to tajikistan on july 2 - 3, 2012. this served to add weight to india ’ s commitment to “ engagement with central asian countries, both individually and collectively ” for the purpose of securing “ core national interests ” - - political, cultural, strategic and economic. attaining those objectives would clearly be difficult, if not impossible, given the very tangible physical and political barrier to central asia epitomized by pakistan. there was one way out of this dilemma : reliance on a peaceful and stable afghanistan as a bridge to central asia. but that, in turn, could be assured only if afghanistan could function as it had in antiquity, when it was the central location of a highway system linking east and west. the famed silk road had enabled the transport of goods and people over nearly 7, 000 miles, from the han chinese, through ancient bactria - - now part of afghanistan, to the vast roman empire. this ancient system of transport was also viewed as a symbol of “ collective security and global peace ” throughout these huge expanses. no less today than it was in olden times, commerce remains an anchor of peace and stability. hence, the new silk route initiative, introduced at the united nations in september 2011 by u. s. secretary of state, hillary clinton, and afghan foreign minister zalmai rassoul, envisaged the creation of modern highway and railroad networks as well as energy pipelines. washington saw this as part of the transition program following the reduction of american and nato forces in afghanistan through 2014, when the nation ’ s security would be turned over to the afghan government. in the post - 2014 milieu, india is on the same page as the u. s., as evidenced by india ’ s investment of $ 2 billion to build up afghanistan ’ s infrastructure, and the hosting of an investment summit on afghanistan aimed at improving its economy and military security. this is also attested to by foreign minister krishna ’ s visit to tajikistan ( a neighbor of afghanistan ) when both agreed that the region ’ s stability depended on a stable afghanistan. words were reinforced by strategic ties between the two countries, such as a joint working group on counter - terrorism, and cooperation in strategic and security programs, including the free military training of tajik cadets and officers in indian training institutes, as well as joint research and consultation on afghanistan - - all within the framework of india ’ s ‘ connect central asia ’ policy. the key word here is “ connect ” : connectivity between india and central asia - - both physical and electronic - - is


as well as joint research and consultation on afghanistan - - all within the framework of india ’ s ‘ connect central asia ’ policy. the key word here is “ connect ” : connectivity between india and central asia - - both physical and electronic - - is extremely poor. this has restricted trade and other economic exchanges, as well as diplomatic and political ties. hence, india has been negotiating on initiating direct flights to each central asian country. one of the more creative initiatives on india ’ s part has been a plan to link the 5 cars to each other and to india electronically, along the lines of the pan - african e - network developed by india for the african union nations. it is a plan that has been gifted to central asia. for india, the most valuable resource available in the region is energy - - whether oil, gas or hydroelectric power. tajikistan is only one central asian state with which economic cooperation can benefit energy - hungry india : it is the second largest producer of hydroelectricity in the commonwealth of independent states, after russia. yet it has exploited only 3 - 5 % of its potential. india is a latecomer ( after russia, iran and china ) in providing investment in this sector. however, kazakhstan, uzbekistan and turkmenistan are much richer sources of energy. one of the more promising ( though still incomplete ) projects is the natural gas pipeline ( tapi ) which would bring gas from turkmenistan to afghanistan, pakistan and finally to india. a hugely rich oil and gas resource is the caspian sea, and the fortunate littoral states which can claim ownership of their offshore energy fields include kazakhstan and turkmenistan, as well as the caucasus state of azerbaijan on the west, and finally russia on the northwest and iran on the south. while not a littoral state, uzbekistan deserves mention as central asia ’ s largest natural gas producer. without doubt, indian companies ( whether state - owned or private ) are deeply interested in oil and gas exploration in kazakhstan ’ s caspian sea region and in uzbekistan, as well as a hydropower project in tajikistan. but they are also interested in afghanistan ’ s iron ore resources and in the development of copper and gold deposits in the country. it should come as no surprise, of course, that indian players have encountered and will continue to face sharp competition from the russians and chinese who have a head - start in the region, as do western energy players who saw the wealth of opportunities open up there right after 1991. this brief introduction to central asia and india ’ s interest in the strategic, political and economic opportunities offered by the region


check out any web hosting service and they will probably be providing a number of different applications and technologies, most likely based on free and open source software ( foss ). the most common of these technologies employed in this way are the components of the lamp stack. lamp stands for linux, apache, mysql and the all - encompassing perl, php and python. linux, as the operating system, obviously provides the basis for the hosting environment. linux provides secure multi - user capabilities, making it ideal for supporting multiple clients each with their own multiple websites. there is also built - in support for shell accounts — allowing users to login directly to a shared server, and to configure and edit their websites. for communication and transfer of data, users can also make use of ftp, and for secure communication and file transfer linux also support ssh. apache is a straightforward web serving platform that, like linux, provides a range of facilities that make it ideal in a multi - user and multi - website environment. for example, it supports virtual host aliases — allowing a single web server to host hundreds or thousands of individual websites. to back this up, apache is also very scalable and can easily support thousands of requests each second across all of these sites. mysql provides a relational database management system ( rdbms ) based around the standard query language, sql. the use of sql makes it easy to develop software, with a consistent interface that is not only an agreed international standard, but which also has the flexibility to be used with other sql - based products making it easy for clients to migrate if they wish to other database products. perl, php and python — these three, possibly along with other free software scripting languages like ruby, provide rich and powerful programming facilities that are easy to learn and use. php in particular is a popular choice with users because the programming logic is embedded along with the html used for markup. this eliminates the need for complex scripts and also allows users to upload material through ftp without requiring shell access. php is therefore usable by a wide range of users, beginners, hobbyists and expert programmers. using free software technology in a hosting service provides a number of benefits both for the user and for the hosting company providing the service. from the perspective of the hosting company, they get to use good quality software that also has the benefit of being free and open. they can provide a service to their users without being accused of hiding, siphoning or otherwise stealing information


the service. from the perspective of the hosting company, they get to use good quality software that also has the benefit of being free and open. they can provide a service to their users without being accused of hiding, siphoning or otherwise stealing information. from the users perspective, they get to use good quality software that is also easy to use, learn and understand, because there is plenty of information available and very few restrictions or barriers to entry. for a client of a hosting company to get the best of their hosting environment there ' s no requirement for heavy investment in software that works with their hosting service. nor do they have to spend hundreds, or even thousands, of dollars buying development environments or software to create the custom applications. furthermore, they don ’ t have to pay licensing or other fees to support their web sites continued existence. providing such a rich and easy to use deployment environment is one of the main reasons why hosting services are so popular. there is though a further benefit of the free software approach. not only do they support your own applications and environments, but they also make it easy to support a number of ready - to - run applications that have already been built on top of this technology. this week we are giving away a copy of producing open source software _ by karl fogel _. all you need to do to enter is check out the latest book competition announcement on our blogs page. thanks go to o ’ reilly for providing this fantastic prize. it ’ s these applications i ’ ll be concentrating on over the next few months, as i take a closer look at some of the key applications that hosting services provide to their users. some of the forthcoming titles i ’ ll be looking at include : wordpress — a blogging environment that manages to support multiple users, a flexible theme system allowing the look and feel to be easily customized, and a rich plug - in platform that allows additional features and functionality to be added just by uploading the plug - in files. gallery — a photo gallery application that organizes photos into individual galleries and allows you to easily tag and share photos across multiple sets. photos can be uploaded either individually, or in bulk, and the system can be shared and distributed across multiple servers, even allowing you publish a gallery from one site to another. phpbb — a web based bulletin board system that enables multiple users to read and discuss on a variety of different topics and threads. individual users can heavily customize their online persona and the interface itself is also customizable. mambo — a complete content management system enables


web based bulletin board system that enables multiple users to read and discuss on a variety of different topics and threads. individual users can heavily customize their online persona and the interface itself is also customizable. mambo — a complete content management system enables you to create data - rich websites with user customized elements. mambo is already used by a variety of companies, from engineering firms and corporations through to shopping sites and newspapers. the system is flexible enough to allow the creation, manipulation and organization of a wide range of different content. drupal — another content management system that provides flexible themes and additional modules that extend the functionality and look and feel of the site. drupal is commonly used for community driven sites where the cooperation and interaction of users is a critical part of the site ’ s design. mediawiki — a wiki system ; basically a method of organizing individual articles and allowing links and cross - referencing between content. the mediawiki system allows for many users to edit and work with the stored information, making the development of content a collaborative effort. mediawiki is the technology behind the free web encyclopaedia wikipedia — an amazing demonstration of the technology in use. in future editions i ’ ll take a closer look at each of these applications, their functionality, use, and how their free software roots make them an attractive choice.


- es home - what we do - candidate conservation - listing and critical habitat - for landowners - about us - fws regions - laws & policies - for kids - a shared responsibility - endangered and threatened species under nmfs jurisdiction - recovering west coast salmon and steelhead - salmon research and climate change - finding a new future for corals - cites gives hope to the queen conch - a brighter future for the kemp ’ s ridley - mixed news for the hawaiian monk seal - caribbean monk seal : gone but not forgotten - hawaii longliners reduce sea turtle bycatch - southern resident killer whale recovery - underwater noise and endangered species - reducing threats to right whales - reducing obstacles to fish migrations - partnerships for steelhead in southern california - conserving species before they need the esa - cooperative conservation with the states - listing actions recovering west coast salmon and steelhead by scott rumsey photo credit : noaa pacific salmon ( oncorhynchus spp. ) and steelhead ( o. mykiss ), treasured icons of the west coast, are important to our ecosystems, economy, and culture. but many populations are seriously declining in numbers and range. since 1991, noaa ’ s national marine fisheries service ( nmfs ) has listed 28 distinctive groups of salmon and steelhead as threatened or endangered under the endangered species act ( esa ) ; 6 are listed as endangered and 22 are threatened. the spawning ranges of these protected species include the states of california, oregon, washington, and idaho, spanning approximately 176, 000 square miles ( about 456, 000 square kilometers ) of habitat. numerous factors are responsible for the decline of pacific salmon and steelhead. habitat changes resulting from hydropower development, land development, resource extraction, logging, and other land use practices have damaged or eliminated some populations. certain fish hatchery practices, natural variations in ocean - climate conditions, and other factors such as predation and the introduction of non - native species have also contributed to the decline. however, these threats and limiting factors affect each listed species differently. no single factor is solely responsible for the declines, and it is difficult to quantify precisely the relative contribution of any one threat or factor to the decline of a given species. adding to the complexity of threats facing salmon and steelhead are such new dangers as human - induced climate change. partnership with pacific coast tribes to conserve native steelhead in washington photo credit : noaa the lower elwha klallam tribe, in collaboration with the washington department of fish and wildlife, nmfs, and national


as human - induced climate change. partnership with pacific coast tribes to conserve native steelhead in washington photo credit : noaa the lower elwha klallam tribe, in collaboration with the washington department of fish and wildlife, nmfs, and national park service, is developing a hatchery program to preserve the native winter - run steelhead population in the elwha river on the olympic peninsula of northwestern washington. two hydroelectric dams constructed in the early 1900s have blocked fish passage and confined salmon and steelhead to the lower 5 miles ( 8 km ) of the river. this year, work will begin on removing the dams to reestablish fish access to pristine upper - river habitat in olympic national park. to ensure the survival of the critically depleted native winter - run steelhead population in the elwha river while its habitat is being restored, eggs from spawning fish are being collected and reared to maturity in the tribal hatchery. captive stock will be maintained at the hatchery until habitat in the river has stabilized after the dams are removed. progeny from the hatchery program may then be introduced into restored habitat to recover wild, native steelhead in the elwha river basin. recovering imperiled pacific salmon and steelhead is complicated by the patchwork of federal, tribal, state, county, city, and private land ownership and regulatory authorities across the salmon and steelhead landscape. although the challenges are broad and complex, nmfs and its partners are working diligently to restore these iconic species for future generations, and we are making significant progress. photo credit : noaa recovery planning is progressing for every listed pacific salmon and steelhead population. we believe that salmon and steelhead recovery will succeed only through conservation partnerships involving federal, state, regional, tribal, local, and private efforts. to that end, nmfs has established a recovery planning process that encourages the participation of these diverse interests. through the pacific coastal salmon recovery fund ( pcsrf ), which was established by congress in 2000, nmfs is making significant contributions to actions that conserve and restore pacific salmon and steelhead runs and their habitats. since its inception, the pcsrf has allocated more than $ 724 million for habitat protection and restoration, watershed and sub - basin planning and assessments, public outreach and education, and research and monitoring. many pcsrf projects are beginning to show direct benefits, such as salmon using newly accessible or improved habitat. approximately 4, 299 miles ( 6, 919 kilometers ) of stream habitat have been opened, and nearly 650, 000 acres ( 263


monitoring. many pcsrf projects are beginning to show direct benefits, such as salmon using newly accessible or improved habitat. approximately 4, 299 miles ( 6, 919 kilometers ) of stream habitat have been opened, and nearly 650, 000 acres ( 263, 050 hectares ) of habitat have been restored or protected. ( for more information, visit http : / / www. nwr. noaa. gov / salmon - recovery - planning / pcsrf / ). salmon habitat restoration in california prior to its restoration, campbell creek, located in northwestern california, ran through a ditch along a highway, became gannon slough, then ran through diked former tidelands turned into pasturelands, and finally crossed back under the highway before emptying into humboldt bay. physical barriers and the lack of instream habitat prevented passage for steelhead, chinook and coho salmon, and cutthroat trout. photo credit : noaa using pacific coastal salmon recovery funds ( pcsrf ) provided by noaa and administered through the california department of fish and game ’ s fisheries restoration grants program, the city of arcata transformed campbell creek / gannon slough. the project freed the creek from the ditch and realigned it, creating 910 feet ( 277 meters ) of meandering stream and space for 10 log structures that provide habitat and protection for resident fish. a new tide gate facilitates the passage of salmon, steelhead, and cutthroat trout through the slough under the highway and preserves freshwater habitat. an upstream culvert providing passage under the highway was enhanced by installing a series of rock gradecontrol structures that created pools for the fish. fencing was installed to keep cattle from the new 8 acres ( 3. 2 hectares ) of riparian habitat. approximately 3, 000 newly planted trees will provide shade, stream bank structure, future instream habitat, and organic material to jumpstart the aquatic food chain. the project was completed with help from almost 100 volunteers who planted trees during a series of community work parties. nmfs and its partners are making great strides toward steelhead and pacific salmon recovery. today, 17 out of the 20 species for which there are enough data to assess status are showing stable or increasing population trends. after a century of habitat degradation and population decline, there is still much work to be done to restore these fish to sustainable and harvestable levels. however, we are making progress toward our goal of preserving our natural legacy for future generations. dr. scott rumsey, nmfs northwest regional office, can be reached


provide a multitude of ecological, economic and social benefits. they provide habitat for fish, wildlife and a variety of plants. wetlands are nurseries for many saltwater and freshwater fishes and shellfish of commercial and recreational importance. wetlands are also important landscape features because they hold and slowly release flood water and snow melt, recharge groundwater, recycle nutrients, and provide recreation and wildlife viewing opportunities for millions of people. latest news and reports waters and wetlands inventory – coming soon! often referred to as version 2. 0 of the national wetlands inventory, the surface waters and wetlands inventory provides more inclusive geospatial data of all wetlands and surface water features. this national geospatial data product will contribute substantially to improved modeling of flow and water movement in surface water basins, channels, and wetlands. for more information visit the product summary web page. of the final national wetland plant list the us army corps of engineers, as part of an interagency effort with the us environmental protection agency, the us fish and wildlife service and the us department of agriculture natural resources conservation service, is announcing the availability of the final 2012 national wetland plant list ( nwpl ). the nwpl is used to determine whether the hydrophytic vegetation parameter is met when conducting wetland determinations under the clean water act and the wetland conservation provisions of the food security act. the list will become effective on 6 / 1 / 12. click here to download the list, or click here to for the federal register notice. coastal condition report iv the latest version of the national coastal condition report has been released by epa. the reports describe the ecological and environmental conditions in u. s. coastal waters. they summarize the condition of ecological resources in the coastal waters of the us and highlight several exemplary federal, state, tribal, and local programs that assess coastal ecological and water quality conditions. click here to download the report. and trends of wetlands in the conterminous united states 2004 to 2009 : report to congress on the status and trends of our nation ' s wetlands resources this report is the latest in a continuous series spanning 50 years of wetlands data. it represents the most comprehensive and contemporary effort to track wetlands resources at a national scale. click here to download the report and related


food stamp program : options for delivering financial incentives to participants for purchasing targeted foods gao - 08 - 415, jul 30, 2008 in fiscal year 2007, the food stamp program provided about $ 30. 4 billion in nutrition assistance benefits to 26. 5 million individuals. benefits are issued through electronic benefit transfer ( ebt ) cards, similar to debit cards, to purchase eligible foods at authorized retail stores. the diets of many low - income individuals, like the u. s. population overall, do not meet federal dietary guidelines. one potential strategy for increasing the purchases of targeted foods that contribute to a healthy diet is to incorporate into the program financial incentives for purchasing these foods. gao was asked to identify ( 1 ) what is known about the effectiveness of financial incentives and other approaches intended to increase the purchase of targeted foods, ( 2 ) the key factors to consider in designing a financial incentive program, and ( 3 ) options available to the u. s. department of agriculture ' s food and nutrition service ( fns ) for implementing financial incentives. gao interviewed agency and state officials, retailers and associations, private ebt contractors, and other stakeholders ; convened a panel of 17 experts ; and conducted a literature review. in commenting on this report, fns generally agreed with gao ' s findings and concluding observations. a variety of approaches, including financial incentives and nutrition education, can increase the consumption of targeted foods, but little is known about the effectiveness of efforts to increase access to targeted foods. a few studies examining the effectiveness of financial incentives have demonstrated short - term positive effects on purchases, consumption, or weight loss. a study that reviewed 92 nutrition education studies found that most studies reported significant positive effects on consumption. because of a lack of reported research, little is known about the effectiveness of approaches intended to improve access to targeted foods. factors to consider in designing a program that delivers financial incentives through an additional food stamp allotment tied to the purchase of targeted foods include the following : ( 1 ) selection of foods : selecting which foods to promote could be a controversial and challenging part of designing an incentive program. ( 2 ) incentive amount : the amount of the incentive will affect participant response and program costs. ( 3 ) informing participants : participants must be informed of the availability of incentives to take full advantage of a new incentive program. ( 4 ) program monitoring and evaluation : monitoring and evaluating the incentive program is critical to maintaining program integrity and determining the effects of the program. an incentive program could be implemented through either electronic or paper methods, and the different options would have implications


program. ( 4 ) program monitoring and evaluation : monitoring and evaluating the incentive program is critical to maintaining program integrity and determining the effects of the program. an incentive program could be implemented through either electronic or paper methods, and the different options would have implications for ease of implementation, program integrity, and cost. electronic options include adding food benefits to the ebt cards currently used or to a separate card on the basis of the amount that participants spend on targeted foods. providing incentives using existing ebt cards would build on the current checkout technology and process, and could require less time to complete transactions compared with using a separate card. however, delivering financial incentives to participants ' ebt accounts on the basis of their purchases of certain foods would require several changes to the ebt system, such as modifications to retailer and ebt contractor software to separately track the amount spent on the targeted food items. administering incentives using a separate card, such as an additional ebt card, may be more costly and complicated to implement. alternatively, providing participants with paper vouchers for the purchase of targeted foods would not require changes to the ebt system, but could be more burdensome to use, increase fraud risk, and increase state administrative costs. with the new authority provided as part of the food, conservation, and energy act of 2008, fns will have the opportunity to develop and administer a pilot incentive program and to determine both its effects on participant purchasing and consumption patterns and the costs associated with such a program.


gardening articles : edibles : : vegetables animal trapping ( page 2 of 2 ) by national gardening association editors gophers and moles lethal traps are more commonly used on gophers and moles than live traps. trap in spring and fall when these critters are most active. no bait is needed ; just place the trap in a main tunnel and disguise it well. wear gloves so you don ' t contaminate the trap with your scent, and cover the tunnel with soil. move traps within 2 to 3 days if you haven ' t caught anything. raccoons and opossums bait with sardines, marshmallows, cat food, or corn. place the bait in the back of the trap so it closes properly. this will prevent these chubby varmints from backing out of the trap after eating. place the trap near a food source, ( e. g. your ripening corn patch ) and keep it strongly anchored. use caution when you release the animal. skunks are attracted by fishy smells, so bait their traps with sardines, fish scraps, or seafood - flavored cat food. cover the trap with a tarp, since skunks like to explore dark areas. if you ' re using a live trap, the cover will also protect you if they loose their spray. if you ' re unfortunate enough to get sprayed, wash yourself and clothes with tomato juice, vinegar, hydrogen peroxide, or deodorizer made from orange - peel extract to remove the odor. beans, lettuce, carrots, and apples are some favorite woodchuck foods. place the trap near their burrow entrance when you first sight them. trap only in summer. spring trapping may orphan a burrow fully of young, and in the fall as they are readying to hibernate. photograph by jenna antonino dimare, national gardening association


| two more human chromosomes are complete | by edward r. winstead posted : march 31, 2004 two more human chromosomes — one crowded with genes, the other not — are now essentially complete, bringing the total number of finished chromosomes to nine ( out of 24 ). a chromosome sequence is “ finished ” when most of the gaps and errors in the dna sequence from draft versions have been eliminated. the newly sequenced chromosomes, 13 and 19, are available online, and scientific papers about them appear this week in nature. work on chromosome 19 began nearly two decades ago and parallels the history of modern genomics. this chromosome was among those originally targeted by the u. s. department of energy for sequencing in the days before the human genome project because it contained genes thought to be associated with cancer and the repair of damaged dna. today, nearly 100 genes on chromosome 19 have been linked to genetic traits or diseases, including insulin - resistant diabetes. but no genes have been found for at least 20 inherited inherited disorders associated with chromosome 19, and the new sequence will aid in the search for these genes. the effort to finish the chromosome sequence was led by jane grimwood at the stanford human genome center in palo alto, california. in contrast to chromosome 19, chromosome 13 has relatively few genes, despite being a mid - sized chromosome. among other genes, the breast cancer gene brca2 resides on chromosome 13. a region of the chromosome has been linked to both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, or manic depression. to gain an evolutionary perspective on the chromosome, the researchers compared it to chromosomes in mice and rats, and found that the “ gene poor ” areas of the chromosome 13 — stretches where there are relatively few genes — were highly similar to sequences in rodents. it ’ s possible that these regions, even though they don ’ t contain many genes, have been conserved over the course of evolution because they are important to human health. with the chromosome sequence in hand, researchers can now explore this possibility. andrew dunham of the wellcome trust sanger institute in hinxton, the united kingdom, led the chromosome 13 project. the other finished human chromosomes are 6, 7, 14, 20, 21, 22, and the y.


sumter county, in southwest georgia, was established by an act of the state legislature on december 26, 1831, just four years after the creek indians vacated the region when the state acquired the territory from them in the 1825 treaty of indian springs. sumter, the state ' s eightieth county, was created entirely from lee county, now situated to its south. the county was named for general thomas sumter ( 1734 - 1832 ) of south carolina. at the time of the county ' s creation, the general was ninety - seven years old and the last surviving general of the american revolution ( 1775 - 83 ). shortly thereafter, a committee chose a central site for the county seat and laid out what would become the town of americus. many of the county ' s earliest white residents acquired their land through an 1827 state land lottery and, like many of those moving into southwest georgia at the time, quickly turned their property into cotton farms and plantations. the rich black soil combined with ready market access via the flint river ( bordering the county on the east ) or the chattahoochee river ( farther west ) to make sumter among the state ' s most prosperous black belt counties by the 1840s and 1850s. slaves, of course, were integral to that formula for economic success, and sumter residents owned nearly 4, 000 of them by 1850. the civil war ( 1861 - 65 ) brought one of georgia ' s most notable and notorious landmarks to the area, when a small village named andersonville, nine miles north of americus on the county ' s northern edge, was selected by confederate authorities as the site for a prisoner of war camp. the andersonville prison was built in neighboring macon county and became the largest such prison in the south. during the camp ' s fourteen - month existence, some 45, 000 union prisoners suffered some of the worst conditions and highest casualties of any of the camps. today andersonville national historic site serves as a memorial to all american prisoners of war throughout the nation ' s history. the 495 - acre park lies in both macon and sumter counties and consists of the historic prison site and the national cemetery. other areas of the county have attracted national attention in the twentieth century for very different reasons. in 1942 two baptist ministers chose a farm in the western part of the county as the location for a christian commune named koinonia, where black and white workers lived and worked together for nearly fifty years, generating some hostility among local residents during its early years. sumter county counts a u. s


western part of the county as the location for a christian commune named koinonia, where black and white workers lived and worked together for nearly fifty years, generating some hostility among local residents during its early years. sumter county counts a u. s. president among its native sons. jimmy carter was born and raised on a peanut farm in plains, a small community on the county ' s western edge. his election to the presidency in 1976 brought the small town considerable attention from journalists and tourists, which it continues to receive as the former president and his wife, and much of their family, still make plains their home. carter ' s birthplace and childhood home has been designated a national historic site and is open for tours. the international headquarters of habitat for humanity, a nonprofit organization whose mission is to eliminate homelessness, is located in americus, the home of its founder, millard fuller. in addition to habitat ' s socially impactful activities, koinonia partners publishes a bimonthly newsletter for the prison and jail project promoting prisoner reform and education. americus is also home to two colleges : georgia southwestern state university, a public four - year institution established in 1906, is part of the university system of georgia. south georgia technical college, which stands near souther field, was a training base for american and british aviators during world war i ( 1917 - 18 ). charles lindbergh learned to fly here and assembled a military surplus " jenny " aircraft with the help of mechanics at souther field. downtown americus boasts two prominent examples of historic restoration : the windsor hotel, built in 1892, and the rylander theatre, which originally opened in 1921. sumter remains largely a rural county. according to usda / georgia agricultural statistics service 2001 figures, cotton remains its major crop, with up to 35, 000 acres under cultivation, followed by wheat, peanuts, and corn, which combined approximately equal the county ' s acreage in cotton. according to the 2010 u. s. census, the population of sumter county was 32, 819, a slight decrease from the 2000 population jimmy carter, an hour before daylight : memories of a rural boyhood ( new york : simon and schuster, 2001 ). jack f. cox, history of sumter county, georgia ( roswell, ga. : w. h. wolfe, 1983 ). freedomways : a newsletter of the prison and jail project ( americus, ga. : koinonia partners, 1995 - ). william marvel, andersonville :


about site map contact us | a service of the u. s. national library of medicine® | on this page : reviewed april 2013 what is the official name of the lrp2 gene? the official name of this gene is “ low density lipoprotein receptor - related protein 2. ” lrp2 is the gene ' s official symbol. the lrp2 gene is also known by other names, listed below. read more about gene names and symbols on the about page. what is the normal function of the lrp2 gene? the lrp2 gene provides instructions for making a protein called megalin, which functions as a receptor. receptor proteins have specific sites into which certain other proteins, called ligands, fit like keys into locks. together, ligands and their receptors trigger signals that affect cell development and function. megalin has many ligands involved in various body processes, including the absorption of vitamins a and d, immune functioning, stress response, and the transport of fats in the bloodstream. megalin is embedded in the membrane of cells that line the surfaces and cavities of the body ( epithelial cells ). the receptor helps move its ligands from the cell surface into the cell ( endocytosis ), and is also involved in transporting the ligands of a related receptor called cubulin. megalin is active in the development and function of many parts of the body, including the brain and spinal cord ( central nervous system ), eyes, ears, lungs, intestine, reproductive system, and the small tubes in the kidneys where urine is formed ( renal tubules ). how are changes in the lrp2 gene related to health conditions? where is the lrp2 gene located? cytogenetic location : 2q24 - q31 molecular location on chromosome 2 : base pairs 169, 983, 618 to 170, 219, 121 the lrp2 gene is located on the long ( q ) arm of chromosome 2 between positions 24 and 31. more precisely, the lrp2 gene is located from base pair 169, 983, 618 to base pair 170, 219, 121 on chromosome 2. see how do geneticists indicate the location of a gene? in the handbook. where can i find additional information about lrp2? you and your healthcare professional may find the following resources about lrp2 helpful. you may also be interested in these resources, which are designed for genetics professionals and researchers. what other names do people use for the l


additional information about lrp2? you and your healthcare professional may find the following resources about lrp2 helpful. you may also be interested in these resources, which are designed for genetics professionals and researchers. what other names do people use for the lrp2 gene or gene products? see how are genetic conditions and genes named? in the handbook. where can i find general information about genes? the handbook provides basic information about genetics in clear language. these links provide additional genetics resources that may be useful. what glossary definitions help with understanding lrp2? androgens ; calcium ; cancer ; cardiovascular ; cell ; central nervous system ; cholesterol ; endocytosis ; epithelial ; gene ; intestine ; ldl ; lipoprotein ; low - density lipoproteins ; nephritis ; nervous system ; progression ; prostate ; protein ; receptor ; renal ; stress ; syndrome ; tumor ; vitamins you may find definitions for these and many other terms in the genetics home reference glossary. see also understanding medical terminology. references ( 9 links ) the resources on this site should not be used as a substitute for professional medical care or advice. users seeking information about a personal genetic disease, syndrome, or condition should consult with a qualified healthcare professional. see how can i find a genetics professional in my area? in the handbook.


( animal work ) america ’ s urban sprawl faces little constraints as our cities multiply by the minute. in order to cope with some of these subsequent changes, city public work departments are hiring unlikely employees to help tackle a myriad of obstacles. check out this list of jobs animals are performing to aid urban environments. — global animal the atlantic cities, tyler falk you ’ ve seen police on horseback or drug - sniffing dogs. but those aren ’ t the only animals with jobs that help their cities. from the most adorable lawn - mowers ever to man ’ s best bedbug hunters, here are five ways animals are helping address nagging urban problems. as brush clearers in seattle, there are two constants : hills and blackberry bushes, the latter of which spread quickly through gardens and green spaces. combine the two and you ’ ve got a real headache for the city ’ s public works department. but there ’ s one animal that thrives on hills and thorny bushes : goats. the city ’ s department of transportation hired 60 goats to clear a hill of brush that was deemed too dangerous for humans to navigate. seattle city light, the city ’ s electric power utility, and the seattle parks and recreation department have also hired the goats for brush clearing. one goat owner who rents them out to the city told the seattle post - intelligencer : “ they suck down blackberry vines like it was spaghetti. i don ’ t understand it, [ but ] the thorns don ’ t bother them at all. ” as bedbug finders bedbugs are a nightmare to get rid of and they thrive in urban environments. but many cities are finding success employing dogs to search out the elusive pests. city housing authorities from seattle, milwaukee, and new york have purchased bedbug - sniffing dogs. just as dogs can be trained to sniff out drugs and bombs, certain dogs can be trained to find bedbugs. but these specialized canines come at a high price. in 2009, milwaukee purchased gracie, a 12 - pound jack russell terrier, to go on bedbug - hunting missions throughout the city ’ s 5, 300 units of public housing. gracie cost the city $ 10, 000, but one city official explained to the milwaukee journal sentinel why she ’ s worth the money : the advantage is that the animal can pinpoint bedbugs without having to go through all the units in a building, or trying to treat a whole building with various methods like raising the temperature in a building to 120 degrees. and


worth the money : the advantage is that the animal can pinpoint bedbugs without having to go through all the units in a building, or trying to treat a whole building with various methods like raising the temperature in a building to 120 degrees. and to stay off this list, we ’ re guessing it ’ s worth the cost. as natural pesticides in thousand oaks, california, native modesto ash trees were being held captive by whiteflies and aphids ( “ plant lice ” ). fortunately for the city, ladybugs have big appetites for these calamitous critters. last month, the city ’ s public works department deployed 720, 000 hungry ladybugs to keep the plant destroyers in check. the beetles, which can consume about 5, 000 of the insects throughout their two - year lifespan, cost the city about $ 2, 000 per year. much cheaper than the hundreds of dollars per vial of pesticide, according to the ventura county star. as lawn mowers vacant lots have become a major problem in struggling cities during and even before the recession, costing taxpayers big money in maintenance and clean - up fees. in cleveland, officials came up with a cost - effective alternative : a flock of sheep ( along with one llama ). “ we found that we could reduce the cost of mowing up to 50 percent and, of course, there is significantly less environmental impact, ” laura deyoung of urban shepherds told the plain dealer. as mosquito killers austin rather famously stumbled across its unlikely non - human ally : bats. when the congress avenue bridge was constructed in 1980, its crevices proved particularly hospitable to bats. some austinites wanted to see them gone, but the city decided to let them be. today, the bridge is home to about 1. 5 million bats, making it the largest urban bat colony in the world. this has provided austin a number of benefits. on a typical night flight the colony can consume 10, 000 to 20, 000 pounds of insects, including agricultural pests and mosquitoes. the bats have also become a popular tourist attraction. it ’ s the 21st ranked tourist attraction in the city and it ’ s estimated that hundreds of thousands of people visit the site each year.


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the pseudoscope creates one of the most remarkable of all optical illusions, and was first described by sir charles wheatstone in the 1830s. the pseudoscope swaps the incoming images, so that the right eye sees what the left eye would have seen, and vice versa. the pseudoscope therefore does to front and back what a mirror does to left and right. this means that foreground becomes background and visible background becomes foreground, or more simply, background advances, foreground recedes. when you view objects with this scope, the convex becomes concave. a tree turns inside out as it were - it ' s front branches appear at the back, whilst the back branches come out in front, hanging or suspended in mid - air as their support is eclipsed by branches in front. the scope will suggest to the viewer that a person ' s face is hollow or concave but your brain refuses to accept such nonsence and so peoples ' heads merely appear odd or uncomfortable to look at. it is best then to choose to look at a landscape or tree or anything which may suggest ambiguous perspective. in a real sense pseudoscopic vision fights ` normal vision '. it is, after all, a major alteration to the way information is being presented to the brain for processing, and some people, not all, find there is initially at least, a tendency to suppress the extraordinary interpretation of space it reveals. because of this unfamiliarity, the full pseudoscopic experience might take a little time to assert itself. some people find that they can never see a pseudoscopic image. these pseudoscopes come as a kit form, and require assembly. this is a fairly complex kit, and it will take a number of hours to complete. there are a total of four mirrors. there are two front silvered glass mirrors ( the two small mirrors ) and two acrylic mirrors ( the large ones ) included in the kit. you will need to provide glue. the kit comes from germany, but we provide an english translation of the instructions. experience space on the flipside! suggested age 16 + made in eu


is your pre - schooler going to be starting school sometime within the next year? do you want to know what you can do to help make the transition as stress free as possible. preparing for the more formal learning days in the school system starts right from birth. and there are some specific things you as a parent can do right now to make a happy, relaxed transition to school. the new zealand curriculum emphasises the importance of key competencies of ; thinking, using language, symbols, and texts, managing self, relating to others and participating and contributing. see the below link : if you can help your child build a solid base in the key competence areas they will be well prepared to start and succeed at school. grasshopperknees has incorporated these key competencies into all their activity cards and the learning leaps programme has been designed to guarantee children are well prepared to start the formal years of school and that there are no big gaps in their learning. key competencies / attributes to start building in preparation for school include : • independent thinking – think before acting • transferring knowledge and applying to new situations • inquisitiveness, curiosity and using imagination • ability to ask questions and generate own ideas • using strategies of problem solving • confidence – taking risks / giving new things a go • communicating with others – working it out together • getting organised in advance • enjoying working and playing with others • independently doing chore tasks e. g dressing, feeding, carry own gear • persisting to complete tasks • taking pride and performing to the best of our ability schools today very much emphasise literacy and numeracy. the introduction of national standards has increased the time and effort put into these subject areas. to give your child the best possible start for the more academic side of school, focus heavily on reading to your child, talking about how a book works and building your child ' s vocabulary in everything that you do with them. this will give them the foundation they need for reading, writing, speaking and mathematics. whilst it isn ’ t so important to learn how to actually read words and do “ sums ” before school, make sure your child can listen attentively, discuss and understand what they are doing and can make special connections to their own experiences. for more information go to http : / / www. minedu. govt. nz / parents / earlyyears / movingontoschool. aspx the most important thing you can do is give your child a solid foundation in all areas of development ( social, emotional, academic and physical


( bpt ) - what parent hasn ’ t had to call a child ’ s name more than once to get his attention? or wondered how she can still be “ bouncing off the walls ” at the end of a long, tiring day. moments of intense activity or occasional inattention are typical kid behavior, but for some children the problem is extreme and impairing. how can parents tell if their child ’ s energy or distraction is ordinary or something more? in the past decade, the number of children diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( adhd ) rose 24 percent, according to a study published in jama pediatrics, the pediatric journal of the american medical association. the disorder is both over - and under - diagnosed. because the symptoms overlap, adhd can often be mistaken for other disorders such as anxiety, depression and oppositional defiant disorder. untreated adhd can hinder a child ’ s ability to learn and perform well in school, make friends and interact with family, and develop age - appropriate decision - making skills. a mistaken adhd diagnosis may result in unnecessary treatment, medication and a great deal of stress for the child and parents. accurate and early diagnosis is key to successfully treating adhd, experts say. progress toward a diagnosis usually begins with parental concerns over a child ’ s behavior or problems in school. symptoms of adhd can include : * difficulty paying attention * frequent daydreaming at inappropriate times * easily distracted from schoolwork or play * inability to sit still * excessive fidgeting * talking too much or speaking without thinking * inability to play quietly * difficulty learning to take turns parents concerned about their child ’ s behavior and the possibility of adhd should take their child to a medical professional for diagnosis. doctors have a range of tools to help them not only diagnose adhd, but establish a treatment plan and assess progress toward an individualized and optimized dose for the child. the quotient adhd test is one such tool, and is fda - cleared for the objective measurement of hyperactivity, impulsivity and inattention to aid doctors in the diagnosis and management of adhd. testing and measurement of the severity of symptoms has historically been a challenge for doctors. commonly, medical professionals use behavioral checklists and questionnaires completed by the child ’ s parents and teachers to aid in diagnosing adhd. those rating scales, however, can be susceptible to rater bias, and answers can vary dramatically from mother to father, and from parents to


and questionnaires completed by the child ’ s parents and teachers to aid in diagnosing adhd. those rating scales, however, can be susceptible to rater bias, and answers can vary dramatically from mother to father, and from parents to teachers. during the patient ’ s first visit to the doctor he / she can be given a 15 - minute quotient test for children or 20 - minute test for teenagers and adults to help quantify the severity of adhd symptoms, which fall into three core categories : hyperactivity, inattention and impulsivity. taking the test again during follow - up visits allows doctors to re - assess how well medications or non - medication therapies are working and guide changes in treatment plans. because the test report is easy to understand, patients are able to see the problem and doctors are better able to discuss treatment with patients and their parents. families are also able to use the report to track the patient ’ s progress on a prescription medication. furthermore the objective measurements of the quotient test are valuable in ruling - out adhd. this is especially important due to the increase in young adults faking adhd symptoms to obtain stimulant medications. a college student can learn enough about adhd symptoms in a five - minute internet search to fake a rating scale and get drugs as a study aid. however, a student cannot fake the objective evaluation of a quotient test. to find a doctor in your area who already uses the quotient adhd test, visit the website www. biobdx. com “ while adhd can ’ t be cured, it can be successfully managed, ” the centers for disease control and prevention states on its website. early diagnosis and effective treatment of adhd can help people with the disorder lead successful lives.


this article applies to domain time ii. last updated : 1 / 25 / 2012 february 29th, occurring only in leap years, does not require any special handling under windows operating systems. the calendar for that year simply includes the extra day, and all internal calculations take account of it. since time protocols exchange information using utc or tai, both of which are a count of seconds since that protocol ' s epoch, the date is derived from the time, rather than specified. domain time manages the clock using utc, and windows is responsible for converting the count of seconds to the date that is displayed. domain time learns about leap seconds from time sources announcing leap seconds ( generally a gps - connected source using either ntp or ptpv2 ). if a domain time server knows of an upcoming leap second, it will inform clients being served by ntp and, as of version 5. 2. b. 20110601, the dt2 protocol. if a domain time server is configured to be free - running ( that is, serving the time without using any time sources ), it will not know about pending or past leap seconds. note : if domain time is configured to obtain its time from multiple sources, all sources must agree on the upcoming leap second. domain time will reject leap seconds if its sources do not agree with each other. leap second insertions ( a minute with 61 seconds ) are supposed to generate a time sequence like this : 11 : 59 : 60 utc < this is the extra second the windows operating systems are not currently capable of having a minute with 61 seconds, so the 60th second is simply repeated. domain time accomplishes this by slewing the clock backward one full second at the designated utc time. since slewing is used, it takes approximately two full seconds of wall - clock time for one second of computer time to elapse. at the end of the two - second adjustment, the wall - clock time and computer time will again match ( assuming the wall clock has inserted its own leap second ). within the computer, time continues to progress ( it doesn ' t go backward ), but at a slower than normal rate, until the leap second has been inserted. effectively, this means that processes will see the 60th second 11 : 59 : 59 utc < this is the extra second due to the nature how leap seconds are calculated, a leap second deletion ( a minute with only 59 seconds ) has never occurred. however, ntp and ptpv2 are both capable of signaling a pending deletion


the extra second due to the nature how leap seconds are calculated, a leap second deletion ( a minute with only 59 seconds ) has never occurred. however, ntp and ptpv2 are both capable of signaling a pending deletion if necessary, and domain time handles it much the same way as it handles an insertion. instead of slowing the computer down temporarily, it speeds the computer up. the last minute of the day will end up with only 59 seconds. processes will see the time slewing forward for approximately half of a second, after which wall clocks and computer time will again match. logs and confirmation where " source " is either an ip address or a dns name. ntp servers may begin showing a pending leap second up to a month before it is due. since leap seconds are defined as occurring on the last day of the month, and the flag does not include date information, the flag cannot be set more than a month ahead. some servers will only set the flag on the day the insertion is due. query your hardware vendor for details on your particular model ' s behavior. the software implementation of ntp typically uses a file referenced in ntpd. conf to specify the date of upcoming leap seconds. hardware clocks usually get the information from gps or radio. ptpv2 servers normally get their leap second information from gps and require no configuration. domain time notes the leap flag when it queries its time sources. if all sources agree that a leap second ( either insertion or deletion ) is due, domain time calculates the offset between the current time and the last second of the month, and schedules an event for that exact time in utc. corrections to the clock between the scheduling and the event are automatically accounted for by the operating system, so the event will fire at the desired moment. domain time will note the scheduled event in the text log, saying which server informed domain time of the upcoming leap, the scheduled time in utc, and the scheduled time in local time. if subsequent time checks reveal a disagreement with the previously - scheduled event, or all of domain time ' s sources do not agree, the event is cancelled. domain time notes this cancellation in its log. when the event occurs, domain time adjusts the clock as needed, and notes the reason for the adjustment in its log. it then records the time the adjustment was made, and ignores the flag ( if still set by any sources ) until a minimum of 24 hours has passed. this helps prevent duplicated leap seconds caused by


notes the reason for the adjustment in its log. it then records the time the adjustment was made, and ignores the flag ( if still set by any sources ) until a minimum of 24 hours has passed. this helps prevent duplicated leap seconds caused by servers that fail to clear the flag immediately after the event has passed. domain time does not preserve pending leap second information between restarts of the domain time service. if a leap second event begins being announced while domain time is not running, domain time will discover the information when it checks its sources after startup. if a leap second event occurs while domain time is not running, the event has already passed and should not be scheduled. domain time will account for the extra second at the startup correction. you may disable domain time ' s advanced scheduling of leap seconds by unchecking the box on the advanced tab of the control panel applet. if this box is unchecked, then domain time will account for the leap second the next time it checks its sources after the leap event has occurred. correction for the extra second will be handled exactly as if the clock were really off by that amount ( i. e., slewing or stepping, based on your configuration ). if advanced scheduling is disabled, but domain time discovers a pending leap second when it queries its sources, it will note in the log that the leap second is pending but not scheduled. leap second log entries are " information " level. you do not need to change your log to trace or debug to see leap second activity. my account | contact us | feedback to greyware | copyright © 1995 - 2013 greyware automation products, inc. all rights reserved all trademarks mentioned are the properties of their respective owners.


once the bones heal back together the cast be removed a broken bone is called a fracture, which can be painful. when people fracture a bone, they go to doctor, who will try to fix the fracture. for a while it hurts to move the injured part of the body ; but fortunately, a doctor can fix a broken bone and make the injured person feel better. the first thing a doctor will do is to take an x - ray to see where the break is. an x - ray is a picture, taken by a special machine, of the inside of your body. an adult human has about 206 bones. these bones come in all shapes and sizes. as people grow, the bones in their bodies are very much alive. bones are constantly growing and changing along with the person. one way they change is that bones in a young child are very soft, but as people get older, their bones gradually harden. bones are fully grown and have reached their maturity when someone reaches the age of 25. bones have a number of different functions, but two of the most important are that bones provide support and protection for the body. bones give the body its shape and also protect sensitive organs like the heart, lungs, and brain. human bones are very strong, but, no matter how strong bones are, sometimes they break. once the doctor has an x - ray, he can see what a person ’ s bones look like and if one is broken. if it is a complex fracture, the doctor might have to operate to put the pieces back together before putting on a cast. if it is a simple fracture, many times the doctor can use the cast to keep the bones in the right place so they can heal. a cast is made of wet bandages put around the part of your body with the broken bone, and the bandages harden so the bones cannot move. the human body is very good at healing itself when a part of the body is injured. when there is a fracture, the body sends lots of blood to the area to bring nutrients to the injury. the bones will then use those nutrients and start to grow. the bones will eventually mend together. once the bones heal back together the cast be removed. a special saw is used to remove the cast. the process of removing the cast does not hurt. although breaking a bone can be scary, it is good to know that doctors can help heal it. tags : bones, heal back, together, cast, removed this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution 3. 0 license.


in 1947 the official us historian of the second world war, brigadier general sla marshall, published his groundbreaking book men against fire. marshall ' s astonishing contention, debated vigorously ever since, was that about 75 % of second world war combat troops were unable to fire their weapons on the enemy. guns were discharged, but they would be deliberately aimed over the heads of the enemy. the vast majority of soldiers couldn ' t actually kill. and, in the midst of combat, they became de facto conscientious objectors. plenty of historians have questioned the way marshall gathered his evidence. but few have denied that the vast majority of people find it extremely difficult to kill another human being. it is one thing to sit in a bunker in nevada and anonymously direct a drone into attack with a joystick. it is quite another to track a fellow human being in the sights of your rifle or to stick a knife into someone ' s stomach. natural human empathy generates huge psychological resistance to up close and personal killing. we have an inbuilt safety catch. so how is it that a us soldier can walk into an afghan village in the middle of the night and calmly shoot 16 civilians dead? nine of them were children. one explanation is the use of psychological conditioning that the us army uses on its own troops in order to prepare them to kill more easily. both the us and british armies took marshall ' s book extremely seriously. a soldier who cannot kill is about as much use as an accountant who cannot count. so the military began to think harder about the ways in which they might override the natural human aversion to killing, turning to the newly developing science of cognitive behavioural psychology for advice. and it worked. when marshall was sent back to the korean war in 1953, he found that the new training techniques developed by psychologists had begun to work. now 55 % were able to fire on the enemy. and by vietnam, it was up to 90 %. since human beings first went to war, soldiers have looked for ways of helping them to avoid the full reality of their work. mostly this is by the creation of emotional distance. the enemy is demeaned as less than human and their culture is ridiculed. and since the second world war two psychological categories in particular have been folded into the design of military training : desensitisation and conditioning. the use of violent films and video games make violence seem ordinary. the culture of barrack - room banter is aggressive and bloodthirsty. as well as this, training


into the design of military training : desensitisation and conditioning. the use of violent films and video games make violence seem ordinary. the culture of barrack - room banter is aggressive and bloodthirsty. as well as this, training is deliberately arranged so as to replicate a killing environment. no longer do soldiers shoot at circular targets ; they shoot at dummies made to look as much like people as possible. throughout training, killing is made all too familiar, the act of killing continually rehearsed and re - rehearsed. the process of becoming a modern solider begins with a course of powerful behaviour modification. " a new era has quietly dawned in modern warfare : an era of psychological warfare – psychological warfare conducted not upon the enemy, but upon one ' s own troops, " writes lt col dave grossman, a former psychology lecturer at west point. following this latest massacre in kandahar there will be much talk of a lone gunman going off the rails. but the truth is more disturbing. one cannot set in place the conditions for easy killing, removing the inbuilt human safety catch, and then simply blame an individual soldier who flips out. and there is no way to ensure that such things do not happen again. this is what happens when soldiers are subject to a systematic process of dehumanisation. the modern idea of a clean and humane war is a total myth. which is precisely why we ought to think a great deal harder before we start them.


often portrayed onstage by early modern playwrights, banishment and its attendant figures of the outcast, the exile and the pharmakos, pose a number of issues involving early modern geopolitics, as well as cultural and religious differences. banishment was one traditional manner of proclaming differences and affirming or defending national, religious or political identities. elsewhere in europe, banishment remained a common practice and punishment, notably during the reformation and counter - reformation. many were banished or exiled, fleeing persecution. some of these exiles wrote about their banishment, others proclaimed their belonging to the world, others still, were effectively silenced. proposals will discuss political, religious, literary, scientific, artistic or philosophical issues related with banishment in the early modern era. send abstracts in french or english. deadline for proposals ( 1 / 2 page maximum ) : 20 may 2009 the conference will be held on 2 october 2009 at the university of paris 10 at nanterre ( france ) pascale drouet ( university of poitiers ) and yan brailowsky ( university of paris x at nanterre ) send comments and questions to h - net webstaff. h - net reproduces announcements that have been submitted to us as a free service to the academic community. if you are interested in an announcement listed here, please contact the organizers or patrons directly. though we strive to provide accurate information, h - net cannot accept responsibility for the text of announcements appearing in this service. ( administration )


- habitat home - about us - our work - about habitat - funding opportunities - our partners - news & multimedia - publications & resources oyster reefs — habitat of the month what are oyster reefs? oysters are a type of shellfish that live in brackish and saltwater bays, estuaries, and tidal creeks. their larvae typically settle on the shells of other oysters, forming dense, expansive clusters known as oyster reefs or beds. oysters are considered a “ keystone species ” due to their critical roles in maintaining water quality and biodiversity and cycling water and nutrients within an ecosystem. not just a menu item just about everyone has seen an oyster in the supermarket, if not eaten one on the half shell. their popularity as a delicacy cannot be denied — in 2010, the united states harvested more than 28 million pounds of oysters valued at nearly $ 118 million and imported another estimated 12 million pounds from around the world. what you might not know is that oysters aren ’ t just animals : they ’ re habitat, too. species like mussels, barnacles, and sea anemones settle on their reefs. not only does this increase biodiversity, but also serves as a veritable buffet for commercially important fisheries species such as striped bass and crabs. oysters are filter feeders : they filter plankton and particles from the water for food. at the same time, they also remove nutrients, chemicals, and other pollutants from the water. a single oyster can filter as much as 50 gallons of water per day. oyster reefs benefit humans, as well. they stabilize shorelines and prevent erosion and act as a buffer against hurricanes and tropical storms. they are also part of the rich cultural heritage of coastal communities, whose economies and populations grew in part because of the bountiful oyster reefs in their regions. oyster reefs in distress early u. s. explorers described the country ’ s oyster reefs as being so thick and abundant in areas that they were a navigation hazard. today in the chesapeake bay — once one of the country ’ s most prolific oyster markets — oyster populations are estimated at only 1 percent of historic levels. many factors have contributed to the demise of oysters in the united states, but three to note include : over - harvesting has not only reduced the number of oysters in the population, but also reduced the amount of space available on which new larvae can settle, thus perpetuating the decline of the population. also, reducing the height of the reefs means that sediment can more easily cover and smother


oysters in the population, but also reduced the amount of space available on which new larvae can settle, thus perpetuating the decline of the population. also, reducing the height of the reefs means that sediment can more easily cover and smother the immobile oysters, with increased sedimentation from land development and erosion exacerbating the problem. land use practices leads to an increase in nutrients in surface runoff that make their way into bays and estuaries. these nutrients can cause massive algal blooms that deplete oxygen from the water and create “ dead zones ” where animals like oysters and other shellfish are unable to survive. with the animals already stressed from over - harvesting, pollution, and sedimentation, disease is often the final nail in the coffin. the loss of oyster reefs means more than just the loss of a popular dinner item. it also means that we lose critical habitat for sustaining other commercially important species and species important to ecosystem stability. we lose a whole host of ecosystem services such as the oyster ’ s ability to provide storm protection and act as a natural filter in our bays and estuaries. and sadly, we lose a part of our culture and way of life. noaa is working to protect and restore oyster reefs noaa ’ s office of habitat conservation is working all along the east, west and gulf coasts to protect and restore oyster populations. the noaa chesapeake bay office offers geographic information system ( gis ) - ready acoustic mapping products that identify current distribution, structure, and quality of oyster habitat. the noaa restoration center has supported more than 200 shellfish restoration projects. the office is also collaborating on a national shellfish initiative to increase shellfish populations through restoration, aquaculture, and science activities, thus, stimulating coastal economies and improving ecosystem health. posted on 12 / 14 / 2011


linux is a cool and full featured operating system and the users have a lot of options to customize it in a number of ways. linux is an open source project and a stable operating system. therefore, users do not have to worry much about getting someone ' s permission or getting a license to use linux. the most important aspect of linux is that an individual has a great option to make the older computer really useful because by using linux, memory leaks can be avoided in the older system. linux also avoids other technical difficulties that are associated with other operating systems. and if this is not enough, users who use linux do not have to get unlimited cell phone plans to call technical support team as linux offers support from a well - established development and user community. linux is a type of os that assumes that every user is smart. linux contains only useful information and linux distribution does not fill the computer with garbage information. this is because linux is completely developed by programmers who have great passion for highly functional and error - free operating system. the fact is, most big companies do not concentrate much on producing and publishing flawless products and users get frustrated with using an os full of errors. linux is now used in almost all computer areas where embedded system is added. the developers and researchers add more features to the linux kernel and regularly port linux to the new architectures. also, today there are huge amounts of libraries, tools, and programs that help users to customize their os according to their needs. the users can get development tools and source code at no cost. linux has an elegant design called posix support that improves the portability across different systems. thus, the combinations of a high - quality linux os and an inexpensive computer provides the best low - cost solutions for home use as well as business use.


bearded seal. photo : noaa many seal species depend on sea ice for their survival. as global climate change reduces the extent, duration, and thickness of sea ice, these seal species are threatened with extinction. as global warming worsens, the ( un ) natural mortality rate of the harp seals worsens, too. harp seal mothers need large, sturdy ice floes to give birth to their pups, and pups do not know how to swim for the first few weeks of their lives. bearded seals, like the one shown in the photo to the right are now listed as threatened, giving them extra protection in the u. s. | harp seals depend on sea ice for pupping. in the first weeks of life, seal pups can ' t swim. this seal pup was in trouble as the ice around it crumbled. photo by ifaw. seals of the arctic six seal species live in the arctic region : bearded seals, harp seals, hooded seals, ribbon seals, ringed seals, and spotted seals. bearded seals, harp seals, and ringed seals are especially vulnerable to disappearing sea ice. click on picture for larger image bearded seals and ringed seals give birth on dense ice packs or on " fast ice ", ice usually located over shallow parts of the ocean that is ' fastened ' to the ocean floor or shore ', such that it does not drift in the wind. they also require snow cover on the ice to build lairs for giving birth. harp seals follow the sea ice all year, migrating south from the arctic in the spring. the seals give birth off the coast of norway and newfoundland and labrador, in russia ' s white sea, and in the gulf of st. lawrence of canada. the pups begin life unable to swim. thus they require sturdy sea ice during the birthing season in february and march. click on picture for larger image. in recent years, thousands of harp seal pups have drowned due to insufficient and broken up sea ice. unusually poor ice conditions have been reported in 2006, 2007, and each year from 2010 on. in 2011, the ice floes were in very poor condition. the february 2011 ice cover was the worst in recorded history, but this did not stop the canadian government ( i. e., the department of fisheries and oceans, dfo, led by minister gail shea ) from setting an astronomical quota on the killing of harp seal pups. in the end, a fraction of these seals were killed as a result of the closing of pelt markets.


of fisheries and oceans, dfo, led by minister gail shea ) from setting an astronomical quota on the killing of harp seal pups. in the end, a fraction of these seals were killed as a result of the closing of pelt markets. read about the 2011 seal hunt here. read the latest news on seals and sealing in canada here. the animal protection organization ifaw worked with duke university scientists on a study of the harp seal population and the current and projected future effects of climate change on the species. read about the duke / ifaw study here. meat cove — poor ice conditions in the southern gulf of st. lawrence are likely to endanger this year ’ s harp seal pups. cape breton post, march, 2011 read the published report on the study about the effects of climate change on harp seals here. even the scientists of the canadian department of fisheries and oceans ( dfo ) have reported that the population is now in decline. harpseals. org believes that the future of harp seals is in peril and that it is high time that the government of canada work to protect seals and ban the killing of seals once and for all. seals of the antarctic a weddell seal four seal species live in the antarctic : crabeater seals, leopard seals, ross seals, and weddell seals. crabeater seals and weddell seals give birth on sea ice and are thus at risk of exctinction as temperatures warm and the formation of sturdy sea ice becomes less reliable another threat to the survival of seals in addition to the lack of sea ice, some species of seals and other marine mammals are threatened by reductions in the availability of prey. prey populations are affected by climate change, over - fishing, and ocean pollution. a reduction in the abundance of plankton affects life up the food chain. click here for additional information and a pictorial description of predator - prey effects with grey seals. seals are an important part of the ocean ecosystem seal conservation is about far more than saving seals and stopping the canadian seal slaughter. it is about saving marine ecosystems, of which all seals are an integral part. historical records from the time europeans arrived in newfoundland demonstrate that, without interference from these immigrants, seal populations much larger than that remaining today coexisted with cod so abundant that ships had difficulty maneuvering through the waters. today, conservation issues in the arctic and north atlantic region include the effects of large - scale commercial fishing, using such methods as bottom trawling and long - line fishing ; global climate change, including changes in ocean currents


from : " workers world " < email @ example. com > date : wed, 20 mar 1996 22 : 53 : 45 edt march 21 is the 59th anniversary of the ponce massacre, one of many events that reveals the true nature of u. s. colonial oppression in puerto rico. that day in 1937, u. s. - trained police forces and national guard troops opened fire in the town of ponce. they were shooting on a march organized by the puerto rican nationalist party, whose leader was the famous pedro albizu campos. twenty - one people were killed and 150 were wounded - - simply because they demanded their right to independence and self - determination as a nation. while this day continues to be remembered as another episode of tyranny, it has served to instill revolutionary traditions and reaffirm the necessity to resist colonialism and imperialism. this tradition helped beat back the u. s. government ' s most recent attempt to impose its will on the puerto rican people. because of its strategic location, puerto rico - - and its sister island vieques - - has historically been used as a base of military operations against the liberation struggles in the region, including washington ' s continuing efforts to shatter the revolutionary will of the cuban people. under the pretense of " national security " and the " war on drugs, " u. s. generals have been stepping up the use of electronic intelligence gathering from puerto rican soil. the u. s. marine corps had designated 150 acres of land - - in vieques and along the coastal shore around the bay of lajas - - to install an antenna that would communicate with military satellites. this was in addition to the u. s. military ' s occupation of 14 percent of the country ' s territory. this plan involved forcibly relocating many poor working - class families in the district. a mass movement developed in opposition to the pentagon ' s plans. the people of the area organized themselves into the united front in defense of the bay of lajas. protest demonstrations took place, including a hunger strike of several native - born men who had formerly been in the u. s. military. the protesters also pointed out their medical concerns. in other areas of puerto rico where military electronic installations have been established, suspicions have grown that the installations are linked with an increase in cancer cases. moreover, the people in those areas have witnessed a gradual deterioration of their agriculture. the masses ' anger forced the pentagon to withdraw its plans. this successful act was in solidarity with other latin and caribbean workers and peasants. the


almighty allah created the universe from a single point with a huge explosion. while all other explosions damage the existing order, the 300 billion galaxies in the universe emerged from zero volume, nothing in other words, with this explosion, known as the big bang. the milky way we live in is just one of these 300 billion galaxies. there are 250 billion stars in the milky way. the sun is one of these 250 billion stars. the number of stars, such as the sun, in the visible universe is 1024, a stupendous number, more than a billion times a billion times a billion. allah has created the earth as a living space within the boundless universe. we live on a world that occupies almost no place at all within infinity. in fact, not just our earth but even our galaxy occupies a tiny place in the universe. so just imagine how small a place you yourself occupy in this utterly vast universe. every single atom in each of these 1024 stars is under the control of allah at every moment. every movement, speed, speed of revolution, the temperatures and distances of and between every planet, every one of the 1024 stars and 300 billion galaxies are all determined in the sight of allah and are duly created at every moment. allah maintains countless balances on earth at every second, without our ever being aware of them. while a flawless equilibrium is being maintained in the vastness of space, an extraordinary range of extraordinarily complex and perfect processes also takes place within a few seconds in every square millimeters of our bodies. for example ; every second as you watch this film... about 100 billion processes have taken place in your eyes within a second. 50 million cells in your body have died every second. 50 million new cells have been created every second to replace those that die. 10 million bits of information has been sent from your eyes to your brain every second. 10 million energy molecules, known as adenosine triphospate, ( atp ) have been produced in all your 100 trillion cells, every single second. in addition, these processes have taken place every single second, not just in your own body, but in the bodies of all the 7 billion people living on earth at this moment because each of the 100 trillion cells in the bodies of all these 7 billion people is under the control of allah at every moment. are you at all aware of these events taking place inside and around you at every single moment? the balances maintained at every moment are not only limited to space and the human body ;