peeling of fingertips can be more than an unsightly annoyance. this cracking and splitting of the skin can actually cause pain. if untreated, this condition can lead to an infection. what are the main causes of this problem? the condition is caused by dry skin. this dryness can result from a number of things such as being exposed to cold temperatures, frequent hand washing, and using harsh chemicals on the skin. whatever the case may be, there are simple steps that you can take to help alleviate your problem. what are some treatment options that can be beneficial to this condition? first, peeling of fingertips or any part of the skin will stop if moisture is placed back into the skin. this is your primary objective along with making sure that your skin is no longer exposed to anything that can remove this moisture. environmental factors and stress can definitely play a part in this condition. simple steps can be taken to help protect your skin ’ s moisture such as wearing protective outerwear, like gloves, when you are outside in cold or dry conditions. use mild soaps that are made for sensitive skin. wear gloves whenever you do dishes or other cleaning activities. only wash your hands when necessary and apply a lotion to your skin afterward. bathing in warm water will also help. if the water is too hot, it will dry out your skin. finally, treat the peeling of fingertips directly with petroleum jelly or coconut oil on a regular basis or until your hands heal. increase the fluids you drink to make sure that your body is properly hydrated. avoid alcohol and drinking too much caffeine as these will deplete your body of moisture. and make sure to get plenty of sleep! if you take all of the above steps and your condition is still not improving, you should consider seeking the advice of your physician. your condition may be more than just a dryness issue. you may have a skin condition that needs to be treated with certain medications.


researchers turn fermented biomass into gasoline with palladium catalysis november 9, 2012 12 : 45 pm comment ( s ) - last by the process was inspired by an explosives making method what can ' t palladium do? named after the mythological statue erected by greek goddess athena in honor of pallas, the daughter of her cousin whom she slew in a friendly fight, the platinum group metal ( pgm ) is used in everything to explosives making. i. from explosives to biofuel u. s. department of energy lawrence berkeley national laboratory ( referred to as lbnl or berkeley lab ) - - located on the campus of the university of california, berkeley - - have devised a way to use palladium to catalyze the production of gasoline, diesel, or jet fuel from fermented biomass. fermented by genetically engineered bacterium, produces a slurry of low - carbon byproducts - - acetone and the alcohols butanol and ethanol ( known collectively as abe ). the lbnl researchers were inspired to use palladium as a means of producing higher - carbon byproducts based on a similar technique used to produce cordite, a type of smokeless explosive. while largely made obsolete by newer formulations in the improved military rifle ( imr ) nitrocellulose smokeless powders, cordite played a key role in military history, being used heavily by the british in world war ii. the new work is one more example of the value of multi - functional palladium. [ image source : unknown ] describes the pickup of this throwback catalysis process, remarking, " in some ways, this work is a step back in time in which a very old fermentation process is being used with some new engineering and chemistry. while there has been some progress in engineering microbes to produce advanced biofuels, the quantities produced thus far – technically, the solution ’ s titer – tend to be very limited. a hybrid method, combining microbial production with chemical catalysis, might provide a pathway to more efficient production of these advanced biofuels. " the process begins by bacterial fermentation. [ image source : toste group ] from a layman ' s perspective, the bacteria takes biomass - - say yard waste - - and " digests " it to produce a byproduct that is three parts acetone, six parts n - butanol, and one part ethanol. the acetone is the key


the bacteria takes biomass - - say yard waste - - and " digests " it to produce a byproduct that is three parts acetone, six parts n - butanol, and one part ethanol. the acetone is the key to move to longer chains, as it can be used to " tack " on carbons onto the short - chain alcohols, building long carbon chains that mirror those found in traditional fossil fuel - derived gasoline. the acetone ' s nucleophilic alpha - carbon undergoes alkylation reactions to produce longer chain carbons. but the process is slow and energetically unfavorable, so a catalyst is needed to lower the energy barrier. many catalysts were tested, but the lbnl team found one worked much better than the rest - - palladium. researchers say the process, which they tested in small vats, is amenable to commercial production. ii. challenges remain one limiting factor will be the cost of palladium. while fuel is valuable as anyone who drives a car recognizes, palladium is an even more expensive resource. it sells for approximately $ 20, 500 usd per kilogram [ ]. therein lies one problem ; the longer the abe spends on the palladium, the more long - chain byproducts are produced. so if you had more palladium and more vats, you could spread the abe out for more palladium tlc. but the high costs are somewhat limiting to that approach. that said, process engineers could optimize the process to maximize yields and minimize cost. still, the process is much better than other abe techniques, such as hydrogenation from a yields perspective. states professor blanch, " integrating chemistry and fermentation is a useful way to capitalize on the best of both worlds. the chemistry described in our nature paper is exciting because new carbon - carbon bonds are being formed between molecules and oxygen is being rejected without the need of hydrogenation. this results in very high yields. " the researchers have published their work in the prestigious peer - reviewed journal. the paper ' s co - authors include professor blanch, plus, and corresponding author the research was funded by the energy biosciences institute coming up with a viable biomass supply change is a key challenge. [ image source : decamp trucking ] looking ahead, while the researchers exhaustively tested a series of pgm catalysts, they are hopefully that they may discover even better novel catalysts. comments professor toste,


change is a key challenge. [ image source : decamp trucking ] looking ahead, while the researchers exhaustively tested a series of pgm catalysts, they are hopefully that they may discover even better novel catalysts. comments professor toste, who splits his time between uc berkley and lbnl, " while palladium on carbon was the best catalyst in these tests, we have already identified other transition metal catalysts that could be even better. " tough challenges for a biomass - based fuel economy remain - - including how to funnel / transport common biomass sources ( yard waste, forestry byproducts, farm waste, etc. ) into a steady supply chain to fuel production facilities. but work like this gives biomass fermentation a leg up over other struggling biofuel offerings like the highly unattractive corn ethanol this article is over a month old, voting and posting comments is disabled re : palladium price 11 / 9 / 2012 2 : 53 : 27 pm no, you are correct, but the relevant phrase is " over time ", similar to the catalytic converter in your car. eventually, it does wear out, however, it ' s not a major cost in the grand scheme of things compared to the cost of consumables. re : palladium price 11 / 9 / 2012 3 : 28 : 38 pm you still eventually run out. paladium is expensive because its rare. and how much would you need to even begin to start producing fuel at a level sufficient to supply large percentages of demand? probably a lot. this going into use would spike paladium prices. re : palladium price 11 / 9 / 2012 4 : 09 : 19 pm the thing is that the paladium can be recycled after it is fouled. ( it gathers contaminates, which have to be smelted off. it costs money, energy, and time, but it can be done pretty easily. they already do this with catalytic converters in cars. ) while there will be a maintenance cost, the full cost of paladium won ' t be a major hindrance. re : palladium price 11 / 11 / 2012 3 : 53 : 46 pm the current price of palladium is around us $ 600 per ounce. let ' s say you need 1 ounce of palladium to produce 1, 000 gallons of fuel ( and after that you need to recycle / renew the catalyst ), then the cost of palladium per gallon of fuel would


ounce. let ' s say you need 1 ounce of palladium to produce 1, 000 gallons of fuel ( and after that you need to recycle / renew the catalyst ), then the cost of palladium per gallon of fuel would be us $ 0. 60 " there is a single light of science, and to brighten it anywhere is to brighten it everywhere. " - - isaac asimov obama ' s epa faces decision between corn ethanol profits and farm jobs october 12, 2012, 2 : 51 pm new metallic glass is strongest, toughest material available january 11, 2011, 2 : 26 pm mazda developing new engines, powertrains to boost fuel economy august 25, 2009, 8 : 30 am coskata throws down the gauntlet : live from platts 2008, part ii october 13, 2008, 12 : 52 pm new technology promises huge increase in ethanol yield from grass july 30, 2008, 5 : 02 pm ford expects four - cylinder engines to significantly increase in popularity may 21, 2013, 8 : 56 am toyota wants to increase lithium - ion battery production to 20, 000 / year may 20, 2013, 9 : 30 pm mercedes aims for 45 mpg highway on new e250 bluetec 4matic diesel sedan may 20, 2013, 8 : 20 am tesla to issue more stock, pay off energy loans with proceeds may 16, 2013, 1 : 58 pm nc becomes latest state to threaten tesla ' s direct sales to customers may 14, 2013, 11 : 33 am consumer study shows buyers are embracing fuel sipping vehicles may 8, 2013, 11 : 09 am most popular articles high school student creates storage device that can charge in 20 seconds may 20, 2013, 6 : 51 am seawater cooling saves data center big bucks, energy, despite jellyfish issues may 17, 2013, 3 : 23 pm newegg legal chief : " we don ' t feed the trolls " ; defeats bell lab shell comp. may 17, 2013, 10 : 11 am former intel ceo regrets passing up on iphone gravy train may 17, 2013, 11 : 46 am nasa awards $ 125, 000 grant for 3d printed food on long - term space travels may 21, 2013, 1 : 32 pm latest blog posts lumosity : does it work? may 22, 2013, 8 : 20 pm quick note : sony " teases " ps4 ahead of xbox reveal in new video may 20, 2013, 12 : 33 pm nokia introduces instagram - like app of its own to help lumia sales may


since 1970, per capita milk consumption has been in the 20s. it started out in the upper 20s ― 29. 8 gallons of per capita fluid milk sales in 1970, to be exact ― and has fallen steadily ever since. now, it ’ s precariously close to falling out of the 20s and into the teens. according to the u. s. department of agriculture, fluid milk sales totaled 53. 739 billion pounds in 2011. if that number is divided by a u. s. population of 311. 8 million in the middle part of last year, and then pounds are converted to gallons, the answer is 20. 04. to read the usda report, click here and go to table 10. on monday, declining fluid milk consumption was the topic of this article in the milwaukee journal sentinel. in the article, vivian godfrey, ceo of the milk processor education program, acknowledges, “ milk has lost out to other beverages, primarily bottled water. ” bottled water and soft drinks, through branding and innovative marketing, have been able to assume their own distinct identities, whereas milk is largely seen as a commodity. one solution is to emphasize milk during certain times of day or during certain activities when it is most likely to be used relative to other beverages. read “ promote milk by the ‘ occasion. ’ ”


this section of the dairy science and food technology website provides an outline of how the commercial ' cheese yield problem ' outlined earlier might be approached and how yield and cheese component retention can be analysed and presented. this is achieved using a unique on - line calculator that is shown in the cheese yield spreadsheet. data from 5 vats of commercial cheddar production are summarised in the cheese yield spreadsheet. the data set are different to the problem given previously. the cheese and milk data were obtained from one day ' s production. the casein : fat ratio of milk in each vat has been calculated and for information casein as a percentage of protein has been presented. if you want to analyse your own data simply replace the data in the editable cells in the calculator below and press the submit button. the calculator will then give basic statistical information along with the results of the theoretical yield and cheese component - retention calculations. go to cheese yield spreadsheet. actual yield data have been presented and for comparison, theoretical yield has been predicted using the van slyke yield equation. there is a less well known variant of the van slyke equation that does not require cheese moisture but does assume a target moisture content. this is arguably more useful in cheese plants and has been included to enable predicted values to be compared with actual and traditional van slyke yields. fat, casein and protein retentions are potentially very useful indicators of process efficiency and have been calculated also. bench mark values have been provided in the answers to cheese science and technology self assessment questions. some basic statistics, mean, standard deviation and coefficient of variation have been presented. readers can also input their own data and use this basic data analysis and presentation package to analyse and present their data. main findings from the data presented firstly the data set is very small! meaningful commercial analysis would require a much larger sample size. however, the use of mean values combined with the standard deviation and the coefficient of variation can provide some basic insights into errors. note the differences in cv between the protein, fat and casein values in milk and the values for cheese. while the cv values for casein and fat in the cheese milk probably reflect what might be achieved in many factories it would be helpful to have lower values particularly when working with small numbers of samples. the casein : fat ratio is less than optimal. protein and consequently casein levels are low and would be expected to give ' low ' but predictably low cheese yields. cheese moisture values


have lower values particularly when working with small numbers of samples. the casein : fat ratio is less than optimal. protein and consequently casein levels are low and would be expected to give ' low ' but predictably low cheese yields. cheese moisture values are on the low side. there is an indication, but the sample size is very small, that there is some variation in moisture values between vats. cheese yields are low due to the low casein levels in the milk and low moistures in the cheese. adjustment of yields to 37 % moistures shows the increase in yield that would be possible if the casein : fat ratio and cheese making operations were optimal. this again must be qualified by the small sample size. with this data set the van slyke equation underestimates and the modified equation over estimates yield. the sample size is too small to make more definitive comments except to say that actual yield is broadly in line with theoretical yield. this view is partly strengthened by looking at the mean values for casein, fat and protein retention. again it is necessary to qualify comments based on the small sample size. protein retention is a little higher than expected and fat retention is close to the theoretical maximum. action that is required milk composition must be standardised to obtain optimal casein : fat ratios for cheddar cheese making. an improved protocol for sampling cheese milk for protein, fat and casein analysis is required. compositional quality of the milk for cheese manufacture should be improved. further work on cheese moisture is required. this should also look at salt levels in the cheese and will involve looking closely at the process e. g. process control and the equipment e. g. cheese knives. see the section on mellowing. how to cite this article mullan, w. m. a. ( 2007 ). [ on - line ]. available from : http : / / www. dairyscience. info / cheese - yield / 112 - how - do - you - investigate - and - solve - commercial - yield - problems. html. accessed : 23 may, 2013.


new nfpa electrical safety rules mean changes for data centers wally vahlstrom brings more than 40 years of electrical engineering experience to his position as the director of technical services for emerson network power ’ s electrical reliability services group, where he is responsible for failure investigation work, conformity assessment services, power system studies and reliability analysis. wally vahlstrom emerson network power a service professional is working on a piece of electrical equipment. he ’ s done it hundreds of times before, but in a moment of carelessness or by total accident, an arc flash occurs. most of us think this couldn ’ t happen to us. the truth is that electrocutions are the fourth leading cause of traumatic occupational fatalities, and according to the american society of safety engineers, more than 3, 600 workers suffer disabling electrical contact injuries annually. to help prevent electrical injuries and deaths, the new 2012 version of the national fire protection association ( nfpa ) 70e : standard for electrical safety in the workplace makes important changes in the areas of safety, maintenance and training. for professionals who build and manage data centers, the following articles will have the most impact : work involving arc flash hazards employees working on electrical equipment without adequate personal protective equipment ( ppe ) risk serious injury or death when an electrical arc occurs. even someone standing more than 10 feet from the fault source can be fatally burned. arc flash labeling is key to preventing injuries. data centers that have not been vigilant in their labeling may need to create new arc flash hazard labels to meet the expanded requirements of nfpa 70e. labels now must include nominal system voltage, arc flash boundary and at least one of the following : - incident energy and corresponding working distance - minimum arc rating of clothing - required level of ppe - highest hazard / risk category ( hrc ) for the equipment additionally, the previous 4 - foot default value for arc flash boundary has been changed to require that the arc flash boundary distance be calculated for all locations where the voltage is greater than 50 volts. the new standard makes it clear that label information should be based on calculated values rather than using the table values provided in nfpa 70e. while there previously was no industry standard, dc equipment labeling is now required. equations used by state - of - the - art software for calculating dc arc flash values are shown in section d. 8. using such software is recommended for determining incident energy and hrc. safety - related work practices overall, 2012 nfpa 70e requires more documentation and more training than in the


software for calculating dc arc flash values are shown in section d. 8. using such software is recommended for determining incident energy and hrc. safety - related work practices overall, 2012 nfpa 70e requires more documentation and more training than in the past. this includes documenting the required meeting between employers and contractors to communicate known hazards and installation information the contractor needs to make assessments. the new standard also strengthens its provision that employees who work around ( not just on ) energized electrical equipment must be safety trained. new requirements include : - performing annual inspections to ensure each employee is complying with all safety - related work practices - retraining employees at intervals not to exceed three years - documenting training content - auditing your safety training program and field work at least every three years regarding testing and maintenance practices, nfpa 70e now specifies that only qualified persons may work within the limited approach boundary. the definition of qualified includes required training, demonstrated skills, and knowledge of installation and hazards. additionally, ground fault circuit interrupters must be used where required by local, state and federal codes or standards ( osha 1910 ). general maintenance requirements before the 2012 edition, nfpa 70e requirements for conducting maintenance on electrical equipment were specified only for overcurrent protective devices. now, your organization must maintain in a legible condition and keep current a single - line diagram for the electrical system. additionally, electrical equipment must be maintained according to manufacturers ’ instructions or industry consensus standards to reduce the risk of failure and the subsequent exposure of employees to electrical hazards. the standard also now requires showing that overcurrent protective devices have been maintained, tested and inspected according to manufacturers ’ instructions or industry consensus standards such as ansi / neta 2011 standard for maintenance testing specifications and nfpa 70b recommended practice for electrical equipment maintenance. benefits of change understanding the 2012 nfpa 70e changes that most affect data centers will help you bring your electrical safety programs into compliance for the protection of workers and visitors to your facility. implementing a comprehensive electrical safety program will : - reduce injuries and fatalities - reduce lost worker productivity - avoid higher insurance prices and costly fines from osha, which looks to nfpa as a national consensus standard for electrical safety ( and references its provisions in federal citations ) - promote optimum system performance and efficiency to fully understand its implications for your data center, emerson network power encourages you to purchase a copy of 2012 nfpa 70e from the nfpa website. industry perspectives is a content channel at data center knowledge


| the logo of wikipedia, a globe featuring glyphs from many different writing systems. a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation. | the main page, the face that wikipedia puts out to the world, is a good starting place for browsing and procrastination. i went to that main page at 1 am on tuesday the 24th of august to look for a female name for some fiction i ' ve been working on. but to my dismay, i didn ' t find a single lady on the entire front page. not one. wikipedia, our library of alexandria, considered the accomplishments of women so insignificant that they did not merit any mention. not in the featured article, or in the news, or on this day ( profiling history ), or did you know ( highlighting new articles ). to look at wikipedia ' s main page on august 24, 2010, you would think that men made and did everything, and women had nothing to do with anything. was this lack of representation of the ladies a one - time thing, i wondered? or is this a pattern, a reflection of institutionalized systematic oppression of women known as the patriarchy and more broadly, the kyriarchy? to answer this question, i looked at ten wikipedia main pages from the past year, and counted the number of women and men who were mentioned by name. * i used archive. org ' s wayback machine for eight of these pages ( one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight. ) for the final two, i used the august 24 main page that kicked this project off, and today ' s page. after studying these ten pages, i found : - 15 women appeared total, an average of 1. 5 women per page. there were no women for the may 20 and october 27 page, and no more than three women on any other day. - 130 men appeared total, an average of 13 men per page. - that ' s a proportion of almost 9 men to every 1 woman. from a systematic point of view, it ' s not totally wikipedia ' s fault : the world has been dominated by men, and that ' s reflected in the records we keep and the people we commemorate. men still dominate every aspect of society from culture to news to sports to politics and everything in between, and they have since time immemorial. and that ' s a big part of why wikipedia, an organization devoted to preserving records and making information accessible, focuses so heavily on men. but it '


to sports to politics and everything in between, and they have since time immemorial. and that ' s a big part of why wikipedia, an organization devoted to preserving records and making information accessible, focuses so heavily on men. but it ' s not completely about history. women make up only 13 % of wikipedians ( wikipedia editors, the people who research, write, edit, and maintain these pages - and full disclosure, i was an editor for a few years ) - a proportion strikingly similar to the number of women represented on its main page. men focus on men - upon promoting and constructing articles about people like them. thus, the main page editors have less women - focused articles to promote to the main page. but it ' s not just about the proportion of male to female volunteers. wikipedia ' s main page editors could find more pages about women, could promote more woman - focused articles as in need of construction in their editor portal. they could highlight news about women, and new articles about women. but they don ' t. because they don ' t care about the representation of women. because they don ' t care if they ' re replicating existing power structures, structures which likely favor them. because they focus on being objective - and as so often happens, objectivity just means a perpetuation the dominant, male, kyriarchal point of view. but what should wikipedia do to remedy its chronic, sexist under - representation? - first, this isn ' t a problem that starts with the main page. if wikipedia wants to make its content less focused on men, it should promote and foster the growth and comfort of female editors like lise broer ( who contributed several of the featured pictures in my review ). - second, they should make sure that there is always a woman on the main page of wikipedia. not including any women on any given day is an act of erasure, pure and simple. - third, they should focus on promoting articles about women for development and construction in their editor ' s portal, consistently asking editors to spend their time on articles about women. more good articles about women will make more articles about women suited to the high quality expected for pages on wikipedia ' s main page. - finally, they should attempt to slowly bring up the proportional representation of women until at least 40 % of all the named individuals on the main page on any given day are women. wikipedia ' s gender gap is wikipedia a victim of its own success? * focusing on just men and women is more than


| dryden home > collections > photo home > xv - 15 tilt rotor | the two bell xv - 15 tiltrotor aircraft were involved in limited research at the hugh l. dryden flight research center in 1980 and 1981. the xv - 15 combines standard aircraft cruise flight with vertical takeoff and landing ( vtol ) and short takeoff and landing ( stol ) capabilities. the first xv - 15 tiltrotor flight for nasa / dryden occurred october 1980 at the army contingent at edwards air force base, edwards, california. the development of the xv - 15 tiltrotor research aircraft was initiated in 1973 with joint army / nasa funding as a " proof of concept ", or " technology demonstrator " program, with two aircraft being built by bell helicopter textron ( bht ) in 1977. ship number 1 was given nasa number 702, and ship # 2 was 703. aircraft development, airworthiness testing, and the basic " proof of concept " testing were completed in september 1979. the aircraft are powered by twin lycoming t - 53 turboshaft engines that are connected by a cross - shaft and drive three - bladed, 25 ft diameter metal rotors ( the size extensively tested in a wind tunnel ). the engines and main transmissions are located in wingtip nacelles to minimize the operational loads on the cross - shaft system and, with the rotors, tilt as a single unit. for takeoff, the proprotors and their engines are used in the straight - up position where the thrust is directed downward. the xv - 15 then climbs vertically into the air like a helicopter. in this vtol mode, the vehicle can lift off and hover for approximately one hour. once off the ground, the xv - 15 has the ability to fly in one of two different modes. it can fly as a helicopter, in the partially converted airplane mode. the xv - 15 can also then convert from the helicopter mode to the airplane mode. this is operating as a conventional airplane, the xv - 15 can cruise for more than two hours. to land, the proprotors are rotated up to the helicopter rotor position and flown as a helicopter to a vertical landing. the tiltrotor concept has many advantages. the ease with which the aircraft can be converted from one flight mode to another enhances its maneuverability and permits the aircraft to be configured to meet mission requirements. operating as a vtol aircraft, it can take off like a helicopter and deliver payloads on half the amount of fuel consumes by a helicopter when


the us anti doping agency on october 10 made public hundreds of pages of documents of evidence including financial payments, emails, scientific data and laboratory test results that further prove the use, possession and distribution of performance enhancing drugs ( peds ) by lance armstrong and the us postal service team that won seven tour de france crowns. included was testimony given by eleven of his teammates that armstrong and the other riders used steroids and growth hormones. further, they performed transfusions of their own blood in a well organized program to enhance their performance over the grueling three week event. despite hundreds of tests performed in and out of competition over many years, these men evaded detection. how did they do that? history of performance enhancing drug usage doping in sport is not a new phenomenon. ancient olympians were reputed to eat a lizard meat that provided a special edge. the popularity of endurance sports at the turn of the 20th century gave rise to open usage of various substances, including cocaine, that might keep competitors upright. in the modern olympics, the winner of the 1904 marathon was given brandy and strychnine by his coach during the race. during world war ii, us soldiers and airmen were routinely given amphetamines in order to better endure long hours in combat operations. steroid usage in sports was first utilized by east german weightlifters in the late 1940s and was later expanded to swimmers and track and field athletes. following widespread calls for action, the international olympic committee finally banned peds in 1967. enforcement was inconsistent until athletes, sports governing bodies and international organizations formed the world anti doping agency ( wada ) in 1999 to codify what substances were to be banned and to administer uniform testing methodologies for possible violations. as the creators of peds continue to improve their sophistication, potency and transparency, wada and its constituencies also innovate new ways to detect these drugs. it publishes an updated “ prohibited list ” annually. because wada is unable to anticipate all possible new developments, the first page of the list states “ any pharmacological substance which is not addressed by any of the subsequent sections of the list and with no current approval by any governmental regulatory health authority for human therapeutic use ( e. g drugs under pre clinical or clinical development or discontinued, designer drugs, substances approved only for veterinary use ) is prohibited at all times. ” what drugs / procedures are prohibited and why? the drugs taken by athletes differ widely based on the performance needs of the sport. erythropoietin ( ep


drugs, substances approved only for veterinary use ) is prohibited at all times. ” what drugs / procedures are prohibited and why? the drugs taken by athletes differ widely based on the performance needs of the sport. erythropoietin ( epo ) is largely taken by endurance athletes who seek a higher level of red blood cells, which leads to more oxygenated blood, and a higher vo2 max, which increases the body ’ s ability to transport oxygen to the blood during exercise. epo has become popular among athletes who choose to juice because it has a low degree of detectability when compared to other methods of doping such as blood transfusions. epo is believed to have been widely used by athletes in the 1990s, in large part because there was not a way to directly test for the drug until 2002. epo is very dangerous because it increases the viscosity of blood, leading to seizures and heart attacks, and has been linked to the deaths of 18 pro cyclists in the last fifteen years. in sports which physical strength is favored, athletes have resorted to anabolic steroids, known for their ability to increase physical strength and muscle mass. the drugs mimic the effect of naturally occurring testosterone in the body. anabolic steroids were developed as a solution to the extensive side effects of testosterone use, although they are far from completely safe. their many negative side effects in men include, but are not limited to, acne, impaired liver function, impotency, breast formation ( gynecomastia ), erectile dysfunction and baldness. athletes seeking to avoid testing positive for doping use various methods to cheat on the drug tests. the most common methods include urine replacement, diuretics ( which are used to cleanse the body before having to provide samples ) and blood transfusions, which also increase the blood ’ s oxygen carrying capacity ( in turn increasing endurance without the presence of drugs that could trigger a positive test result. ) some other considerations despite the health problem brought by peds, some athletes point to the already dangerous environment in sports like football and martial arts and wonder if there is a double standard. health concerns brought by the aggressive nature of these sports is deemed acceptable but peds are not. they point out that protective headgear results in both more dangerous and greater numbers of head and neck injuries in football than if no helmets were used. many top athletes also believe the doping rules are somewhat arbitrary. changes in diet such as consuming whole grains or eating gluten free are acceptable choices while the


more dangerous and greater numbers of head and neck injuries in football than if no helmets were used. many top athletes also believe the doping rules are somewhat arbitrary. changes in diet such as consuming whole grains or eating gluten free are acceptable choices while the sweetener stevia ( found in energy drinks ) was once prohibited. ill athletes are generally loathe to take anything more than aspirin because decongestants and asthma medications require specific wada waivers. sleeping in a hyperbaric chamber to increase the supply of oxygen in the blood is acceptable, though not accessible to most, while low cost drugs to achieve the same effect are banned. the morality issues the world governing body of professional cycling, the uci, recently stripped lance armstrong of his record seven tour de france titles. the uci decided that no winners would be declared for those years because the use of peds was so pervasive that it was likely that anyone near the top of the standings was similarly tainted. lance won those races by spending countless hours training and six or seven hours on the saddle most days of those tours. if he had not “ juiced ” with peds, it is almost certain that he would not have crossed the finish line a winner. if he wanted to win, he had to juice. because everyone else was too. he could simply have walked away, and refused to participate. every elite athlete has a precious window of time in which to potentially dominate. this was his time. so is he guilty or is he a victim of circumstance? don ’ t the governing bodies have an obligation to provide for a “ level playing field ” so that athletes who abide by the prohibitions have a reasonable chance to win? what of the future? in london last july, oscar pistorius of south africa became the first double amputee to run in an olympic track event after winning a court appeal against the iaaf ( track and field ’ s world governing body ). the iaaf had maintained that his carbon fiber prosthetic legs gave pistorius an unfair advantage over other athletes. the reasons for the ban on peds are primarily the health risks of usage and the desire for equality of opportunity for athletes. in the coming years sports governing bodies will be forced to deal with genetic enhancements and other mechanical changes to the human body. authorities will be hard pressed to decide what regulations to enforce when changes made by athletes are both permanent and not health risks. violators of any standards will almost always be one step ahead of the testers, and regulatory bodies would do


military & wars created by ihistory on jan 10, 2009 last updated : 02 / 21 / 09 at 02 : 56 pm world war ii has no followers yet. be the first one to follow. the nuremberg trials were a series of trials most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political, military, and economic leadership of nazi germany after its defeat in world war ii. the trials were held in the city of nuremberg, germany, from 1945 to 1946, at the palace of justice. the first and best known of these trials was the trial of the major war criminals before the international military tribunal ( imt ), which tried 21 of the most important captured leaders of nazi germany. it was held from 20 november 1945, to 1 october 1946. august 9 by the detonation of the " fat man " nuclear bomb over nagasaki. the bomb killed as many as 80, 000 people in nagasaki by the end of 1945. since then, thousands more have died from injuries or illness attributed to exposure to radiation released by the bombs. in both cities, the overwhelming majority of the dead were civilians. six days after the detonation over nagasaki, on august 15, japan announced its surrender to the allied powers, signing the instrument of surrender on september 2, officially ending the pacific war and therefore world war ii. after the hiroshima bombing, president truman announced, " if they do not accept our terms, they may expect a rain of ruin from the air the likes of which has never been seen on this earth. " on august 8, 1945, leaflets were dropped and warnings were given to japan by radio saipan. the area of nagasaki did not receive warning leaflets until august 10, though the leaflet campaign covering the whole country was over a month into its operations, probably to avoid " broadcasting " the site of the next bomb. at 11 : 01, a last minute break in the clouds over nagasaki allowed bockscar ' s bombardier, captain kermit beahan, to visually sight the target as ordered. the " fat man " weapon, containing a core of 14. 1 lbs. of plutonium - 239, was dropped over the city ' s industrial valley. forty - three seconds later it exploded 469 meters ( 1, 540 ft ) above the ground exactly halfway between the mitsubishi steel and arms works in the south and the mitsubishi - urakami ordnance works ( torpedo works ) in the north. this was nearly 2 miles northwest of the planned hypocenter ; the blast was confined to the urakami valley and a


steel and arms works in the south and the mitsubishi - urakami ordnance works ( torpedo works ) in the north. this was nearly 2 miles northwest of the planned hypocenter ; the blast was confined to the urakami valley and a major portion of the city was protected by the intervening hills. after six months of intense fire - bombing of 67 other japanese cities, the nuclear weapon " little boy " was dropped on the city of hiroshima on monday, august 6, 1945. the bomb killed as many as 140, 000 people in hiroshima. since then, thousands more have died from injuries or illness attributed to exposure to radiation released by the bombs. the hiroshima bomb, a gun - type bomb called " little boy ", was made with uranium - 235, a rare isotope of uranium. the atomic bomb was first tested at trinity site, on july 16, 1945, near alamogordo, new mexico. about an hour before the bombing, japanese early warning radar detected the approach of some american aircraft headed for the southern part of japan. an alert was given and radio broadcasting stopped in many cities, among them hiroshima. at nearly 08 : 00, the radar operator in hiroshima determined that the number of planes coming in was very small — probably not more than three — and the air raid alert was lifted. to conserve fuel and aircraft, the japanese had decided not to intercept small formations. the normal radio broadcast warning was given to the people that it might be advisable to go to air - raid shelters if b - 29s were actually sighted, but no raid was expected beyond some sort of reconnaissance. the battle in berlin lasted from late april 20, 1945 until the morning of may 2, 1945 and was one of the bloodiest battles in history. in january the red army breached through the german front as a result of the vistula – oder offensive and rapidly advanced westward as fast as 20 miles a day, through east prussia, lower silesia, east pomerania, and upper silesia, temporarily halting on a line 36 miles east of berlin along the oder river. during the offensive, two soviet fronts ( army groups ) attacked berlin from the east and south, while a third overran german forces positioned north of berlin. according to archival data, soviet forces sustained 81, 116 dead for the entire operation, which included the battles of seelow heights and the halbe ; some earlier western estimates are much higher. another 280, 251 were reported wounded or sick during the operational period. included in that total are polish forces, which lost 2, 825


, which included the battles of seelow heights and the halbe ; some earlier western estimates are much higher. another 280, 251 were reported wounded or sick during the operational period. included in that total are polish forces, which lost 2, 825 killed or missing and 6, 067 wounded in the operation. initial soviet estimates based on kill claims placed german losses at 458, 080 killed and 479, 298 captured. the number of civilian casualties is unknown. on may 1, ss general karl wolff and the commander - in - chief of the army group c, general heinrich von vietinghoff, after prolonged unauthorised secret negotiations with the western allies named operation sunrise, which were viewed as trying to reach a separate peace by the soviet union, ordered all german armed forces in italy to cease hostilities and signed a surrender document which stipulated that all german forces in italy were to surrender unconditionally to the allies on may 2. the generally accepted cause of the death of adolf hitler on monday, 30 april 1945 is suicide by gunshot and cyanide poisoning. the dual method and other circumstances surrounding the event encouraged rumours that hitler may have survived the end of world war ii along with speculation about what happened to his remains. the 1993 opening of records kept by the soviet kgb and russian fsb confirmed the widely accepted version of hitler ' s death as described by hugh trevor - roper in his book the last days of hitler published in 1947. however, the russian archives did show what happened to the cadaver. hitler had what some historians later described as a nervous breakdown during one of his military situation conferences, admitting defeat was imminent and germany would lose the war. he expressed his intent to kill himself and later asked physician werner haase to recommend a reliable method of suicide. haase suggested combining a dose of cyanide with a gunshot to the head. hitler had a supply of cyanide capsules which he had obtained through the ss. meanwhile, on 28 april hitler learned of heinrich himmler ' s attempt to independently negotiate a peace treaty. hitler considered this treason and began to show signs of paranoia, expressing worries the cyanide capsules he had received through himmler ' s ss were fake. he also learned of the execution of his ally mussolini and vowed not to share a similar fate. to verify the capsules ' potency he ordered dr. haase to try them on his dog blondi and the animal died as a result. after midnight on 29 april, hitler married eva braun in a small civil ceremony in


a similar fate. to verify the capsules ' potency he ordered dr. haase to try them on his dog blondi and the animal died as a result. after midnight on 29 april, hitler married eva braun in a small civil ceremony in a map room within the bunker complex. antony beevor states that after hosting a modest wedding breakfast with his new wife hitler took secretary traudl junge to another room and dictated his last will and testament. he signed these documents at 4 : 00 and then retired to bed ( some sources say hitler dictated the last will and testament immediately before the wedding, but all sources agree on the timing of the signing ). u. s. soldiers allegedly gave a number of handguns to the now - liberated inmates. it has been claimed by eyewitnesses that the freed inmates tortured and killed a number of captured german soldiers, both ss guards and regular troops. the same witnesses claim that many of the german soldiers killed by the inmates were beaten to death with shovels and other tools. a number of kapo prisoner - guards were also killed, torn apart by the inmates. mussolini was among the founders of italian fascism, which included elements of nationalism, corporatism, national syndicalism, expansionism, social progress and anti - communism in combination with censorship of subversives and state propaganda. in the years following his creation of the fascist ideology, mussolini influenced, or achieved admiration from, a wide variety of political figures. mussolini and his mistress clara petacci were stopped by communist partisans valerio and bellini and identified by the political commissar of the partisans ' 52nd garibaldi brigade, urbano lazzaro, on april 27, 1945, near the village of dongo ( lake como ), as they headed for switzerland to board a plane to escape to spain. mussolini had been traveling with retreating german forces and was apprehended while attempting to escape recognition by wearing a german military uniform. after several unsuccessful attempts to take them to como they were brought to mezzegra. they spent their last night in the house of the de maria family. the next day, mussolini and his mistress were both summarily executed, along with most of the members of their 15 - man train, primarily ministers and officials of the italian social republic. the shootings took place in the small village of giulino di mezzegra. according to the official version of events, the shootings were conducted by " colonel valerio " ( colonnello valerio ).


italian social republic. the shootings took place in the small village of giulino di mezzegra. according to the official version of events, the shootings were conducted by " colonel valerio " ( colonnello valerio ). valerio ' s real name was walter audisio. audisio was the communist partisan commander who was reportedly given the order to kill mussolini by the national liberation committee. when audisio entered the room where mussolini and the other fascists were being held, he reportedly announced : " i have come to rescue you!... do you have any weapons? " he then had them loaded into transports and driven a short distance. audisio ordered " get down " ; petacci hugged mussolini and refused to move away from him when they were taken to an empty space. shots were fired and petacci fell down. just then mussolini opened his jacket and screamed " shoot me in the chest! ". audisio shot him in the chest. mussolini fell down but he didn ' t die ; he was breathing heavily. audisio went near and he shot one more bullet in his chest. mussolini ' s face looked as if he had significant pain. audisio said to his driver " look at his face, the emotions on his face don ' t suit him ". the other members were also lined up before a firing squad later the same night. the battle in berlin lasted from late april 20, 1945 until the morning of may 2, 1945 and was one of the bloodiest battles in history. in january 1945, the red army breached through the german front as a result of the vistula – oder offensive and rapidly advanced westward as fast as 30 – 40 kilometres a day, through east prussia, lower silesia, east pomerania, and upper silesia, temporarily halting on a line 36 miles east of berlin along the oder river. during the offensive, two soviet fronts ( army groups ) attacked berlin from the east and south, while a third overran german forces positioned north of berlin. according declassified archival data, soviet forces sustained 81, 116 dead for the entire operation, which included the battles of seelow heights and the halbe ; some earlier western estimates are much higher. another 280, 251 were reported wounded or sick during the operational period. included in that total are polish forces, which lost 2, 825 killed or missing and 6, 067 wounded in the operation. nitial soviet estimates based on kill claims placed german losses at 458, 080 killed and 479, 298 captured.


that total are polish forces, which lost 2, 825 killed or missing and 6, 067 wounded in the operation. nitial soviet estimates based on kill claims placed german losses at 458, 080 killed and 479, 298 captured. the number of civilian casualties is unknown. the siege of danzig ( 19 march - 24 may 1807 ) was the french encirclement and capture of danzig in the war of the fourth coalition of the napoleonic wars. on the 19th of march 1807, around 27, 000 french under marshall lefebvre laid siege to around 11, 000 prussian and russian troops under marshall kalckreuth garrisoning the city of danzig in modern - day poland. on september 9, 1807, napoleon established the free city of danzig, as a semi - independent state. this territory was carved out from lands that made up part of the kingdom of prussia, consisting of the city of danzig ( now known as gdansk ) along with its rural possessions on the mouth of vistula, together with the hel peninsula and the southern half of the vistula spit. from late january to 29 november 1813, russian forces laid siege to the city and the french occupying forces withdrew on 2 january 1814. the ardennes offensive ( 16 december 1944 – 25 january 1945 ) was a major german offensive launched towards the end of world war ii through the forested ardennes mountains region of belgium ( and more specifically of wallonia : hence its french name, bataille des ardennes ), france and luxembourg on the western front. the offensive was called unternehmen wacht am rhein ( translated as operation the guard on the rhine or operation " watch on the rhine. " ) by the german armed forces ( wehrmacht ). this german offensive was officially named the battle of the ardennes or the ardennes - alsace campaign by the u. s. army, but it is known to the general public simply as the battle of the bulge a description promoted by winston churchill to deliberately belittle in the public ' s mind at the time the serious nature of the struggle. the “ bulge ” was the initial incursion the germans put into the allies ’ line of advance, as seen in maps presented in contemporary newspapers. casualty estimates from the battle vary widely. the official u. s. account lists 80, 987 american casualties, while other estimates range from 70, 000 to 104, 000. most of the american casualties occurred within the first three days of battle, when two of the u. s. 106th infantry division ’


. account lists 80, 987 american casualties, while other estimates range from 70, 000 to 104, 000. most of the american casualties occurred within the first three days of battle, when two of the u. s. 106th infantry division ’ s three regiments were forced to surrender. the battle of the bulge was the bloodiest of the battles that u. s. forces experienced in world war ii ; the 19, 000 american dead were unsurpassed by those of any other engagement. british losses totaled 1, 400. the german high command ’ s official figure for the campaign was 84, 834 casualties, and other estimates range between 60, 000 and 100, 000. the liberation of paris ( also known as battle for paris ) took place during world war ii from 19 august 1944 until the surrender of the occupying german garrison on the 25th and is accounted as the last battle in the campaign for normandy and the transitional conclusion of the allied invasion breakout in operation overlord into a broad - fronted general offensive. the capital region of france had been administered by nazi germany since the second compiegne armistice in june 1940 when germany occupied the north and west of france and when the vichy puppet regime was established with its capital in the central city of vichy. the 20 july plot of 1944 was a failed attempt to assassinate adolf hitler, the leader of nazi germany, inside the wolfsschanze near rastenburg, east prussia. this was made to take power by means of an emergency plan called operation valkyrie ( unternehmen walkure ). operation valkyrie was approved by hitler himself and, at face value, it was intended to be used in the event that disruption caused by the allied bombing of german cities resulted in a breakdown in law. colonel claus von stauffenberg played the key role in the plot and was in charge of operation valkyrie. because of his position, von stauffenberg was allowed access to hitler to make reports and for carrying out the other intended use of operation valkyrie. the 20 july plot was the culmination of the efforts of the german resistance to overthrow the nazi regime. its failure, both in hitler ' s " wolf ' s lair " ( wolfsschanze ) headquarters and then in berlin ' s bendlerblock, led to the arrest of at least 7, 000 people by the gestapo. according to records of the fuhrer conferences on naval affairs, 4, 980 people were executed which ultimately led to the destruction of the resistance movement. annelies marie was a jewish girl born in the city of frankfurt


7, 000 people by the gestapo. according to records of the fuhrer conferences on naval affairs, 4, 980 people were executed which ultimately led to the destruction of the resistance movement. annelies marie was a jewish girl born in the city of frankfurt am main in weimar germany. she gained international fame posthumously following the publication of her diary which documents her experiences hiding during the german occupation of the netherlands in world war ii. anne and her family moved to amsterdam in 1933 after the nazis gained power in germany, and were trapped by the occupation of the netherlands, which began in 1940. as persecutions against the jewish population increased, the family went into hiding in july 1942 in hidden rooms in her father otto frank ' s office building. after two years, the group was betrayed and transported to concentration camps. seven months after her arrest, anne frank died of typhus in the bergen - belsen concentration camp, within days of the death of her sister, margot frank. her father otto, the only survivor of the group, returned to amsterdam after the war to find that her diary had been saved, and his efforts led to its publication in 1947. it was translated from its original dutch and first published in english in 1952 as the diary of a young girl. the diary, which was given to anne on her 13th birthday, chronicles her life from 12 june 1942 until 1 august 1944. it has been translated into many languages, has become one of the world ' s most widely read books, and has been the basis for several plays and films. anne frank has been acknowledged for the quality of her writing, and has become one of the most renowned and most discussed victims of the holocaust. the normandy landings were the first operations of the allied invasion of normandy, also known as operation neptune and operation overlord, during world war ii. the landings commenced on 6 june 1944 ( d - day ), beginning at 6 : 30 british double summer time ( h - hour ). in planning, d - day was in reference to the day of actual landing, which was dependent on final approval. the assault was conducted in two phases : an air assault landing of american, british and canadian airborne troops shortly after midnight, and an amphibious landing of allied infantry and armored divisions on the coast of france commencing at 6 : 30. the invasion required the transport of soldiers and materiel from the united kingdom by troop carrying aircraft and ships, the assault landings, air support, naval interdiction of the english channel and naval fire - support. there were also subsidiary ' attacks ' mounted under


invasion required the transport of soldiers and materiel from the united kingdom by troop carrying aircraft and ships, the assault landings, air support, naval interdiction of the english channel and naval fire - support. there were also subsidiary ' attacks ' mounted under the code names operation glimmer and operation taxable to distract the kriegsmarine and the german army from the real landing areas. the operation was the largest single - day amphibious invasion of all time, with over 130, 000 troops landing on 6 june 1944. 195, 700 allied naval and merchant navy personnel were involved. the landings took place along a stretch of the normandy coast divided into five sectors : utah, omaha, gold, juno and sword. the tehran conference ( codenamed eureka ) was the meeting of joseph stalin, franklin d. roosevelt and winston churchill between november 28 and december 1, 1943 in tehran, iran. it was the first world war ii conference among the big three ( the soviet union, the united states, and the united kingdom ) in which stalin was present. it succeeded the cairo conference and was followed by the yalta conference and potsdam conference. the chief discussion was centered on the opening of a second front in western europe. at the same time a separate protocol pledged the three countries to recognize iran ' s independence. most importantly the conference was organized to plan the final strategy for the war against nazi germany and its allies. benito amilcare andrea mussolini, gcb ksmom gcte was an italian politician who led the national fascist party and is credited with being one of the key figures in the creation of fascism. he became the prime minister of italy in 1922 and began using the title il duce by 1925. after 1936, his official title was " his excellency benito mussolini, head of government, duce of fascism, and founder of the empire ". mussolini also created and held the supreme military rank of first marshal of the empire along with king victor emmanuel iii of italy, which gave him and the king joint supreme control over the military of italy. mussolini remained in power until he was replaced in 1943 ; for a short period after this until his death he was the leader of the italian social republic. construction on auschwitz ii ( birkenau ) began in october 1941 to ease congestion at the main camp. it was designed to hold several categories of prisoners, and to function as an extermination camp in the context of himmler ' s preparations for the final solution of the jewish question, the extermination of the jews.


main camp. it was designed to hold several categories of prisoners, and to function as an extermination camp in the context of himmler ' s preparations for the final solution of the jewish question, the extermination of the jews. the first gas chamber at birkenau was " the little red house ", a brick cottage that was converted into a gassing facility by tearing out the inside and bricking up the walls. it was operational by march 1942. a second brick cottage, " the little white house ", was similarly converted some weeks later. by july 1942, the ss were conducting the infamous " selections ", in which incoming jews were divided into those deemed able to work, who were then admitted to the camp, and those who weren ' t, who were immediately gassed. president franklin roosevelt authorized the internment with executive order 9066, which allowed local military commanders to designate " military areas " as " exclusion zones ", from which " any or all persons may be excluded. " this power was used to declare that all people of japanese ancestry were excluded from the entire pacific coast, including all of california and most of oregon and washington, except for those in internment camps. japanese american internment refers to the forcible relocation and internment of approximately 110, 000 japanese nationals and japanese americans to housing facilities called " war relocation camps ", in the wake of imperial japan ' s attack on pearl harbor. the internment of japanese americans was applied unequally throughout the united states. japanese americans residing on the west coast of the united states were all interned, whereas in hawaii, where over 150, 000 japanese americans composed nearly a third of that territory ' s population, an additional 1, 200 to 1, 800 japanese americans were interned. of those interned, 62 percent were united states citizens. a japanese american unfurled this banner the day after the pearl harbor attack. this dorothea lange photograph was taken in march 1942, just prior to the man ' s internment. the attack on pearl harbor was a surprise military strike conducted by the japanese navy against the united states ' naval base at pearl harbor, hawaii, on the morning of sunday, december 7, 1941, later resulting in the united states becoming militarily involved in world war ii. it was intended as a preventive action to keep the u. s. pacific fleet from influencing the war japan was planning to wage in southeast asia against britain, the netherlands, and the united states. the attack consisted of two aerial attack waves totaling 353 aircraft, launched from six japanese


action to keep the u. s. pacific fleet from influencing the war japan was planning to wage in southeast asia against britain, the netherlands, and the united states. the attack consisted of two aerial attack waves totaling 353 aircraft, launched from six japanese aircraft carriers. the attack sank four u. s. navy battleships ( two of which were raised and returned to service late in the war ) and damaged four more. the japanese also sank or damaged three cruisers, three destroyers, and one minelayer, destroyed 188 aircraft, and caused personnel losses of 2, 402 killed and 1, 282 wounded. the power station, shipyard, maintenance, and fuel and torpedo storage facilities, as well as the submarine piers and headquarters building ( also home of the intelligence section ) were not hit. japanese losses were minimal, at 29 aircraft and four midget submarines, with 65 servicemen killed or wounded. the attack was a major engagement of world war ii. it occurred before a formal declaration of war and before the last part of the infamous 14 - part message was delivered to the state department in washington, d. c. the japanese embassy in washington had been instructed to deliver it immediately prior to the scheduled time of the attack in hawaii. operation barbarossa was the code name for nazi germany ' s invasion of the soviet union during world war ii that commenced on june 22, 1941. over 4. 5 million troops of the axis powers invaded the ussr along an 1, 800 mile front. the operation was named after the emperor frederick barbarossa of the holy roman empire, a leader of the third crusade in the 12th century. the planning for operation barbarossa started on december 18, 1940 ; the clandestine preparations and the military operation itself lasted almost a year, from the spring of 1941 through the winter of 1941. operation barbarossa remains the largest military operation, in terms of manpower, area traversed, and casualties, in human history. the failure of operation barbarossa resulted in the eventual defeat of nazi germany and is considered a turning point for the third reich. most importantly, operation barbarossa opened up the eastern front, which ultimately became the biggest theater of war in world history. operation barbarossa and the areas which fell under it became the site of some of the largest battles, deadliest atrocities, terrible loss of life, and horrific conditions for soviets and germans alike - all of which influenced the course of both world war ii and the 20th century history. fighting against the german tactic of " blitzkrieg, " or " lightning war " style surprise attacks


loss of life, and horrific conditions for soviets and germans alike - all of which influenced the course of both world war ii and the 20th century history. fighting against the german tactic of " blitzkrieg, " or " lightning war " style surprise attacks on multiple fronts, the allies quickly lost poland in october of 1939, and more unexpectedly, denmark, norway, netherlands, and belgium, all during the first half of 1940. in the early morning of 9 april 1940 – wesertag ( " weser day " ) – germany invaded denmark and norway, ostensibly as a preventive manoeuvre against a planned, and openly discussed, franco - british occupation of both these countries. after the invasions, envoys of the germans informed the governments of denmark and norway that the wehrmacht had come to protect the countries ' neutrality against franco - british aggression. significant differences in geography, location and climate between the two countries made the actual military operations very dissimilar. roosevelt ' s third term was dominated by world war ii, in europe and in the pacific. roosevelt slowly began re - armament in 1938 since he was facing strong isolationist sentiment from leaders like senators william borah and robert taft who supported re - armament. by 1940, it was in high gear, with bipartisan support, partly to expand and re - equip the united states army and navy and partly to become the " arsenal of democracy " supporting the united kingdom, french third republic, the republic of china and ( after june 1941 ), the soviet union. as roosevelt took a firmer stance against the axis powers, american isolationists — including charles lindbergh and america first — attacked the president as an irresponsible warmonger. unfazed by these criticisms and confident in the wisdom of his foreign policy initiatives, fdr continued his twin policies of preparedness and aid to the allied coalition. on december 29, 1940, he delivered his arsenal of democracy fireside chat, in which he made the case for involvement directly to the american people, and a week later he delivered his famous four freedoms speech in january 1941, further laying out the case for an american defense of basic rights throughout the world. at the outbreak of the second world war in 1939, the netherlands declared itself neutral once again as it had done during world war i. even so, on may 10, 1940 germany invaded the netherlands. the main purpose of the german invasion of the netherlands was to draw away attention from operations in the ardennes and to lure british and french forces deeper into belgium as well


world war i. even so, on may 10, 1940 germany invaded the netherlands. the main purpose of the german invasion of the netherlands was to draw away attention from operations in the ardennes and to lure british and french forces deeper into belgium as well as to pre - empt a possible british invasion in north holland. on may 14 the germans - surprised by the dutch resistance, as they had expected to capture the netherlands in a day - demanded the surrender of the city of rotterdam, threatening to bomb the city. negotiations with the city ' s commander for surrender became stalled and were about to be resumed when german bombers, which had already been sent, failed to be called back for reasons unknown. this error resulted in the city being heavily bombed. the german forces faced little resistance at first, but their advance was eventually slowed by the dutch army, which was mostly fighting with weaponry made before 1900. at the afsluitdijk, the grebbeberg and dordrecht the dutch army offered strong resistance. a german airborne landing at the hague, intended to capture the dutch royal family and the government, failed, and the paratroopers that had not been killed were captured and shipped to britain. the pact of steel, known formally as the pact of friendship and alliance between germany and italy, was an agreement between fascist italy and nazi germany signed on may 22, 1939, by the foreign ministers of each country and witnessed by count galeazzo ciano for italy and joachim von ribbentrop for germany. the spanish civil war was a major conflict in spain that started after an attempted coup d ' etat by a group of spanish army generals against the government of the second spanish republic. the civil war devastated spain from 17 july 1936 to 1 april 1939, ending with the victory of the rebel troops and the founding of a dictatorship led by the fascist general francisco franco and the overthrow of the republican government. republicans ( republicanos ) gained the support of the soviet union and mexico, while the followers of the rebellion, nacionales ( nationalists ), received the support of italy and germany, as well as neighbouring portugal. the war increased tensions in the lead - up to world war ii and was largely seen as a possible war by proxy between the communist soviet union and the fascist axis of fascist italy and nazi germany. in particular, tanks and bombing of cities from the air were features of the later war in europe. benes, the leader of the czechoslovak government - in - exile, together with frantisek moravec, head of czechoslovak military intelligence,


. in particular, tanks and bombing of cities from the air were features of the later war in europe. benes, the leader of the czechoslovak government - in - exile, together with frantisek moravec, head of czechoslovak military intelligence, organized and coordinated a resistance network. hacha, prime minister elias, and the czech resistance acknowledged benes ' s leadership. active collaboration between london and the czechoslovak home front was maintained throughout the war years. the most important event of the resistance was the assassination of reinhard heydrich ( ss leader heinrich himmler ' s deputy and the protector of bohemia and moravia ) during the operation anthropoid. infuriated, the hitler ordered the arrest and execution of 10, 000 randomly selected czechs, but, after consultations, he reduced his response. over 10, 000 were arrested and at least 1, 300 executed. the assassination resulted in one of the most well - known reprisals of the war. the village of lidice and lezaky was completely destroyed by the nazis ; all men over 16 years of age from the village were murdered and the rest of the population was sent to nazi concentration camps where many women and nearly all the children were killed. jan 30, 1939 photo credit : holocaust history aug 12, 1938 austria was merged into nazi germany on 12 march 1938. there had been several years of pressure from germany and there were many supporters within austria for the " heim ins reich " - movement, both nazis and non - nazis. earlier, nazi germany had provided support for the austrian national socialist party ( austrian nazi party ) in its bid to seize power from austria ' s austrofascist leadership. fully devoted to remaining independent but amidst growing pressures, the chancellor of austria, kurt schuschnigg, tried to hold a referendum to ask the austrian people whether they wished to remain independent or merge into germany. on the morning of 12 march, the 8th army of the german wehrmacht crossed the german - austrian border. they did not face resistance by the austrian army — on the contrary, the german troops were greeted by cheering austrians with hitler salutes, nazi flags and flowers. because of this the nazi invasion is also called the blumenkrieg ( war of flowers ). for the wehrmacht this invasion was the first big test of its machinery. although the invading forces were badly organized and coordination between the units was poor, it mattered little because no fighting took place. it did, however, serve as a warning to german commanders in future military operations, such as that


big test of its machinery. although the invading forces were badly organized and coordination between the units was poor, it mattered little because no fighting took place. it did, however, serve as a warning to german commanders in future military operations, such as that against czechoslovakia. the rhineland ( rheinland in german ) is the general name for the land on both sides of the river rhine in the west of germany. after the collapse of the french empire in the early 19th century, the german - speaking regions at the middle and lower course of the rhine river were annexed to the kingdom of prussia. the prussian administration reorganised the territory as the rhine province ( also known as rhenish prussia ), a term continuing in the names of the german states of rhineland - palatinate and north rhine - westphalia. following the first world war of the early 20th century, the western part of rhineland was occupied by entente forces, then demilitarized under the treaty of versailles. german forces remilitarized the territory in 1936, as part of a diplomatic test of will, three years before the outbreak of the second world war. the nuremberg laws ( german : nurnberger gesetze ) of 1935 were laws passed in nazi germany. they used a pseudoscientific basis for racial discrimination against jewish people. the laws people as german if all four of their grandparents were of " german blood " ( white circles on the chart ), while people were as jews if they descended from three or four jewish grandparents ( black circles in top row right ). a person with one or two jewish grandparents was a mischling, a crossbreed, of " mixed blood ". hitler was germany ' s last president until 1945, when karl donitz was appointed president according to hitler ' s last testament upon the dictator ' s suicide, as following hindenburg ' s death, hitler declared the office of president to be permanently vacant, effectively merging it with the office of chancellor under the title of leader and chancellor ( fuhrer und reichskanzler ), making himself germany ' s head of state and head of government, thereby completing the progress of gleichschaltung. hitler had a plebiscite held on august 19, 1934, in which the german people were asked if they approved of hitler merging the two offices. the ja ( yes ) vote amounted to 90 % of the vote. hindenburg enjoyed a long if undistinguished career in the prussian army, eventually retiring in 1911. he was recalled at the outbreak of the first world war


two offices. the ja ( yes ) vote amounted to 90 % of the vote. hindenburg enjoyed a long if undistinguished career in the prussian army, eventually retiring in 1911. he was recalled at the outbreak of the first world war, and first came to national attention, at the age of sixty - six, as the victor at tannenberg in 1914. as germany ' s chief of the general staff from 1916, he and his deputy, erich ludendorff, rose in the german public ' s esteem until hindenburg came to eclipse the kaiser himself. hindenburg retired again in 1919, but returned to public life one more time in 1925 to be elected as the second president of germany. engelbert dollfuss was an austrian christian social and patriotic front statesman, who was chancellor of austria from 1932 and dictator of austria from 1933 until his assassination by nazi agents in 1934. austria - hungary ' s industry had been situated in the areas that were separated into czechoslovakia and yugoslavia with the treaty of versailles, and thus this manufacturing power was lost to austria after world war i. dollfuss ' s majority in parliament was marginal ( he had only a one - vote majority ) deflationary policies implemented by his chief economic advisor, the famous ludwig von mises, would prove unpopular among the social democratic workers ' party of austria. dollfuss was assassinated in july 25, 1934 by eight austrian nazis ( paul hudl, franz holzweber, otto planetta and others of [ ss regiment 89 ] who entered the chancellery building and shot him in an attempted coup d ' etat, the july putsch. dollfuss was a very short man and his diminutive stature ( 155 cm = 5 ' 2 " ) was the object of satire, among his nicknames were ' millimetternich ' ( referring to the autocratic imperial chancellor of austria from 1815 - 1848, prince klemens wenzel von metternich ), and the ' jockey '. the new york times also reported a series of jokes, including how in the coffee houses of vienna, one could order a ' dollfuss ' cup of coffee instead of a ' short black ' cup of coffee ( black being the color of the christian democratic political faction ). dachau was a nazi german concentration camp, and the first one opened in germany, located on the grounds of an abandoned munitions factory near the medieval town of dachau, about 16 km ( 10 miles ) northwest of munich in the state of bavaria which is


was a nazi german concentration camp, and the first one opened in germany, located on the grounds of an abandoned munitions factory near the medieval town of dachau, about 16 km ( 10 miles ) northwest of munich in the state of bavaria which is located in southern germany. on 14 july 1933 germany was officially declared a one - party state. symbols of the weimar republic, including the black - red - gold flag ( now the present - day flag of germany ), were abolished by the new regime which adopted both new and old imperial and aryan occult symbolism to represent the dual nature of the imperialist - nazi regime of 1933. the old imperial black - white - red tricolour, almost completely abandoned during the weimar republic, was restored as one of germany ' s two officially legal national flags. the other official national flag was the swastika flag of the nazi party. it became the sole national flag in 1935, designed by hitler in 1920, who wrote that he chose the swastika to symbolize " the struggle for the victory of aryan mankind and at the same time the triumph of the of creative work which is in itself and always will be anti - semitic. " on 21 march, the new reichstag was constituted with an opening ceremony held at potsdam ' s garrison church. this " day of potsdam " was staged to demonstrate reconciliation and unity between the revolutionary nazi movement and " old prussia " with its elites and virtues. hitler appeared in a tail coat and humbly greeted the aged president hindenburg. oranienburg became a showplace of terror during the nazi era. one of the first nazi concentration camps was built there in 1933 ; in 1935 another camp was established in the quarter of sachsenhausen. while the first camp was dissolved as early as 1934, the sachsenhausen camp continued to exist until the end of the nazi regime ; 100, 000 people were killed in sachsenhausen before the liberation of the camp by the soviet red army in 1945. the president reluctantly agreed to appoint hitler chancellor of a coalition government formed by the nsdap and dnvp. however, the nazis were to be contained by a framework of conservative cabinet ministers, most notably by papen as vice - chancellor and by hugenberg as minister of the economy. the only other nazi besides hitler to get a portfolio was wilhelm frick, who was given the relatively powerless interior ministry ( in germany at the time, most powers wielded by the interior minister in other countries were held by the interior ministers of the states ). on the


hitler to get a portfolio was wilhelm frick, who was given the relatively powerless interior ministry ( in germany at the time, most powers wielded by the interior minister in other countries were held by the interior ministers of the states ). on the morning of 30 january 1933, in hindenburg ' s office, adolf hitler was sworn in as chancellor during what some observers later described as a brief and simple ceremony. nazism, officially called national socialism ( german : national sozialismus ), refers primarily to the and practices of the national socialist german workers ’ party under adolf hitler ; and the policies adopted by the government of nazi germany from 1933 to 1945. three phrases — black thursday, black monday, and black tuesday — are used to describe this collapse of stock values. all three are appropriate, for the crash was not a one - day affair. the initial crash occurred on black thursday ( october 24, 1929 ), but it was the catastrophic downturn of black monday and tuesday ( october 28 and 29, 1929 ) that precipitated widespread panic and the onset of unprecedented and long - lasting consequences for the united states. the collapse continued for a month. mein kampf, in english my struggle or my battle, is a book dictated by adolf hitler. it combines elements of autobiography with an exposition of hitler ' s national socialist political volume 1 of mein kampf was published in 1925 and volume 2 in 1926. from the royalties, hitler was able to afford a mercedes while still being imprisoned. moreover, he accumulated a tax debt of 405, 500 reichsmark ( 8 million usd today, or £4m uk pounds sterling ) from the sale of about 240, 000 copies by the time he became chancellor in 1933. despite rumors to the contrary, new evidence suggests that it was actually in high demand in libraries ( topping the lending lists ) and often reviewed and quoted in other publications. by the end of the war, about 10 million copies of the book had been sold or distributed in germany ( every newly - wed couple, as well as every front soldier, received a free copy ), and hitler had made about 1. 2 m reichsmarks from the income of his book in 1933. jul 29, 1921


this dawn fc ( framing camera ) image shows different features that form in the regolith covering vesta ’ s surface. regolith is the layer of loose, small sized material which often covers the bedrock of planets. sinuous features in the top of the image are probably due to slumping of this regolith on a slope, similar to the way that sand slumps on the sides of sand dunes. many of the narrow linear features in the bottom of the image are also probably due to some sort of slumping in the regolith. however, some of these linear features appear to be originating from the roughly 6km diameter crater, in the bottom left of the image, so they may have been formed by debris ejected from this crater scouring across vesta ’ s surface. also, the large crater on the bottom right side of the image has both bright and dark material cropping out in its interior and slumping towards its center. this image is in vesta ’ s numisia and tuccia quadrangles and the center latitude and longitude of the image is 23. 4°s, 227. 9°e. nasa ’ s dawn spacecraft obtained this image with its framing camera on october 17th 2011. this image was taken through the camera ’ s clear filter. the distance to the surface of vesta is 702 km and the image has a resolution of about 70 meters per pixel. this image was acquired during the hamo ( high altitude mapping orbit ) phase of the mission. the dawn mission to vesta and ceres is managed by nasa ’ s jet propulsion laboratory, a division of the california institute of technology in pasadena, for nasa ’ s science mission directorate, washington d. c.. ucla is responsible for overall dawn mission science. the dawn framing cameras have been developed and built under the leadership of the max planck institute for solar system research, katlenburg - lindau, germany, with significant contributions by dlr german aerospace center, institute of planetary research, berlin, and in coordination with the institute of computer and communication network engineering, braunschweig. the framing camera project is funded by the max planck society, dlr, and nasa / jpl. more information about dawn is online at http : / / dawn. jpl. nasa. gov. image credit : nasa / jpl - caltech / ucla / mps / dlr / ida


| uploaded : | | september 26, 2008 | | updated : | | june 20, 2010 | in this tutorial i will be showing you how to draw a spotted salamander which is another amphibian that i will add to the list of tutorials. the spotted salamander is probably one of the biggest of its breed and one of the hardest to spot. these slimy looking slick carnivores can range in size between seven and nine inches long. the spotted salamander can be found in eastern canada and throughout the eastern and mid western united states. these amphibians live under rocks or logs and sometimes in the burrows of other forest animals. since they only really come out at night, i guess you can call them a nocturnal animal. the reason why they come out only in the night time hours is mainly because that is when they feed and mate. salamanders mate during spring like most animals do. these little big guys will actually travel great distances just to lay their eggs in pools made from heavy rains as well as ponds. even though they are slimy looking, these animals are very beautiful in a weird way. their colors are very vivid and bold and are usually bluish - black with two uneven rows of yellow or orange spots that extend from the head all the way to the tail. how do these small spotted creatures defend themselves you ask? well, like all other salamanders they have a noxious, milky toxin that is released from the glands on their backs and tails. what this does is, make themselves undesirable to any predator that usually feasts upon amphibians on a regular basis. as with any reptile the salamander has a diet that consists of insects, worms, slugs, spiders, and millipedes. because they are so small and well hidden, they have an average lifespan of twenty years. if you look at these animals they resemble a bit like geckos don ’ t they? this tutorial will show you " how to draw a salamander ", step by step. i created my own design of the markings while keeping the color of the amphibian its normal tone. i hope you enjoy this tutorial i will be back with two more in a bit so keep your pants and stay drawing.


some lizards could be mistaken for plastic statues : brilliantly colored, attractive to look at, but with the personality of, well, a plastic statue. not so the bearded dragon, a mid - size lizard, comprised of seven species, all native to arid regions of australia. the rich, earth - tone coloration of the bearded dragon is, by lizard standards, beautiful. their namesake feature, the beard, is comprised of folds of flexible skin and scales. though fearsome looking with beard puffed out, the bearded dragon is actually gentle - spirited. in addition to his unique and dramatic appearance, there are several more reasons he is a much sought after pet. social skills - unlike some lizards which prefer to be left alone, the bearded dragon adapts well to humans. he actually seems to enjoy human company. in fact, daily handling is recommended to maintain his trust and attention. bearded dragons have many interesting social skills, for example : animated behaviors - in the wild, the bearded dragon is an adept climber. a diurnal animal, he is active morning and afternoon, frequently seen basking on rocks, or clinging to branches and fence posts in all positions - horizontal, vertical and in between. as a pet, he retains his innate curiosity about his surroundings and likes to explore. to warm himself, he will flatten his belly out on a flat rock or branch in the sun. to help remove loose skin, he may rub himself against any available surface. - beard display, puffing out of the beard, is thought to be a display of dominance. it is also used in courtship. - head bobbing is another display of dominance. submissive dragons are sometimes observed in a slow bow in response to the bobbing. - bearded dragons will lift and wave their arms to acknowledge one another or in response to bobbing. - a raised tail also signifies assertiveness. easy care and feeding - the habitat of the bearded dragon is easy to set up and maintain. with the exception of droppings, he is odor free, and daily cleaning will keep the habitat pleasant. a hearty lizard, he will have few medical problems if provided the right diet and environment. the bearded dragon will eat most any insect, but the insect should be proportional to the lizard ' s body size. live crickets are a favorite, but use the pinhead crickets for juveniles. for bearded dragons, it is very important that the size of food be proportional to the size of the animal. malnourishment, seizures, and intestinal blockages


the geologic timescale part of the geology for dummies cheat sheet geologists organize the 4. 6 billion years of earth ' s history into sections based on important changes seen in the geologic record. the largest intervals are eons, with each eon composed of many millions of years. within the eons are eras, which begin and end with dramatic changes in the types of plants and animals living on earth. within each era are multiple periods, and within each period are multiple shorter epochs. because the intervals of the geologic timescale are based on observed changes in fossilized remains on life on earth, the span of time within each interval varies. while the divisions may be confusing at first, learning about the events in earth ' s history goes hand - in - hand with learning the geologic timescale, shown below. ( the numbers on the right side reflect the absolute age, expressed in millions of years ago, of the earth at each interval. ) the geologic timescale is continually being revised by new research and more accurate dating methods. when changes are proposed, the international commission on stratigraphy determines if an official change to the timescale should be made. for the most recent version, check out the commission ' s website at http : / / stratigraphy. org.


denver – recent earthquakes in colorado and elsewhere were induced by a drilling procedure to dispose of wastewater, federal geologists planned to argue in a report announced wednesday. the denver post reported tuesday that colorado drilling regulators said more study is needed on the link between drilling waste disposal and the uptick in earthquakes. nevertheless, regulators in colorado have started to look for seismic risk in permit reviews. a report due this week at a gathering of the american geophysical union says an increase in earthquakes on the raton basin in colorado and northern new mexico is tied to disposal wells where drilling wastewater is injected. drilling companies use disposal wells to bury brine water and chemical waste that result from hydraulic fracturing, or fracking. a 5. 3 - magnitude earthquake near trinidad last year triggered minor rockslides, toppled chimneys and cracked walls. no one was hurt. the quake came after injection of 4. 9 million cubic meters of wastewater. and tuesday, a 3. 9 - magnitude earthquake was recorded about 20 miles west of cokedale, near the new mexico border. the temblor was reported by the national earthquake information center in golden, but no damage was immediately reported. the wastewater report should prompt discussion of disposal wells, said u. s. geological survey scientist justin rubinstein, co - author of the report. “ this is a societal risk you need to be considering, ” rubinstein told the post. a usgs team based in menlo park, calif., found that the quake in colorado and a damaging 5. 6 - magnitude quake in oklahoma both were induced by disposal of fracking waste underground. from 1970 until 2001, five quakes of magnitude 3 or higher were recorded on the raton basin. scientists counted 95 quakes of that magnitude between 2001 and 2011 and concluded that natural - gas and oil operations caused the majority, if not all, of the quakes since 2001. while the evidence is convincing that deep burial of drilling waste can trigger quakes, it also appears that few of the 40, 000 disposal wells nationwide have done so, rubinstein said. “ but i don ’ t think blowing this off is a good idea, ” he said. “ it ’ s a problem we need to understand. there ’ s been millions of dollars of damage. if you trigger bigger earthquakes, there ’ s a possibility of worse outcomes. ”


pollution of earth and water is driving indigenous peoples from their homelands by miriam raftery april 27, 2013 ( san diego ) - - around the world, including here in the u. s., native people are losing lands they have occupied for countless generations. the earth and water that sustained life in their communities is being destroyed – once - mighty rivers and wetlands reduced to barren, parched or even contaminated land. the story is the same from tribes along the colorado river to those deep in the amazon, from the deserts of southern california to the jungles of mexico, from the coal fields of appalachia to the copper mining pits of arizona to indigenous people ’ s lands in canada threatened by the keystone pipeline. the culprit? growing demand for energy and water. now, native people are speaking out. they hope to educate the public to conserve precious resources, sharing knowledge of the heart - breaking price being paid by people who have been given no choice — and whose very cultural identity centers around the lands and waters being lost. native american heritage commission declares ocotillo wind site a sacred site ; asks attorney general to weigh legal action “ i really want to say ` dismantle it and give the land back to the tribes … i ’ d like to ask the attorney general to … give this commission more teeth so we could say ` tear that wall down. ” - - commissioner marshall mckay view video highlights : http : / / youtu. be / ns93bft6jui ( for full unedited videos, scroll to bottom of this story ) by miriam raftery april 26, 2013 ( san diego ) – at a hearing in san diego on monday, members of the state native american heritage commission heard several hours of emotional testimony from native americans who contend that the u. s. bureau of land management ignored their concerns and its duty to protect a clearly documented sacred site and cemetery in the fast - tracked approval process for the ocotillo express wind facility. by a 4 - 0 vote, with the remaining commissioners absent, the nahc voted to grant requests by viejas and quechan tribes to declare the 12, 400 acre ocotillo wind project site a sanctified native american sacred site. further, the commissioners voted unanimously to ask california attorney general kamala harris to research if legal action can be taken. april 19, 2013 ( alpine ) – bird singers, resources, food, activities, crafts for kids, entertain and more are all part of the southern indian health clinic ’ s annual spring gathering set for april 27


research if legal action can be taken. april 19, 2013 ( alpine ) – bird singers, resources, food, activities, crafts for kids, entertain and more are all part of the southern indian health clinic ’ s annual spring gathering set for april 27 from 10 a. m. to 2 p. m. at the alpine clinic, 4058 williows road in alpine. by miriam raftery april 12, 2013 ( san diego ’ s east county ) – the california native american heritage ( cnah ) commission will hold a hearing in san diego on monday, april 22 at 11 a. m. the hearing will focus on results of an nahc investigation into local tribes ' allegations that the federal government failed to protect native american cultural resources at the ocotillo express wind facility site. the hearing will be in the state of california building, 1350 front street, san diego 92101 ( between a and ash streets ). a hearing previously set for february was cancelled without explanation. the cnah had issued a draft report in support of claims by the viejas band of the kumeyaay indians and quechan indian nation that the bureau of land management failed in its duty to protect cultural resources, including human remains and sacred sites, at the ocotillo project. the draft staff report detailed a disturbing pattern by the blm, pattern energy and a project archaeology consultant of ignoring tribal concerns and failing in its duty to protect cultural resources. penn national gaming signs agreement with jamul indian village for $ 360 million hollywood - branded casino & resort april 7, 2013 ( jamul ) - - penn national gaming, inc. ( nasdaq : penn ) announced friday that one of its wholly - owned subsidiaries and the jamul indian village ( “ the tribe ” ) have entered into definitive agreements to jointly develop a hollywood - branded casino and resort on the tribe ’ s trust land in san diego ’ s east county. the proposed $ 360 million development would include a three - story gaming and entertainment facility of approximately 200, 000 square feet featuring at least 1, 700 slot machines, 50 live table games including poker, multiple restaurants, bars and lounges and a partially enclosed parking structure with over 1, 900 spaces. editor ' s note : this is a victory born in the idle no more movement for native rights, which has spread from canada to the u. s. ecm recently covered idle no more speakers in san diego, including local kumeyaay members. by sarah hales - ried ( reprinted with permission of san diego loves green )