) from serving as a juror ; and, down to 1844, was incapacitated from giving evidence in a court of law. " the limitations of infamy thus, if a person was living in infamy, he would be unable to have access to the public benefits of being a citizen. it doesn ' t appear, however, that he would be fully " civilly dead, " as the common law used that term. a monk or a person living in a cloister is civilly dead. a person who is attainted, whose blood has been " corrupted, " is civilly dead. in those circumstances the person would not be able to partake of the advantages of private law, such as leaving an inheritance or inheriting from someone else. but the description of infamy given above doesn ' t seem to stretch that far. am i mistaken? it seems that the " only " crime of the appellant who has cried " craven " is that he is a perjurer and god, as is god ' s wont, has found him out. this may


far. am i mistaken? it seems that the " only " crime of the appellant who has cried " craven " is that he is a perjurer and god, as is god ' s wont, has found him out. this may not be as bad a crime as murder, rape or arson. one monarch who felt that this trial by duel or combat was an anachronism, a throwback to an earlier time, was henry ii ( reigned 1154 - 1189 ). he, like most people in 12th, 13th and subsequent centuries, felt that this was a terrible way to establish justice. so, he developed a number of legal remedies, including the jury and the assize, that encouraged his subjects to give up this remedy. it did persist in english law, however, until eliminated by an act of parliament in 1819, even though it had fallen into disuse for centuries ( someone tried to resurrect it in 1817 ; hence parliament ' s quick response ). but even though this rather curious method of trial has passed from our tradition, it did not do so without bequeathing to us several words, words which are enriched in our use of them today by knowing this history. copyright © 2004 - 2008 william r. long


west nile virus, yellow fever, dengue fever, colorado tick fever, st. louis encephalitis, western and eastern equine encephalitis, japanese encephalitis, california encephalitis, la crosse virus introduction to arboviruses : the west nile virus has been in the news in recent years, but it is only one example of the arboviruses, a group than can and does cause serious illness. the la crosse virus, for example, causes more damage each year than west nile. what is arboviruses? the arboviruses ( arthropod - borne viruses ) are a group of viruses that are spread by mosquitoes, ticks, or sand flies. they have complex life cycles that depend on both the arthropod and the birds or small mammals that are their hosts. birds are usually the preferred host. encephalitis in horses or mules may be the first warning sign of a brewing epidemic in an area. veterinarians are often the first to know. when humans become infected, they are generally a dead - end for the virus life cycle. more than 150 different arboviruses cause human illnesses. who gets arboviruses? these viruses are common in birds and small mammals, and are accidentally spread to people who are bitten by mosquitoes, ticks, or sand flies that have fed on these infected animals. dengue fever and yellow fever can be transmitted from one person to another via mosquito. arboviruses tend to primarily affect the young and the elderly. so far, the west nile virus has primarily targeted the elderly, although there have been some cases reported in the young. what are the symptoms of arboviruses? in humans, the arboviruses can produce four different major sets of symptoms : - encephalitis ( or other infection of the central nervous system ) - non - specific fever, perhaps with a rash - pain in multiple joints - acute hemorrhagic fever ( fever, generalized bleeding, and shock ) the individual viruses can also produce other symptoms, such as pain behind the eyes in dengue fever or heart disease in colorado tick fever. is arboviruses contagious? these diseases are not spread directly from person to person except by blood transfusion. donor blood products are now routinely screened for west nile virus. most arboviruses are not spread from person to person even with an arthropod intermediary.


diseases are not spread directly from person to person except by blood transfusion. donor blood products are now routinely screened for west nile virus. most arboviruses are not spread from person to person even with an arthropod intermediary. dengue and yellow fever are exceptions. how long does arboviruses last? the incubation period varies from about one to 18 days following the bite ( depending on the virus ). the length of the disease varies considerably. how is arboviruses diagnosed? these diseases may be diagnosed with tests of the blood or spinal fluid. how is arboviruses treated? carefully monitoring and managing fluids, blood pressure, breathing and bleeding while the disease runs its course often saves lives. how can arboviruses be prevented? the primary means of prevention is to avoid bites by dangerous species of mosquitoes, ticks, and sand flies. different species predominate in different geographic areas. some, for instance, are mostly twilight feeders. others favor the heat of the day. protective clothing, insect repellant, and wise choices of outings are all helpful. installing door and window screens and avoiding standing water can also help reduce the risk. vaccines are available to prevent some arbovirus infections, such as yellow fever and japanese encephalitis. related a - to - z information : anemia ( low hemoglobin ), arthritis ( juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, jra ), encephalitis, epilepsy, exanthems ( childhood rash ), headache, lyme disease, meningitis, nosebleeds ( epistaxis ), plague, rabies, ticks last reviewed : february 15, 2012


obesity myth # 5 in the new england journal of medicine paper on myths, presumptions and facts about obesity, deals with the common assumption that reintroduction of physical - education classes may go a long way in preventing or reducing childhood obesity. while physical education and increased physical activity ( both in and outside school ) may have all kinds of benefits for kids, reducing obesity rates may not be one of them. thus, the authors note, “ physical education, as typically provided, has not been shown to reduce or prevent obesity. ” they base this position on the fact that, “ … in three studies that focused on expanded time in physical education indicated that even though there was an increase in the number of days children attended physical - education classes, the effects on body - mass index ( bmi ) were inconsistent across sexes and age groups. ” “ two meta - analyses showed that even specialized school - based programs that promoted physical activity were ineffective in reducing bmi or the incidence or prevalence of obesity. ” this finding may not be surprising. regular readers will be well aware that physical activity is not the most effective strategy to lose or even control your weight – this certainly also applies to kids. while there may well be a level of physical activity that would be effective in reducing or preventing obesity, such a level may not be achievable in conventional school settings ( if it is, than this has yet to be demonstrated ). interestingly enough, there is some data to even suggest that schools with strong varsity programs may in fact reduce physical activity levels in the average student at such schools. none of this should dampen our enthusiasm to promote physical activity or physical education in schools – there are enough benefits of activity irrespective of whether or not such activity has any impact on body weight. rather, this myth should perhaps only serve as a reminder that bringing conventional phys - ed back into schools is unlikely to significantly reduce childhood obesity rates in the foreseeable future.


the shoveler, of course, has a bill that is in a league of its own. shovelers primarily eat aquatic invertebrates, and their extra - wide, flattened bill with well - developed lamellae helps them skim crustaceans and other invertebrates from the water ’ s surface. there are distinct differences in bills between blue - and green - winged teal. during the nonbreeding period, blue - winged teal consume seeds, aquatic insects, and some vegetation, but green - winged teal primarily eat seeds, including a variety of grains. as a result, the bill of the blue - winged teal resembles a miniaturized shoveler bill, whereas the bill of the green - winged teal might be compared to the shape of a small pinky finger — the width of the bill is uniform throughout its whole length. in contrast to mallards, two species of ducks common to bottomland hardwood forests, wood ducks and hooded mergansers, have bills that are quite specialized. the wood duck eats acorns, seeds of moist - soil plants, some vegetation, and aquatic insects. its bill is shorter and narrower than the mallard ’ s because it specializes in grabbing acorns or cutting bulbs from wetland plants and swallowing them in pieces. because the hooded merganser primarily eats small fish and aquatic invertebrates, its bill is long and narrow, resembling a pair of needle - nose pliers capable of demobilizing its prey. the bills of diving ducks are also interesting. for example, canvasbacks use their stout, wedge - shaped bill to grub or rip tubers and roots of aquatic plants, whereas redheads are more like aquatic browsers and eat stems and leaves of submersed plants. as you might expect, the canvasback has a longer and heavier bill and a thicker, more muscular neck than the redhead. we often see several species of geese in the same open green fields, but they are not necessarily eating the same foods. snow geese uproot grasses and sedges to eat roots, rhizomes, and bulbs, while canada geese shear off short grasses above ground. the bill of the snow goose is much higher than it is broad at the base, which gives the impression that the bird is smiling. the bill of a large canada goose is stout but appears straight rather than curved like the bill of the snow goose. although both geese eat waste grain, their bill adaptations evolved long before the advent of agriculture. snow geese historically wintered along southern coastal wetlands and ate tubers and


how to encourage appropriate friendships in kids ’ online communities what ’ s a social network without friends? if an online community didn ’ t allow for some sort of interaction, it wouldn ’ t be a community at all. the problem comes when kids make friends with people they don ’ t know. young kids don ’ t always make the best choices, which is why you need to join parents in helping kids make the right kinds of friends. think of a moderated community as a party with a chaperone. you ’ re on the lookout for anything inappropriate. fortunately, parental controls can help you keep inappropriate behavior in check. when you allow parents to decide whom their kids can interact with online, you ’ re protecting both the children and the brand. let parents choose the kids they want their own kids to hang out with by setting limits. offer them the opportunity to decide the ages and genders of the children their kids are socializing with. also, allow them to receive alerts so that they know when their children make new friends. encourage parents to work with children on their profiles. for younger kids, it ’ s best not to have them put pictures up of themselves. instead, they can use an avatar to illustrate their personality. an avatar can be a cartoon character, a picture of an animal, or anything appropriate that the child feels best represents him. it ’ s also a good idea to offer parents the opportunity to limit the amount of friends their children have in the community. there ’ s no reason a 9 - year - old should have 10, 000 friends in a community. she won ’ t be able to interact with them all, and it ’ s difficult for her parents to monitor the conversations among many friends. consider setting up your community to monitor kids ’ friendships to make sure that the matches are appropriate. if a 14 - year - old boy wants to be friends with a 7 - year - old girl, for example, all their parents should know. this type of friendship should be discouraged. as you ’ re making your rounds, also note what ’ s being said. make sure that all interaction is appropriate and that conversations are positive, enlightening, and educational. don ’ t allow name - calling or bullying. kids ’ communities should be fun, not stressful.


the following lifestyle changes have been studied in connection with breast cancer. exercise and prevention girls who engage in a significant amount of exercise have been reported to be less likely to get breast cancer as adults. 1 although some doctors speculate that exercise in preadolescent girls might reduce the risk of eventually getting breast cancer by reducing the number of menstrual cycles and therefore exposure to estrogen, these effects may occur only in girls engaging in very strenuous exercise. 2 most, 3, 4 but not all, 5 studies find that adult women who exercise are less likely to get breast cancer. women who exercise have also been reported to have a reduced risk of high - risk mammography patterns compared with inactive women. 6 exercise in adulthood might help protect against breast cancer by lowering blood levels of estrogen or by helping maintain ideal body weight. in addition to the preventive effects of exercise, aerobic exercise has been reported to reduce depression and anxiety in women already diagnosed with breast cancer. 7 smoking and risk some studies have found an association between smoking and an increased risk of breast cancer, including exposure to secondhand smoke. 8 however, several reports have either found no association9 or have reported an association between smoking and an apparent protection against breast cancer. 10 some of the studies reporting that smoking is detrimental have found that exposure to cigarette smoke during childhood appears to be most likely to increase the risk of breast cancer. 11 the mind - body connection in some studies, the risk of breast cancer has been reported to be higher in women who have experienced major ( though not minor ) depression in the years preceding diagnosis. 12 some, 13, 14 but not all, 15 studies have found that exposure to severely stressful events increases a woman ’ s chance of developing breast cancer. in one study, breast cancer patients exposed to severely stressful events, such as death of a spouse or divorce, had more than five times the risk of suffering a recurrence compared with women not exposed to such stressors. 16 although stress has long been considered as a possible risk factor, some studies have not found significant correlations between psychological stressors and breast cancer risk17 or the risk of breast cancer recurrence. 18 similarly, experiencing psychological distress ( independent of external stressors ) has, in some reports, not been associated with a reduction in survival or the risk of suffering a breast cancer recurrence. 19 exposure to psychological stress has been reported to weaken the immune system of breast cancer patients. 20 strong social support has been reported to increase immune function in breast cancer


associated with a reduction in survival or the risk of suffering a breast cancer recurrence. 19 exposure to psychological stress has been reported to weaken the immune system of breast cancer patients. 20 strong social support has been reported to increase immune function in breast cancer patients. 21 these findings suggest a possible way in which the mind might play a role in affecting the risk of a breast cancer recurrence. 22, 23 in one study, breast cancer patients with strong social support in the months following surgery had only half the risk of dying from the disease during a seven - year period compared with patients who lacked anyone to confide in. 24 after 1025 and 15 years, 26 breast cancer patients with a helpless and hopeless attitude or with an attitude of stoicism were much less likely to survive compared with women who had what the researchers called a “ fighting spirit. ” in a five - year study, the same helpless / hopeless attitude correlated with an increased risk of recurrence or death in breast cancer patients, but a “ fighting spirit ” did not correlate with special protection against recurrence or death. 27 one trial reported that psychological therapy for hopeless / helpless breast cancer patients was capable of changing these attitudes and reducing psychological distress in only eight weeks. 28 several trials using a variety of psychological interventions have reported increased life expectancy in women receiving counseling or psychotherapy compared with women who did not receive psychological intervention29 — even in women with late - stage disease. 30 in a now - famous trial, late - stage breast cancer patients in a year - long, 90 - minute - per - week support group lived on average twice as long as a group of similar patients who did not receive such support. 31 finally, relaxation training has been reported to reduce psychological distress in breast cancer patients, 32 and group therapy and hypnosis have reduced pain in late - stage breast cancer patients. 33 even extensive psychological support ( weekly peer support, family therapy, individual counseling, and use of positive mental imagery ) has not led to a clear increase in breast cancer survival in every study. 34 why some studies clearly find mind - body connections in regard to breast cancer risk, recurrence, or survival, while other studies find no such connection, remains unclear. being overweight increases the risk of postmenopausal breast cancer, a fact widely accepted by the research community. overweight does not increase the risk of premenopausal breast cancer and even may be associated with a slightly reduced risk of breast cancer in young women. 35


by nicci micco, june 17, 2009 - 11 : 36am i have friends with young kids who swear that sugary foods and drinks send their kids bouncing off walls. before i become a mom, i generally assumed that their observations about sugar and behavior were more fiction than fact. ( kids are active. don ’ t they all bounce off walls, regardless of what they eat? ) but now my son julian is 13 months old. despite my best efforts to feed him only nutritious foods, it ’ s likely that, to some degree, he ’ ll eventually be exposed to foods full of added sugars, some in the form of high - fructose corn syrup ( hfcs ). so now i really want to know the truth. in this third installment of a 5 - part series, we investigate whether sugars, and hfcs specifically, can make kids hyperactive. here ’ s what we found when we went straight to the experts : dozens of studies over the past few decades have looked at the effects of sugars on kids ’ behavior. none have been able to show that sugar of any kind causes or aggravates behavior problems, including attention - deficit / hyperactivity disorder ( adhd ). ( is there any diet that could help with adhd? ) the idea that hfcs affects kids differently than table sugar hasn ’ t been studied but it ’ s not likely, says keith ayoob, r. d., a pediatric nutritionist in new york city : “ [ the sweeteners ’ ] chemical compositions are virtually the same. ” even though there isn ’ t any published scientific research to show that sugary foods cause kids to act out, some scientists believe that there still may be a link. in studies that have concluded sugar does not affect behavior, the kids had consumed only 13 to 15 teaspoons of sugar — just a tad more than what ’ s in 12 ounces of soda. today, some kids may consume three times that. behavior problems aside, there are plenty of good reasons to minimize foods containing hfcs and added sugars in kids ’ diets. these foods provide calories ( often lots of them ) but little in the way of vitamins, minerals and other healthy nutrients. they may displace other, healthier foods. frontloading a child ’ s diet with wholesome, healthy meals will help edge out “ empty - calorie ” foods like sodas and sugary snacks. check back next week for part 4


would you like to earn a high income? how can you go about achieving that goal? many factors differentiate wages in a variety of occupations, as well as within the same occupation in different areas of the country. knowing those factors can give you the information you need to find careers with the income levels you want. let ' s find the wage rates in the career you are considering. in this lesson you will explain that supply and demand are the primary factors in determining wages. you will also, identify several specific factors that affect wage rates and explore wage rates in your potential career. lastly, you will analyze why wage rates in your state may differ from the national average wage for your career. several factors influence wages, including the supply of and demand for labor, the value of the products workers produce, and worker productivity. workers who are productive and who produce highly - valued products will tend to earn higher wages. one of the most important factors in determining wages is the worker ’ s level of education. the higher the level of education, the more productive the worker tends to be. for this reason, many employers will invest in education and training of their employees, thus raising output and productivity for the firm, and increasing wages and the standard of living for workers. a number of other factors also affect the wages of workers. those with natural ability, such as concert musicians and professional athletes, can command a higher wage because of the low supply of workers with this level of ability. employers will often pay higher wages to entice workers to accept positions with unpleasant aspects, such as midnight shifts, dangerous work, or jobs which require workers to move frequently around the country or world. wages will often differ based on the cost of living in different regions ; for example, the cost of living in california is higher than the cost of living in indiana, so wages in general in california will be higher than those in indiana. derived demand can also affect wages, as the demand for the product will affect the demand for labor and the wages paid to those workers. let ’ s find out about the demand and wages for the career you are considering. if you have not yet chosen a career, look at a career that is interesting to you. 1. click on the following link to open the official web site of the federal bureau of labor statistics. 2. click on the link that contains the occupational area you have chosen or are considering. you can also search by state by clicking here. 3. scroll down through the occupational titles to find the career that most closely matches the career you


labor statistics. 2. click on the link that contains the occupational area you have chosen or are considering. you can also search by state by clicking here. 3. scroll down through the occupational titles to find the career that most closely matches the career you are considering. 4. click on the “ soc code number ”, standard occupational classification ( soc ), to the left of the name of the occupation. use the information on that page to answer the questions below. what occupation did you choose? was the job description listed for your chosen profession? about how many americans are employed in that occupation? what is the mean annual wage for that occupation? what is the annual wage rate for the lowest - paid ten percent of workers in that occupation? what is the annual wage rate for the highest - paid ten percent of workers in that occupation? visit this website : www. bls. gov / oes / current / oessrcst. htm and find the mean annual income for that occupation for residents from your state. how does your state ' s mean annual income for your occupation compare to the national mean annual income for that occupation? if there is a difference, what do you think is the primary reason for that difference? - will you stay in your state for your career, or do you think you will move away? why? the forces of supply and demand are key to determining wage rates in our society. by learning how these and other factors affect the wages in your potential career, you can make wise choices regarding your education, skill development, and location, to maximize your potential income.


may 20 2013 latest news : by chris hill, rural affairs correspondent friday, august 31, 2012 a population of “ killer shrimps ” has spread to wroxham broad, prompting an urgent plea for boat users to “ check, clean and dry ” any equipment which has been in contact with the water. the invasive, non - native species dikerogammarus villosus had previously been recorded in barton broad, the associated river ant system and a small area around the confluence of the rivers ant and bure. but on thursday, the environment agency ’ s monitoring programme found the shrimp at wroxham – indicating the species is slowly spreading through broadland. the environment agency, natural england and the broads authority are working together to monitor the spread and investigate the impact of the tiny 3cm shrimp. if it becomes established and widespread, as other invasive species such as floating pennywort and signal crayfish have, conservationists warn it could threaten the native creatures which it feeds on, like damselfly nymphs, water boatmen and small fish. andrea kelly, senior ecologist for the broads authority, said : “ people checking, cleaning and drying their equipment after use is essential to help stop the spread of all non - native species and we would really appreciate their full cooperation in doing this. “ we are working with our partners to investigate the shrimps ’ current population and range in the broads and to investigate and implement measures to limit its spread to and from other water courses. there is no risk to the public or their pets from it. ” the check clean dry campaign asks all water users to take simple steps to help prevent the spread of all non - native species between rivers, lakes and reservoirs. clothing and equipment that has come in contact with the water should be checked for any living organisms and then thoroughly washed - down. any organisms found should be returned to the water body they came from. equipment and clothing should be dried as some species can survive for days in damp conditions. andrew raine, from the environment monitoring team at the environment agency, said : “ as human activity is the most likely cause of spreading killer shrimp between sites it ’ s imperative that all water users consider their actions particularly if they are moving equipment between water bodies whether that be boats, canoes or fishing nets. ” a service at a sikh temple in norwich spiralled out of control when police were called to break up a brawl. max temp : 14°c min temp : 10°c


mrs. mcquaid ’ s grade eleven math classes ( 521a ) charlottetown rural high school welcome to our web page and thank you for visiting. this page was designed to share some of the creative writing assignments that we have done in our grade 11 math class this year. so far, we have done three writing assignments : a personal autobiography, a short research paper on a historical figure in mathematics, and a math adventure. in this page you will find a link to each of the different assignments. the link will contain the assignment, as given to students, as well as a variety of samples of student work. all students in my classes were required to do the assignments. however, samples for this page were submitted on a voluntary basis. teachers may feel free to use the assignments in their own classes if they wish. the personal autobiography assignment was designed to get students thinking about their own math experiences to this point and to evaluate what their own math needs are now and for the future. i was impressed with the seriousness with which students approached the assignment and the effort they put into it. the assignments deal with personal experiences and i ensured students that their names would not be attached. on the day i gave the assignment i read the students my own math autobiography to give them an idea of what i was looking for. it was a great way for students to get to know a little about me and by reading their assignments i learned a lot about them. the mathematician assignment basically required students to do a little research and find out about some of the people that played important roles in the history of mathematics. the assignments were meant to be short and to the point. the students did a great job and expressed interest in finding out about some of the figures in history. the mathematical adventure assignment was a response to a film we watched called " donald duck in mathemagic land. " the film, which has donald duck as the main character, explores math in the world around us, looking at music, art, nature, and more. i asked the students to come up with their own math adventure to explain something about mathematics. they took the assignment by storm. i had many students modify assignments to create comic strips, videos, and poetry. i was extremely impressed with the quality of material that they created. each of these assignments were given in the hope of encouraging an appreciation for mathematics outside of the basic textbook and curriculum. it is my hope that the assignments helped to foster a positive attitude towards math as it exists in our world. assessment for each of the assignments was based


the table below lists the developmental trends of linguistic characteristics and abilities for children from kindergarten to high school. - knowledge of 8, 000 - 14, 000 words by age 6 - difficulty understanding complex sentences ( e. g., those with multiple clauses ) - overdependence on word order and context ( instead of syntax ) when interpreting messages - superficial understanding of being a " good listener " ( e. g., just sitting quietly ) - literal interpretations of messages and requests ( e. g., not, realizing that " goodness, this class is noisy " means " be quiet " ) - increasing ability to tell a story - mastery of most sounds ; some difficulty pronouncing r, th, dr, sl, and str - occasional use of regular word endings ( - s, - ed, - er ) with irregular words ( sheeps, goed, gooder ) - basic etiquette in conversations ( e. g., taking turns, answering questions ) - reluctance to initiate conversations with adults ( for many students from asian and mexican american backgrounds ) - read age - appropriate storybooks as a way of enhancing vocabulary. - give corrective feedback when students ' use of words indicates inaccurate understanding. - work on listening skills ( e. g., sitting quietly, paying attention, trying to understand and remember ). - ask follow - up questions to make sure students accurately understand important messages. - ask students to construct narratives about recent events ( e. g., " tell me about your camping trip last weekend " ). - increasing understanding of temporal words ( e. g., before, after ) and comparatives ( e. g., bigger, as big as ) - occasional confusion about when to use the versus a - incomplete knowledge of irregular word forms - increasing awareness of when sentences are and are not grammatically correct - pronunciation of all sounds in one ' s language mastered by age 9 - sustained conversations about concrete topics - increasing ability to take listeners ' prior knowledge into account during explanations - construction of stories with plots and cause - and - effect relationships - linguistic creativity and word play ( e. g., rhymes, word games ) - teach irregular word forms ( e. g., the past tense of ring is rang, the past tense of bring is brought ). - begin instruction about parts of speech. - use group discussions as a way to explore academic subject matter. - have students develop short stories to present orally or in writing. - when articulation problems are evident in the upper elementary grades


). - begin instruction about parts of speech. - use group discussions as a way to explore academic subject matter. - have students develop short stories to present orally or in writing. - when articulation problems are evident in the upper elementary grades, consult with a speech - language pathologist. - encourage jokes and rhymes that capitalize on double meanings and homonyms ( i. e., sound - alike words ). - knowledge of about 50, 000 words at age 12 - increasing awareness of the terminology used in various academic disciplines - some confusion about when to use various connectives ( but, yet, although, unless ) - ability to understand complex, multiclause sentences - emerging ability to look beyond literal interpretations ; comprehension of simple proverbs and increasing ability to detect sarcasm - emerging ability to carry on lengthy conversations about abstract topics - significant growth in metalinguistic awareness - assign reading materials that introduce new vocabulary. - introduce some of the terminology used by experts in various academic disciplines ( e. g., simile in language arts, molecule in science ). - conduct structured debates to explore controversial issues. - present proverbs and ask students to consider their underlying meanings. - explore the nature of words and language as entities in and of themselves. - knowledge of about 80, 000 words - acquisition of many vocabulary words specifically related to various academic disciplines - subtle refinements in syntax, mostly as a result of formal instruction - mastery of a wide variety of connectives ( e. g., although, however, nevertheless ) - general ability to understand figurative language ( e. g., metaphors, proverbs, hyperbole ) - consistently use the terminology associated with various academic disciplines. - distinguish between similar abstract words ( e. g., weather vs. climate, velocity vs. acceleration ). - explore complex syntactic structures ( e. g., multiple embedded clauses ). - consider the underlying meanings and messages in poetry and fiction. - when students have a native dialect other than standard english, encourage them to use it in informal conversations and creative writing ; encourage standard english for more formal situations. sources : bowey, 1986 ; l. bradley & bryant, 1991 ; capelli, nakagawa, & madden, 1990 ; s. carey, 1978 ; delgado - gaitan, 1994 ; karmiloll - smith, 1979 ; maratsos, 1998 ; mcdevitt et ai., 1990 ; mcdevitt & ford, 1987 ; nippold, 1988 ; o '


- to meet the objective of the eea monitoring network there is an explicit need to try and relate differences in water quality and quantity to human activities in catchments, and thereby try to demonstrate cause / effect relationships. the addition of supportive activity information will add a further layer of difficulty to implementing the network. there will, therefore be key determinants ( primary and secondary ) that will provide the information to address the questions. there is, therefore, clear overlap with work being undertaken by other topic centres, for example those on catalogue of data sources and on land cover. - the clear understanding is that the monitoring network will be based where possible on existing national and international networks, use existing sources of monitoring information and create, only if necessary, an eea database of aggregated rather than of non - aggregated data. - use of information from stations used in current international monitoring requirements and programmes such as, in the case of rivers, the exchange of information decisions ( 77 / 95 / eec and 86 / 574 / eec ) which aim to provide surveillance type information. this database has now been merged with the rivers database created by the agencys task force for the dobri assessment report. - use sampling stations and monitoring information obtained nationally to demonstrate compliance with ec directives such as the freshwater fish directive. - current national classification schemes, where they exist, could perhaps ( in theory ) be translated to a unified european scale. - an ambitious option is to sample and measure all water bodies in a consistent and comparable way which would clearly be very expensive to undertake and co - ordinate, and difficult to manage, interpret and report. - sub - sample a representative portion of the total water resources. this would be aided by stratifying the total population ( e. g. all rivers ) into relativity homogenous sub - strata. - information from european commission directives is not suitable as : - the data are not comparable because the degree of comparability will depend on the interpretation of the designation rules and national differences of how these are implemented. - the data are not representative because in the directives which require routine monitoring the requirements are generally site specific, either at sites designated for a specific use, sites affected by a specific discharge, or, for the exchange of information decisions, agreed sites in main rivers. as the choice of sampling location is, for some directives, related to areas designated by the member states rather than by the european commission, it is unlikely that, for those directives, a comparison of quality across europe of these


in main rivers. as the choice of sampling location is, for some directives, related to areas designated by the member states rather than by the european commission, it is unlikely that, for those directives, a comparison of quality across europe of these designated waters will give a complete picture of quality. - the first three options would not necessarily give a representative view of europes water resources, and method and data comparability would be an important issue to address. the latter option is the preferred one and is recommended for acceptance by the eea and its member states. - there is a need for different types of monitoring stations to be included in the networks. - reference stations should be established on rivers in natural catchments with little or no human activity and with greater than 90 % natural landscape. it is likely that such stations will not be present in some parts of europe. - representative stations that can give a spatial and temporal general assessment of quality across europe. - impact stations could form part of the representative network with the collection of supportive and interpretative information, or could form separate impact strata. - flux stations established where rivers discharge into sea, or cross - national boundaries, or there is interchange between surface and groundwater. - baseline stations may also be required to characterise the generality of run - off behaviour of the region or country. - for the lakes and reservoirs network reference, representative and impacted lakes and reservoirs should be selected. - the largest and most important national rivers, lakes and reservoirs should also be included within the monitoring networks. - for groundwater there should be reference and representative stations that would deliver general information about the quality and quantity, and cover the entire area of each member state. all major national aquifers should be covered. reference stations should be established in areas not influenced by groundwater pumping and other anthropogenic activities. in some areas within the eea ( small countries or in densely populated areas ) it will not be possible to establish reference stations. - it will be important to confirm, that the monitoring wells, which are chosen for the groundwater network, should have been designed and constructed in a similar way so it is possible to compare the results from all the member states. - ideally sampling frequency would be based on an assessment of determinant variability and the desired level of precision in the information. these aspects should be looked at in the pilot project and during the subsequent progressive implementation of the network. - once the network is implemented, monitoring meta - data should be made available to the agency in the form of summary statistics and measures of


the information. these aspects should be looked at in the pilot project and during the subsequent progressive implementation of the network. - once the network is implemented, monitoring meta - data should be made available to the agency in the form of summary statistics and measures of data variability to allow assessments of data quality and comparability. - groups of primary and secondary determinants have been identified for surface and groundwater. substances such as pesticides, other synthetic organic substances and heavy metals should be selected on the basis of their use in the catchment of interest. in addition supportive data on catchment characteristics and land use will be required and should be collected in comparable ways. - the topic centre on catalogue of data sources is currently working on many aspects of the environmental information network and there will need to be close liaison with the topic centre on inland waters. for example, there must be a common language for determinants, sampled media and units, usually codified in a data dictionary. details of analytical procedures, methods, limits of detection, quality control may also have to be transferred to the agency. - many of the river quality stations in national monitoring programmes are not located at or near gauging stations, and the requirement for water flow data may reduce the number of possible stations, especially in the case of small rivers and reference stations. - the nordic countries measure chemical oxygen demand instead of biochemical oxygen demand, and dissolved oxygen is not routinely measured. in addition, biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand are analysed by many different methods. some standardisation will be necessary to ensure that these data are comparable at an eea level. - in some countries total nitrogen is measured instead of nitrate, especially in the nordic countries with relative low nitrate levels and relative high organic nitrogen levels. in others soluble reactive phosphate is measured instead of total phosphorus. - in several countries there is no national lake / reservoir monitoring programme. however, in some of these countries local authorities monitor the water quality of lakes / reservoirs, and it should be possible to select the required number of water bodies for the eea network from the local networks. - in one country there is no national monitoring network for groundwater quality. the desire to relate differences in quality and quantity to potential causal agents, that is establish cause and effect relationships raises many difficult technical issues and points of debate. any monitoring information received by the agency will need validation. key aspects such as statistical confidence, sampling windows and frequencies, sampling methodologies and analysis ( e. g. performance, quality assurance, limits of detection ) will need to be


skip to main content more search options a member of our team will call you back within one business day. diarrhea occurs when you have loose, watery, or frequent bowel movements. it is a common problem with many causes. most cases of diarrhea clear up on their own. but certain cases may need treatment. be sure to see your health care provider if your symptoms do not improve within a few days. treatment of diarrhea depends on its cause. diarrhea caused by bacterial or parasite infection is often treated with antibiotics. diarrhea caused by other factors, such as a stomach virus, often improves with simple home treatment. the tips below may also help relieve your symptoms. drink plenty of fluids. this helps prevent too much fluid loss ( dehydration ). water, clear soups, and electrolyte solutions are good choices. avoid alcohol, coffee, and tea. also avoid soda, fruit juice, sports drinks, and milk. these can make symptoms worse. suck on ice chips if drinking makes you queasy. return to your normal diet slowly. you may want to eat bland foods at first, such as rice and toast. also, you may need to avoid certain foods for a while, such as dairy products. these can make symptoms worse. ask your health care provider if there are any other foods you should avoid. if you were prescribed antibiotics, take them as directed. do not take anti - diarrhea medications without asking your health care provider first. fever of 100. 4°f ( 38. 0°c ) or higher worsening diarrhea or diarrhea for more than 2 days bloody vomit or stool signs of dehydration ( dizziness, dry mouth and tongue, rapid pulse, dark urine )


change - over from kerosene to lpg use – a family case study, nigeria this case study examines the “ improving access of women to lpg as a substitute for fuelwood in nigeria ” project. the project is designed to expand access to affordable lpg as a substitute for fuel wood. fuel wood currently is the main fuel for households, schools and small businesses in many parts of nigeria. the overarching goal is to improve the socio - economic and environmental conditions of the poor and vulnerable, particularly women and children whose health is usually negatively affected by indoor air pollution arising from cooking with fuel wood. in an attempt to expand clean energy services to poor households, while simultaneously and indirectly addressing the environmental effects of energy production and use. the focus on lpg is to explore its comparative advantages compared to traditional biomass fuels, as well as the abundance of gas and petroleum resources in the country. to this end, friends of the environment ( fote ) with funding from the global environment facility - small grants programme ( gef - sgp ) in nigeria, undertook a survey on lpg perception and sales in lagos state in october 2010. the survey chose a sample frame of lagos state and a sample size of 250 households from two communities, badagry and ojokoro ( one rural and one urban ) in administering the questionnaire in lagos state. the conclusions were that making lpg readily accessible to all socio - economic groups could be achieved by locating lpg depots strategically across the country to assure uninterrupted product availability and price stability. affordability, however, would require the whole gamut of facilitating targeted measures such as lowering the costs for cylinders and equipment by tax and duty exemption, ready access to soft financing and other complementary measures without which the high front - end investments in becoming an lpg consumer will remain a barrier to access to many but especially for women and the poor. low - cost consumer credit is not common in nigeria and initiatives in this direction are recommended. seedfunding case study penetrating lpg use in lagos state - download


active, engaging education. anywhere. and right here. in every building on the college of engineering campus, there are classrooms and lecture halls packed with students listening to lectures. yet, increasingly, that very traditional way of learning is not the only way uw - madison engineering students are learning. “ the 50 - minute lecture is one of the most inefficient methods for human learning to occur, ” says john booske, the duane h. and dorothy m. bluemke professor of electrical and computer engineering. “ permanent memory is — for most of us — limitless, but it all has to go through working memory, which is a very limited cache process. we process knowledge best in chunks. ” and the college of engineering is paying attention, drawing on a suite of hands - on, collaborative, cultural and technological tools to meet the educational needs and expectations of today ’ s students — the “ digital natives. ” at the same time, it is preparing well - rounded engineers who can think innovatively and take the lead in solving some of the world ’ s largest problems. the demand for multidisciplinary, multi - mode learning continues to rise among today ’ s students, and satisfying it while offering complementary world - class hands - on student experiences is a matter of staying globally competitive. “ in order to prepare the next generation of engineers, we need to teach them in a way that represents the world they ’ ll be living and working in, ” says college of engineering dean paul peercy. the nature of that world is wired, mobile and immediate. according to pew internet and american life project reports, undergraduate student technology and internet use is virtually ubiquitous : 98 percent of students use the internet frequently, 93 percent have high - speed internet connections, 92 percent connect wirelessly to the internet, while 63 percent use their smartphone to connect to the internet. as to how all that connectivity figures into campus life, university of washington researchers interviewed 560 students at 11 campus libraries and learned that technology is key in student learning habits. they use facebook to arrange study groups, smartphones to capture lectures for repeated listening, and youtube tutorials as references for solving difficult problem sets. electronic course materials — both official and unofficial — factor heavily into their learning processes. “ i am no longer bound by what the professor gives me in a class, and his perspective on something, ” said one student quoted in the study. “ there are lots of engineering forums that i can just google. ” the college of engineering is taking a more strategic approach to providing high


the professor gives me in a class, and his perspective on something, ” said one student quoted in the study. “ there are lots of engineering forums that i can just google. ” the college of engineering is taking a more strategic approach to providing high - value electronic content. here, this educational culture change has foundations in engineering beyond boundaries, a college initiative begun in 2005 in large part to address factors — including technology acceleration and the fusion of disciplines, global competition in education, and shifts in funding for sustaining higher education — in our rapidly changing world. its goal is to adopt approaches that move education and research beyond disciplinary, cultural and technological boundaries. under the initiative, the college has funded nearly 50 innovative projects — among them a course that combines biology and engineering, new tools for teaching statics, video lectures on the core principles of design, a certificate program in sustainability, and a certificate that blends engineering and the arts. however, as effective as the projects were, their impact largely was limited to a single course here and there, says steve cramer, college of engineering associate dean for academic affairs and a professor of civil and environmental engineering. “ if we were really going to change how engineering is taught at wisconsin, it couldn ’ t just be in a brand new, ‘ one - off ’ elective course, ” he says. “ it had to hit the core of our courses, and it had to be implemented in a sustainable way. ” thus, the college academic planning council, with encouragement from the college industrial advisory board, set a new strategic directive : moving 75 percent of engineering core courses to a new “ blended learning ” model that leverages video - captured lectures and web - based course management tools to enhance in - class instruction. it ’ s an ambitious goal that aims to use college - wide technology - support services to help instructors replicate prior successes in technology - enhanced courses. time well spent in the college of engineering, wendt commons — a recent merger of the engineering learning center, wendt library and engineering media services — offers instructors not only pedagogical insight, but also technological expertise that ranges from video lecture capture services to support for web - based teaching software. greg moses was among those who, early on, recognized the potential of blended learning approaches. “ there ’ s a pathological fear that student performance will worsen if you don ’ t lecture to them, ” says moses, the harvey d. spangler professor of engineering physics and a blended learning pioneer. “ but there ’ s no evidence of that. ” in fact