a mineral formula to support healthy brain development, learning and concentration in children. children often have low levels of nutrients necessary for healthy development. studies have shown that some school children have low iodine levels, which may impair iq and school performance. features and benefits - contains iodine which is necessary for iq development - contains minerals necessary for school performance - no artificial sweeteners - tooth - friendly formula - great tasting, chewable, strawberry flavoured tablet - helps with the metabolism of omega - 3s - for best results, blackmores recommends that you use this product with kids fruity fishies™ how it works the development of the brain continues throughout childhood and adolescence and requires a steady supply of many nutrients including essential minerals. mineral deficiencies are more common than is often believed and can negatively impact the development and function of the growing brain. iodine deficiency may be more common than most people realise. studies on the effects of iodine deficiency in children conclude that iodine deficiency can lower the iq of school - aged children by 13. 5 points. healthy iodine levels are required for iq development and school performance. iron is found in high levels in brain tissue, and has multiple roles in the function of neurotransmitters in the brain. low blood iron levels have been linked to poorer maths performance in a large, nationwide study of over 5, 000 american children. zinc helps to support concentration, reasoning and cognition in children. low levels of zinc may be linked with reduced reading ability. magnesium is highly concentrated in brain tissue and is required for proper nerve function. other nutrients have a vital role to play in the developing brain. vitamin b12 is required for proper nerve development. vitamin c, as well as assisting in iron absorption, is involved with the synthesis of neurotransmitters. zinc and vitamin b6 have a role in the metabolism of essential fatty acids including epa and dha which are found in fish oil. children 2 - 6 years - chew ( do not swallow whole ) 1 tablet a day with a meal, or as professionally prescribed. children 7 - 12 years - chew ( do not swallow whole ) 2 tablets a day with a meal, or as professionally prescribed. not suitable for children under 2 years. contraindications and cautions always read the label. use only as directed. active ingredients per tablet vitamin b6 ( pyridoxine hydrochloride ) vitamin b12 ( cyanocobalamin ) vitamin c ( ascorbic acid from calcium ascorbate dihydra


for more information on kpfa ' s archiving policy go here : learn more. exploration is an hour long science program heard nationally on the ku national radio satellite the show features half - hour commentary and interviews with top scientists and environmentalists. | « previous month | explorations - april 25, 2006 at 2 : 00pm japanese scientists have spent two years drilling in the south pole to extract the oldest ice ever found on the surface of the earth. is eating red meat bad for the environment? david helvar, author... explorations - april 18, 2006 at 2 : 00pm the emerging crisis over iran and are we heading for a nuclear confrontation with the middle east? special guest dr. joel primack and nancy ellen abrams who jointly wrote a book about the origin of the universe and our place in it, discussing a explorations - april 11, 2006 at 2 : 00pm a startling united nations report claims that humans are causing the worst mass extinction of life on earth since the destruction of the dinosaurs. scientists believe that they have isolated the gene... explorations - april 4, 2006 at 2 : 00pm the melting of the glaciers of the planet and the effect that will cause sea levels to rise. is it possible to merge brain cells with silicon? dr. tom jones, former astronaut and author of a


information contained on this page is provided by companies via press release distributed through pr newswire, an independent third - party content provider. pr newswire, worldnow and this station make no warranties or representations in connection therewith. source kaiser permanente oakland, calif., feb. 27, 2013 / prnewswire / - - according to the centers for disease control and prevention, about 68 million people - 1 in 3 u. s. adults - have high blood pressure. also known as hypertension, high blood pressure can lead to a stroke or heart attack. as american heart month ends, kaiser permanente notes it ' s good for people to remember all year that high blood pressure is preventable and controllable. kaiser permanente is recognized as a national leader in reducing and preventing heart attacks and strokes. kaiser permanente colorado was recently hailed as a 2012 million hearts™ hypertension control champion. in northern california, 87 percent of kaiser permanente members have their hypertension under control, while nationally, only 46 percent of people with hypertension have it under control. joseph young, md, a kaiser permanente internal medicine physician and the clinical hypertension lead with the permanente medical group, answers a few questions and offers advice on how to keep your blood pressure in check. can you give us a quick ' blood pressure 101 '? blood pressure is just the pressure of blood flowing inside the body ' s blood vessels. the top number is the pressure when the heart pumps at its peak. the bottom number is the pressure when the heart is relaxing and filling back up with blood. an ideal blood pressure is 119 / 79 or lower. a top number between 120 and 139 or a bottom number between 80 and 89 is called ' prehypertension. ' what is high blood pressure? if your blood pressure is 140 / 90 or higher, you have high blood pressure, also known as hypertension. as an aside, in a healthy, active person, what might seem like low blood pressure is often normal. in the united states, 29 percent of the adult population, or roughly 70 million people, has high blood pressure. being overweight, lack of physical activity, too much salt or alcohol, stress, older age, genetics and family history, and various diseases all can contribute to high blood pressure. the good news is that it is easy to treat high blood pressure with a healthy lifestyle and a number of well - tolerated, once - daily medications. what are the main guidelines for healthy practices that can reduce risk? regular physical activity


high blood pressure. the good news is that it is easy to treat high blood pressure with a healthy lifestyle and a number of well - tolerated, once - daily medications. what are the main guidelines for healthy practices that can reduce risk? regular physical activity is very important and helps to lower blood pressure. pick something you enjoy - that will make it easier to stick with it. and it doesn ' t have to be fancy. you could just walk briskly at least 150 minutes a week, for example. limit salt intake, too, because salt causes fluid retention, which increases blood pressure. many people don ' t realize that most salt doesn ' t come out of a salt shaker ; it ' s from processed and restaurant food. so, cook with unprocessed fresh fruits, vegetables and lean sources of protein at home, and limit how often you eat out to no more than one to two times a week. don ' t drink too much alcohol. if you smoke, quitting is the most important thing above anything else that you could do for your overall health. smoking does not increase blood pressure, but smoking combined with high blood pressure or with any other risk factor is especially dangerous. what is the role of medication with high blood pressure? medications are very important for most people with high blood pressure. the medications we ' ve used to treat high blood pressure have been around for decades. what has changed is how we use them. over time we ' ve learned that combining medications in low doses works best and causes the fewest side effects. today, most people with high blood pressure who need medications can control their condition with a once - a - day regimen with minor to no side effects. do you have any parting words of advice? high blood pressure in and of itself is just a number. we care about it because we know if the number is high, there is an increased risk of stroke, heart problems and kidney problems. even more important is the fact that we know that lowering blood pressure when it is high greatly reduces those risks. if you have high blood pressure, have it checked regularly and have frequent adjustments made in your treatment regimen until it ' s well controlled. if you don ' t have a history of high blood pressure, it ' s still best to have your blood pressure checked every two years. kaiser permanente ' s commitment to reduce hypertension, strokes and heart attacks historically, hypertension has disproportionately affected african americans. research shows that african americans develop high blood pressure more often, and at


pressure checked every two years. kaiser permanente ' s commitment to reduce hypertension, strokes and heart attacks historically, hypertension has disproportionately affected african americans. research shows that african americans develop high blood pressure more often, and at an earlier age, than whites and latinos. kaiser permanente is committed to eliminating this disparity. kaiser permanente northern california is a leader in reducing heart attacks within its large, ethnically diverse population. kaiser permanente ' s successful approach was featured in a study in the new england journal of medicine in 2010. as mentioned earlier, kaiser permanente colorado was recognized by the u. s. department of health and human services for sharply increasing its hypertension control rate among members from 61 percent to 82. 6 percent over three years. the video below explains what made kaiser permanente a 2012 million hearts™ hypertension control champion. * for questions or advice about a specific condition, always consult with your physician. about kaiser permanente kaiser permanente is committed to helping shape the future of health care. we are recognized as one of america ' s leading health care providers and not - for - profit health plans. founded in 1945, our mission is to provide high - quality, affordable health care services and to improve the health of our members and the communities we serve. we currently serve more than 9 million members in nine states and the district of columbia. care for members and patients is focused on their total health and guided by their personal physicians, specialists and team of caregivers. our expert and caring medical teams are empowered and supported by industry - leading technology advances and tools for health promotion, disease prevention, state - of - the - art care delivery and world - class chronic disease management. kaiser permanente is dedicated to care innovations, clinical research, health education and the support of community health. for more information, go to : kp. org / newscenter. thursday, may 23 2013 2 : 59 am edt2013 - 05 - 23 06 : 59 : 26 gmt reno aces release 5 / 22 / 2013 lhp tyler skaggs dealt his team - leading sixth quality start of the season on wednesday night, as the reno aces won 6 - 2 over the round rock express at the dell diamond. skaggsmore > > tyler skaggs dealt his team - leading sixth quality start of the season on wednesday night. more > >


ancient greece, ancient greece pictures, ancient greece photos, ancient greece images, ancient greece maps, greece foods the ancient greece ( mainly the athenians ) were a singular people. they deemed that individuals ought to be free once they acted inside the laws of greece. this allowed them the opportunity to score well in any direction they chose. individuality, on the grounds that the greeks viewed it, was the basis with their society. the ability to shoot for excellence, no matter what the challenge, was what the athenians so dearly supported. this shoot for excellence was the method from which they achieved such phenomenal accomplishments. these accomplishments astound us to this day. additionally, they supported the balance of mind and body. although a lot of of which strove being soldiers and athletes, others ventured into philosophy, drama, pottery along with the arts. the two most important concepts that the ancient greeks followed put together inscribed about the great shrine of delphi, which read “ nothing in excess ” and “ know thyself ”. this philosophy greatly affected the greek civilization. athens was the mental center of greece. it was one of the first city - states of its time, and is still world renowned as the most well - known cities on the globe. it was named after athena, the goddess of wisdom as well as city ’ s patron. in 508 bc, athens became among the initial societies in history to establish democracy. democracy originated from the greek words, demos, meaning people, and kratein, meaning to rule. this form of government was used within a meeting place that the greeks known as the assembly. here the individuals of athens met monthly and reviewed the affairs of state. there have been no decisions made by govt without first asking the assembly. ancient greece map the state of greece is located in southeastern europe, on the southern end from the balkanic peninsula. greece is encircled about the north by bulgaria, the fyrom and albania ; to the west from the ionian sea ; towards the south through the mediterranean sea and the east with the aegean sea. the state ranges somewhere around in latitude from 35°00 ′ n to 42°00 ′ n and longitude from 19°00 ′ e to 28°30 ′ e. consequently, it has substantial weather variation, as discussed below. ancient greece map, ancient greek map, ancient greece maps for kids, ancient greece map athens, greeks cities the country includes a large landmass ; the peloponnese, a peninsula connected to the mainland by the isthmus of co


. ancient greece map, ancient greek map, ancient greece maps for kids, ancient greece map athens, greeks cities the country includes a large landmass ; the peloponnese, a peninsula connected to the mainland by the isthmus of corinth ; and around 3000 islands, including crete, rhodes, corfu, the dodecanese and the cyclades. greece has 15000 km ’ s ( 9300 miles ) of coastline. 80 % of greece is mountainous, and also the country is likely one of the most mountainous countries of europe. western greece contains lakes and wetlands. the pindus mountains lie from the country ’ s center, by having an average elevation of 2650 m. they continue because the islands of kythera, antikythera and result in the islands of crete and rhodes. ancient greece religion historic ancient greek faith was polytheistic, significance that there were many gods and actresses. there was a structure of deities, with zeus, the master of the gods, having a stage of management over all the others. each deity usually had dominion over a certain element of dynamics, for example, poseidon determined over the sea and artemis determined over the celestial satellite. other deities determined over an summary idea, for example aphrodite was the goddess of really like. some gods were also particularly associated with a certain town. in particular, athena was associated with the town of athens, apollo with delphi and delos, zeus with olympia, and artemis with ephesus. whilst being underworld, the gods were not all highly effective. they had to respect luck, which overrided all. in particular, in mythology, it was odysseus ‘ luck to go back house to ithaca after the trojan viruses war, and the gods could only expand his voyage and create it tougher for him, but they could not end him. the most highly effective gods were known as the olympians, of which there were 12. they were considered to stay at the top of support olympus. the 12 deities were zeus, god of magic and the sky, hera, goddess of the loved ones, poseiden, god of the sea, demeter, goddess of the soil and bounty, ares, god of war, hermes, god of business, hephaestus, god of metalcraft, aphrodite, goddess of affection, athena, goddess of people, artemis, goddess of the celestial satellite, hestia, goddess of the house, and apollo, god of lumination


hephaestus, god of metalcraft, aphrodite, goddess of affection, athena, goddess of people, artemis, goddess of the celestial satellite, hestia, goddess of the house, and apollo, god of lumination. though there were also many other essential ‘ lesser ’ dieties, such as dionysis, the god of wines, and asclepius, the god of remedies. ancient greece religions, ancient greece gods, ancient greek gods and goddesses, ancient greek images towards the end of the established age and during the hellenistic age, a variety of historic greek philosophers started to concern the conventional mythologies of their forefathers and provide substitute hypotheses to the source of the galaxy. aristotle ( 384 bc – 322 bc ) postulated the everyday living of 1 substantial being usually known in his publication metaphysics as the “ prime mover ” or the “ unmoved mover ”, though whether he meant to mean that the “ prime mover ” was really a aware being or a power of dynamics is start to decryption. ancient greece government pericles was the best choice of athens for thirty years. he wasn ’ t a monarch or despot. the people of athens elected him year after year. he declared that athens was a democracy. in athens, power was “ in the hands of several as opposed to the few. ” pericles was correct about stating that athens would have been a democracy after that. compared to other ancient governments, athens was democratic, nevertheless it won ’ t seem that way today. when he spoke of government from the people, he needs said government through the citizens. citizens had more rights in greeks cities than any of the others. they could do just about anything they desired to do. they could own property, indulge in politics additionally, the law. most in the men in greece were citizens, but women, slaves, and foreigners would not be. in sparta only rich men were citizens. citizenship was being a family. it trusted birth. only kids of citizens could be citizens them selves. children that lived in athens all of their lives are not citizens if their parents originated other places. athens seems undemocratic to us because women didn ’ t have voice in government. ancient greece government, ancient greece government buildings, ancient greece politics government, ancient greece democracy, ancient greece government pictures slaves were normally captured prisoners of wars. they were sold to individuals and whoever bought them owned them. some slaves lived good lives with their owners.


greece government, ancient greece government buildings, ancient greece politics government, ancient greece democracy, ancient greece government pictures slaves were normally captured prisoners of wars. they were sold to individuals and whoever bought them owned them. some slaves lived good lives with their owners. others lived in terrible conditions or toiled in mines until death. unlike slaves in america, slaves in greece got paid and in case they saved their funds they might be capable to buy their own freedom. athens ’ growing power startled sparta. war broke out between sparta and athens in 413 b. c. even though athens was powerful at sea, sparta was more powerful on land. for this reason, this war, referred to as the peloponnesian war, has been called a fight involving the elephant along with the whale. both sparta and athens attemptedto get support from the persians in the course of the pelopenesian war. the persian were thrilled to see greeks fighting both and supported sparta with money for ships. as soon as sparta shaped a fleet, they defeated the athenians in 405 b. c. the end of your pelopennesian war didn ’ t mean a long duration of peace in greece. arguments and quarrels still thorough among for an additional 50 years. ancient greece clothing ancient greek clothing was sometimes homemade and the same piece of homespun fabric that ’ s used as a type of garment, or blanket. from greek vase pictures and sculptures, you can tell the fabrics were bitterly colored and usually decorated with elaborate designs. clothing for men and women contains two main garments - a tunic ( the peplos or chiton ) as well as a cloak ( himation ). the peplos would be a large rectangle of heavy fabric, usually wool, folded over over the upper edge so your over fold ( apoptygma ) would reach to your waist. it was placed throughout the body and fastened at the shoulders with a pin or brooch. there were armholes were on each side, and the open side on the garment was either left that way, or pinned or sewn to create a seam. ancient greek clothing, ancient greece clothing for men, ancient greece clothing for women the chiton was made of a much lighter material, normally linen. it was obviously a very long and incredibly wide rectangle of cloth sewn up at the sides, pinned or sewn with the shoulders, and frequently girded round the waist. usually the chiton was wide enough to allow for sleeves which are fastened along the upper arms with pins or buttons. the peplos


sewn up at the sides, pinned or sewn with the shoulders, and frequently girded round the waist. usually the chiton was wide enough to allow for sleeves which are fastened along the upper arms with pins or buttons. the peplos and chiton were floor - length garments that were usually enough time to be stopped the belt, making a pouch known as a kolpos. under either garment, a girl may need worn a soft band, known as a strophion, throughout the mid - section on the body. men in ancient greece typically wore a chiton just like the one worn by women, but knee - length or shorter. an exomis ( a quick chiton fastened on the left shoulder ) was worn for exercise, horse riding, or hard labor. the himation ( cloak ) worn by men and women was in essence a rectangular piece of heavy fabric, either woolen or linen. it was draped diagonally over one shoulder or symmetrically over both shoulders, like a stole. women sometimes wore an epiblema ( shawl ) on the peplos or chiton. teenagers often wore a chlamys ( short cloak ) for riding. greek men often wore a broad - brimmed hat ( petasos ), and also on rare occasions, greek women put on a flat - brimmed one which has a high peaked crown. ancient greece olympics the first noted olympic games took location in olympia, in the wonderful location of elias, in 776 bc. there is proof however, to aid the state that the games had been developing a lot previously than 776 bc, but these were not as sorted or used every four decades, as the 776 bc games had been. the name of each olympiad was known as after the competition of the arena competition, which was the most popular of all the activities. the first olympiad was known as koroibos of elias, as he was the success of the arena competition in 776 bc. olympia was, and still is, a wonderful location, and many temples or wats and sculptures were designed. these were all designed in commitment to zeus, the dad of all gods. olympia also became a hub for faith in the mycenaean interval. the temples or wats that were designed in olympia were all for a purpose, and were of significance. the brow of zeus, had as its centerpiece, a precious metal and cream color sculpture of zeus. status at about 12 measures in size, the sculpture was very amazing. ancient greece olympics


olympia were all for a purpose, and were of significance. the brow of zeus, had as its centerpiece, a precious metal and cream color sculpture of zeus. status at about 12 measures in size, the sculpture was very amazing. ancient greece olympics, ancient greece olympics symbol, ancient greece olympic stadium, ancient greece olympic events the sculpture, created by phidias, was seen as one of the seven like a charm of the historic community. also near to the brow of zeus, was the outrageous olive shrub from which the wreath caps were created and offered to the victors of the activities. star has it, this shrub was placed by herakles ( hercules ). in the starting, the games contains only one occurrence, the managing of the arena, and survived for just one day. however, towards the 5th millennium, the games were prolonged to five times, and more activities were also included. from 729 bc the contributors of the games had to contend in the unclothed to avoid any being disloyal, and also in the attention of protection. formerly, only greeks created men, who had not dedicated homicide or heresy, where granted to take aspect in the games. however, later on, romans were also authorized to take aspect. females were unacceptable to contend, and were even suspended from coming into the arena to enjoy the games. ancient greek food the ancient greeks had rather weird and uncommon ideas about their meals. all the meals in ancient greece revolved around their religious beliefs and philosophical theories. the greeks never consumed the meat of a domesticated animal, as they considered it to be barbaric. the only meat that was consumed was that of the animals that were either first scarified to god, or were hunted in the wild. the greeks also never consumed milk in its raw form. the milk was first processed into normal cheese or cottage cheese and then consumed. in the ancient greek food facts, it is often seen that the greeks never consumed anything that was a part of the barbarian, nomads and the non - greek diets. the eating pattern of the ancient greeks was also a bit different. the first meal of the day was the breakfast, that was eaten early in the morning. large amounts of bread, vegetables and soups were used in this meal. the second meal was an early lunch, where again bread and vegetables were occasionally accompanied by meat or fish. cheese and olives were used in generous quantities in these meals. the supper that was relished in the evening itself, was the main meal of


second meal was an early lunch, where again bread and vegetables were occasionally accompanied by meat or fish. cheese and olives were used in generous quantities in these meals. the supper that was relished in the evening itself, was the main meal of the day. a majority of times, the supper consisted of many different fruits, vegetables, wines and bread. the following are some of the prominent ancient greek food ingredients. ancient greece food, ancient greece food and drink, reek mythology, historic greek, ancient greek figures although greatly affected by other historic countries over the decades, historic ancient greek meals, and basic baking methods have changed very little over time. ancient greeks treated refreshments as a kind of art form, and the cooks of the day were very much well known. typical historic ancient greek baking requirements are bread, olives, olive oil, figs, local natural cheese, created from the take advantage of of local domestic farm animals, such as goat ’ s which are in large quantity and easily kept on the hilly and difficult environment. ancient ancient greek foods lemonssheep and hogs are kept by local farm owners too. chicken is left to walk in peace and the natural egg are fresh and delightful. local bottles of wine created from the local fruit which are produced, including ouzo, an aniseed type heart which gardening years have improved the formulas over decades, and vegetables which have been produced from the ground of local areas and almost all are naturally produced without the use of bug sprays. included in these historic ancient greek meals requirements are local within a and delightful fish, caught in the ocean surrounding landmass portugal and the individual islands. incoming search terms :


labrador iron mines investors & media iron ore products & markets iron ore is the raw material required to make pig iron, which is the primary ( 98 % ) raw material used to make steel. pure iron ore is virtually unknown on the surface of the earth except as fe - ni alloys from meteorites and very rare forms of deep mantle xenoliths. therefore, all sources of iron used in industry exploit iron oxide minerals, one of the primary forms of which is hematite. world resources of iron ore are estimated to exceed 800 billion tonnes of crude ore containing more than 230 billion tonnes of iron, implying an average iron content of 28. 75 %. iron ore consists of oxygen and iron atoms bonded together to form the iron - oxide molecule and needs to have the oxygen removed through smelting to create a purer iron product. during this process, the iron ore is heated to extreme temperatures in blast furnaces where lump ore is more stable and therefore preferred. by comparison, iron fines must be sintered before charging to the furnace. the premium associated with lump ore has persisted historically, reflecting the approximate costs required to sinter iron fines, the availability of furnaces required and other benefits including ease of transportation. canada produces over 30 million tonnes of iron ore annually, most of which is exported, placing canada well in the top ten largest exporters of iron ore globally. canadian produced iron ore is generally recognized as being of a high quality and is sought after by steelmakers globally. since 1999, nearly all of canada ' s iron ore production has come from the labrador trough region in labrador and quebec. as lim ' s project is located near current iron ore producers, the company has been able to capitalize on the existing industry related infrastructure facilitating export of its product to the leading importers of canadian iron ore. marketing - iron ore markets since operations commenced at the james mine in june 2011, 100 % of lim ' s production has been sold to the iron ore company of canada ( " ioc " ). lim ' s iron ore product was then resold in china by ioc, through its rio tinto marketing organization. during 2011 and 2012, lim sold 13 capesize shipments of iron ore, for a total of approximately 2 million tonnes. in may 2013, lim announced a new two - year iron ore sales agreement with ioc for the sale of all of lim ' s iron ore production for the next two calendar years, 2013 and 2014. at the same time, lim also announced that it has entered into an off - take financing agreement with rb


iron ore sales agreement with ioc for the sale of all of lim ' s iron ore production for the next two calendar years, 2013 and 2014. at the same time, lim also announced that it has entered into an off - take financing agreement with rb metalloyd limited ( " rbm " ) for future sales of a minimum of 3. 5 million tonnes of iron ore during 2013 and 2014. more information on the sales agreement with ioc and the off - take financing agreement with rb metalloyd can be found in lim ' s press release dated may 14, 2013 in our press release section. for future operating seasons beyond 2014, lim will continue to review its options for marketing its iron ore product and evaluate the optimum route to achieve these sales, while still maintaining maximum flexibility and independence. marketing discussions will also continue with potential customers or commodity traders, both in europe and in asia. chinese consumers, in particular, are showing an increasing interest in seeking iron ore from canada, driven by continued strong demand and a desire to diversify from their traditional sources of supply. canadian iron ore is generally regarded favorably on world markets with its relatively high iron grades and low levels of deleterious elements. iron ore types the major rock types mined for the production of metallic iron are : massive hematite, pisolitic goethite / limonite, which provide a " high - grade " ore, and banded metasedimentary ironstone, magnetite - rich metasomatite, to a much lesser degree, rocks rich in siderite, rocks rich in chamosite which provide a " low - grade " ore. the world ' s resources are dominated by low - grade ore. currently most of the high grade iron ore mined in the world comes from large deposits of massive hematite rock formed by the in situ enrichment of a protore already enriched in iron, most commonly a banded iron formation ( bif ). another type of high - grade deposit is pisolitic limonite / goethite ore formed in ancient river channels. one of the primary forms of iron ore is hematite, or iron oxide ( fe2o3 ). hematite has in the past been referred to as natural ore because certain hematite ores contain up to 69 % iron and can be directly fed into blast furnaces in the steel milling process. hematite ore also lends itself to the beneficiation process unlike lower grade magnetite, and is therefore mined as direct shipping ore. all of lim '


iron and can be directly fed into blast furnaces in the steel milling process. hematite ore also lends itself to the beneficiation process unlike lower grade magnetite, and is therefore mined as direct shipping ore. all of lim ' s deposits are of the high grade hematite variety grading from 56 % to as much as 69 % iron content ( or pure hematite ) the consensus model for the formation of massive hematite ore is enrichment by the passage of fluids, which remove the non - iron - bearing minerals ( dominantly chert ), and to a much lesser extent add iron minerals. there are several variants of this model with the most accepted being enrichment by supergene processes. recent models suggest enrichment by mass sideways and upward migration of dominantly superheated meteoric waters perhaps with a minor magmatic component. historically high - grade ore has provided direct feed to smelters either as a raw lump or fines, also in a processed form such as sinter or pellets. during the smelting process, the iron ore is heated to extreme temperatures in blast furnaces where lump ore is more stable and therefore preferred. by comparison, iron fines must be sintered ( hence sinter feed ) before charging to the furnace. fines are roasted on a conveyor oven with coke and limestone to produce sinter. the premium associated with lump ore has persisted historically, reflecting the approximate costs required to sinter iron fines, the availability of furnaces and other benefits including ease of transportation. labrador iron mines expects its lump composition to account for approximately one - quarter of ore produced. low - grade ore is a term applied to iron - rich rocks with cut - off grades in the range of 25 - 30 % fe. it was the main supply of iron ore for many centuries of the world ' s early history of production of iron. since the 1950 ' s north america ' s main supply has been low - grade ore. the dominant economic iron mineral in low - grade ore is magnetite. the ore may be beneficiated by a process known as wet - magnetic separation, being an initial fine grinding then passed of the fines over drum magnets to separate out magnetite to produce a high - grade concentrate. this concentrate may be agglomerated into 1 cm pellets and baked to produce a high grade feed for blast furnaces. although iron has many specific uses ( pipes, fittings, engine blocks ), its main use is in the production of steel. steel has several desirable properties


into 1 cm pellets and baked to produce a high grade feed for blast furnaces. although iron has many specific uses ( pipes, fittings, engine blocks ), its main use is in the production of steel. steel has several desirable properties, making it the main structural metal in engineering and building projects and accounts for 90 % of all metal used each year. almost all of the iron ore that is mined globally is used for making steel. raw iron by itself is not as strong and durable as needed for construction and other purposes. so raw iron is alloyed with a variety of elements ( such as tungsten, manganese, nickel, vanadium, chromium ) to strengthen and harden it, making useful steel for construction, automobiles, and other forms of transportation such as trucks, trains and train tracks. while the other uses for iron ore and iron are only a very small amount of the consumption, they provide excellent examples of the ingenuity and the multitude of uses that man can create from our natural resources. for example, iron is essential to animal life and necessary for the health of plants. the human body is 0. 006 % iron, the majority of which is in the blood. blood cells rich in iron carry oxygen from the lungs to all parts of the body. lack of iron also lowers a person ' s resistance to infection. steel requirement falls into two basic sectors, the mass market and the high - end market. developing nations would mostly derive demand from mass products, which would be addressed by the expanding steel production and trade volumes. on the other hand, the high - end market inclusive of the automobile industry would require better product and performance quality from the steel industry. in addition, increasing industry consolidation, backward integration and cost of raw materials is expected to have a stabilizing affect on steel prices.


types of insulin the body naturally makes different amounts of insulin at different times. smaller, steady amounts are produced between meals and overnight ( sometimes called " basal " or " background " insulin ). larger amounts are produced when you eat ( sometimes called " bolus " or " mealtime " insulin ). together, they manage your blood sugar ( glucose ) all day. because you can ' t make insulin or don ' t make enough for your body ' s needs when you have diabetes, you probably will need to use more than one type of manufactured insulin to get the same effect. these different types of insulin work at different rates and for different amounts of time. here are more details about the different types of insulin available : - basal insulins : basal insulins include intermediate - acting and longer - acting insulins. these start more slowly and last longer than mealtime insulins. your doctor usually recommends you take basal insulin once or twice a day. - mealtime insulins : mealtime insulins include rapid - acting and short - acting insulins. rapid - acting insulin starts very quickly and works for the shortest time. short - acting insulin starts more slowly and works longer than rapid - acting insulin. - mixture insulins : mixture insulins contain a mix of both basal and mealtime insulins in one solution. they can help manage your blood sugar at meals, between meals, and even at night, depending on your treatment plan.


[ see all lionnet articles wireless computer networks use radio signals to carry information from laptops, phones, and other wireless devices to " access points " where the signals enter a wired network. radio signals are radiated in all directions. this allows laptops to move around and still connected or remaind connected to the access points, but it also signals from one laptop to be received by other wireless devices. information carried by the wireless signals can be captured by others. the answer to bad actors capturing our information is to encrypt that information while it travels over the wireless signals. encyption encodes information with a special key and makes it very very difficult to decode. although it is not impossible, the computing effort and time it would take to decde encrypted information makes it not worth the effort. the lionnet uses " wi - fi protected access " ( wpa ), a very strong encryption algorithm for traffic. one final element of security in lionnet is the requirement that users of the network be known to the university. students, faculty, and staff use their active directory userids and passwords to log in to the student and employee networks within lionnet. these are the same userids and passwords used to log in to the network or to check email. visitors have a special method of identifying themsleves and accessing the visitor ' s network within lionnet. the existing insecure lu _ wireless network will be phased out. until then please understand that it is not a secure network.


types of attacks your computer may suffer from on the net if you surf the internet on a regular basis, then you must realize that your computer gets exposed to a variety of threats from the internet. viruses, spyware, worms, and malware, everything is waiting to skim through your pc, scanning its contents and altering its components. even more dangerous are hackers, who primarily target the sensitive data stored in your pc, including your e - mail passwords, and most importantly, your credit card numbers that you may provide to secure websites when purchasing something through online stores. let us look into these threats individually : - viruses – computer viruses have always been the cause for alarm among pc users. viruses work in different ways ; some can slow down your pc to a crawl, others can wipe out data from your hard drive, corrupt system files and generally wreck havoc on your pc. viruses are very dangerous, and you should always install some good antivirus software on your pc and keep it updated regularly. scan your pc with this regularly to make sure that it is free from viruses and if not, learn how to find out which virus is on your computer. - worms – these are not anywhere near viruses in danger factor, but can be pretty annoying. these malicious bits of software can stay resident in the memory, thereby slowing down your pc, sapping away ram, interfering with the speed of your internet connection, and what not. what ’ s worse is that these often have a nasty habit of sending e - mails to every contact in your address book. not a good thing. however, a good quality antivirus will be able to keep most worms at bay. - spyware – these are small bits of malicious software that usually infiltrate your pc through certain websites. these usually get installed without user intervention, which means that you will not even know when your pc is getting infected by a spyware, unless you receive a intrusion warning message from your antivirus or firewall. spywares can be dangerous when these enter your pc, because these can act as keyloggers, tapping into your key presses and sending information about those through the internet to the people who created the spyware in the first place. - malware – these are similar to spyware, in that these often have similar ways of working. the main difference is that these usually pose a very innocent face up front, so in most cases, you will be installing these programs inadvertently in your pc. your pc has to withstand many attacks in the form of one or more of these


is modern society ruining childhood? if a carefree childhood is a goal, western society seems to be failing miserably. and the media isn ' t helping, some suggest. a trio of new surveys indicates kids are worried about modern problems and fearing things that weren ' t even in youngsters ' vocabularies in generations past. and an alarming number appear to be bored to death. a survey of 500 u. s. children aged 6 to 11 found that one - third fear earth won ' t exist when they grow up. and 56 percent believe the planet will not be as good a place to live. ( the truth : earth may indeed become less hospitable in the next few decades as the climate warms and seas rise, but barring a surprise cosmic catastrophe — with odds that are astronomically long — the planet will be around for a few billion years. feel free to share that with your kids. ) the study was conducted by opinion research for habitat heroes, an environmental charity, and a report on it by treehugger. com has been widely cited. it should be noted that the findings suggest the questions had an environmental bent that might have influenced the answers in a manner that is not representative of kids in general. that said, other results from the survey : - 50 percent of the kids said hurricanes and tornadoes are the natural disasters that scare them most. - 28 percent said they fear extinction of animals, such as polar bears and penguins. - the overall worries were most profound among black and hispanic children. - girls worry more than boys, and urban kids worry more than those in suburbia. the habitat heroes press release on the survey asks a worthy question : " has all of the attention on saving the planet these days actually created more anxiety about the state of the earth for our children? " few are carefree a separate study of uk children, also announced this week, found only 11 percent are carefree, or free from worry. the research, which involved interviews with 200, 000 children aged 6 to 14 and 18, 000 of their teachers, did find 82 percent are happy most of the time. girls are slightly happier than boys. but 51 percent of the uk kids worry about their parents divorcing or arguing, and more than half also worry about violence and street crime. “ children ’ s well - being should be the top concern of any society, and a good measure of well - being is how safe children feel and how happy and fulfilled they feel, ” said study leader karen pine of the


violence and street crime. “ children ’ s well - being should be the top concern of any society, and a good measure of well - being is how safe children feel and how happy and fulfilled they feel, ” said study leader karen pine of the university of hertfordshire. “ i find it surprising that over half of the children surveyed worry about their parents arguing or divorcing. this shows how, when marriages are going through difficulties, children are more often aware than many parents might think they are. " ( a three - year - long study published last fall in the journal child development found that young grade - school children who worry about how their parents are getting along do worse in school and are more likely to have psychological problems. ) the biggest factor for unhappiness among uk children, according to the researchers : boredom, cited by 74 percent. “ the children have told us that boredom is the biggest downer, along with adults who expect too much of them and having to work too hard, " said robert hart, whose firm intuitive media research services conducted the survey. " children want more freedom to play, relax, pursue their hobbies and be creative. " in previous generations, it was not uncommon for young children to be shielded from many of the world ' s problems. be that good or bad, those days are largely gone. another study announced over the weekend found 61 percent of british children say they have been affected by the recession. the study of 9 - to 12 - year - olds also found 14 percent fear getting stabbed or shot. these studies all come on the heels of a newly presented theory that children — and adults — need to play more. society depends on play, the thinking goes, and we ' ve gotten away from it. our early ancestors were good at it, the theory ' s proponent says. another kids - related idea presented this month — perhaps the most fleshed out research of any discussed in this article — suggests that children and adults need to spend more time with nature, a communion that is good for our brains. playing outside vs. playing a video game gives the mind a much - needed rest, the researchers argue, by letting our brain sense things it is naturally attuned to. the big question on my mind : does any of this indicate that childhood is truly changing, that the shift in play from outdoors and make - believe to long hours at day care, the increasingly unavoidable news reports about impending apocalypse, the availability of electronic games and online social networking — that all of this is making


by kristina penny new school of public health graduate hellen ndiku, drph ( 2009 ), went to kenya to research differences between the nutritional value of two different grains consumed in a specific region. while there, she made an unexpected discovery : girls in the region seemed to be receiving significantly less nutrition than boys. " we didn ’ t worry just if the boys ate more. our nutrition indices state whether they ’ re healthy or not healthy. when they ate more, it was translating into better health, and the boys were better nourished, " she says. this came as a surprise to dr. ndiku, even though she was born and raised in a kenyan village similar to the ones she was studying and knew the disadvantages girls often face in the country. " they believe, whatever they ’ re given, that ’ s what their share should be, " says dr. ndiku. yet, dr. ndiku hadn ’ t suspected the nutrition statistics to be quite so drastic. weight - for - age, girls 5 years of age and younger were 17. 5 percent more likely to be malnourished. dr. ndiku conducted the research project as part of her dissertation requirements for the sph ’ s doctorate in nutrition. she chose to research and compare the difference between the traditionally grown pearl millet against a more recently introduced grain, corn, to see which one supported better nutrition in the region. as a child, she remembered eating pearl millet but recalled it getting scarcer and scarcer as corn was introduced. " the last time i had seen it, i was in grade one and 7 years old. since then, it has been disappearing from our village, " says dr. ndiku. " but it never left my mind, and my grandmother kept talking about it, how good and nutritious it was, so i really wanted to find out. " dr. ndiku discovered that there were still regions that produced pearl millet in bulk and decided to study eight villages consuming mainly pearl millet and eight consuming mainly corn within the same district. making two four - month trips, she recruited and trained four research assistants from the area to help her weigh and measure the children and conduct questionnaires about their daily food consumption. " it ’ s true that in the region where they use the traditional cereal, they have higher average energy intake than the area where they use corn, and get better nutrition, " says dr. ndiku. her study reports that children from the


" it ’ s true that in the region where they use the traditional cereal, they have higher average energy intake than the area where they use corn, and get better nutrition, " says dr. ndiku. her study reports that children from the pearl - millet - growing region consumed 15 percent more energy than those from the corn - growing region and also received more protein, iron, and vitamin a. in addition, she says pearl millet is more hardy than corn, able to survive drought better, and requires less labor. but dr. ndiku found the difference between the nutritional health of boys and girls under 5 years old to be far more interesting data than the comparison of different types of grain. in kenya, girls are neglected in many cultural issues, including educational and career opportunities. " but i didn ’ t know that they also were [ neglected ] in nutritional issues, " says dr. ndiku. " that was a shock to me. " dr. ndiku was born and raised in the same region in kenya where she conducted the research project. neither of her parents ever attended school nor learned how to read or write, but she remembers the constant encouragement of her father. " i had two brothers, and he didn ’ t see any difference between them and myself, " she says. " he told me, ‘ compete with them. you can make it. ’ that ’ s what motivated me. " her uncle, who came to study in the united states the year she was born, reminded her that there was more to education than elementary school. he came back to kenya and even helped pay her tuition for high school. this motivated her even further, she says. " i believe that god can lead in everything, " she says. " if you would have asked me before if i ever would have come to the u. s. to go to school, i wouldn ’ t have been sure, but i knew that god can do anything. " dr. ndiku hopes to use her research, and the subsequent data she plans to collect when she goes back in november, to inform kenyan communities of the current nutritional differences between boys and girls and convince them that " all children are valuable, " she says. " but i also want to carry it a bit further and share it with policy makers to see what can be done. " each of the villages where she did her research consisted of 200 - 300 fenced homesteads, each having two or three mud huts, one for each family. residents of the


further and share it with policy makers to see what can be done. " each of the villages where she did her research consisted of 200 - 300 fenced homesteads, each having two or three mud huts, one for each family. residents of the villages had staunch superstitious beliefs passed down through tradition but often didn ’ t know much about basic health or sanitation principles. " we did a lot of health and nutritional education because they knew very little, and i didn ’ t want us to just collect data and walk away, " says dr. ndiku. she says they became involved in the communities in many ways including distributing food and clothing, transporting the sick to hospitals, buying prescriptions for them, and giving de - worming medicine to the children. they also helped fund the construction of schools and churches and paid the tuition of some students. at times, the number of people in need became too overwhelming for research team members to handle alone, so they involved the community leaders to help with organization and distribution. in total, dr. ndiku estimates that the research team spent about $ 1, 500 helping the community. " when we started to incorporate community service, they got interested and excited, and we even became great friends. they didn ’ t want us to leave, " says dr. ndiku. " these people have nobody to ask very simple questions, so just being there for them was a help. " the team initiated a continuing plan, project porridge, to distribute food at 13 seventh - day adventist churches in the region. dr. ndiku preached at several churches and conducted bible studies in the afternoon, but she says the real chance to witness was daily interaction. " when they asked why we were doing all these things, i would just tell them, ‘ i ’ m doing this because jesus loves you. ’ because they couldn ’ t understand why someone would come from their home and do all of this. " dr. ndiku graduated in june. she plans to finish up her research project and then teach nutrition and conduct research for the university of eastern africa, baraton. she also plans to work with international organizations to promote community health education. " we can sit in offices. we can brag about our degrees, but if we cannot reach the community, then the system is not complete, " says dr. ndiku. another one of her ambitions is to become an advocate and role model for young girls. " one reason i came here and decided to go to school is for the sake


mixed results for mobile stroke treatment treating stroke patients in specialised ambulances en route to hospital could boost the number of patients who receive life - saving therapy, bbc news has today reported. the news is based on a small but well - conducted study looking at whether the time taken to assess and treat stroke patients could be reduced using special “ mobile stroke units ”, which are vehicles kitted out with a mobile brain scanner, lab and experts in assessing strokes. compared with traditional testing in a hospital, researchers found that being able to scan patients at the site of their stroke roughly halved the time taken to decide on an appropriate treatment. since ( in the case of most strokes ) the earlier treatment is given the better the outcome, this study is important. however, the study was not designed to find out if mobile stroke units improve important outcomes such as the long - term outlook for stroke patients, or their chances of disability or death. a larger study is required to assess whether this approach can improve clinical outcomes in stroke patients. furthermore, the research was conducted in an urban area of germany with short journey distances, and more research would need to test whether mobile stroke units have benefits in more remote settings. in the uk, stroke experts have drawn up standards for good stroke care, including rapid response to a 999 call, prompt transfer to hospital, urgent brain scan and immediate access to a specialised stroke unit. if you suspect that you or someone else is having a stroke, call 999 immediately. the sooner you get help, the greater the chance of recovery. where did the story come from? the study was carried out by researchers from the john radcliffe hospital in oxford, saarland university hospital and several other centres in germany. it was funded by the ministry of health of the saarland and several other german organisations. the study was published in the peer - reviewed medical journal lancet neurology. it was reported accurately by the bbc, which also included interviews with independent uk experts. what kind of research was this? having a stroke is a life - threatening condition where the blood flow to the brain is interrupted, either through a blockage in the blood vessels supplying the brain or due to a bleed in them. strokes caused by a blockage are known as “ ischaemic ”, while those caused by a bleed are termed “ haemorrhagic ”. around 80 % of strokes are ischemic. whatever the cause of a stroke, it is vital that treatment is given as soon as possible to prevent a lack of blood and oxygen damaging the


bleed are termed “ haemorrhagic ”. around 80 % of strokes are ischemic. whatever the cause of a stroke, it is vital that treatment is given as soon as possible to prevent a lack of blood and oxygen damaging the brain or even causing death. this was a randomised controlled trial to investigate whether specially equipped mobile stroke units ( msus ) could reduce the time taken for suspected stroke patients to be diagnosed and treated where appropriate, compared with conventional treatment in hospital. an rct is the best type of study design to compare different treatment interventions. the authors pointed out that the majority of strokes are due to blood clots in the brain. they can be treated using a “ clot - busting ” medicine called alteplase which dissolves blood clots ( thrombolysis ), but to be effective this has to be given within 4. 5 hours of the onset of a stroke – the earlier the better. the authors said this is often difficult to achieve because various tests and examinations are needed to rule out another type of stroke ( called a haemorrhagic stroke, caused by bleeding in the brain ) and to ensure patients are suitable for thrombolysis. it could be dangerous to give thrombolysis drugs to stroke patients with a bleed, therefore it can ’ t be prescribed as a matter of course. the researchers pointed out that less than 15 % - 40 % of patients with acute stroke currently arrive at hospital early enough to receive “ clot - busting ” treatment and only 2 % - 5 % of patients actually receive it. what did the research involve? between 2008 and 2011, the researchers recruited patients aged between 18 and 80 who had one or more stroke symptoms that had started within the previous 2. 5 hours. patients experiencing a stroke were randomly selected to receive either : - pre - hospital stroke treatment at the site of the emergency in a specialised msu equipped with a ct scanner, mobile laboratory and online medical systems - conventional hospital - based treatment, transporting patients to hospital and carrying out similar treatments there the msu team included a paramedic, a stroke physician and a neuroradiologist ( an x - ray doctor trained to operate the ct scanner ), while the conventional emergency medical service ( ems ) included an emergency doctor. the msu team obtained the patient ’ s history, undertook a neurological examination, ct scan and laboratory examinations and, if the patient was eligible, gave thrombolysis directly at the site of the stroke. the ems patients received what is


doctor. the msu team obtained the patient ’ s history, undertook a neurological examination, ct scan and laboratory examinations and, if the patient was eligible, gave thrombolysis directly at the site of the stroke. the ems patients received what is currently considered to be the best conventional stroke care plan, which included assessment and appropriate treatment in hospital. with both groups, the researchers monitored the time it took from the first emergency call for help until a medical decision was made about treatment. they also compared the intervals between the emergency call and the end of ct scanning and the end of the laboratory analysis. in addition, they compared the numbers of patients in each group who received thrombolysis, the time between the emergency call and thrombolysis and the outcome that treatment had on the patients ’ brains. they also looked at other results, including survival rates seven days after the stroke. what were the basic results? the researchers had planned to include 200 patients but stopped the trial after analysing results on the first 100 ( 53 in the pre - hospital stroke treatment group, 47 in the control group ). they found that compared with standard hospital treatment, the pre - hospital stroke treatment : - reduced the time from the first call for help to a decision about treatment, from 76 to 35 minutes on average ( median difference 41 minutes, 95 % ci 36 to 48 minutes ) - reduced the average time between the first call for help and the end of ct scan - reduced the average time between the first call for help and the end of laboratory analysis - reduced the average time between the first call for help and the start of intravenous thrombolysis for eligible ischaemic stroke patients there was no substantial difference in the number of patients in each group who received intravenous thrombolysis or in their neurological outcomes. survival rates seemed similar across the two groups. how did the researchers interpret the results? the researchers concluded that mobile stroke units offer a potential solution to the problem of most stroke patients arriving at hospital too late for treatment. this small study found that using specialised mobile stroke units to assess and treat suspected stroke patients at the site of the emergency roughly halved the time taken for doctors to decide on the appropriate treatment. since, in the case of most strokes, the earlier thrombolytic treatment is given the better the outcome, this is important. as the authors pointed out, stroke is a medical emergency where time is critical for saving the brain, and patients ’ lives. however, it ’ s important to note that although researchers


somewhat similar to an aging theory is " bioidenticalism " where if you cause a system to be identical to a younger version, the person is as well as feels younger. i read about research where the measured the reactivity to dopamine as well as serotonin amongst the brains of tweens to teens to twentysomethings. apparently the young teenagers had greater sensitivity to dopamine, oxytocin, as well as serotonin, thus their sensitivity, rather than the amount, was then described as being linked to teenage values, which were described as ease of emotional affiliation as well as a higher preference at taking risks. now having actually tried being a teenager i think theres more to the teenage mind than that. the study did present the opportunity of upregulating the responsiveness to neurotransmitters rather than the amount of the actual neurotransmitters to duplicate young mind. thus a person could measure their receptor affinities at various ages, then use some drug or activity, or genetics to duplicate their receptors responsiveness to recreate young mind. note how different this is than simply upping the amount of an activating chemical. ever so slightly amusingly, pre teens or teens could try an " adult receptor activation profile " drug to see if growing up was right for them. ( results may vary, ask a physician if aging is right for you, side effects may include sudden death )


in this module we need to be a little bit more precise about temperature and heat energy than we have been so far. heat energy is usually measured in terms of calories. the calorie was originally defined as the amount of energy required to raise one gram of water one degree celsius at a pressure of one atmosphere. this definition is not complete because the amount of energy required to raise one gram of water one degree celsius varies with the original temperature of the water by as much as one percent. since 1925 the calorie has been defined as 4. 184 joules, the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of water from 14. 5 degrees celsius to 15. 5 degrees celsius. for our purposes here we can ignore the fact that the effect of one calorie of energy varies depending on the temperature of the water. newton ' s model of cooling can be thought of, more precisely, as involving two steps. the picture above shows a brick whose length is four centimeters. we mentally divide the brick into two unequal pieces. the lefthand piece has a length of one centimeter and the righthand piece has a length of three centimeters. heat is flowing across the mental boundary between the two pieces from left to right at the rate of a calories per hour. as a result the average temperature of the lefthand piece is changing at the rate of - ka degrees celsius per hour. the constant k depends on the composition of the brick and its cross - sectional area. the average temperature of the righthand piece is changing at the rate of ka / 3 degrees celsius per hour. the three in the denominator comes from the fact that since the righthand piece is three times the length of the lefthand piece, its mass is three times as big.


space sex - don ' t pretend you haven ' t thought about it. no one has investigated how human reproduction responds to changes in gravity, but new research on plant reproduction indicates that sex in space might not be as fun as you might imagine. a canadian study suggests that conception resulting from low - gravity reproduction could be dangerous to a developing fetus, possibly leading to growth retardation and health problems like brain disease. the study, conducted by biologist dr. anja geitmann of montreal university and published in the journal plos one on march 13, found that plant cells growing in low gravity have damaged intracellular transport, which makes it difficult for them to communicate with each other and seriously hampers normal cell growth. if human cells are affected in the same way, contraception might be necessary for astronauts attempting sex in space - for more than just the usual reasons. why study plant sex in space? the focus of the study was the pollen tube - the reproductive cell that makes plant sex possible. plant reproduction involves transferring male sperm cells, or pollen, to the female sexual organ in plants - the stigma. when a pollen grain lands on a stigma, it grows into a pollen tube that acts as a tunnel for sperm cells to reach the egg. since plant sperm cells are delivered to the egg by a " cylindrical tool, " like in human reproduction, geitmann figured that the growth of pollen tubes in microgravity might be analogous to human space fertilization. pollen tubes are also the fastest - growing cells in the plant world, which made the effects of microgravity easy to observe in real time. " researchers already knew humans, animals and plants have evolved in response to earth ' s gravity and they are able to sense it, " geitmann told the daily mail. " what we are still discovering is how the processes occurring within the cells of the human and plant bodies are affected by the more intense gravity, or hypergravity, that would be found on a large planet, or the microgravity that resembles the conditions on a space craft. " " intracellular transport processes are particularly sensitive to disturbance, with dramatic consequences for cell functioning. how these processes are affected by a change in gravity is poorly understood. ' geitmann ' s team used spinning centrifuges in the european space agency to simulate the effects of microgravity and hypergravity in space on plant sex. they put pollen tubes in the centrifuges and stained specific structures in the cells to show how gravity changes affected the transport of materials


in the european space agency to simulate the effects of microgravity and hypergravity in space on plant sex. they put pollen tubes in the centrifuges and stained specific structures in the cells to show how gravity changes affected the transport of materials within the cells, then used real - time microscopy to watch the samples develop. the results showed that the pollen tubes in simulated microgravity were significantly smaller, while the pollen tubes in hypergravity grew wider as gravity exerted more force. they also showed that altered gravity compromised the complex and highly coordinated networks that carry messages and materials within and between cells to promote normal growth. " this allows us not only to understand general principles of the reproductive mechanism in plants but, more importantly, how the intracellular transport machinery in eukaryotic cells responds to altered gravity conditions, " said co - author dr. youssef chebli. what does that mean for human sex in space? the disruption of normal plant sexual reproduction suggests that changes in gravity could have dire implications for human reproduction in space as well. intracellular transport is key to the healthy development of many human cells, especially neurons in the brain. if the growth of developing human cells is similar to the plant cell growth observed in this study, microgravity could cause major complications for the outcome of human sex in space. geitmann suggests that her team ' s findings " are significant with regards to human health, as a traffic jam on these highways that also exist in human cells can cause cancer and illnesses such as alzheimer ' s. ' according to livescience, astronaut studies by nasa showed cognitive performance declines in space, though the effects were inconsistent. the declines could have been caused by radiation or sleep deprivation, and no one has yet investigated the actual functioning of neurons in zero gravity. many neuronal diseases, like huntington ' s, parkinson ' s, and alzheimer ' s disease, involve deficits in trafficking between cells, and geitmann speculates that microgravity could have some effect on their development. it seems that human reproduction in space has great risks - much more research needs to be done before conception via sex in space can be viable. so... when will space sex happen? though mixed - gender crews have blasted off into orbit since 1983, no one has ever reported any instances of sex in space. nasa has denied any instances of space sex during previous missions. the daily mail points out that nasa doesn ' t forbid sexual activity during space voyages, though high professional standards, rigorous schedules, tight quarters,


has ever reported any instances of sex in space. nasa has denied any instances of space sex during previous missions. the daily mail points out that nasa doesn ' t forbid sexual activity during space voyages, though high professional standards, rigorous schedules, tight quarters, and constant monitoring from ground control are likely to dampen any tension among astronauts. still, it ' s only a matter of time before space flight planners will have to account for spacefarers getting down to business. space missions are long enough as it is, and professional boundaries may not prevent sexual interactions for much longer. virgin galactic expects to launch private trips into orbit by next year, and space tourists are likely to be less restrained than the company ' s name implies. a space voyage manned by a married couple, projected to happen as soon as 2013, would ostensibly not require a strict separation of work and pleasure. in a mission that has little to do with science, retired porn star coco brown is training to be the first adult performer in space in 2014. it ' s unclear whether the private flight will yield any evidence of space sex - in public statements, brown has been coy about the nature of her mission. in the long run, self - sustaining colonies on the moon or mars would depend on sex in space - a development that would require working around the kinks that microgravity might cause in human reproduction. listen to science writer mary roach talk about sex in space : published by medicaldaily. com


a member of one of the great family of negroid tribes occupying equatorial and southern africa. these tribes include, as important divisions, the kafirs, damaras, bechuanas, and many tribes whose names begin with aba -, ama -, ba -, ma -, wa -, variants of the bantu plural personal prefix aba -, as in ba - ntu, or aba - ntu, itself a combination of this prefix with the syllable - ntu, a person ; or as in watusi. the family of languages spoken by the bantu people ( definition 1 ). of or pertaining to the bantu language group bantu ( definition 2 ) ; as, bantu languages. of or pertaining to the bantu people ( definition 1 ). language family and cultural complex from central africa. a large group of african peoples that share related languages. the black - skinned bantu settled most of sub - saharan africa between the 13th to 16th centuries, displacing the brown - skinned khoisan ( bushmen ) peoples. angola ' s population is perhaps 95 % bantu. outside of angola, bantu tribes also comprise the vast majority of sub - saharan africans ; a few of the well - known are the zulu, xhosa, masai, and swahili. a member of any of a large number of linguistically related peoples of central and south africa a family of languages widely spoken in the southern half of the african continent of or relating to the african people who speak one of the bantoid languages or to their culture ; " the bantu population of sierra leone " a person who is, or is generally accepted as, a member of any aboriginal race or tribe of africa a linguistic group ( rather than an ethnic group ) with about 800 distinct languages, including a number of mostly unresearched dialects, in sub - saharan africa. literally, " human beings, " in more than 300 bantu languages of equatorial and southern africa. bantu languages are classified within the central branch of the niger - congo language family ; characterized by a system of noun classes marked by prefixes, so that each dependent word in a sentence carries a prefix of the same class. outsiders often simplify by omitting prefix ; for example, the amazulu ( people ) are known as the zulu ; their language, isizulu, is also referred to as zulu. speakers of sesotho, the basotho, are often referred to simply as sotho peoples. four major


amazulu ( people ) are known as the zulu ; their language, isizulu, is also referred to as zulu. speakers of sesotho, the basotho, are often referred to simply as sotho peoples. four major subgroups of bantu languages - - nguni, sotho, tsonga - shangaan, and venda - - are widely represented in south africa. they include nine of south africa ' s official languages - - isixhosa, isizulu, isindebele, sepedi, sesotho, setswana, siswati, tshivenda ( also luvenda ), and xitsonga. during the apartheid era, the term bantu was often used in government regulations, official statements, and sometimes in conversation to designate people of black african descent. because this group was particularly disadvantaged by apartheid, the term bantu assumed pejorative connotations in many apartheid - era contexts. name of an african language group ; ancestors of bantu speakers migrated from the niger - congo rivers region to the east and south. bantu is a general term for over 400 different ethnic groups in africa, from cameroon to south africa, united by a common language family ( the bantu languages ) and in many cases common customs.


used for punishment, discipline, and reformation. a house of correction, in which offenders are confined for punishment, discipline, and reformation, and in which they are generally compelled to labor ; a prison ; a jail. colloquially often shortened to pen. a prison ; the term derives from the philosophy that inmates could change their criminality through reflection and penitence. a correctional institution for those convicted of major crimes used for punishment or reform of criminals or wrongdoers ; " penitentiary institutions " a " federal prison " for sentencing by a federal magistrate ( judge or acting judge ) for a period of time over a year an institution that is operated by the corrections service of canada to house inmates who have committed serious criminal offences punishable by sentences of two or more years. a state or federal maximum - security prison. a state penal facility under the supervision of a warden or superintendent and administered through the virginia department of corrections. a prison, especially for people who have been convicted of serious crimes. ( noun ) : public institution in which offenders against the law are confined for detention or punishment ; specifically : a state or federal prison in the u. s. to dream of a penitentiary, denotes you will have engagements which will, unfortunately, result in your loss. to be an inmate of one, foretells discontent in the home and failing business. to escape from one, you will overcome difficult obstacles. a prison or place of punishment ; the place of punishment in which the convicts sentenced to confinement and hard labor are confined by the authority of the law.


that portion of the skeleton composed of the skull, vertebrae, ribs, and sternum ( breastbone ). the bones that revolve around the vertical axis of the skeleton, basically the spine and skull. the skull, spine, and pelvis region of the skeleton gr. axon an axle, pivot + skeletos withered. the cranium, vertebral column, ribs and sternum. spine, pelvis, ribs, and skull. along with the upper ends of the long bones of the arms and legs, the axial skeleton is most commonly affected by pathologic fracture. the part of the skeleton that includes the skull and spinal column and sternum and ribs the spine, including tail, and ribs bones make - up the body ' s center of gravity ( vertebral column, rib cage, and skull ). [ see : fluoride ' s differential impact on bone density ax - ee - al skel - eh - ten in a vertebrate skeleton, the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum. 685 the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage ; one of the two components of the skeleton in vertebrates. skeleton part that makes up the longitudinal axis of the body. within its area is the skull, the vertebral column, the sternum, and the ribs. part of skeleton made up of the skull, vertebral column, ribs and sternum. the axial skeleton consists of the 80 bones in the head and trunk of the human body. it is composed of five parts ; the human skull, the ossicles of the inner ear, the hyoid bone of the throat, the chest, and the vertebral column. the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton together form the complete skeleton.


list of cities and towns ( lista de ciudades y pueblos ) experts believe that the first villages on the yucatan peninsula were founded between 500 and 300 b. c., although the exact date is unclear. during the classic period the mayan cities of coba, dzibanche and kohunlich flourished. tulum, coba and the inland port of muyil, prospered during the post - classic period and coba ' s importance as a regional trade center waxwd. muyil was linked to the coast via canals that wind through the wetlands. the post - classic yucatan was divided into chiefdoms or cacicazgos. after the fall of mayapan, there were no less than 19 chiefdoms. ekab, cochuah and chetumal - also known as chactemal - were fiefs located in what is now quintana roo. when the spaniards first set foot on mexican soil, the yucatecan maya were beset by hardships. nevertheless, the spaniards found subjugation of the indians no easy task. it wasn ' t until 1546 that they controlled large parts of the peninsula and were able to divide the land into encomiendas or landholdings. the states soon foundered and the region was abandoned. the area ' s isolation attracted pirates who sought refuge along the coast between bahia de la ascencion and honduras. independence brought little change to the peninsula and in 1847, the caste war ignited the entire region. the greatest in a long line of mayan rebellions, it continued for more than 50 years. in 1902, quintana roo became a territory and was declared as a free and sovereign state in 1974. archeological zones, many of them unexplored, pepper the quintana roo landscape. sites along the coast are testimony to the importance of the north - south caribbean trade route still in use at the time of the conquest, while the ancient cities of the south date from the classic period and had links with city states in the peten. artificial reservoirs, irrigation and raised fields improved crop yields and evidence suggests that up to one million people inhabited pre - conquest southern quintana roo, more than the state ' s present - day population. the first permanent settlements on the yucatan peninsula date from 500 - 300 b. c. although evidence of an earlier human presence has been found in loltun caves, in yucatan. little is known about the first wave of settlers but experts believe the may


the first permanent settlements on the yucatan peninsula date from 500 - 300 b. c. although evidence of an earlier human presence has been found in loltun caves, in yucatan. little is known about the first wave of settlers but experts believe the may have been hunter - gatherers moving northwards from the peten and other areas where mayan civilization had already begun to envolve. such bands founded villages throughout the peninsula and turned to corn cultivation. over time some communities grew more important and became cities or ceremonial centers such as coba, kohunlich and dzibanche. the area ' s earliest date inscriptions were found on stela 1 at tulum for a. d. 564, ichpaatun a. d. 593, on a wooden lintel at dzibanche for a. d. 618. the classic period cities such as coba, kohunlich, dzibanche and muyil flourished during the classic period ( a. d. 250 - 1000 ). coba and muyil, and tulum, xel - ha and tankah on the coast, became important trading centers with links to cities in the peninsula, the guatemalan peten and campeche. links were so strong that they even transformed the are ' as architectural style which is clearly influenced by that of the peten. this is evident in the relations between dzibanche and the powerful cities of calakmul and tikal. cities throughout the yucatan peninsula continued to trade during the post - classic when the area was dominated first by chichen itza and uxmal and then by mayapan ( 1263 - 1461 ). many cities in present - day quintana roo particularly those along the coast, reached their peak during this period and commerce was their driving force. the canoes of chontal traders from tabasco and campeche skirted the quintana roo shoreline on their way south. after the fall of mayapan, the political landscape of the peninsula changed with the formation of 19 cacicazgos or city states, three of which were in quintana roo : ekab, to the north ; cochuah, along the modern - day frontier between the state and yucatan, and chetumal in the south. where and how they used to live mayan cities were inhabited by the ruling class. at the heart of the city lay the sacred precinct of temple where ceremonies were staged and great lords issued the edicts that regulated daily life. while


in the south. where and how they used to live mayan cities were inhabited by the ruling class. at the heart of the city lay the sacred precinct of temple where ceremonies were staged and great lords issued the edicts that regulated daily life. while the nobility resided in palaces, commoner lived in huts in the hinterland, tending their fields. to surmount the difficult enviromental conditions - infertile soils and torrential summer rains, yet paradoxically no rivers - the maya utilized a number of techniques which enabled them to increase crop yields. these included raised seed beds, called kaanche, use of huosehold refuse as a fertilizer, terraces, irrigation and floating plots in marshy areas. they grew corn, chiles, beans, cotton, cacao, squash and tomatoes and tended fruit trees. the maya supplemented their diet with game, fish and plants they gathered in the forest. they also traded copal or incense. bee keeping was important and the maya exchanged honey and beeswax for other trade goods. mayan society was deeply divided. at the top of the social ladder was the ruler, ( ahau or halach uinic in maya ) who was the aerthly representative of the gods. such was his holiness that when a ruler died he was buried in a tomb deep in a pyramid, built as a lasting memorial to his life. an offering of jade, pottery and even food was arranged around his bier. the priests occupied the second rung of the ladder and were followed by lords who maintained the peace and imparted justice. nobles, warriors, artists and merchants came next and on the bottom rung were the peasants who supplied the food and cash crops, as well as labor for building templesm pyramids and palaces. religion dominated all aspects of mayan life. natural and supernatural planes were as one ; good and malignat spirits inhabited the world and the gods ruled supreme. the exact number of mayan deities is uncertain but the following were particularly important in the area. the chief god itzamna had many manifestations and his wife, ixchel, was the goddess of childbirth, fertility and weaving. according to mayan legend she taught women how to weave on the backstrap loom and from far and wide they traveled to cozumel to worship at her shrine. the sun god kinich ahau ( lord of the solar face ) is associated with the enormous sttuco masks at kohunlich which probably deify the ancient rulers of the city. ah


traveled to cozumel to worship at her shrine. the sun god kinich ahau ( lord of the solar face ) is associated with the enormous sttuco masks at kohunlich which probably deify the ancient rulers of the city. ah mucen cab is the descending god who appears in carvings at coba and tulum in quintana roo and sayil and chichen itza in neighboring yucatan. the deity is also associated with the god of the bees, " he who watches over the honey " and is said to be one of the sky bearers. the maya were accomplished artists, painting their pottery with brightly colored scenes featuring gods, sacred animals and even rulers. temples and other buildings were decorated with murals, bas - reliefs, and masks or figures molded from stucco plaster. standing stones known as steles depict rulers and are covered with glyph inscriptions which epigraphers have utilized to piece together the fortunes of cities throughout the maya world. mayan carvers mastered the mediums of stone, jade, bone, shell and wood to perfection to create figurines, jewelry and masks, among other things. the lintels recovered at dzibanche are among the few wooden objects which have survived the ravages of time. a number of different architectural styles are evident in quintana roo ' s mayan sites, some show foreign influences which are the result of cultural contacts with city states in the peten ( tikal ) and southern campeche ( calakmul ). buildings at kohunlich and dzibanche are a blend of peten and rio bec building styles and coba is also peten in inspiration. coastal centers such as tulum, xel - ha, muyil, tankah and el rey exhibit the east coast architectural style which is characterized by low buildings with smooth friezes, columns, flat or vaulted roofs and walls that have a slight outward tilt. the coming of the spaniards when the spaniards first set foot on the yucatan peninsula they found a land at war with itself. however, when the maya perceived the threat to their world they put up a fierce resistance. despite their efforts, superior weaponry and horses gave the spaniards victory in battle, and cruel repression and epidemics soon brought the indians to their knees. the conquest impossed masters through landholdings and a new religion. mayan priests were the mouthpieces of the gods and when they spoke people listened to their prophecies. according to the books of chilam bala


to their knees. the conquest impossed masters through landholdings and a new religion. mayan priests were the mouthpieces of the gods and when they spoke people listened to their prophecies. according to the books of chilam balam ( chronicles ), in the 8th year of 13 ahau the ah kines or priests of the sun gun predicted that a strange people would visit the area. friar diego de landa related that aztecs and mayans had prophesied that a pale - skinned race from the east would visit them bringing catastrophe and the end of their world, many years before they were subjugated by francisco de montejo. in mani, a priest or chilan called ah cambal ( " he who answers the demons " ) foretold that the maya would be conquered by an alien people who worshipped only one god and overcame demons with a piece of wood the indians called vahom - che ( risen tree ), obviously a reference to the cross. gonzalo guerrero, father of a new race in 1511, a spanish galleon foundered on alacranes reef, near cabo catoche. twenty people were washed ashore, and after several years only two were still alive : friar geronimo de aguilar and gonzalo guerrero, a sailor. aguilar was eventually rescued by hernan cortes but guerrero decided to stay with the maya. his bravery and military prowess won him the trust of the chief of chetumal who made him a nakom or captain. turning native, he married a noblewoman and assimilated mayan dress and customs. he and his wife had three children, the first mestizos ( mixed race, european - native ) in mexico. the first spanish expeditions in 1517, and expedition led by francisco hernandez de cordoba set sail from cuba in search of slaves and new lands. the spaniards landed on isla mujeres and claimed it for spain. then they set their course westwards for cabo catoche were they were attacked by the indians. back on board, the spaniards continued their voyage. on returning to cuba, hernandez reported to governor diego velazquez that the land was rich and that there was gold. in 1518, juan de grijalva reconnoitered the coast and made landfall on cozumel. they sailed on and espied from afar mayan cities such as tulum and xel - ha. in 1519, hernan cortes headed a third expedition. at cozumel he picked


the coast and made landfall on cozumel. they sailed on and espied from afar mayan cities such as tulum and xel - ha. in 1519, hernan cortes headed a third expedition. at cozumel he picked up jeronimo de aguilar before setting sail for the west, the start of a journey that would culminate in the conquest of tenochtitlan, glorious capital of the aztecs ( now mexico city ). in december the 8th 1526, francisco de montejo was charged with the conquest of the yucatan peninsula and cozumel. in october, 1527, he landed on the coast of ekab in an area where the maya proved friendly, even helping the spaniards build some palm - thatched huts. the settlement they founded was called salamanca de xel - ha and it proved shortlived ; the spaniards were decimated by the tropical diseases prevalent inthe area. montejo was soon back on the peninsula, this time making a foray from the port of campeche towards the north while his son francisco de montejo, alias " el mozo " stayed in campeche and alonso davila took an overland through quintana roo in serch of gold. davila ' s 1531 took him to tulmo. the gold proved elusive, the area dangerous, and when he reached chetumal all he found were ruins. the maya had torched the city before fleeing into the jungle. in this desolate spot he founded a settlement called villa real. the indians were dauntless and after a year and a half of raids davila and his men had to retreat. several years passed and when the spaniards returned to the yucatan peninsula they found an indian population debilitated by disease and droughts and split into two rival camps. this made things easier for gaspar pacheco and his son melchor who were ordered to conquer quintana roo. in 1544, they left merida and savagely fought their way to bacalar where they founded salamanca de bacalar. however, the desolatio and dire poverty of the site was a deterrent to potential colonists and many returned to merida. victory theirs, the spaniards divided the yucatan peninsula into encomiendas or landholdings which they seized as spoils of war. mayan inhabitants of the land grants had to work for the owner and pay him tribute. estates ( haciendas ) and plantations sprang up in many parts of the


and in 1761, jacinto canek challenged the spaniards by leading an uprising with religious overtones that historians now consider the forerunner of the caste war. the xix century & caste war mexican independence from spain in 1821 did nothing to alleviate mayan suffering and their quiet hatred of the yucatecan ruling class ( blancos or whites ) exploded with a fury in the caste war, a conflict which would last for more than 50 years and decimate the area population. in 1847, a rebellion began in tepich and spread to other villages such as tihosuco, ichmul and sacalaca along the yucatan - quintana roo border. the rebels showed no mercy to the whites, they were outsiders and had to be swept from the peninsula so that the maya could be free once more. by may 1848, all seemed lost for the yucatecans. the maya were poised to drive their oppressors into the sea when instead, they laid down their arms and returned home to tend their fields in time for the rains. the yucatecans regrouped and with the aid of mexican troops were able to win back control of many areas. the rebels fled to the remote jungles of central quintana roo where they fought a prolonged guerrilla war against the army smuggled in by gunrunners from british honduras. the talking cross tired and demoralized, the maya were on the brink of defeat when a miracle, albeit contrived, gave them back their self esteem. in the form of a talking cross they received a sign that god was on their side and this gave them the heart to continue fighting. in 1850, jose maria barrera, a mestizo from peto, traced three crosses into the bark of trees. these symbols transmitted a message from god which was imparted to the faithful on october 15, 1850 as a sermon written by juan de la cruz. a community called chan santa cruz ( " little holy cross " ) had sprung up around the crosses months before the sermon was read and its inhabitants were called cruzoob ( " followers of the cross " ). jose maria barrera utilized a ventriloquist called manuel nahuat to be the mouthpiece of the crosses and tell the maya what god wanted them to do. a temple with two rooms was built to house crosses. the congregation gathered in the hall and the talking cross was kept in the inner sanctum or " la gloria ". in 1893, mexico and british honduras signed a peace treaty, the international border was


a temple with two rooms was built to house crosses. the congregation gathered in the hall and the talking cross was kept in the inner sanctum or " la gloria ". in 1893, mexico and british honduras signed a peace treaty, the international border was mapped and arms sales to the mayan rebels outlawed. mayan hostility was undiminished and the territory remained dangerous. in 1898 payo obispo ( now chetumal ) was founded by lieutenant othon p. blanco and designated capital of the territory. meanwhile the military campaign against chan santa cruz continued. goverment troops entered the stronghold which had been abandoned by the maya. it was renamed santa cruz de bravo and is known today as felipe carrillo puerto. with the end of the caste war and the creation of the territory of quintana roo in 1904, the area was ready for colonization. however, mexican leader porfirio diaz used quintana roo as a penal colony. it took the revolution to bring an end to this deplorable practice. when the rebel mayan chiefs died, new leaders emerged. " general " francisco may, headman of yokdzonot - guardia ( site of the talking cross ) was one such man. in december 1959, president adolfo lopez mateos visited chetumal and a new era of development began, culminating in the declaration of statehood in 1974. source of info here quintana roo is a state of mexico, on the eastern part of the yucatan peninsula. it borders the states of yucatan and campeche to the north and west, the caribbean sea to the east, and the nation of belize to the south. the capital of quintana roo is the city of chetumal. quintana roo also contains the resort city of cancun, the islands of cozumel and isla mujeres, the towns of bacalar, felipe carrillo puerto, playa del carmen, puerto juarez, akumal, and puerto morelos, as well as the ancient maya ruins of chacchoben, chakanbakan, chamax, coba, dzibanche, el meco, ichpaatan, kohunlich, muyil, oxtankah, tankah, tulum, tupak, xel - ha, and xcaret. the sian ka ' an national park is also in quintana roo. the state covers an area of 50, 350 km², and the 2000 census reported