| harvard university library website | ( insert missing post, a. k. a. - the naturalization act of 1790 ) this act is short and sweet ( if only it were so today ). residency in the us for 2 years ( and don ' t be naughty ) and you and your children are considered citizens. now i was always taught that a wife ' s citizenship was also tied to the husband, but i see no mention of this in the act. could it be that naturalization wasn ' t always this way for women? could it be that women were considered even less significant than children to not even warrant being mentioned? is it automatically an assumption that wives are included due to the era of the legislation? if anyone knows, please share. " congress of the united states : at the second session, begun and held at the city of new - york, on monday the fourth of january, one thousand seven hundred and ninety. an act to establish an uniform rule of naturalization. be it enacted by the senate and house of representatives of the united states of america, in congress assembled, that any alien, being a free white person, who shall have resided within the limits and under the jurisdiction of the united states for the term of two years, may be admitted to become a citizen thereof, on application to any common law court of record, in any one of the states wherein he shall have resided for the term of one year at least, and making proof to the satisfaction of such court, that he is a person of good character, and taking the oath or affirmation prescribed by law, to support the constitution of the united states, which oath or affirmation such court shall administer, and the clerk of such court shall record such application, and the proceedings thereon ; and thereupon such person shall be considered as a citizen of the united states. and the children of such person so naturalized, dwelling within the united states, being under the age of twenty - one years at the time of such naturalization, shall also be considered as citizens of the united states. and the children of citizens of the united states that may be born beyond sea, or out of the limits of the united states, shall be considered as natural born citizens : provided, that the right of citizenship shall not descend to persons whose fathers have never been resident in the united states : provided also, that no person heretofore proscribed by any state, shall be admitted a citizen as aforesaid, except by an act of the legislature of the


data & measures data and measures developed by mn epht are made available through : mnph data access is a web - based query and information system designed to provide public access to minnesota data about health, the environment, and other risk factors that may impact public health. these data may be used to : - help people and communities make healthy choices - protect children, the environment, and future generations - evaluate and measure the effectiveness of public health actions and policy see tracking in action for examples of how mn epht data may be used. ultimately, the goal of mnph data access is to support the minnesota department of health ' s mission - - to protect, maintain, and improve the health of all minnesotans. background : data & measures nationally consistent data and measures ( ncdms ) are developed by mn epht in colaboration with the national environmental public health tracking network ( national tracking network ). the following are core content areas of the national network : - air quality - birth defects - carbon monoxide poisoning - childhood lead poisoning - drinking water quality - heart attacks - heat - related illness - reproductive outcomes mn epht has developed additional state - specific data and measures for : - chemicals in people : biomonitoring - chronic obstructive pulmonary disease - environmental tobacco smoke in addition, mn epht is developing and evaluating data for : - population characteristics ( income / poverty, health insurance ) - pesticide poisonings - private wells ( arsenic, nitrate ) - developmental disabilities data and measures are aggregated to protect data privacy. for more information about data and measures, see the links below or contact mn epht.


stiffness in a joint ; pain - joints ; arthralgia follow prescribed therapy in treating the underlying cause. for nonarthritis joint pain, both rest and exercise are important. warm baths, massage, and stretching exercises should be used as frequently as possible. anti - inflammatory medications may help relieve pain and swelling. consult your health care provider before giving aspirin or nsaids such as ibuprofen to children. what is " devil ' s claw, " and can it be used for osteoarthritis? devil ' s claw ( harpagophytum procumbens ) is a plant that grows in... read more » those of us who remember those days when the only treatment for rheumatoid arthritis was aspirin and hot paraffin, also remember that to... read more » my life has been pretty much like the title of the play " stop the world - - i want to get off! " in spite of my detailed records and... read more » a common cause of knee pain in young athletes is called patellofemoral pain syndrome ( pfps ). the patella ( kneecap ) moves up and down over the femur... read more » source : harvard decision guide besides the symptoms of ibd on the intestinal tract ( such as bloody diarrhea, crampy abdominal pain and fever ), people with the arthritis of ibd have... read more »


though some older adults don ’ t respond to initial treatments for depression, most eventually find treatment that works : trying new treatments until you find the right one is essential research in the journal of the american medical association depression is common among older adults, and while it is treatable, about half of older people with depression don ’ t get relief from the first treatment their healthcare provider prescribes. there are many treatments for depression, however, so when this happens, it ’ s important to let a healthcare provider know, so he or she can recommend another treatment. the good news is that most older people who didn ’ t get relief with their first treatment, do get relief with other treatments, according to a report in the september issue of the journal of the american medical association ( jama ). about five percent of older adults who live in the community, and as many as half of those who are in long - term care, suffer from depression. typical signs of depression include : feeling depressed or “ low, ” loss of interest and pleasure in life, sleeping too little or too much, unintentional weight gain or loss, low energy, difficulty concentrating, feeling guilty or worthless, and thoughts of death or suicide. some older adults, however, don ’ t have typical symptoms of depression. instead, they have “ atypical ” symptoms. they may be anxious, feel uncomfortable around other people, or worry that they have physical or cognitive ( thinking ) problems, the jama article explains. depression can sometimes make it difficult to think clearly, but thinking should return to normal once the depression is treated. older adults with atypical symptoms need treatment too. if you or an older adult you care for has symptoms of depression, talk to a healthcare provider as soon as possible and get help. medicare and medicaid cover depression screenings and the earlier depression is diagnosed and treated, the better. when evaluating an older patient for depression, healthcare providers should ask if he or she has thoughts of harming himself or herself, or about committing suicide. if so, the healthcare professional should take steps to keep him or her safe, the report ’ s authors, jurgen unutzer, md, mph, ma, and mijung park, phd, rn, explain. even if a depressed older adult isn ’ t suicidal, he or she needs treatment, the authors add. if untreated, depression in later life can become long - lasting and disabling, there are many effective treatments for depression. more than 25 medications have been approved for


isn ’ t suicidal, he or she needs treatment, the authors add. if untreated, depression in later life can become long - lasting and disabling, there are many effective treatments for depression. more than 25 medications have been approved for treatment of depression by the food and drug administration, and there are a number of effective forms of psychotherapy ( or “ talk therapy ” ). some patients benefit from combinations of medications and talk therapy. because older adults are more likely to have side effects when taking drugs than younger adults are, healthcare providers should watch for adverse effects when treating older patients and adjust treatment as needed. older adults should also alert their healthcare provider if they develop side effects. if you are having trouble finding a treatment that works, your healthcare provider may refer you to a psychiatrist - - a physician who specializes in mental health. some people who don ’ t benefit from medications, psychotherapy, or both may get relief with a treatment called “ electroconvulsive therapy ” ( ect ), drs. unutzer and park note. when providing ect, a specially trained healthcare provider briefly introduces a short, very low electrical current to the patient ’ s brain while he or she is anesthetized. some older adults – including those who are seriously depressed, or who have severe depression and anxiety – may have a harder time finding effective treatments than other people. but even such ‘ treatment - resistant ’ forms of depression can be treated. the report in september ’ s jama describes a 69 - year - old woman who suffered from severe treatment - resistant depression. she had been living independently in her own home but - - during a very difficult time in her life, when her son and husband both died - - she developed a depression so severe that she couldn ’ t take care of herself and had to be hospitalized and transferred to a nursing home. she continued to try new treatments, however, and finally got relief from a combination of medication, talk therapy, and ect. the therapy was so successful that she was able to once again live independently at home and enjoy her life. if a healthcare provider concludes that an older patient is depressed, he or she should also check whether the patient has ever had a period where they experienced symptoms of mania., drs. unutzer and park note. people with mania have periods during which they have enormous energy, become excessively ‘ hyper ’ or irritable, have little need for sleep, speak very quickly and sometimes nonstop, and do things that seem risky. patients


##utzer and park note. people with mania have periods during which they have enormous energy, become excessively ‘ hyper ’ or irritable, have little need for sleep, speak very quickly and sometimes nonstop, and do things that seem risky. patients with both depression and mania have what is called “ manic depression, ” or “ bipolar disorder. ” the treatment for bipolar disorder – mood - stabilizing medications – is different than treatment for depression, so it ’ s very important that healthcare professionals check for a history of or current signs of mania in an older person who presents with symptoms of depression. what should you do? remember : if you or someone for whom you care has symptoms of depression, contact a healthcare provider as soon as possible. if the treatment your provider prescribes doesn ’ t seem to be working, let him or her know. again, most older adults eventually get relief from depression with treatment. don ’ t give up until you find treatment that works for you. this summary is from the full report titled, “ older adults with severe, treatment - resistant depression. ” it appears in the september 5, 2012 issue of the journal of the american medical association. the report is authored by jurgen unutzer, md, mph, ma, and mijung park, phd, rn.


learn about the shuttle pallet satellite, also known as the spas, which is a reusable space platform. read the full transcript » learn about the shuttle pallet satellite a european pay load called spas or shuttle pallet satellite provided this magnificent views. it ’ s a unique reusable space platform built by west german aerospace company. in addition to having film and tv cameras mounted on spas, ten experiments belonging to the west german government, the european space agency and nasa we ’ re on the platform. the test for spas was to prove that satellite design validity and that experiment could be operated successfully while spas was free flying. nasa wanted to show that the remote manipulator system could handle the two and half ton pay load. the orbiters ability to station keep with spas was also demonstrated. at this point there are 1, 000 featured parts. here spas and the shuttle are 200 feet apart ; thrusters on board the shuttle were fired to record the effect on spas. finally, spas is rebirth for return to earth. the shuttle crew also deployed two communication satellites, a canadian satellite for pay tv operations and an indonesian satellite to help with telecommunication services to the islands many remote locations. shuttle flight seven was to be the first shuttle flight to touch down in the kennedy space center but bad weather conditions did not allow it. challenger landed instead at edwards ’ s air force base in california. the pre - designated alternate landing site, during the period of communications black out usually lasting about 15 minutes temperatures on the vehicle surface reached their peak. the temperature of the red hot blows seen through challengers front window was about 2400°f. one astronaut described the view as being inside a furnace.


for immediate release : sept. 21, 2012 communication office, vermont department of health vermont agency of agriculture, food and markets the vermont agency of agriculture, food and markets was notified on september 21 that a horse located in pittsford, vermont has tested positive for eee. the horse began showing signs of illness on september 16 and was euthanized the next day. the horse was not vaccinated for eee. this is the second horse that tested positive for eee in vermont, and this is the first time eee virus has been detected in the town of pittsford. people who live in pittsford and the surrounding communities may be at increased risk for infection and should take precautions to prevent mosquito bites. the area where this horse lives was not treated with pesticide during the aerial spray that occurred the first week in september. eee is a mosquito - borne, viral infection that can cause severe neurologic disease in horses, with mortality rates approaching 100 percent. although horses are the animals most susceptible to eee, the virus can also cause disease in other mammals such as llamas and alpacas and in emus. in animals, the onset of clinical signs is generally three to 10 days after a bite by an infected mosquito. mammals infected with eee most commonly exhibit neurologic signs including ataxia or incoordination, inability to stand, limb weakness or paralysis, seizures and death, while infected emus often develop hemorrhagic diarrhea. mammals infected with eee generally do not transmit eee to other animals or to people. vermont cases of eee in animals are required to be reported to the office of the state veterinarian. “ all horses in vermont should be vaccinated for eee, regardless of their travel frequency ” stated dr. shelley mehlenbacher, vermont assistant state veterinarian. “ even horses that spend the majority of their time on isolated properties are susceptible, and those horses should be vaccinated. horse owners and veterinarians should work together to develop appropriate vaccination plans. ” while vaccination is the most effective tool for preventing eee in horses, owners may also protect their horses from infection by using an acceptable insect repellent seasonally and mechanical barriers such as fly sheets and face nets. changing out water troughs regularly and removing other items that hold water will help to reduce mosquito breeding areas. because humans are also susceptible to eee, vermonters are encouraged to take the following actions to protect themselves from mosquito bites and risk of


congestive heart failure is a life - threatening condition. as the heart loses its ability to pump blood efficiently throughout the body, says ihab hajjar, m. d., associate director of the cardiovascular research program at hebrew seniorlife ' s institute for aging research, other organs, including the liver and lungs, can be damaged because they don ' t receive enough oxygen and nutrients to function properly. a condition in which the heart does not pump as well as it should to deliver oxygen - rich blood to the body ' s cells weak pumping action of the heart, which causes buildup of fluid in the lungs and other body tissues left - sided congestive heart failure - shortness of breath - buildup of fluid in the lungs - cough, especially at night right - sided congestive heart failure - buildup of fluid in veins - swelling of feet, ankles and legs - chest pain - weight gain from excess fluid - fast or irregular heart beat - previous heart attack - coronary artery disease - heart valve disease - congenital heart defects - alcohol or drug abuse - physical exam - chest x - ray - nuclear scan - blood tests - angiotensin - converting enzyme ( ace ) inhibitors - angiotensin ii receptor blockers - beta blockers - diuretics ( water pills ) - adolsterone agonists - implantable cardioverter defibrillator - cardiac resynchronization therapy - heart pump ace inhibitor - a drug that helps blood vessels relax by blocking the formation of naturally - occurring chemicals that narrow the blood vessels. aldosterone agonists - drugs that regulate the balance of salt and water in the body. angiotensin ii receptor blocker - a drug that blocks the action of angiotensin ii, allowing blood vessels to relax and widen, which lowers blood pressure. angiogram - an x - ray of blood vessels. arrhythmia - an abnormal heart rhythm. beta blocker - a drug that decreases the heart rate and force of the heart ' s contractions to lower blood pressure. cardiac resynchronization therapy - the placement of a pacemaker that sends timed electrical impulses to both of the heart ' s lower chambers so they pump together and in a more efficient, coordinated manner. coronary artery disease - a disease that begins when cholesterol substances called plaques are deposited within a coronary artery and obstruct the flow of blood to the heart. digoxin - a drug that strengthens heart muscle contractions and


coronary artery disease - a disease that begins when cholesterol substances called plaques are deposited within a coronary artery and obstruct the flow of blood to the heart. digoxin - a drug that strengthens heart muscle contractions and tends to slow the heart beat. diuretic - a drug that acts on the kidneys to help eliminate sodium and water from the body, thus reducing blood volume. echocardiogram - an ultrasound of the heart that provides an accurate assessment of the heart ' s overall health and can diagnose abnormalities. electrocardiogram - a recording of the heart ' s electrical activity. heart attack - the death of heart muscle due to loss of blood supply. heart pump - a mechanical device implanted into the abdomen and attached to a weakened heart to help it pump. heart valve disease - a condition in which the valves separating the heart ' s four chambers do not operate efficiently. hypertension - a medical condition in which blood pressure ( the force applied to the walls of arteries as the heart pumps blood through the body ) is consistently higher than 140 systolic and 90 diastolic. implantable cardioverter defibrillator - a device implanted under the skin and attached with small wires to monitor heart rhythm and, if irregular, to shock it back to a normal rhythm. nuclear scan - a diagnostic procedure that uses a safe radioactive agent to help diagnose heart diseases. american heart association - http : / / www. americanheart. org / national heart, lung & blood institute - http : / / www. nhlbi. nih. gov / the information contained on this web site is intended for general consumer understanding and education. the information is provided as a resource only and is not a substitute for professional diagnosis and treatment. access to the information on this site is voluntary. we advise users to consult their physician or other qualified health - care professional if they have questions regarding personal health and medical conditions. hebrew seniorlife expressly disclaims responsibility, and shall have no liability, for any damages, loss, injury or liability whatsoever suffered as a result of your reliance on the information contained on this site. by visiting this site, you agree to the foregoing terms and conditions, which may from time to time be changed or supplemented by hebrew seniorlife.


by j. ashley roach, captain, jagc, u. s. navy ( ret. ), office of the legal adviser, u. s. department of state. ( material contained herein is made available for the purpose of peer review and discussion and does not necessarily reflect the views of the department of the navy or the department of defense. ) at the present time there is hardly any object which cannot be located and explored on the sea - bed. sophisticated equipment can pinpoint any anomaly on the sea - bed, and advanced technology enables the lifting of most objects. 2 this technology, pioneered for the exploration of natural resources, is now in use by salvors, marine archaeologists and marine historians, whose interests are not necessarily viewed as being compatible. 3 the cost of this technology is dropping rapidly and can be used by " treasure hunters ", the main interest of many of whom is the recovery of commercially valuable material without regard to the methods of archaeological excavation. 4 furthermore, much of the underwater cultural heritage which remains unexplored is on the outer reaches of the continental shelf or on the deep sea - bed beyond the limits of coastal state jurisdiction over sunken shipwrecks which, under the los convention, is limited to 24 miles from the baseline. 5 there is, however, at present no multilateral treaty governing the treatment of sunken ships located in those areas beyond coastal state jurisdiction, 6 nor is there any multilateral treaty governing the particular case of sunken warships or military aircraft. as described in the following paragraphs, there is, nevertheless, a moderately well - developed body of customary international law governing the treatment of sunken warships and military aircraft ( as opposed to other vessels and aircraft not entitled to sovereign immunity ). 7 warships, naval auxiliaries, and other vessels owned or operated by a state and used at the time they sank only on government non - commercial service, are state vessels. 8 aircraft used in military, customs and police services are state aircraft. 9 international law recognizes that state vessels and aircraft, and their associated artifacts, whether or not sunken, are entitled to sovereign immunity. 10 in addition, such shipwrecks and sunken aircraft are historical artifacts of special importance and entitled to special protections. many such ships and aircraft have unique histories making them important parts of their country ' s traditions. 11 in addition, these ships and aircraft may be the last resting places of many sailors and airmen who died in the service of their nations. 12 the practice of states confirms the well - established rule of international law that title to


country ' s traditions. 11 in addition, these ships and aircraft may be the last resting places of many sailors and airmen who died in the service of their nations. 12 the practice of states confirms the well - established rule of international law that title to such vessels and aircraft is lost only by capture or surrender during battle ( before sinking ), 13 by international agreement, 14 or by an express act of abandonment, gift or sale by the sovereign in accordance with relevant principles of international law and the law of the flag state governing the abandonment of government property. 15 once hostilities have ended, belligerents do not acquire any title to such vessels or aircraft through the act of sinking them. likewise, title to such vessels and aircraft is not lost by the mere passage of time. 16 a coastal state does not acquire any right of ownership to a sunken state vessel or aircraft by reason of its being located on or embedded in land or the seabed over which it exercises sovereignty or jurisdiction. 17 access to such vessels and aircraft and their associated artifacts located on or embedded in the seabed of foreign archipelagic waters, territorial seas or contiguous zones, is subject to coastal state control in accordance with international law. 18 it is the policy of most governments to honor requests from sovereign states to respect, or to authorize visits to, such sunken vessels and aircraft. 19 access to sunken state vessels and aircraft and their associated artifacts located on or embedded in the continental shelf seaward of 24 miles from the baseline is subject to flag state control and is not subject to coastal state control. 20 access to sunken state vessels and aircraft and their associated artifacts located on or embedded in the seabed seaward of 24 miles from the baseline is subject only to flag state control. 21 except for opposing belligerents while hostilities continue, no person or state may salvage or attempt to salvage sunken state vessels or aircraft, or their associated artifacts, wherever located, without the express permission of the sovereign flag state, whether or not a war grave. 22 once hostilities have ended, sunken state vessels and aircraft containing crew remains are also entitled to special respect as war graves and must not be disturbed without the explicit permission of the sovereign. 23 the flag state is entitled to use all lawful means to prevent unauthorized disturbance of the wreck or crash site ( including the debris field ) or salvage of the wreck. 24 disturbance of any shipwreck or crash site is necessarily a destructive process. in virtually every instance, once recovery activities are undertaken, the site cannot be restored or replicated. any recovery effort which disturbs


field ) or salvage of the wreck. 24 disturbance of any shipwreck or crash site is necessarily a destructive process. in virtually every instance, once recovery activities are undertaken, the site cannot be restored or replicated. any recovery effort which disturbs the site denies other properly authorized persons the opportunity for scientific discovery and study. 25 accepted principles of marine archaeology, naval history and environmental protection require thoughtful research design, careful site surveys, minimal site disturbance consistent with research requirements, adequate financial resources, preparation of professional reports, and a comprehensive conservation plan before artifacts should be permitted to be recovered and treated. 26 these principles apply particularly to sunken state vessels and aircraft. 27 these rules do not affect the rights of a territorial sovereign to engage in legitimate operations, such as removal of navigational obstructions, prevention of damage to the marine environment, or other actions not prohibited by international law, ordinarily following notice to and in cooperation with the state owning the vessel or aircraft or otherwise entitled to assert the sovereign immunity of the wreck. 28 2 strati, the protection of the underwater cultural heritage : an emerging objecitvf of the contemporary law of the sea 344 - 345 ( 1995 ) [ hereinafter, strati ]. see, e. g., ballard, the discovery of the titanic ( rev. ed. 1989 ) ( sank on april 15, 1912, in 12, 500 feet of water ) ; ballard, the bismarck found, nat ' l geog., nov. 1989, at 622 ( sunk in battle on may 27, 1941, some 300 miles west of brest, france, in 15, 617 feet of water ). 3see, e. g., columbus - american v. atlantic mutual ins., 742 f. supp. 1327 ( e. d. va. 1990 ), rev ' d 974 f. 2d 450 ( 4th cir. 1992 ), cert. denied 61 l. w. 352 ( mar. 23, 1993 ) ( wreck of s. s. central america, which sank in a hurricane on sept. 12, 1857, located in 8, 000 feet of water 160 miles off the south carolina coast, and its cargo of gold recovered ) ; broad, " lost japanese sub with 2 tons of axis gold found on floor of atlantic ", n. y. times, july 19, 1995, cl, c7 ; " the treasure of the 1 - 52 ", newsweek, july 31, 1995, at 64 ; hubinger, "


of axis gold found on floor of atlantic ", n. y. times, july 19, 1995, cl, c7 ; " the treasure of the 1 - 52 ", newsweek, july 31, 1995, at 64 ; hubinger, " we got that sonofabitch! ", 9 naval history, nov. / dec. 1995, at 17. 4 strati identifies a number of conflicting interests in the protection of underwater cultural heritage. at the national level, she identifies the main interest groups as the identifiable owners, archaeologists, commercial salvors, hobby - divers, collectors, auctioneers and the state. at the international level, she identifies as the main actors the flag state of the wreck, the coastal state, the flag state of the vessel which undertakes research or recovery operations, the state of origin if different from the flag or coastal state, and the international community. strati 19 - 20. 5 as the sovereignty of a coastal state extends beyond its land territory and internal waters to the adjacent territorial sea, which may extend no more than 12 nautical miles from the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured, los convention, articles 2 and 3, the coastal state has jurisdiction to regulate underwater cultural heritage located within its internal waters and territorial sea. while los convention gives the coastal state no jurisdiction over submerged cultural resources seaward of the territorial sea, the coastal state is authorized to presume that the removal of archaeological and historical objects from the sea - bed of the contiguous zone, which may extend no more than 24 nautical miles from the baselines, without its approval would result in an infringement of its customs laws, and thus may exercise the control necessary to prevent and punish such infringement. los convention, article 33. a few states have claimed jurisdiction over submerged cultural resources on their continental shelves or located within their eezs seaward of 24 miles from the baseline : australia, historic shipwrecks act, no. 190 of 1976, sec. 28, quoted in strati 259 ( continental shelf, subject to the constraints of international law ) ; cape verde, law no. 60 / iv / 92, dec. 10, 1992, article 28, which may be found in un, los bull., no. 26, oct. 1994, at 29 ( eez and continental shelf ) and declaration ii on ratification of the los convention, which may be found in un, multilateral treaties deposited 855 ; cyprus ( continental shelf ) ; ireland, national monuments ( amendment ) act 1987, no


at 29 ( eez and continental shelf ) and declaration ii on ratification of the los convention, which may be found in un, multilateral treaties deposited 855 ; cyprus ( continental shelf ) ; ireland, national monuments ( amendment ) act 1987, no. 17 of 1987, sec. 3 ( l ), quoted in strati 289 n. 95 ( continental shelf ) ; jamaica, act 33 of 1991, art. 4 ( c ) ( i ), which may be found in un, current developments no. iii, at 47 ( eez ) ; morocco, act no. 1 - 81, dec. 18, 1980, art. 5, which may be found in un, national legislation on the eez 196 ( eez ) ; norway royal decree of dec. 8, 1972 relating to exploration and exploitation of petroleum in the seabed and substrata of the norwegian continental shelf, quoted in strati 261 ; portugal, law no. 289 / 93, aug. 21, 1993, referred to in strati 289 n. 95, which does not appear to be published in english ( continental shelf ) ; spain, law 16, 1985, on spanish historical heritage, june 26, 1985, art. 40, quoted in strati 289 n. 95 ( continental shelf ) ; yugoslavia, act concerning the coastal sea and the continental shelf, july 23, 1987, art. 24 ( 3 ), which may be found in un, current developments no. 111, at 139 ( continental shelf ). 6 united nations convention on the law of the sea 1982 : a commentary, para. 303. 10, at 161 - 162 ( nordquist, rosenne and sohn eds., 1989 ) : beyond the 24 nautical miles, the coastal state has no particular standing under this convention. its rights and duties will be governed by general international law and applicable international treaties.... archaeological research does not come within the purposes for which " sovereign rights " are granted to the coastal state as set forth in parts v and vi of the convention.... [ t ] here is no provision regarding the expanse of sea, seabed, and subsoil between the outer - 24 - nautical - mile line and the outer limit of coastal state sovereign rights or jurisdiction... presumably, in the course of time, this incipient new branch of law will be completed by the competent international organization, above all unesco, and by state practice. accord, oxman, marine archaeology and the international law of the sea, 12


presumably, in the course of time, this incipient new branch of law will be completed by the competent international organization, above all unesco, and by state practice. accord, oxman, marine archaeology and the international law of the sea, 12 colum. - vla j. l. & arts 353, 365 - 370 ( 1988 ) ( " [ t ] he convention does not establish coastal - state jurisdiction as such over marine archaeology, wrecks or cultural artifacts in the exclusive economic zone or the continental shelf " ) ; un, law of the sea : report of the secretary - general, un doc. a / 43 / 718, ¶ ¶ 42 - 44 ( 1988 ) ( " there is a need to clarify through an international agreement the issue of jurisdiction regarding wrecks lying between the contiguous zone and the international sea - bed area " ) ; giorgi, underwater archaeological and historical objects, in a handbook on the new law of the sea 570 - 572 ( dupuy & vignes eds., 1991 ). to fill this gap, the international law association ( ila ) has prepared a draft convention on the protection of the underwater cultural heritage, which has been forwarded to unesco for its consideration. 25 ocean dev. & int ' l l. 391 ( 1994 ) ; strati, supra n. 2, at 437 - 446. the ila draft would, inter alia, establish a new zone of coastal state jurisdiction over underwater cultural heritage out to 200 miles from the baseline, while exempting sunken warships and state aircraft from its coverage. the united kingdom and the united states are opposed to the creation of such a new zone, which was expressly considered and rejected at the third un conference on the law of the sea. oxman, the. third united nations conference on the law of the sea : 7he ninth session ( 1980 ), 75 am. j. int ' l l. 211, 240 ( 1981 ). international law, nevertheless, permits a state to legislate and enforce its laws relating to under - water cultural heritage that apply to its nationals and vessels flying its flag wherever located, and to persons of any nationality located in its territory and to all persons and vessels using its ports that are not entitled to sovereign immunity. states may also agree among themselves to do so likewise. see, e. g., n. 23 infra regarding the wreck of the m / s estonia. unesco has decided to review the ila draft convention with a


entitled to sovereign immunity. states may also agree among themselves to do so likewise. see, e. g., n. 23 infra regarding the wreck of the m / s estonia. unesco has decided to review the ila draft convention with a view to determining whether to convene a diplomatic conference for the adopting of a convention affording protection to underwater cultural property. 7 see letter from the deputy legal adviser, u. s. department of state to the deputy general counsel, maritime administration, dec. 30, 1980, reprinted in 1980 digest of u. s. practice in international law 999 - 1006 ( 1986 ) [ hereinafter, digest ]. 8 los convention, articles 95 - 96 ; 1958 high seas convention, articles 8 - 9. 9 convention on international civil aviation, chicago, dec. 7, 1944, t. i. a. s. no. 1591, 3 bevans 944, 15 u. n. t. s. 295, article 3. 10 29 japanese ann. int ' l l. 186 ( 1986 ) ( soviet note of oct. 3, 1980, regarding the admiral nakhimov sunk on may 28, 1905 ) ; 1958 high seas convention, articles 8 - 9 ; los convention, articles 95 - 96 ; queneudec, chronique de droit de la mar, 23 annuaire franqais de droit international 735 ( 1977 ). contra, caflisch, submarine antiquities and the international law of the sea, 13 neth. y. b. int ' l l. 3, 22 n. 74 ( 1982 ) ; migliorino, the recovery of sunken warships in international law, in essays on the new law of the sea 250, at 251 ( b. vukas ed., 1985 ) ( as sunken warships no longer meet the definition of warship ). strati, supra n. 2, at 221, takes the view that immunity is debatable, although ownership is not lost unless abandonment is proven. 11 strati, supra n. 2, at 348. 12 droingoole & gaskell, " who has a right to historic wrecks and wreckage?, 2 intl j. cultural prop. 217, at 230 - 231 ( 1993 ). 131980 digest 999 ; 29 japanese ann. int ' l l. 185 - 187 ( 1986 ) ( russian cruiser admiral nakhimov sank one hour after being captured on may 28, 1905, by japanese imperial


230 - 231 ( 1993 ). 131980 digest 999 ; 29 japanese ann. int ' l l. 185 - 187 ( 1986 ) ( russian cruiser admiral nakhimov sank one hour after being captured on may 28, 1905, by japanese imperial navy ). 14 for example, the treaty of peace with japan, sept. 8, 1951, provides in chapter v, article 14 ( a ) 2 ( i ) that each of the allied powers " shall have the right to seize, retain, liquidate or other - wise dispose of all property, rights and interests " of japan " which on the first coming into force of the present treaty were subject to its [ the allied powers ] jurisdiction. " 3 u. s. t. 3181. 15 i oppfnheim ' s international law 1165 § 560 n. 2 ( jennings & watts eds., 9th ed. 1992 ) ; dromgoole, supra n. 12, at 226 - 227 ( 1993 ). the procedures for abandonment of sunken u. s. warships and aircraft located outside the territory of the united states are set forth in 10 u. s. code § § 7305 - 7306 & 7545 ( 1988 ) and its implementing regulation, 32 c. f. r. parts 172 & 736 ( 1994 ), and for other u. s. vessels, 40 u. s. code § 484 ( i ) and 46 u. s. code app. § 1158. for example, in 1989, the u. s. maritime administration sold the ss john barry to a group of investors, in return for a share of any proceeds from the salvage of any of its cargo, reputed to be tons of silver. this world war 11 liberty ship was torpedoed about 125 miles off the east coast of oman on august 28, 1944, by a japanese submarine. 16 1980 digest 1004 ; simon v. taylor and another, 1 malaysian l. j. 236 ( singapore high ct. 1975 ), 56 int ' l l. rep. 40 ( 1980 ) ( u - 859, sunk by a british submarine in 1944, remains the property of the german state ) ; dromgoole, supra n. 12, at 234 - 235 ; naval historical center, u. s. department of the navy, policy fact sheet : sunken naval vessels & naval aircraft wreck sites ( undated ). 17 29 japanese ann. int ' l l. 115 ( 1986 ) ( objects located on chinese territorial seabed recovered from japanese


. s. department of the navy, policy fact sheet : sunken naval vessels & naval aircraft wreck sites ( undated ). 17 29 japanese ann. int ' l l. 115 ( 1986 ) ( objects located on chinese territorial seabed recovered from japanese troopship awa maru sunk during world war 11 remained property of japan ) ; roach, france concedes united states has title to css alabama, 85 am. j. int ' l l. 381 ( 1991 ) ; dromgoole, supra n. 12, at 225 - 226. 18 exchange of notes constituting an agreement between the government of the united kingdom of great britain and northern ireland and the government of italy regarding the salvage of h. m. s. spartan, rome, nov. 6, 1952, 158 u. n. t. s. 432 ( 1952 ) ( spartan was sunk on jan. 29, 1944, in anzio bay ) ; agreement between the government of the united kingdom of great britain and northern ireland and the government of the republic of south africa regarding the salvage of h. m. s. birkenhead, pretoria, sept. 27, 1989, u. k. t. s. no. 3 ( 1990 ), cm. 906, 60 brit. y. b. invl l. 671 ( 1990 ) ( sank in feb. 1852, off the cape colony ) ; agreement between the government of the french republic and the government of the united states of america concerning the wreck of the css alabama, paris, oct. 3, 1989, t. i. a. s. no. 11687, un, los bull. no. 20, mar. 1992, at 26 ( 41abama was sunk on june 19, 1864, some seven miles off cherbourg during the u. s. civil war by uss kearsarge ). see also dromgoole, supra n. 12, at 228, regarding the birkenhead agreement. 19 1980 digest 999 & 1006. 20 strati, supra n. 2, at 262. 21 this rule is of particular relevance to the cases of the bismarck and 1 - 52. 22 1980 digest 1003 - 1004. 23 see dromgoole, supra n. 12, at 230 - 232 ; agreement regarding h. m. s. birkenhead, supra n. 18 ( 445 lives lost ) ; 1980 digest 999, 1005 & 1.


##goole, supra n. 12, at 230 - 232 ; agreement regarding h. m. s. birkenhead, supra n. 18 ( 445 lives lost ) ; 1980 digest 999, 1005 & 1. 006 ; british protection of military remains act, 1986, ch. 35. a different situation pertains for non sovereign - immune vessels. see e. g. the agreement between the republic of estonia, the republic of finland and the kingdom of sweden regarding the m / s estonia, signed feb. 23, 1995, imo circ. itr 1959, nov. 16, 1995. this roll on - roll off ferry, with over 900 passengers on board, sank on september 28, 1994, in 230 feet of the baltic sea while en route from tallinn to stockholm, more than 24 miles from the nearest land, oto island, finland. the signatories agreed that the wreck and the surrounding area shall be regarded as a final place of rest for victims of the disaster and as such shall be afforded appropriate respect ; undertook to institute legislation aiming at the criminalization of any activities disturbing the peace of the final place of rest, in particular any diving activities with the purpose of recovering victims or property from the wreck or the seabed ; and urged the public and all states to afford appropriate respect to the site of the m / s estonia for all time. 24 see united states v. steinmetz, 763 f. supp. 1293 ( d. n. j. 1991 ), aff ' d 973 f. 2d 212 ( 3d cir. 1992 ), cert. denied 113 s. c. 1578 ( mar. 22, 1993 ) ( unauthorized salvage of the css alabama ship ' s bell ) ; karppi, rare aircraft recovered, naval history, jan. / feb. 1996, at 57 ( u. s. navy retains title to douglas tbd - 1 devastator torpedo bomber buno 0353 which sank in 1943 in 500 feet of atlantic water ). 25 strati, supra n. 2, at 14 - 18, 344 - 345. 26 id., at 36 - 40, and sources cited therein. 27 whipple, aircraft as cultural resources : 7he navy approach, 18 crm, no. 2, at 10 ( 1995 ). 28 1980 digest 999 & 1005.


by 1934, albert speer was " hitler ' s architect, " and he also held several official posts. in january 1937, speer added the title of inspector general of construction for berlin. he reported directly to hitler and impressed the nazi leader by completing the reichs chancellery in only nine months. in january 1938, hitler made speer the first commissioner for the chancellery. he now controlled all building and industrial materials as well as the transport and labor — some 65 million workers — associated with them. in 1941, speer offered his services to the army reserve and became chief of defense construction. when fritz todt died in a plane crash in february 1942, hitler again turned to speer. on 15 february speer was sworn in as the new minister for armament and munitions. his brief also covered most aspects of construction and transportation. between 1942 and 1944, speer tripled overall german armament output. ammunition production increased 300 percent, and tank output rose 600 percent. by 1943, he was in charge of naval armaments as well as german rocket and atomic programs. many saw him as hitler ' s successor, since the two shared a close acquaintance based on their mutual interest in architecture. the workload, however, took its toll on speer. it also brought him into contact with the concentration camps and the conditions of slave labor, which speer claimed to have found abhorrent. after touring facilities in the northeast, speer fell gravely ill in the winter of 1943 – 1944. he remained hospitalized until early may 1944. when he returned, speer found his influence diminished. his name appeared on the list of putative ministers during the attempted coup of 20 july 1944 ; his friendship with hitler and the fact that he was listed as someone to be approached after the attempted coup saved him. speer remained at his posts and was made responsible for the construction of germany ' s western defenses. yet speer was now less than committed to the nazi cause. he spoke publicly of final victory and promised miracle weapons, but he privately doubted both. when hitler adopted a scorched - earth policy, speer sought to undermine it, and he involved himself in several wild schemes to assassinate or eliminate the top nazi leadership. on 23 april 1945, speer visited hitler in his bunker. he then flew to join admiral karl donitz ' s successor government at flensburg as minister of economics and production. while there, following the german surrender, speer was debriefed for the u. s. strategic bombing survey before being arrested


he then flew to join admiral karl donitz ' s successor government at flensburg as minister of economics and production. while there, following the german surrender, speer was debriefed for the u. s. strategic bombing survey before being arrested by the british on 23 may 1945. he then became one of the main defendants at the nuremburg trials. speer adopted the strategy of accepting collective responsibility while simultaneously denying personal culpability. found guilty, he received 20 years ' imprisonment and served the full sentence. while he was in prison, speer wrote the accounts of his work and experiences in nazi germany that would make him both famous and infamous. he remained a significant literary and historical figure until his death in paddington, england, on 1 september 1981. timothy c. dowling fest, joachim. speer : the final verdict. trans. ewald osers and alexandra dring. new york : harcourt, 2002. ; schmidt, matthias. albert speer : the end of a myth. trans. joachim neugroschel. new york : collier, 1982. ; sereny, gitta. albert speer : his battle with truth. new york : vintage, 1996. ; speer, albert. inside the third reich : memoirs. trans. richard and clara winston. new york : touchstone, 1997.


for health care providers the 5 a ' s for patients unwilling to quit these strategies are designed to be brief ( < 3 minutes of direct clinician time ). they need not be delivered by the same clinician ; for example, a clinic nurse may ask about tobacco use, whereas a prescribing clinician ( eg, md, pa, or np ) may advise, assess, and assist, with referral to another provider for counseling services. - all patients about tobacco use at every clinic visit : - if a patient has never used, you do not need to ask again. - if a patient quit years ago, congratulate and check in periodically. - consider making it a part of your office practice to ask about and record tobacco use while patients are having vital signs recorded. - smokers with clear, strong, and personalized suggestions : - clear : " i think it is important that you quit smoking. i can help. " - strong : " quitting smoking is one of the most important things you can do to protect your health. " - personalized : associate smoking with something that is important to the patient, such as exposure of children to tobacco smoke, the expense of cigarettes, or pulmonary and cardiovascular comorbidities. " remember the time you had that terrible pneumonia? " " do you realize that you can save almost $ 2, 000 a year on cigarette expenses if you quit? " - smokers ' readiness to quit within 30 days : " are you willing to give quitting a try in the next 30 days? " - if not ready, consider using motivational interviewing to increase patient ' s readiness to quit ( see the 5 r ' s for patients unwilling to quit, below * ). - if ready, assist and arrange ( following ). - a patient ' s preparations for quitting : - setting a quit date. ideally, the quit date should be within 2 weeks. - telling family, friends, and coworkers about quitting, and requesting understanding and support. - anticipating challenges to the upcoming quit attempt, particularly during the critical first few weeks. these include nicotine withdrawal symptoms. - removing tobacco products from the environment. before quitting, avoiding smoking in places where a lot of time is spent ( eg, work, home, car ). making the home smoke free. - offer nicotine replacement or, if appropriate, bupropion, varenicline, or other medication ( see below for more details on medication options ). - provide practical counseling ( problem


, car ). making the home smoke free. - offer nicotine replacement or, if appropriate, bupropion, varenicline, or other medication ( see below for more details on medication options ). - provide practical counseling ( problem - solving / skills training ; see below ). - offer intensive treatment options ( smoking cessation intervention programs and groups ). - offer readily available counseling and support services : phone support, clinic counselors. - enrollment in a vha - based smoking cessation clinic, if the patient wishes. - referral to appropriate counseling services. - referral to evidence - based cessation program in the community or to phone quit lines if vha - based interventions are not convenient for the patient or if the patient is interested ( 800 - quit - now is a national portal for state programs ). - follow - up contact during the first week after quit date ( in person or by phone ). - follow - up visit 1 month after quit date. - subsequent follow - up visits ; congratulate upon success in quitting ; anticipate further support with relapses ( approximately 35 - 40 % patients relapse 1 - 5 years after quitting ). from smoking cessation primary care of veterans with hiv office of clinical public health programs veterans health administration, 2009


josefov ( also jewish quarter ; josephstadt in german ) is a town quarter and the smallest cadastral area of prague, today czech republic, formerly the jewish ghetto of the town. it is completely surrounded by old town. the quarter is often represented by the flag of prague ' s jewish community, a yellow magen david ( star of david ) on a red field. jews are believed to have settled in prague as early as the 10th century. the first pogrom was in 1096 ( the first crusade ) and eventually they were concentrated within a walled ghetto. in 1262 premysl otakar ii issued a statuta judaeorum which granted the community a degree of self administration. in 1389 one of the worst pogroms saw some 1, 500 massacred at easter sunday. the ghetto was most prosperous towards the end of the 16th century when the jewish mayor, mordecai maisel, became the minister of finance and a very wealthy man. his money helped develop the ghetto. around this time the maharal was supposed to create the golem. in 1850 the quarter was renamed " josefstadt " ( joseph ' s city ) after joseph ii, holy roman emperor who emancipated jews with the toleration edict in 1781. two years before jews were allowed to settle outside of the city, so the share of the jewish population in josefov decreased, while only orthodox and poor jews remained living there. most of the quarter was demolished between 1893 and 1913 as part of an initiative to model the city on paris. what was left were only six synagogues, the old cemetery, and the old jewish town hall ( now all part of the jewish museum and described below ). with only six synagogues, the old cemetery, and the old jewish town hall the nazi german occupation could have been expected to complete the demolishment of the old ghetto. however the area was preserved in order to provide a site for a planned " exotic museum of an extinct race ". this meant that the nazis gathered jewish artifacts from all over central europe for display in josefov. currently josefov is overbuilt with buildings from the beginning of the 20th century, so it is difficult to appreciate exactly what the old quarter was like when it was reputed to have over 18, 000 inhabitants. - franz kafka ' s birthplace. - high synagogue ( vysoka synagoga ) : 16th century synagogue. - jewish town hall ( zidovska radnice ) : 18th century rococo town


halifax - its very name remains a powerful metaphor for the folly of human pride a century after its sinking. the titanic ' s legacy abounds in more than 1, 100 books, scores of films, 81 million google hits and, on this anniversary weekend, countless commemorations and souvenir sales. it wasn ' t the worst of nautical disasters — not by far. as tragedies go, it was but a footnote in the prelude to the first world war. no, the ill - fated story of the titanic has endured for many other reasons, not the least of which is the fact that it foundered on its maiden voyage, having already won renown for being the largest, most opulent luxury liner ever built. in short, the pride of the white star line died young and beautiful, a fact that helped cement its celebrity status for decades to come. as well, its first - class passengers were celebrities in their own right. at the turn of the century, when class distinctions were more firmly entrenched, the many millionaires strutting along the promenade deck would have been considered the a - list superstars of their time. for those in second class and steerage, many of whom bought one - way tickets, rms titanic was already a symbol of unbridled optimism in the future. on a more cerebral level, the titanic ' s fate has become synonymous with hubris because the epic failure of its state - of - the - art design — described at the time as unsinkable — clearly demonstrated that even the best technology can fail. " it was touted as being invincible, " says jill scott, a professor at queen ' s university in kingston, ont., who has studied the social dynamics of public mourning. " this belief in the ability of technology to free humans from everyday suffering, that was a reality at the time. it was in full swing at that point. it had the industrial revolution behind it. " these themes resonate to this day, scott says. " every time the story ( of the titanic ) is told, it ' s told differently, " she says. " the way that we ' re telling this story today is really very much about our own anxieties.... today, there is a general kind of skepticism of where technology has led us. " growing concern about global warming, for example, calls to mind the notion that rapid progress is sometimes fraught with unseen danger. " it speaks to our ability to invent technologies that will eventually lead


kind of skepticism of where technology has led us. " growing concern about global warming, for example, calls to mind the notion that rapid progress is sometimes fraught with unseen danger. " it speaks to our ability to invent technologies that will eventually lead to our peril, " scott says. jim wellman, a newfoundland broadcaster and author of several books about shipwrecks, says the titanic ' s demise remains a potent reminder of human fallibility. " no matter how huge we build something, there ' s still a bigger force out there that ' s going to give us a slap in the face and remind us that we ' re only human, " he says. wellman says the public ' s fascination with the titanic has grown over the years because the story continues to be shrouded in mystery. recent scientific studies have suggested the titanic might have shrugged off its encounter with an iceberg had its builders used less brittle but more expensive steel. another researcher opined this week that the lookouts posted to watch for icebergs may have been fooled by a mirage caused by freak atmospheric conditions. the point is that the debate over what caused the sinking shows no sign of letting up. " as long as there are questions being raised, this cloud of mystery that hangs over the word titanic, it will go on forever, " wellman says. to be sure, the discovery of the wreck in 1985 helped revive the brand, as did the 1987 release of james cameron ' s blockbuster film. " there ' s no doubt that james cameron had a very large hand in re - igniting the public imagination about this incredible story, " wellman says. " in the end, it ' s those human stories that will keep us interested in this. " as for cameron, he has said that titanic ' s legacy will endure because the tale is as romantic as it is tragic. " the heart - wrench of literally hundreds of woman being separated from their husbands, having to get into lifeboats and see them on the deck for the last time as they ' re being lowered away into the darkness — that ' s one of the enduring images of the real titanic story, " cameron said in an interview shortly after the film debuted. " i thought, if i make that the backdrop of a love story... how much more of a turbocharged experience of passion and heartbreak that might be. that was my gut feeling that drew me to the arena of titanic. " however, there ' s another side to the titanic allegory that gives it great


of the friends of emancipation, held in london in 1840 joseph sturge, the founder of the british and foreign anti - slavery society, proposed the calling of a world ' s anti - slavery convention, and the proposal was promptly seconded by the american anti - slavery society. the call was addressed to " friends of the slave of every nation and of yes, let them gather! summon forth the pledged philanthropy of earth. from every land, whose hills have heard the bugle blast of freedom waking ; or shrieking of her symbol - bird from out his cloudy eyrie breaking where justice hath one worshipper, or truth one altar built to her ; where ' er a human eye is weeping o ' er wrongs which earth ' s sad children know ; where ' er a single heart is keeping its prayerful watch with human woe thence let them come, and greet each other, and know in each a friend and brother! yes, let them come! from each green vale where england ' s old baronial halls still bear upon their storied walls the grim crusader ' s rusted mail, battered by paynim spear and brand on malta ' s rock or syria ' s sand! and mouldering pennon - staves once set within the soil of palestine, by jordan and gennesaret ; or, borne with england ' s battle line, o ' er acre ' s shattered turrets stooping, or, midst the camp their banners drooping, with dews from hallowed hermon wet, a holier summons now is given than that gray hermit ' s voice of old, which unto all the winds of heaven the banners of the cross unrolled! not for the long - deserted shrine ; not for the dull unconscious sod, which tells not by one lingering sign that there the hope of israel trod ; but for that truth, for which alone in pilgrim eyes are sanctified the garden moss, the mountain stone, whereon his holy sandals pressed, - - the fountain which his lip hath blessed, - - whate ' er hath touched his garment ' s hem at bethany or bethlehem, or jordan ' s river - side. for freedom in the name of him who came to raise earth ' s drooping poor, to break the chain from every limb, the bolt from every prison door! for these, o ' er all the earth hath passed an ever - deepening trumpet blast, as if an angel ' s breath had lent its vigor to the instrument. and wales,


chain from every limb, the bolt from every prison door! for these, o ' er all the earth hath passed an ever - deepening trumpet blast, as if an angel ' s breath had lent its vigor to the instrument. and wales, from snowden ' s mountain wall, shall startle at that thrilling call, as if she heard her bards again ; and erin ' s " harp on tara ' s wall " give out its ancient strain, mirthful and sweet, yet sad withal, - - the melody which erin loves, when o ' er that harp, ' mid bursts of gladness and slogan cries and lyke - wake sadness, the hand of her o ' connell moves! scotland, from lake and tarn and rill, and mountain hold, and heathery bill, shall catch and echo back the note, as if she heard upon the air once more her cameronian ' s prayer and song of freedom float. and cheering echoes shall reply from each remote dependency, where britain ' s mighty sway is known, in tropic sea or frozen zone ; where ' er her sunset flag is furling, or morning gun - fire ' s smoke is curling ; from indian bengal ' s groves of palm and rosy fields and gales of balm, where eastern pomp and power are rolled through regal ava ' s gates of gold ; and from the lakes and ancient woods and dim canadian solitudes, whence, sternly from her rocky throne, queen of the north, quebec looks down ; and from those bright and ransomed isles where all unwonted freedom smiles, and the dark laborer still retains the scar of slavery ' s broken chains! from the hoar alps, which sentinel the gateways of the land of tell, where morning ' s keen and earliest glance on jura ' s rocky wall is thrown, and from the olive bowers of france and vine groves garlanding the rhone, - - " friends of the blacks, " as true and tried as those who stood by oge ' s side, and heard the haytien ' s tale of wrong, shall gather at that summons strong ; broglie, passy, and he whose song breathed over syria ' s holy sod, and, in the paths which jesus trod, and murmured midst the hills which hem crownless and sad jerusalem, hath echoes whereso ' er the tone of israel ' s prophet - lyre is known. still let them come ; from quito ' s walls, and


jesus trod, and murmured midst the hills which hem crownless and sad jerusalem, hath echoes whereso ' er the tone of israel ' s prophet - lyre is known. still let them come ; from quito ' s walls, and from the orinoco ' s tide, from lima ' s inca - haunted halls, from santa fe and yucatan, - - men who by swart guerrero ' s side proclaimed the deathless rights of man, broke every bond and fetter off, and hailed in every sable serf a free and brother mexican! chiefs who across the andes ' chain have followed freedom ' s flowing pennon, and seen on junin ' s fearful plain, glare o ' er the broken ranks of spain the fire - burst of bolivar ' s cannon! and hayti, from her mountain land, shall send the sons of those who hurled defiance from her blazing strand, the war - gage from her petion ' s hand, alone against a hostile world. nor all unmindful, thou, the while, land of the dark and mystic nile! thy moslem mercy yet may shame all tyrants of a christian name, when in the shade of gizeh ' s pile, or, where, from abyssinian hills el gerek ' s upper fountain fills, or where from mountains of the moon el abiad bears his watery boon, where ' er thy lotus blossoms swim within their ancient hallowed waters ; where ' er is beard the coptic hymn, or song of nubia ' s sable daughters ; the curse of slavery and the crime, thy bequest from remotest time, at thy dark mehemet ' s decree forevermore shall pass from thee ; and chains forsake each captive ' s limb of all those tribes, whose hills around have echoed back the cymbal sound and victor horn of ibrahim. and thou whose glory and whose crime to earth ' s remotest bound and clime, in mingled tones of awe and scorn, the echoes of a world have borne, my country! glorious at thy birth, a day - star flashing brightly forth, the herald - sign of freedom ' s dawn! oh, who could dream that saw thee then, and watched thy rising from afar, that vapors from oppression ' s fen would cloud the upward tending star? or, that earth ' s tyrant powers, which heard, awe - struck, the shout which hailed thy dawning, would rise so soon, prince, peer, and king, to mock thee with their welcoming,


would cloud the upward tending star? or, that earth ' s tyrant powers, which heard, awe - struck, the shout which hailed thy dawning, would rise so soon, prince, peer, and king, to mock thee with their welcoming, like hades when her thrones were stirred to greet the down - cast star of morning! " aha! and art thou fallen thus? art thou become as one of us? " land of my fathers! there will stand, amidst that world - assembled band, those owning thy maternal claim unweakened by thy, crime and shame ; the sad reprovers of thy wrong ; the children thou hast spurned so long. still with affection ' s fondest yearning to their unnatural mother turning. no traitors they! but tried and leal, whose own is but thy general weal, still blending with the patriot ' s zeal the christian ' s love for human kind, to caste and climate unconfined. a holy gathering! peaceful all no threat of war, no savage call for vengeance on an erring brother! but in their stead the godlike plan to teach the brotherhood of man to love and reverence one another, as sharers of a common blood, the children of a common god yet, even at its lightest word, shall slavery ' s darkest depths be stirred : spain, watching from her moro ' s keep her slave - ships traversing the deep, and rio, in her strength and pride, lifting, along her mountain - side, her snowy battlements and towers, her lemon - groves and tropic bowers, with bitter hate and sullen fear its freedom - giving voice shall hear ; and where my country ' s flag is flowing, on breezes from mount vernon blowing, above the nation ' s council halls, where freedom ' s praise is loud and long, while close beneath the outward walls the driver plies his reeking thong ; the hammer of the man - thief falls, o ' er hypocritic cheek and brow the crimson flush of shame shall glow and all who for their native land are pledging life and heart and hand, worn watchers o ' er her changing weal, who fog her tarnished honor feel, through cottage door and council - hall shall thunder an awakening call. the pen along its page shall burn with all intolerable scorn ; an eloquent rebuke shall go on all the winds that southward blow ; from priestly lips, now sealed and


and council - hall shall thunder an awakening call. the pen along its page shall burn with all intolerable scorn ; an eloquent rebuke shall go on all the winds that southward blow ; from priestly lips, now sealed and dumb, warning and dread appeal shall come, like those which israel heard from him, the prophet of the cherubim ; or those which sad esaias hurled against a sin - accursed world! its wizard leaves the press shall fling unceasing from its iron wing, with characters inscribed thereon, as fearful in the despot ' s ball as to the pomp of babylon the fire - sign on the palace wall! and, from her dark iniquities, methinks i see my country rise not challenging the nations round to note her tardy justice done ; her captives from their chains unbound ; her prisons opening to the sun but tearfully her arms extending over the poor and unoffending ; her regal emblem now no longer a bird of prey, with talons reeking, above the dying captive shrieking, but, spreading out her ample wing, a broad, impartial covering, the weaker sheltered by the stronger oh, then to faith ' s anointed eyes the promised token shall be given ; and on a nation ' s sacrifice, atoning for the sin of years, and wet with penitential tears, the fire shall fall from heaven!


the advantages of a controlling position in norway, so strongly urged on the fuhrer by admiral raeder, were not unappreciated in whitehall. from the end of november 1939, when the russians attacked finland, the possibilities of fishing profitably in scandinavian waters were seriously considered by the british government. of the voices that were raised in favour of active measures of this sort, one in particular was clear and insistent — the voice of mr. churchill, then first lord of the admiralty ; for norway — or some of it — was within easy reach of the navy. clearly the allies had every justification for supporting finland. the wanton aggression committed against a weak and unoffending neighbour by a vast dictatorial power on terms of intimacy with the nazis cried for redress in the name of morality and the democratic cause. cries for redress, however, are apt to pass unheard until they fall on willing ears. in this case the ears were already well down to the ground. for some time past the allies had been studying the possibilities of depriving germany of the high - grade iron - ore which is found so abundantly in sweden, and which is so important in the manufacture of armaments. when the russians attacked the finns it was at once seen that allied intervention, by establishing a military force in scandinavia, might achieve this desired end. the prize was not one to be despised. all our economic surveys pointed to the peculiar significance of swedish iron - ore in the german war economy ; the least optimistic estimate of its worth was that without it the german war effort would collapse within a year ; and a confidential memorandum to the french government from fritz thyssen, frankenstein fearful of his own creation, only confirmed the verdict. nor has post - war research done anything to upset these conclusions. according to recent german admissions, during the opening months of the war iron - ore from sweden and norway in fact supplied two - thirds of germany ' s total consumption of the product. the iron - ore of sweden is found in two widely separated areas — the fields around grangesberg, within easy access of stockholm, and those around kiruna and gallivare, in the extreme north. it is the latter which produce in such great quantities the high grade phosphoric ores. the export of the ore from the fields in the south presents no difficulty, for these are served by the network of railways covering southern sweden ; but the export of ore from kiruna and gallivare is another matter. from both these towns there is railway communication to the port


from the fields in the south presents no difficulty, for these are served by the network of railways covering southern sweden ; but the export of ore from kiruna and gallivare is another matter. from both these towns there is railway communication to the port of lulea, at the head of the gulf of bothnia ; but from mid - december to mid - may lulea is ice - bound. much of the ore in consequence travels by a single - track railway, overhung by great rocks and mountains, to the norwegian port of narvik, which remains open to traffic all the year round. thence it proceeds by sea to its destination. and in the early months of the war its destination was largely germany — by way of norway ' s territorial waters. the approach of the war cabinet to what could now be considered the combined problems of finland and the swedish iron - ore was hesitant. sabotage, though it might help, could not interfere seriously with the trade with germany ; only the occupation of the ore - fields and the communications on which they depend would suffice. but a naked seizure of the ore - fields would set all scandinavia by the ears, alienate neutral opinion generally, and violate the principles for which we were fighting. moreover, since the fact of german control over the baltic meant that we should have to approach the ore - fields by way of the scanty communications and mountain barriers of central and northern norway, a mere descent in force would be militarily unsound. the expedition must thus be undertaken unobtrusively, in the course of carrying aid to the finns, and only if both norway and sweden agreed to cooperate — or at least, not to oppose. and even this would be risking war with russia. it was with these difficulties in mind that the war cabinet in december 1939, after agreeing as a first step to send some aircraft to the finns, considered the proposal of the first lord of the admiralty that we should interrupt the traffic from narvik to germany inside norwegian territorial waters by a combination of mine - laying and naval action. in accordance with the cabinet ' s determination not to offend scandinavian opinion, mr. churchill ' s proposal was accepted only to the extent of inquiring how the norwegian and swedish governments would regard such measures. the reply was entirely unfavourable. there, for a few weeks, the matter rested. by february 1940, however, it was clear that without substantial bomber airfield at dusk the crews go out to their wellingtons hurricanes on patrol a flight of


the reply was entirely unfavourable. there, for a few weeks, the matter rested. by february 1940, however, it was clear that without substantial bomber airfield at dusk the crews go out to their wellingtons hurricanes on patrol a flight of no. 73 squadron over france during the ' phoney war ' the altmark spotted coastal command reconnaissance discovers the prison - ship in josing fjord on 24th february 1940 seven years afterwards the wreckage of one of no. 263 squadron ' s gladiators, still visible on the shores of lake lesjaskog in 1947 reinforcements the finns could not hold out against russia for more than a matter of weeks. the prospect of having ' the great barbarians ' within easy reach of the swedish iron - ore and the north sea being more than little distasteful, it was decided to ask norway and sweden to allow the transit of allied units across their territory into finland — units formed on the model of the italian ' volunteer ' brigades in spanish civil war. the necessary military and air forces were detailed, and in early march the request was duly made. once again the only result was a blank refusal. faced with this, and with the continued insistence of the norwegians and swedes on maintaining their exports to germany, the first lord of the admiralty then reverted to the lesser project of mining the route from narvik. since this was at best only a partial solution of the problem — the narvik route accounted, as we now know, for one third of germany ' s total imports of iron - ore from scandinavia — it was once more rejected by the cabinet. the allies had not reached this point without german suspicions ; indeed our intention at least to carry help to finland had been proclaimed to the world. on 12th december 1939, when hitler formally decided to secure control of norway, he was not yet sure how far he could achieve his object by fostering the influence of the traitor quisling. during the ensuing months he had accordingly catered for both contingencies, at once encouraging the norwegian nazis and at the same time preparing a military expedition. the news that the british were actually contemplating intervention in scandinavia, coupled with our violation of norwegian territorial rights during the altmark incident, now convinced hitler and his naval staff that they must act swiftly if they were to safeguard their supplies of iron - ore and obtain their desired vantage - points for the air and sea war against england. as quisling, by his own admission, could not produce the goods in time, on 4th march hitler ordered the german armed forces


to safeguard their supplies of iron - ore and obtain their desired vantage - points for the air and sea war against england. as quisling, by his own admission, could not produce the goods in time, on 4th march hitler ordered the german armed forces to make ready with all speed. hostilities between the russians and the finns ended on 13th march 1940. the following day the british war cabinet considered mr. churchill ' s view that we should still proceed with our scandinavian expedition, partly to secure the ore - fields, partly to forestall an eventual russian advance to the atlantic. but once more the cabinet, in default of norwegian and swedish consent, rejected extreme courses. indeed, it now decided to disperse the forces thus far collected — forces which included, among the royal air force units, an air component headquarters, two bomber squadrons, three fighter squadrons, one and a half army cooperation squadrons, a balloon squadron and an observer screen. after the signature of the russo - finnish peace treaty the germans sensed some relaxation in the british preparations, and at the end of march admiral raeder gave his opinion that a british descent on norway was no longer imminent. but at the same time he urged that the germans must ultimately take over norway, and that they should do so sooner rather than later. the fuhrer was entirely of the same mind. on 26th march the german ' d - day ' for operation weserubung — the ' weser ' exercise, or occupation of norway and denmark — was fixed for the period of the next new moon. meanwhile the allies, almost equally reluctant to abandon the chance of a cheap strategic success, were haggling. the french, sensitive to the loss of ' face ' over finland, urged that some positive action to control norwegian territorial waters, either by naval measures or by seizing norwegian ports, would have a tonic effect on neutral opinion. the british countered that scandinavian cooperation was essential, even for the most limited project ; but at a meeting of the supreme war council on 28th march, some ground was yielded on both sides, and agreement was reached. fresh notes were to be addressed to norway and sweden informing them that their interpretation of neutrality had worked against our interests : that they must not oppose us if we decided to carry aid to finland in a future struggle : and that we reserved the right to take such measures as we though necessary to prevent vital resources flowing to germany. this message delivered, mines were to be laid in norwegian territorial waters along the route from narvik, and operations were to be undertaken against german shipping thus forced


the right to take such measures as we though necessary to prevent vital resources flowing to germany. this message delivered, mines were to be laid in norwegian territorial waters along the route from narvik, and operations were to be undertaken against german shipping thus forced out to sea. should these measures provoke a german invasion of southern norway, or should there be clear evidence that such an invasion was intended, and should the norwegians then welcome our support, a few units retained from the original expeditionary force would be rushed across to occupy narvik, trondheim and bergen, and to effect demolitions at stavanger. with the germans forestalled at the key points on the west coast, further forces could then be despatched to norway as necessary — or as available. in all this the royal air force was expected to bear no great part. ' no air forces ', wrote the chiefs of staff, ' need accompany the … army forces in the first instance. we may, however, have to despatch the air contingent which was included in the original narvik plan, if the opportunity to move to gallivare should subsequently arise. a decision on this can be deferred. ' the warning notes were presented to the norwegian and swedish governments on 5th april 1940 — two days after the first supply ships of the german expeditionary have quietly set sail. the swedes immediately complained that the british notes ' brought our countries very close to war '. the reply of the norwegians was still awaited when the progress of events made it superfluous. * * * a few hours after the allied notes were delivered in oslo and stockholm, most of the forces intended to cover the mine - laying left scapa. the operation, scheduled for the early hours of 8th april, was to take place in two areas ; one field was to be sown in the vest fjord, on the direct approach to narvik, the other farther south. while the vessels for these tasks proceeded towards norway, the troops who were to forestall the germans at the west coast ports embarked in transports and cruisers, ready to sail, if need be, as soon as the mines were laid. by 8th april, however, the situation had lost its pristine clarity. by that time reports of unaccustomed movements by german naval units had been coming in for many hours. on 6th april a sizable german force, including the scharnhorst and the gneisenau, had been photographed at anchor in the wilhelmshaven roads ; but in the course of the evening


units had been coming in for many hours. on 6th april a sizable german force, including the scharnhorst and the gneisenau, had been photographed at anchor in the wilhelmshaven roads ; but in the course of the evening it sailed, and the leading ship, the cruiser hipper, was reported during the night by bomber command aircraft as proceeding on a northerly course twenty miles north of heligoland. the following morning — the 7th — coastal command hudsons were ordered to search for this vessel. they spotted a cruiser and attendant destroyers on a northerly course, but were driven of by german aircraft. their information, however, was good enough to warrant an attack, and at 1325 hours twelve bomber command blenheims of no. 107 squadron came up with the target. unfortunately, their bombs missed ; but their sighting report was of the highest value, for it now gave the composition of the force as a battleship, a pocket battleship, two or three cruisers, and a large destroyer escort. this estimate was not entirely accurate, for the force in fact consisted of two battlecruisers ( scharnhorst and gneisenau ), a cruiser ( hipper ) and destroyer escort ; but at least it was clear that a very substantial number of german warships was proceeding north. a further attempt to impeded its progress was accordingly made later in the afternoon by two squadrons of wellingtons. bad visibility robbed them of success. while the blenheims were attacking what in fact was the german expedition for the seizure of trondheim and narvik, a signal was on its was from the admiralty to the commander - in - chief, home fleet. it ran thus : ' recent reports suggest german expedition is being prepared. hitler is reported from copenhagen to have ordered unostentatious movements of one division in ten ships by night to land at narvik with simultaneous occupation of jutland. sweden to be left alone. … date give for arrival at narvik was 8th april. ' this was a very significant warning ; so significant, that the information was also passed to the norwegian government. it was, perhaps, a little unfortunate that the signal went on to say : ' all these reports are of doubtful value and may well be only a further move in the war of nerves. ' nevertheless its general purport, coupled with the news of the large german force proceeding north and the failure of our bombing attacks, determined the commander - in - chief to put to sea that evening in an effort


move in the war of nerves. ' nevertheless its general purport, coupled with the news of the large german force proceeding north and the failure of our bombing attacks, determined the commander - in - chief to put to sea that evening in an effort to intercept the enemy. at the same time, for fear of a clash with powerful forces, the admiralty recalled the more southerly mine - laying group. the following day — the 8th — anxious to free as many ships as possible for the forthcoming battle in the north sea, the admiralty turned the waiting expeditionary battalions and their stores out of the cruisers in the forth, so that these vessels might join the fray. when 8th april dawned, one british mine - laying expedition was thus completing its work off narvik ; another was on its way home with its mission unfulfilled ; a powerful german naval force was heading north ; and the commander - in - chief, home fleet, as yet with scanty resources, was hastening east to intercept. throughout the day, the royal air force continued its efforts to throw further light on the situation. patrols by hudsons and sunderlands covered as many areas and contingencies as possible, but in a day of mist and rain only one contact was made with enemy. a sunderland of no. 204 squadron, detailed to escort the home fleet in its progress east, had been diverted by the commander - in - chief to search for the german force. the aircraft reached the norwegian coast, flew coast - wise to ulla, near kristiansund, and thence proceeded due north. visibility at this time was no more than one to two miles in constant rain, with 10 / 10ths cloud at 800 feet. suddenly the captain, who was sitting in the second pilot ' s seat, saw warships about one mile ahead. seizing the controls, he turned steeply to starboard, then ordered the second pilot to fly round the force at visibility distance. it was instantly recognized to be german and was judged to consist of a battlecruiser, two cruisers and two destroyers. within a few minutes the flying - boat had paid for its discovery by receiving a stream of bullets in the hull and petrol tanks ; but despite this damage it succeeded in drawing clear of the vessels and reporting to base their composition, course and speed. unfortunately the course was reported without qualification as 270 degrees ( due west ), thought the crew of the aircraft, under fire and manoeuvring rapidly, were hardly in a position to make sure, and the second pilot disagreed with the estimate


. unfortunately the course was reported without qualification as 270 degrees ( due west ), thought the crew of the aircraft, under fire and manoeuvring rapidly, were hardly in a position to make sure, and the second pilot disagreed with the estimate. this report misled the commander - in - chief, home fleet, in two important respects. the vessels in fact were the cruiser hipper and four destroyers, which had broken off from the larger force reported earlier ; and they were heading north - east for trondheim, not west of the atlantic. but in view of the sunderland ' s report of a powerful force steering west, and the failure of later reconnaissance that day to regain contact on account of the persistent bad weather, the commander - in - chief placed himself in the path of a break - out into the atlantic. he thus remained far to the west of his quarry. meanwhile admiral whitworth, who had been covering the mine - layers further north, was warned to guard the approaches to narvik ; but though he had a brush with the scharnhorst and gneisenau, the two battlecruisers had already parted company with the destroyers bound for narvik, and so the narvik expedition itself eluded him. this preoccupation with the german units in the north sea, coupled with the extremely bad weather, resulted in the remaining german forces escaping detection from the air. these, as it proved, were destined for bergen, egersund, kristiansand, arendal and oslo. but in conditions of very low visibility aircraft of bomber command failed to notice any unusual activity in the heligoland bight ; while those of coastal command, finding visibility nil in the skagerrak, had to return home with their task unaccomplished. strong enemy forces were reported by the naval attache in copenhagen passing up towards the kattegat in the afternoon of 8th april, and during the evening british submarines reported enemy vessels steering west past the tip of jutland ; but these were thought to be shaping to follow the other enemy units into the north sea. the norwegian government, indeed, took warning at the last moment from the fact that a german vessel bound for bergen, and sunk by submarine, turned out be carrying large numbers of soldiers ; by the time, however, that the cabinet had met and decided upon partial mobilisation it was past 9. p. so it came about that, in spite of the many signs and portents, and in spite of our glimpse


of soldiers ; by the time, however, that the cabinet had met and decided upon partial mobilisation it was past 9. p. so it came about that, in spite of the many signs and portents, and in spite of our glimpses of the various task forces, the german warships achieved a large measure of surprise when, less than three hours later, they began to appear off the norwegian ports. the german vessels entered norwegian territorial waters under cover of darkness. only in oslo fjord, where the minelayer olaf trygvesson damaged the emden, and a stiff fight off the island fortress of oskarsborg disposed of the blucher, were the enemy ' s plans disrupted. elsewhere the german navy, despite gallant opposition by norwegian ships, had matters all its own way. arendal and egersund, almost undefended, were there for the taking ; at kristiansand the first attack was beaten off, but enemy destroyers later gained an unopposed entry by flying the french flag ; at bergen merchant vessels lying peacefully in harbour suddenly ran up the swastika and revealed themselves as supply ships for the expedition ; at trondheim the batteries at the entrance to the fjord were undermanned, short of ammunition, and baffled by a snow - storm ; at narvik the bravery of the norwegian naval units was stultified by the treachery of the local military commander — a supporter of quisling — who handed over the town without resistance. everywhere brutal force and base cunning swiftly attained their ends. by daybreak on 9th april, despite the failure of the attack upon oslo fjord, the german minister had presented himself at the norwegian foreign office to demand the country ' s instant capitulation. meanwhile an impressive bonfire of documents in the gardens of the british legation was being extinguished with great promptitude by the oslo fire brigade. three hours later the luftwaffe, somewhat delayed by fog, appeared on the scene. for weserubung nearly six hundred operational and over six hundred transport aircraft had been made available, and powerful forces of twin - engined fighters now swept in and overwhelmed the small norwegian air force at stavanger / sola and oslo / fornebu airfields. next came clouds of parachutists, to be followed almost immediately by airborne infantry ; indeed, at fornebu some of the aircraft bearing the latter actually landed before the paratroops — the one mishap in an otherwise perfectly timed programme. by midday oslo / kjeller airfield was also in enemy hands, and both at oslo and st


fornebu some of the aircraft bearing the latter actually landed before the paratroops — the one mishap in an otherwise perfectly timed programme. by midday oslo / kjeller airfield was also in enemy hands, and both at oslo and stavanger / sola — which was captured entirely from the air — transport aircraft were streaming in with men and supplies, while bombers, fighters and reconnaissance machines were already taking off in support of the german troops. during the afternoon enemy forces moved into oslo itself and by nightfall the german stranglehold was complete. within a few hour king haakon and his cabinet, having appealed to the allies and rejected the german demand to surrender power to quisling, were vainly seeking some stable seat of government north of oslo. from successive refuges they now strove to mobilize their army — a desperately difficult task with the capital, the main railway terminals and the chief ports all in german hands. meanwhile the almost bloodless occupation of denmark had assured german of easy access by air and sea to the new theatre of war. * * * the full implications of the enemy ' s initial success were not at first generally appreciated in england. instead, there was some tendency to believe that, since hitler had committed his forces across the water, and since britannia ruled the waves, german communications would be rapidly severed and the whole expeditionary brought to disaster. unfortunately such agreeable anticipations were to be quickly dashed to the ground. for the regrettable truth of the matter was that the sea routes from german and denmark to southern norway were controlled, not by the royal navy, but by the german navy and the german air force : that the germans had seized control of every airfield and port of consequence in the whole of norway : and that the luftwaffe was now either based in norway or could refuel there, or could operate from danish bases no more than 200 miles away. the allies, on the other hand, were faced with the problem of operating over sea lines of communication anything from 600 to 1, 000 miles lone ; and they would be compelled to rely — unless they could recapture a major port — on tiny harbours and exiguous railways. without airfields in a country in which there ware few natural landing grounds, britain and france could not possibly bring to bear anything like the weight of air effort which the germans were capable of applying. once, then, the enemy had succeeded in his first swift blows, the situation was in fact highly unpromising. while the allies concerted their military plans, the royal air force and


the weight of air effort which the germans were capable of applying. once, then, the enemy had succeeded in his first swift blows, the situation was in fact highly unpromising. while the allies concerted their military plans, the royal air force and the royal navy took what immediate measures were possible. the first concern was to hunt down the german warships which had been engaged in the expedition, and which were under orders to return go their home ports as soon as they had discharged their troops and stores. from 9th april to 12th april coastal command accordingly strained every nerve to spot the enemy vessels. on 9th april, though tasks in other areas were not neglected, coastal aircraft flew extensive patrols over a large part of the north sea and the norwegian coast and repeatedly reconnoitred the occupied ports. five sorties were over bergen during the day, confirming the presence of two cruisers — the koln and the konigsberg1 ; two sorties reports a light cruiser — the karlsruhe — in kristiansand ; and a sunderland of no. 204 squadron confirmed the presence of another cruiser — the hipper — in trondheim. urgent naval requests also led to the despatch of a sunderland — the only coastal aircraft with the necessary range — on a task which was particularly unsuitable for a flying boat ; for the crew were instructed to make landfall at german - occupied stavanger, cross the 150 - odd miles of mountains to oslo, and search for naval vessels in the neighbouring fjords. not unexpectedly, the aircraft ' failed to return '. acting on the information thus gathered, bomber command rapidly despatched twelve wellingtons of nos. 9 and 115 squadrons against the two cruisers at bergen. their attack, according to the enemy, was ' vigorously pressed home ', but it resulted in nothing better than some near misses and a few wounded german sailors. the koln made good her escape that evening, but the konigsberg had been damaged by the norwegian shore batteries during her approach ; and after a dawn reconnaissance by an aircraft of coastal command had established that she was still there the following morning — april 10th — fleet air arm skuas from hatston caught her with two well and truly aimed bombs, and so earned the distinction of being the first aircraft to sink a major warship in battle. apart from this, the karlsruhe, sailing from kristiansand in the evening of 9th april, was sunk by a british submarine ; and the destroyers which had carried the landing parties to narvik were disposed of by the naval actions of 10th and 13th april. almost


the karlsruhe, sailing from kristiansand in the evening of 9th april, was sunk by a british submarine ; and the destroyers which had carried the landing parties to narvik were disposed of by the naval actions of 10th and 13th april. almost all the remaining german naval forces regained their home ports in safety. early in the morning of the 12th the scharnhorst and gneisenau — now joined by the hipper, which had left trondheim on the night of the 10 / 11th — were picked up by hudsons of coastal command off the south - west coast of norway ; but the striking forces despatch the same day, amounting in all to ninety - two aircraft, were once more frustrated by the weather. as a last resort twelve of these machines — hampdens of nos. 44 and 50 squadrons — tried to attack a warship in kristiansand. they were caught by german fighters, and having no defence against a beam attack were ' hacked down from the wing man inwards ' until half their number had perished. thus ended the first phase of the invasion of norway. the german navy had got there in safety ; had landed enough troops and supplies to capture all the key points ; and had subsequently suffered loses which were severe in relation to german naval strength, but insignificant when weighed against the hazards, and the success, of the venture. the allies could take consolation, however, from the fact that the most daring part of the stroke could not be repeated. though the german troops in southern norway could be supplied both by sea and air, the luftwaffe alone must revictual the isolated units at trondheim and narvik. and supply on this scale purely by air, if it was accomplished, would mark a new achievement in the history of warfare. * * * the attempt to bomb the german navy on its return voyage having failed, our air attacks were now convinced against the german - held airfields. of these, the most immediately important to the enemy was oslo / fornebu, since the main german advance northwards would be directed from that area. as far as our own needs were concerned, however, the most important was the ill - developed but commodious landing ground at vaernes, near trondheim ; for whereas allied forces could not possibly sail through the skagerrak and land near oslo, they had ever prospect of securing a lodgement in the neighbourhood of trondheim. moreover, trondheim was perhaps the best centre of communication for the country as a whole ; it was the third largest port in norway