{"text": "when you learned about the doppler effect in high school physics class \u2014 the wave frequency shift that occurs when the source of the wave is moving, easily illustrated by a passing ambulance \u2014 you probably didn ' t envision it helping control your computer one day. but that ' s exactly what a group of researchers are doing at microsoft research, the software giant ' s redmond, washington - based lab. gesture control is becoming increasingly common and is even built into some tvs. while other motion - sensing technologies such as microsoft ' s own kinect device use cameras to sense and interpret movement and gestures, soundwave does this using only sound \u2014 thanks to the doppler effect, some clever software, and the built - in speakers and microphone on a laptop. desney tan, a microsoft research principal researcher and member of the soundwave team, says the technology can already be used to sense a number of simple gestures, and with smart phones and laptops starting to include multiple speakers and microphones, the technology could become even more sensitive. soundwave \u2014 a collaboration between microsoft research and the university of washington \u2014 will be presented this week in a paper at the 2012 acm sigchi conference on human factors in computing in austin, texas. the idea for soundwave emerged last summer, when desney and others were working on a project involving using ultrasonic transducers to create haptic effects, and one researcher noticed a sound wave changing in a surprising way as he moved his body around. the transducers were emitting an ultrasonic sound wave that was bouncing off researchers ' bodies, and their movements changed the tone of the sound that was picked up, and the sound wave they viewed on the back end. the researchers quickly determined that this could be useful for gesture sensing. and since many devices already have microphones and speakers embedded, they experimented to see if they could use those existing sensors to detect movements. tan says standard computer speakers and microphones can operate in the ultrasonic band \u2014 beyond what humans can hear \u2014 which means all soundwave has to do to make its technology work on your laptop or smart phone is load it up with soundwave software. chris harrison, a graduate student at carnegie mellon university who studies sensing for user interfaces, calls soundwave ' s ability to operate with existing hardware and a software update \" a huge win. \" \" i think it has some interesting potential, \" he says. the speakers on a computer equipped with soundwave software emit a constant ultrasonic tone of between 20 and 22 ki", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5697391586575407, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:37.755310"} {"text": "operate with existing hardware and a software update \" a huge win. \" \" i think it has some interesting potential, \" he says. the speakers on a computer equipped with soundwave software emit a constant ultrasonic tone of between 20 and 22 kilohertz. if nothing in the immediate environment is moving, the tone the computer ' s microphone hears should also be constant. but if something is moving toward the computer, that tone will shift to a higher frequency. if it ' s moving away, the tone will shift to a lower frequency. this happens in predictable patterns, tan says, so the frequencies can be analyzed to determine how big the moving object is, how fast it ' s moving, and the direction it ' s going. based on all that, soundwave can infer gestures. the software ' s accuracy hovers in the 90 percent range, tan says, and there isn ' t a noticeable delay between when a user makes a gesture and the computer ' s response. and soundwave can operate while you ' re using the speakers for other things, too. so far, the soundwave team has come up with a range of movements that its software can understand, including swiping your hand up or down, moving it toward or away from your body, flexing your limbs, or moving your entire body closer to or farther away from the computer. with these gestures, researchers are able to scroll through pages on a computer screen and control simple web navigation. sensing when a user approaches a computer or walks away from it could be used to automatically wake it up or put it to sleep, tan says. harrison thinks that having a limited number of gestures is fine, especially since users will have to memorize them. the soundwave team has also used its technology to control a game of tetris, which, aside from being fun, provided a good test of the system ' s accuracy and speed. tan envisions soundwave working alongside other gesture - sensing technologies, saying that while it doesn ' t face the lighting issues that vision - based technologies do, it ' s not as good at sensing small gestures like a pinch of the fingers. \" ideally there are lots of sensors around the world, and the user doesn ' t know or care what the sensors are, they ' re just interacting with their tasks, \" he says. - researchers create \" hate map \" of the u. s. with twitter data - other interesting arxiv papers this week ending 12 - 5 - 13 - new milestone for co2 levels :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5522235317993596, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:37.757657"} {"text": "as the dm, the tools of your trade are dice \u2014 platonic solid - shaped or just about any other sort. the random numbers you generate by rblling dice determine the results based on the probabilities determined herein or those you have set forth on your own. in case you are not familiar with probability curves, there are two types which are determined by your dice : linear ( straight line ), ' which has equal probability of any given integer in the number group, and bell ( ascending and descending line ), which has greater probability towards the center of the group of numbers than at either end. the two curves are illustrated thus : [ image of linear curve for 10 - sided dice, with each number having a 10 % chance of coming up. ] linear probability develops a straight line of ascending probability when used as a cumulative probability as shown above. bell distribution, when used to delineate the probability of certain numbers appearing, develops o curved line like this : [ image of a bell curve for a 3d6 roll, with 3 and 18 being the least probable and 8 through 12 being the most probable. ] a single die, or multiple. dice read in succession ( such as three dice read as hundreds, tens and decimals ) give linear probabilities. two or more dice added together generate a bell - shaped probability curve. before any further discussion takes place, let us define the accepted abbreviations for the various dice. a die is symbolized by \" d \", and its number of sides is shown immediately thereafter. a six - sided die is therefore \" d6 \", d8 is an eight - sided die, and so on. - two four - sided dice are pressed by 2d4, five eight - sided dice are 5d8, etc. any additions to or subtractions from the die or dice are expressed after the identification, thus : d8 8 means a linear number grouping between 9 and 16, while 3d6 - 2 means a bell - shaped progression from 1 to 16, with the greatest probability group in the middle ( 8, 9 ). this latter progression has the same median numbers as 2d6, but it has higher and loyver ends and a greater probability of a median number than if 2dl2 were used. when percentage dice are to be used ; this is indicated by d %. the 64 can be used to generate 25 % incremental probabilities, random numbers from 1 to 4, with 1 it generates a linear 2 - 5, etc. it can be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5228047529258557, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:37.782019"} {"text": "are to be used ; this is indicated by d %. the 64 can be used to generate 25 % incremental probabilities, random numbers from 1 to 4, with 1 it generates a linear 2 - 5, etc. it can be used to get 1 or 2 ( 1 or 2 = 1, 3 or 4 = 2 ) or in conjunction with any other dice to get linear or bell - shaped probability curves. for example, 2d4 = 2 - 8, 3d4 ^ 3 - 12, d4 d6 = 2 - 10, d4 d20 ( as dlo ) = 2 - m. ' when rolled in conjunction with another die, the d4 can be used to determine linear number ranges twice that shown on the other die, thus : d4 reading 1 or 2 means that whatever is read on the other die is the number shown ; but if the d4 reads 3 or 4, add the highest number on the second die to the number shown \u2014 so if d8 is the second die 1 to 16 can be generated if a dl 2 is used 1 to 24 can be generated. if a d20 is used either 1 - 20 ( assuming the use of a standard d20 which is numbered 0 - 9 twice without coloring one set of faces to indicate that those faces have 10 added to the number appearing ) or 1 - 40 ( assuming that one set of faces is colored ) can be gotten by adding 0 if 1 or 2 is rolled on the d4 and 10 or 20 ( depending on die type ) if a 3 or 4 is rolled. linear series above this are possible simply bv varying the meaning of the d4 number ; 1 always means add 0, but 2 can be interpreted as add the value ( highest number ) of the second die, 3 can be twice value, and 4 can be thrice value. thus, a d4 reading 4 in conjunction with a d8 ( linear curve 1 - 32 ) would mean 24 d8, or 25 - 32. what applies to d4 has similar application with regard to d6, d8, dl2, and d20. the d6 has 16 2 / 3 % intervals, d8 has 12 1 / 2 % intervals, and d20 can have ( 1 - 2 = 1, 3 - 4 = 2, 5 - 6 = 3 ), while 1 to 5 can be easily read from a d20 ( 1 - 2 = 1, 3 - 4 = 2, 5 - 6 = 3, 7 - 8 = 4", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5392614937093659, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:37.782858"} {"text": ", 3 - 4 = 2, 5 - 6 = 3 ), while 1 to 5 can be easily read from a d20 ( 1 - 2 = 1, 3 - 4 = 2, 5 - 6 = 3, 7 - 8 = 4, 9 - 0 = 5 ). the d20 is used often, both as dlo and d20. the bell - shaped probability curves typically range from 2 - 20 to 5 - 50, i. e., 2, 3, 4 or 5d20 added together. also common is the reading as above with one decimal place added to the result to get 20 - 200, 30 - 300, etc. in the latter case, a roll of 3 on one die and 0 ( read as jo ) totals 13, plus one place, or 130. non - platonic solid - shaped dice are available in some places. the most common of these is a ten - sided die numbered 0 - 9. as with the d20, this con be used for many purposes, even replacing the d20 if a second die is used in conjunction to get 5 % interval curves ( 1 - 20 ). also, the die can give 0 - 9 linear curve random numbers, as the d20 can. other dice available are various forms of \" averaging \" dice. the most common of these has six faces which read : 2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5. the median of the curve it generates is still 3. 5, that of a normal d6, but the low and high numbers, 2 and 5, are only half as likely to appear as 3 or 4. there is a 33 1 / 3 % chance for either of the two latter numbers to be rolled, so the probabilities of absolutely average rolls are far greater. other such dice have zeros on them, several low numbers, and so on. these sorts of dice, along with poker dice, \" put & take \" dice, or any other sort can be added in order to give you more flexibility or changing probabilities in random selection or event interpretation. for example : the author has a d6 with the following faces : spade, club, club, diamond, diamond, heart. if, during an encounter, players meet a character whose reaction is uncertain, the card suit die is rolled in conjunction with 3d6. black suits mean dislike, with the spade equalling hate, while red equals like, the heart being great favor. the 3d6 give a bell - shaped probability curve of 3 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5040215529693326, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:37.783684"} {"text": "uncertain, the card suit die is rolled in conjunction with 3d6. black suits mean dislike, with the spade equalling hate, while red equals like, the heart being great favor. the 3d6 give a bell - shaped probability curve of 3 - 18, with 9 - 12 being the mean spread. spade 18 means absolute and unchangeable hate, while heart 18 indicates the opposite. clubs or diamonds can be altered by discourse, rewards, etc. | thus, clubs 12 could possibly be altered to clubs 3 by offer of a tribute or favor, clubs 3 changed to diamonds 3 by a gift, etc. in closing this discussion, simply keep in mind that the dice are your tools. learn to use them properly, and they will serve you well. bayes \u2019 s much more famous work, \u201c an essay toward solving a problem in the doctrine of chances, \u201d 24 was not published until after his death, when it was brought to the royal society \u2019 s attention in 1763 by a friend of his named richard price. it concerned how we formulate probabilistic beliefs about the world when we encounter new data. price, in framing bayes \u2019 s essay, gives the example of a person who emerges into the world ( perhaps he is adam, or perhaps he came from plato \u2019 s cave ) and sees the sun rise for the first time. at first, he does not know whether this is typical or some sort of freak occurrence. however, each day that he survives and the sun rises again, his confidence increases that it is a permanent feature of nature. gradually, through this purely statistical form of inference, the probability he assigns to his prediction that the sun will rise again tomorrow approaches ( although never exactly reaches ) 100 percent. the official position of the usgs is even more emphatic : earthquakes cannot be predicted. \u201c neither the usgs nor caltech nor any other scientists have ever predicted a major earthquake, \u201d the organization \u2019 s web site asserts. 24 \u201c they do not know how, and they do not expect to know how any time in the foreseeable future. \u201d earthquakes cannot be predicted? this is a book about prediction, not a book that makes predictions, but i \u2019 m willing to stick my neck out : i predict that there will be more earthquakes in japan next year than in new jersey. and i predict that at some point in the next one hundred years, a major earthquake will hit somewhere in california. both the usgs and i are playing some semantic games. the terms \u201c prediction \u201d and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5982703713212048, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:37.785282"} {"text": "in japan next year than in new jersey. and i predict that at some point in the next one hundred years, a major earthquake will hit somewhere in california. both the usgs and i are playing some semantic games. the terms \u201c prediction \u201d and \u201c forecast \u201d are employed differently in different fields ; in some cases, they are interchangeable, but other disciplines differentiate them. no field is more sensitive to the distinction than seismology. if you \u2019 re speaking with a seismologist : 1. a prediction is a definitive and specific statement about when and where an earthquake will strike : a major earthquake will hit kyoto, japan, on june 28. 2. whereas a forecast is a probabilistic statement, usually over a longer time scale : there is a 60 percent chance of an earthquake in southern california over the next thirty years. the usgs \u2019 s official position is that earthquakes cannot be predicted. they can, however, be forecasted. base 26 is one of two fairly natural ways of representing numbers as text using a 26 - letter alphabet. the number of interest is expressed numerically in base 26, and then the 26 different base - 26 digits are identified with letters as 0 = a, 1 = b, 2 = c,... 25 = z. here are the first 100 digits of pi expressed in this way : lo! at the 6th digit we find a two - letter word ( lo ), and only a few digits later we find the three - letter rod embedded in the four - letter trod. how many other english words can be found if we continue looking? first, a few \u03c0 facts are in order. the digits of \u03c0 ( in any base ) not only go on forever but behave statistically like a sequence of uniform random numbers. ( mathematically proving that this is the case - the \" \u03c0 is normal conjecture \" - is a deep unsolved problem, but numerical analysis of several billion digits suggests that it is true. ) consequently, \u03c0 in base 26 emulates the mythical army of typing monkeys spewing out random letters. among other things, this implies that any text, no matter how long, should eventually appear in the base - 26 digits of \u03c0! we should expect to need about 2. 5 x 1018 letters in order to find the phrase to be or not to be ( without the spaces ) once. we can only get as far as to be in the first million. that the first 6 - letter word is oxygen suggests that \u03c0 is truly the very stuff of life", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5868981378407223, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:37.786585"} {"text": "to find the phrase to be or not to be ( without the spaces ) once. we can only get as far as to be in the first million. that the first 6 - letter word is oxygen suggests that \u03c0 is truly the very stuff of life! though this does not seem to be a useful way of looking at all the digits of \u03c0, we mustn ' t fail to note one last logological property. write \u03c0 as usual in decimal, and group the digits as follows : 3. 14 15 9 26 5... and then make the obvious substitution a = 1, b = 2, etc. you get c. noize, which is rather fitting, because the random nature of \u03c0 ' s digits means that when you look at it you see noise! life expectancy for a healthy american man of my age is about 90. ( that \u2019 s not to be confused with american male life expectancy at birth, only about 78. ) if i \u2019 m to achieve my statistical quota of 15 more years of life, that means about 15 times 365, or 5, 475, more showers. but if i were so careless that my risk of slipping in the shower each time were as high as 1 in 1, 000, i \u2019 d die or become crippled about five times before reaching my life expectancy. i have to reduce my risk of shower accidents to much, much less than 1 in 5, 475. this calculation illustrates the biggest single lesson that i \u2019 ve learned from 50 years of field work on the island of new guinea : the importance of being attentive to hazards that carry a low risk each time but are encountered frequently. consider : if you \u2019 re a new guinean living in the forest, and if you adopt the bad habit of sleeping under dead trees whose odds of falling on you that particular night are only 1 in 1, 000, you \u2019 ll be dead within a few years. in fact, my wife was nearly killed by a falling tree last year, and i \u2019 ve survived numerous nearly fatal situations in new guinea. i now think of new guineans \u2019 hypervigilant attitude toward repeated low risks as \u201c constructive paranoia \u201d : a seeming paranoia that actually makes good sense. now that i \u2019 ve adopted that attitude, it exasperates many of my american and european friends. but three of them who practice constructive paranoia themselves \u2014 a pilot of small planes, a river - raft guide and a london bobby who patrols the streets unarmed \u2014 learned the attitude, as i did, by witnessing the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5590860551571457, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:37.789407"} {"text": "many of my american and european friends. but three of them who practice constructive paranoia themselves \u2014 a pilot of small planes, a river - raft guide and a london bobby who patrols the streets unarmed \u2014 learned the attitude, as i did, by witnessing the deaths of careless people. having learned both from those studies and from my new guinea friends, i \u2019 ve become as constructively paranoid about showers, stepladders, staircases and wet or uneven sidewalks as my new guinea friends are about dead trees. as i drive, i remain alert to my own possible mistakes ( especially at night ), and to what incautious other drivers might do. my hypervigilance doesn \u2019 t paralyze me or limit my life : i don \u2019 t skip my daily shower, i keep driving, and i keep going back to new guinea. i enjoy all those dangerous things. but i try to think constantly like a new guinean, and to keep the risks of accidents far below 1 in 1, 000 each time. her [ nightingale ' s ] statistics were more than a study, they were indeed her religion. for her, quetelet was the hero as scientist, and the presentation copy of his physique sociale is annotated by her on every page. florence nightingale believed \u2014 and in all the actions of her life acted upon that belief \u2014 that the administrator could only be successful if he were guided by statistical knowledge. the legislator \u2014 to say nothing of the politician \u2014 too often failed for want of this knowledge. nay, she went further : she held that the universe \u2014 including human communities \u2014 was evolving in accordance with a divine plan ; that it was man ' s business to endeavour to understand this plan and guide his actions in sympathy with it. but to understand god ' s thoughts, she held we must study statistics, for these are the measure of his purpose. thus the study of statistics was for her a religious duty. any experiment may be regarded as forming an individual of a ' population ' of experiments which might be performed under the same conditions. a series of experiments is a sample drawn from this population. now any series of experiments is only of value in so far as it enables us to form a judgment as to the statistical constants of the population to which the experiments belong. in a great number of cases the question finally turns on the value of a mean, either directly, or as the mean difference between the two qualities. if the number of experiments be very large, we may have precise information as to the value of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5646925339915579, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:37.791782"} {"text": "in a great number of cases the question finally turns on the value of a mean, either directly, or as the mean difference between the two qualities. if the number of experiments be very large, we may have precise information as to the value of the mean, but if our sample be small, we have two sources of uncertainty : \u2014 ( i ) owing to the ' error of random sampling ' the mean of our series of experiments deviates more or less widely from the mean of the population, and ( 2 ) the sample is not sufficiently large to determine what is the law of distribution of individuals. the charms of statistics. \u2014 it is difficult to understand why statisticians commonly limit their inquiries to averages, and do not revel in more comprehensive views. their souls seem as dull to the charm of variety as that of the native of one of our flat english counties, whose retrospect of switzerland was that, if its mountains could be thrown into its lakes, two nuisances would be got rid of at once. an average is but a solitary fact, whereas if a single other fact be added to it, an entire normal scheme, which nearly corresponds to the observed one, starts potentially into existence. some people hate the very name of statistics, but i find them full of beauty and interest. whenever they are not brutalised, but delicately handled by the higher methods, and are warily interpreted, their power of dealing with complicated phenomena is extraordinary. they are the only tools by which an opening can be cut through the formidable thicket of difficulties that bars the path of those who pursue the science of man. the determining cause of most wars in the past has been, and probably will be of all wars in the future, the uncertainty of the result ; war is acknowledged to be a challenge to the unknown, it is often spoken of as an appeal to the god of battles. the province of science is to foretell ; this is true of every department of science. and the time must come \u2014 how soon we do not know \u2014 when the real science of war, something quite different from the application of science to the means of war, will make it possible to foresee with certainty the issue of a projected war. that will mark the end of battles ; for however strong the spirit of contention, no nation will spend its money in a fight in which it knows it must lose. statistics are far from being the barren array of figures ingeniously and laboriously combined into columns and tables, which many persons are apt to suppose them. they constitute", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5610959482640097, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:37.793538"} {"text": "vagus nerve stimulation : when medications don \u2019 t control seizures vagus nerve stimulation, or vns, is one of the latest epilepsy treatment techniques. it \u2019 s been available since 1997. the vagus nerve is part of the nervous system that affects body functions that we can \u2019 t control. this nerve goes from the brain stem through the neck and into the chest and abdomen. stimulating the vagus nerve can decrease seizure activity in some people, although nobody knows for sure exactly how or why it works. candidates for vns are people with \u201c defined \u201d epilepsy ( those who have been diagnosed with actual epilepsy, not just seizures ) that \u2019 s sufficiently severe. additionally, candidates are not able to control their seizures with medication. during the vns procedure, a stimulator that looks very much like a pacemaker is implanted in the patient \u2019 s chest. \u201c a wire from the stimulator wraps around the vagus nerve in the neck and stimulates it every 5 minutes, \u201d explains dr. mark bej, a neurologist in private practice in northern ohio. there are some effects of the stimulator that the patient can feel. \u201c there can be some hoarseness during stimulation, because it affects the voice box, and there may be some coughing during stimulation, but for most people, these side effects are mild, \u201d says dr. bej. \u201c and you can manually control the stimulator with a magnet. for people who can tell when a seizure is coming on, they can sweep the magnet across the chest where the stimulator is. this turns the stimulator on, and can often stop or decrease the severity of the seizure. people who might want to turn the stimulator off for a brief period of time, say if they \u2019 re about to give a speech, can tape the magnet on their chest and the stimulator goes off. \u201d results of the vns technique vary widely. dr. bej says, \u201c i have one patient who was on two medications but she was having one or two seizures per month. she had the vns procedure, her seizures went to zero, and i was eventually able to take her off one of her medications. so now she \u2019 s on one drug plus the stimulator, and it \u2019 s been like this for her for several years. \u201d at the other extreme, \u201c some people have the stimulator placed and they have absolutely no change. but for people who do respond, vns is very helpful", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49064194712915854, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:37.798855"} {"text": "on the anniversary of thoreau \u2019 s \u2018 walden \u2019 and its place in american religious historyposted : august 9, 2012 today marks the 158th anniversary of henry david thoreau \u2019 s walden. it couldn \u2019 t have come at a better time. right now i am knee deep in transcendentalists, thoreau included, as i wade through my chapter on transcendentalist representations of hinduism. the combination of today \u2019 s anniversary and my current writing work got me thinking about how henry david thoreau fits into american religious history. right now i \u2019 m working to put thoreau into the proper place as one of america \u2019 s earliest orientalists. thoreau studied and appreciated hindu religious texts, among other asian traditions, and found them inspirational for his spiritual thought and literary prose. but he also took a view of \u201c the east \u201d and \u201c the orient \u201d that imagined it as an essentially spiritual place. as new england industrialized around him, thoreau looked to the orient as a counterbalance \u2013 a place of spiritual contemplation and ancient truth to offset america \u2019 s material industry and progressive zeal. he hoped for a fusion of east and west in his writing, in his religious thought, and in america \u2019 s future. this hybrid vision emerges at the end of the chapter titled \u201c the pond in winter. \u201d thoreau observes ice harvesters taking ice from the pond that would be packed in sawdust and shipped from new england to india. this connection between cold new england and balmy calcutta sparks a vision : thus it appears that the sweltering inhabitants of charleston and new orleans, of madras and bombay and calcutta, drink at my well. in the morning i bathe my intellect in the stupendous and cosmogonal philosophy of the bhagvat - geeta, since whose composition years of the gods have elapsed, and in comparison with which our modern world and its literature seem puny and trivial ; and i doubt if that philosophy is not to be referred to a previous state of existence, so remote is its sublimity from our conceptions. i lay down the book and go to my well for water, and lo! there i meet the servant of the bramin, priest of brahma and vishnu and indra, who still sits in his temple on the ganges reading the vedas, or dwells at the root of a tree with his crust and water jug. i meet his servant come to draw water for his master, and our buckets as it were grate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47570073770713395, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:37.805413"} {"text": "sits in his temple on the ganges reading the vedas, or dwells at the root of a tree with his crust and water jug. i meet his servant come to draw water for his master, and our buckets as it were grate together in the same well. the pure walden water is mingled with the sacred water of the ganges. with favoring winds it is wafted past the site of the fabulous islands of atlantis and the hesperides, makes the periplus of hanno, and, floating by ternate and tidore and the mouth of the persian gulf, melts in the tropic gales of the indian seas, and is landed in ports of which alexander only heard the names. i want to put thoreau up as one of the first american orientalists, with all the baggage that comes with such a title, and analyze the politics and power relations at work in the orient as he imagined it. but what is his larger place in american religious history? what is the place of walden? for some thoreau is the first american yogin. though that really depends on what you mean by yoga and how much you take thoreau \u2019 s claims at face value. in restless souls, leigh eric schmidt argued that thoreau is part of a tradition of solitude within american liberal religion. when he took to the woods \u201c to live life deliberately \u201d he took part in a larger western tradition of hermitage and solitude that has continued in his wake \u2013 my colleague brian campbell is writing his dissertation on this hermitage tradition. thoreau is also invoked in contemporary talk about \u201c spirituality. \u201d his iconoclasm and belief in individual and intuitive religious experience are often cited as the forerunner to the \u201c spiritual but not religious \u201d of today. thoreau and walden are also key to ideas about the relationship between religion and nature. thoreau found his own sacred meaning in the landscapes around him, as the quote above highlights. these various examples show how thoreau has become a multivalent icon of religious liberalism and individual spirituality. we \u2019 ve reached a point where his face can be deployed to demand you work for peace, disobey, or simplify. thoreau \u2019 s meaning is as slippery as \u201c spirituality. \u201d his face is a blank slate on which we scrawl our own spiritual visions. what do you see as the significance of thoreau and walden for american religious history?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.474462827729755, "token_count": 485, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:37.806823"} {"text": "podcasts & rss feeds most active stories environment & science tue may 8, 2012 feds say they ' ll act quicker to release study on keeping carp out of great lakes the federal government says it will speed up a decision on how to protect the great lakes from invasive species in the mississippi river basin. the obama administration announced the new timetable tuesday. in the past the u. s. army corp of engineers said it would take until 2015 to recommend a way to keep invasives like asian carp from migrating into the great lakes. under a new plan, the study would be complete by the end of 2013. it would present a number of options and how much each costs. then lawmakers and the public could weigh in on the best option. congress will have the authority to make a final choice. michigan and other great lakes states have sued the federal government, calling for a permanent split between the two watersheds. michigan ' s attorney general said he \u2019 d be willing to drop the case if the army corps of engineers ' study got done quicker. his office says the new timetable is a step in the right direction but doesn ' t satisfy his concerns. scientists differ about how widely the carp would spread in the great lakes, but under worst - case scenarios they could severely damage the region ' s seven billion dollar fishing industry. scientists have found traces of carp dna in lake michigan but no actual fish. michigan and other states want to permanently close the locks that seperate the great lakes from the mississippi river. but that at would cut off shipping between the lakes and chicago.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3886209467284048, "token_count": 315, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:37.809248"} {"text": "siege of jerusalem - conflict & dates : the siege of jerusalem was conducted june 7 to july 15, 1099, during the first crusade ( 1096 - 1099 ). armies & commanders siege of jerusalem - background : having captured antioch in june 1098, the crusaders remained in the area debating their course of action. while some were content to establish themselves on the already captured lands, others began conducting their own small campaigns or calling for a march on jerusalem. on january 13, 1099, having concluded the siege of maarat, raymond of toulouse began moving south towards jerusalem assisted by tancred and robert of normandy. this group was followed the next month by forced led by godfrey of bouillon. advancing down the mediterranean coast, the crusaders met little resistance from local leaders. recently conquered by the fatimids, these leaders had limited love for their new overlords and were willing to grant free passage through their lands as well as trade openly with the crusaders. arriving at arqa, raymond laid siege to the city. joined by godfrey ' s forces in march, the combined army continued the siege though tensions among the commanders ran high. breaking off the siege on may 13, the crusaders moved south. as the fatimids were still attempting to consolidate their hold on the region, they approached the crusader leaders with offers of peace in exchange for halting their advance. these were rebuffed and the christian army moved through beirut and tyre before turning inland at jaffa. reaching ramlah on june 3, they found the village abandoned. aware of the crusader ' s intentions, the fatimid governor of jerusalem, iftikhar ad - daula, began preparing for a siege. though the city ' s walls were still damaged from the fatimid capture of the city a year earlier, he expelled jerusalem ' s christians and poisoned several of the area ' s wells. while tancred was dispatched to capture bethlehem ( taken on june 6 ), the crusader army arrived before jerusalem on june 7. the siege of jerusalem : lacking sufficient men to invest the entire city, the crusaders deployed opposite jerusalem ' s northern and western walls. while godfrey, robert of normandy, and robert of flanders covered the northern walls as far south as the tower of david, raymond took responsibility for attacking from the tower to mount zion. though food was not an immediate issue, the crusaders had problems obtaining water. this, combined with reports that a relief force was departing egypt forced them to move quickly. attempting a frontal assault on june 13, the crusaders were turned back", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.35452475888721124, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:37.814858"} {"text": "to mount zion. though food was not an immediate issue, the crusaders had problems obtaining water. this, combined with reports that a relief force was departing egypt forced them to move quickly. attempting a frontal assault on june 13, the crusaders were turned back by the fatimid garrison. four days later the crusader hopes were boosted when genoese ships arrived at jaffa with supplies. the ships were quickly dismantled and the timber rushed to jerusalem for building siege equipment. this work began under the eye of the genoese commander, guglielmo embriaco. as preparations progressed, the crusaders made a penitential procession around the city walls on july 8 which culminated with sermons on the mount of olives. in the following days, two siege towers were completed. aware of the crusader ' s activities, ad - daula worked to strengthen the defenses opposite where the towers were being built. the final assault : the crusader ' s attack plan called for godfrey and raymond to attack at opposite ends of the city. though this worked to split the defenders, the plan was most likely the result of animosity between the two men. on july 13, godfrey ' s forces began their attack on the northern walls. in doing so, they caught the defenders by surprise by shifting the siege tower further east during the night. breaking through the outer wall on july 14, they pressed on and attacked the inner wall the next day. on the morning of july 15, raymond ' s men began their assault from the southwest. facing prepared defenders, raymond ' s attack struggled and his siege tower was damaged. as the battle raged on his front, godfrey ' s men had success in gaining the inner wall. spreading out, his troops were able to open a nearby gate to the city allowing the crusaders to swarm into jerusalem. when word of this success reached raymond ' s troops, they redoubled their efforts and were able to breach the fatimid defenses. with the crusaders entering the city at two points, ad - daula ' s men began fleeing back towards the citadel. seeing further resistance as hopeless, ad - daula surrendered when raymond offered protection. aftermath of the siege of jerusalem : in the wake of the victory, the crusader forces began a widespread massacre of the defeated garrison and the city ' s muslim and jewish populations. this was largely sanctioned as a method for \" cleansing \" the city while also removing a threat to the crusader rear as they would soon need to march out against the egyptian relief troops. having taken the objective of the crusade, the leaders began dividing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40978965942089024, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:37.816306"} {"text": "contrary to hollywood \u2019 s portrayal of gigantic man - eating sharks, the three largest species of shark spend their time peacefully roaming the ocean \u2019 s surface munching on the ocean \u2019 s smallest creatures. basking sharks, the second largest species of shark, cruise the seas in search of plankton, filtering up to 2, 000 tons of water across its gills per hour. reaching lengths of thirty five feet, this shark exists worldwide, yet very little is known about how they live or where they go. to discover more information about this vulnerable species, scientists from the pacific shark research center ( psrc ) and the national marine fisheries service ( nmfs ) have begun a new type of shark hunt. unlike the crazed and frantic scenes from the jaws movie, this shark hunt only requires a boat, camera and telephone! the spot a basking shark project enlists the help of local sea - farers to uncover the demographics and distribution of the california basking shark. once common along the california coast, these gentle giants are now a rare sight. in the past, these social creatures were seen in schools of hundreds or thousands ; however since 1993 no more than three basking sharks have been spotted together. fishing and eradication efforts by fishermen who believed them to be \u2018 man - eaters \u2019 contributed heavily to their population decline. despite the fishery closure in the late 1950s, basking shark numbers have remained low, mostly due to human impacts like vessel strikes, fisheries bycatch and illegal shark fining. based on the decline of basking shark numbers and lack of species information, the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) has listed this species as endangered. if you see a basking shark, the psrc and nmfs want to know! these sharks can be identified by their large size, pointed snouts, and large gill slits that encircle the head. basking sharks have dorsal fins up to three feet tall that are visible as they slowly swim along the surface with mouths wide open catching plankton. if you see a basking shark, call or email the psrc with your location, date and time of the sighting and any photos or videos. your information helps the psrc document and understand these majestic and peaceful creatures.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4138126128260763, "token_count": 450, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:37.820160"} {"text": "october 7, 2012 5 : 05 pm oct. 7 1571 battle of lepanto - muslim defeatan important day in christian history. interesting that the pope warned europe about the danger of muslim invasion, but the northern european countries were too distracted with the reformation and fighting catholicism to band against their common enemy. a lesson for today? view larger image a battle not forgotten. the future author of don quixote, miguel de cervantes, served on one of the christian galleys in what he called the greatest naval sea battle in history and the most important to that time for the safety of europe. the turks had been massing an enormous fleet for an invasion of italy. the preparations began to be reported on many months in advance. it was the year 1571 when that fleet was gathered near a port in greece, not far from the gulf of lepanto. for over a year, pope pius v had tried to alert the great powers of europe to the coming menace. but england, france, and the regional powers of what later became germany were preoccupied with the turmoil of the reformation. [ my emphasis ] only don juan of austria, the bastard son of the king of spain, was stirred by the danger. despite his youth, despite his modest standing, don juan sent out urgent appeals and eventually gathered a sturdy fleet, outfitted with new warfare technologies invented in the west and rapidly mass - produced by the fledgling ship - building and armament firms of what was later to be called \" western capitalism. \" he gathered fleets from venice and genoa, from spain, and from the knights of malta. in a deliberately preemptive strike, blessed by the pope, this small fleet set sail to catch the turkish armada before it left the waters of greece. the venetians, on the left flank of the battle line, were especially passionate. not long before, the turks had so battered an island port maintained by venetians ( and others ) that the venetian commander, marcantonio bragadino appealed for a truce. the turks promised him and his subjects safe passage - - and then took him prisoner, beat him, cut off his nose and ears, put a collar on him, and made him crawl like a dog before the conquering army. in a little cage, he was hoisted up on the mast of the galley so that all in the fleet and on land could see him. then he was brought down flayed mercilessly, his skin carefully stripped from his body as he died ( the skin was later stuffed with straw and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4567949181486203, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:37.826743"} {"text": "we \u2019 ll soon know if tombstone, arizona \u2014 site of the famous gunfight at the o. k. corral \u2014 really is the \u201c town too tough to die, \u201d because the federal government is attempting to snuff it out of existence : [ t ] he u. s. forest service is refusing to allow tombstone to repair its mountain spring water lines after forest fires, floods and torrential mudslides destroyed them in the monument fire of 2011. not content with allowing forest fires to burn down some of the most beautiful land in arizona, the forest service is willing to risk the lives and properties of tombstone residents and tourists due to the loss of adequate fire suppression capabilities and safe drinking water. between may and july 2011, the monument fire engulfed a large part of the eastern portion of the huachuca mountains. record - breaking monsoon rains followed. with no vegetation to absorb the runoff, huge mudslides forced boulders to tumble down the mountain sides, crushing tombstone \u2019 s mountain spring waterlines, destroying reservoirs and shutting off tombstone \u2019 s main source of water. in some areas, tombstone \u2019 s pipeline is under 12 feet of mud, rocks and other debris ; while in other places, it is hanging in mid - air due to the ground being washed out from under it. in response, federal bureaucrats are refusing to allow tombstone to unearth its springs and restore its waterlines unless they jump through a lengthy permitting process that will require the city to use horses and hand tools to remove boulders the size of volkswagens. tombstone is located in the sonoran desert. cutting off its water is like cutting off a diver \u2019 s air hose. why would bureauthugs in faraway washington deliberately kill an iconic american town? because tombstone is devoted to keeping history alive. it represents the rugged individualist spirit of the old west \u2014 a spirit our liberal rulers are determined to eradicate. on a tip from varla.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41801882135733254, "token_count": 387, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:37.828846"} {"text": "these straightforward guidelines show how to design and analyze a simple structure for bandstop filters using multi - layer micromachined microstrip asymmetrical couplers. dr. nadia benabdallah, nasreddine ben ahmed, fethi tarik bendimerad, and dr. boumediene benyoucef millimeter - wave frequency bands have long held the appeal of enormous bandwidths for high - data - rate, line - of - sight communications. the main limitation on the increased use of millimeter - wave components and systems has been the cost of manufacturing hardware with such small dimensions ( as a function of wavelength ) and with the corresponding tight tolerances. but silicon ( si ) micromachining has been applied to microwave and millimeter - wave circuits in many ways since its introduction in the late 1980s and offers great potential for realizing cost - effective millimeterwave products. micromachining, or sculpting crystal si, can be made using either orientation - dependent ( anisotropic ) or orientation - independent ( isotropic ) etchants. silicon micromachined, dielectric membrane supported structures, such as antennas, transmission lines, and filters, have shown improved performance and have extended the operating range of planar circuits to w - band frequencies and beyond. 1 - 3 in addition, silicon micromachined - based packaging provides a high - isolation self - package without the need for external carriers or external hermetic shielding. this method of circuit integration provides a comprehensive technique to integrate a very large degree of functionality with extremely high density and at a relatively low cost. the vertically layered structure of a micromachined circuit presents an excellent opportunity for threedimensional integration, resulting in the potential for substantial reductions in size. micromachined circuits are an ideal way to integrate microelectromechanical - systems ( mems ) devices and provide components with performance and size advantages from 1 ghz to terahertz frequencies. they demonstrate their greatest promise at k - band and above. micromachining is truly an excellent integration technology with the opportunity for an order of magnitude or more reduction in the size, weight, and cost of planar circuits, which can have a major impact on radar and communications system designs in military, commercial and space applications. micromachining techniques can be applied to any semiconductor substrate, but the use of si substrate layers as the foundation of the micromachined structure has major advantages of low cost and allowing direct integration of silicon", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5270225439155226, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:37.841654"} {"text": "in military, commercial and space applications. micromachining techniques can be applied to any semiconductor substrate, but the use of si substrate layers as the foundation of the micromachined structure has major advantages of low cost and allowing direct integration of silicon - germanium ( sige ) and cmos circuits. highresistivity si also has mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties that compare well with the best ceramic substrates, and as a result has been successfully demonstrated as the substrate of choice in three - dimensional integrated circuit. 4 cost comparisons have been made for simple circuit applications and show one - and twoorders of magnitude cost reductions over the same circuit packaged in ceramic. circuit integration based on micromachined fabrication technology promises to be the key to achieving the very demanding cost, size, weight, and simplicity goals required for the next advances in communications and radar systems commercial, space, and military applications. the aim of this article is the analysis and the design of a simple structure for bandstop filters using multilayer micromachined microstrip asymmetrical couplers. the analysis is done using the method of moments ( mom ) in two dimensions. 5 this technique is adapted to study the complex configuration of the line ' s system, which does not have a simple analytical solution. the modeling of this structure consists in analyzing the primary inductive and capacitive matrices ( and ). when and are found, it is possible to estimate the resulting scattering parameters of the bandstop filter using an adapted numerical model. 6 the results of a multilayer micromachined bandstop filter using asymmetrical strips show excellent performance in terms of rejection, size, and simplicity. bandstop filters are useful for a wide range of applications in eliminating unwanted signals and interference. when the low cost, size, weight, and simplicity are required, the design at high frequencies of such filters can be greatly simplified with a simple structure fabricated on multilayer micromachined microstrip substrates. the new filter architecture is well suited for rejecting unwanted carrier frequencies of a communications system. a bandstop filter using multilayer microstrip was presented in ref. 7. its design involves a double - layer microstrip resonator coupled to a microstrip line. the filter was designed to operate around a center frequency ( f0 ) of 1. 8425 ghz and reject unwanted carrier frequencies in the intermediate - frequency ( if ) processing unit of a dcs cellular communications receiver. what follows are the analysis and the design of a shielded bandstop", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5358932277751396, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:37.842776"} {"text": "around a center frequency ( f0 ) of 1. 8425 ghz and reject unwanted carrier frequencies in the intermediate - frequency ( if ) processing unit of a dcs cellular communications receiver. what follows are the analysis and the design of a shielded bandstop filter using multilayer micromachined microstrip asymmetrical coupler. figure 1 shows a schematic representation of the shielded membrane microstrip ( smm ) line with a parallel open stub, which brings about a stopband effect around frequency f0. in microwave and millimeter - wave circuits, where space is limited, it might be preferred to use the most compact smm configuration possible. a possibility proposed by the author of ref. 7 consists of rotating the open smm structure and placing it on top of the access lines, with an additional layer of substrate between them. figure 2 gives the equivalent circuit of the bandstop filter, where its output is matched with a characteristic impedance, zco = 50 o. figure 2 shows that for a selected length, l, the bandstop filter consists of two coupled transverse - electromagnetic ( tem ) or quasi - tem transmission lines. the left end of the top line is connected to that of the bottom line, and its right end is kept open. figure 3 shows the cross section of the filter as having an inhomogeneous multilayer micromachined structure with a dielectric material ( si ) of a relative dielectric constant of er3 = 11. 7 and with asymmetrical microstrip construction ( wi, i = 1, 2 ) wide and placed on membranes ( sio2 / si3n4 / sio2 ) of thickness ( hmi, i = 1, 2 ) having a relative dielectric constant of er2 = 4. 5. this type of multilayer micromachined bandstop filter is used here to create a low effective dielectric permittivity environment ( eeff 1 ) in which modes will propagate at the same velocity for the asymmetrical coupler. electrically, the shielded bandstop filter using multilayer micromachined microstrip asymmetrical coupler can be described in terms of its primary parameters, the inductance and capacitance matrices, and : the inductance matrix contains the self - inductances of the two strips, on the diagonal, and the mutual inductances between strips in the offdiagonal terms. the capacitance matrix", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5318855230407958, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:37.843656"} {"text": ") of 600 m ; ( lbi ) of 750 m and ( a ) of 900 m ; relative dielectric constant ( \u03b5r3 ) of 11. 7 ; filter length ( l ) of 1800 m ; and rejection frequency ( f0 ) of 40 ghz. figure 4 shows the segmentation of the charged surfaces used to analyze the cross section of the shielded bandstop filter using a multilayer smm asymmetrical coupler. the features mentioned above were kept constant and the width ( w2 ) of the top smm line was varied as needed from ( w1 ) to ( lbs ) in order to change the electromagnetic parameters ( em ) and consequently the minimum of s12 of the bandstop filter. all of the electromagnetic parameters obtained for the shielded bandstop filter are presented in the table. the table clearly shows the influence of the ratio ( w2 / w1 ) on the bandstop filter ' s em parameters (, ) and, consequently on the minimum module ( s12 ) of its rejection frequency, f0. finally, for w2 / w1 = 5, the authors analyzed the filter response for the same physical and geometrical parameters mentioned above using matpar software. 6figure 5 provides plots of the scattering coefficient ( s12 ) as a function of frequency for the proposed bandstop filter structure using multilayer smm asymmetrical coupler. figure 5 shows that a minimum value of ( s12 ) = - 90 db is obtained at f0 = 40. 25 ghz, where the - 3 - db rejection bandwidth frequency is calculated as 30 ghz. in conclusion, a simple structure for bandstop filters using a multilayer shielded micromachined microstrip asymmetrical coupler has been proposed, analyzed, and designed. the designed filter is only 900?? 183? 1800 m in size and can be easily designed and fabricated. the rejection bandwidth of the designed filter is between 30 and 50 ghz, with the minimum value of ( s12 ) of - 90 db obtained at a rejection frequency ( f0 ) of 40. 25 ghz. to achieve these results, it was necessary to determine the electromagnetic parameters of the bandstop filter using the multilayer micromachined smm asymmetrical coupler. in the frequency range of 10 to 70 ghz, the resolution of the problem is based on the quasi - static assumption and was studied by mom analysis. micromachined microstrip bandstop filters can be designed at any operating frequency from 1 to 120 ghz", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5027331757027488, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:37.846479"} {"text": "frequency range of 10 to 70 ghz, the resolution of the problem is based on the quasi - static assumption and was studied by mom analysis. micromachined microstrip bandstop filters can be designed at any operating frequency from 1 to 120 ghz, using the em parameters values presented in this article. 1. t. m. weller, l. p. katehi and g. m. rebeiz, \" high - performance microshield line components, \" ieee transaction on microwave theory and techniques, vol. 43, no. 3, march 1995, pp. 534 - 543. 2. r. f drayton, t. m. weller and l. p. katehi, \" development of miniaturized circuits for high - frequency applications using micromachining techniques, \" international journal of microcircuits and electronic packaging, vol. 18, no. 3, third quarter 1995, pp. 217 - 223. 3. l. p. katehi, \" si micromachining in high - frequency applications, \" crc press, boca raton, 1995. 4. r. m. henderson and l. p. katehi, \" silicon - based micromachined packages for high - frequency applications, \" ieee transaction on microwave theory and techniques, vol. 47, no. 8, august 1999, pp. 1600 - 1607. 5. a. r. djordjevic, m. b. bazdar and t. k. sarkan, linpar for windows : matrix parameters of multiconductor transmission lines, software and user ' s manual, artech house, 1999. 6. a. r. djordjevic, m. bazdar, g. vitosevic, t. sarkar, and r. f. harrington, scattering parameters of microwave networks with multiconductor transmission lines, artech house, norwood, ma, 1990. 7. d. jaisson, \" a multilayer microstrip bandstop filter for dcs, \" applied microwave & wireless, 1998, pp. 64 - 70.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4838237039856717, "token_count": 429, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:37.847549"} {"text": "apr 7, 2011 graphene transistor shines on diamond - like substrate diamond - like carbon could be an ideal substrate for graphene transistors. so say researchers in the us who have made advanced devices with a record - high cut - off frequency of 155 ghz and the shortest gate length ever of just 40 nm. the field - effect transistors, which also function all of the way down to temperatures as low as 4. 3 k, operate at radio frequencies and so could be used in wireless communications. graphene is a flat sheet of carbon just one atom thick that conducts electrons at extremely high speeds. indeed, the electrons behave like relativistic particles with no rest mass. this, and other unusual physical properties, means that graphene is often touted to replace silicon as the electronic material of choice and might be used to make faster transistors than any that exist today. transistors made from graphene could be used in radio - frequency microelectronic devices for wireless communications. these devices can be made by transferring high - quality graphene sheets, produced by a technique called chemical vapour deposition ( cvd ), onto a suitable, insulating substrate \u2013 such as silicon dioxide. however, the problem is that the substrate can severely degrade the electronic properties of graphene because of scattering of charge carriers ( electrons and holes ) in graphene. this scattering, which drastically limits the speed of the electrons and holes, comes about due to interactions between graphene and the dielectric substrate material. diamond - like, but cheap now, phaedon avouris and colleagues at the ibm thomas j. watson research center, new york, may now have come up with an answer to this challenge. the team used diamond - like carbon as the top layer of the substrate, with the carbon atop a standard silicon wafer. diamond - like carbon is already widely used in the semiconductor industry and is created by chemical vapour deposition ( cvd ). it is a non - polar dielectric material, which means that it does not trap charges nor does it scatter charge as much as silicon dioxide does. it is also cheap to make in large areas ; does not absorb much water ; and has excellent thermal conductivity. \u201c the cut - off frequency we obtained is the highest so far for transistors made from cvd - graphene, \u201d avouris said. \u201c however, it is not, by far, the limit of what can be achieved because the quality of the cvd -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5451100655017523, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:37.853092"} {"text": "the following html text is provided to enhance online readability. many aspects of typography translate only awkwardly to html. please use the page image as the authoritative form to ensure accuracy. science evolution and creationism biological evolution is the centralorganizing principle of modern biology. the study of biological evolution has transformed our understanding of life on this planet. evolution provides a scientific explanation for why there are so many different kinds of organisms on earth and how all organisms on this planet are part of an evolutionary lineage. it demonstrates why some organisms that look quite different are in fact related, while other organisms that may look similar are only distantly related. it accounts for the appearance of humans on earth and reveals our species \u2019 biological connections with other living things. it details how different groups of humans are related to each other and how we acquired many of our traits. it enables the development of effective new ways to protect ourselves against constantly evolving bacteria and viruses. [ trait : a physicalor behavioralcharacteristic ofan organism. ] biological evolution refers to changes in the traits of organisms over multiple generations. until the development of the science of genetics at the beginning of the 20th century, biologists did not understand the mechanisms responsible for the inheritance of traits from parents to offspring. the study of genetics showed that heritable traits originate from the dna that is passed from one generation to the next. dna contains segments called genes that direct the production of proteins required for the growth and function of cells. genes also orchestrate the development of a single - celled egg into a multicellular organism. dna is therefore responsible for the continuity of biological form and function across generations. [ dna : deoxyribonucleic acid. a biological molecule composedof subunits knownas nucleotides strungtogether in long chains. the sequences of thesenucleotides contain theinformation that cellsneed in order to grow, to divide into daughtercells, and to manufacture new proteins. ] [ protein : a largemolecule consisting ofa chain of smaller molecules called aminoacids. the sequenceof amino acids andthe molecule \u2019 s three - dimensional structuredetermine a protein \u2019 sspecific function incells or organisms. ] however, offspring are not always exactly like their parents. most organisms in any species, including humans, are genetically variable to some extent. in sexually reproducing species, where each parent contributes only one - half of its genetic information to its offspring ( the offspring receives the full amount of genetic information", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6099519954937777, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:37.863572"} {"text": ". most organisms in any species, including humans, are genetically variable to some extent. in sexually reproducing species, where each parent contributes only one - half of its genetic information to its offspring ( the offspring receives the full amount of genetic information when a sperm cell and an egg cell fuse ), the dna of the two parents is combined in new ways in the offspring. in addition, dna can undergo changes known as mutations from one generation to the next, both in sexually reproducing and asexually reproducing organisms ( such as bacteria ). [ mutation : a changein the sequence ofnucleotides in dna. such changes can alterthe structure of proteins or the regulationof protein production. ] when a mutation occurs in the dna of an organism, several things can happen. the mutation may result in an altered trait that harms the organism, making it less likely to survive or produce offspring than other organisms in the population to which it belongs. another possibility is that the mutation makes no difference to the well - being or reproductive success of an organism. or the new mutation may result in a trait that enables an organism to take better advantage of the resources in its environment, thereby enhancing its ability to survive and produce offspring. for example, a fish might appear with a small modification to its fins that enables it to move more easily through shallow water ( as occurred in the lineage leading to tiktaalik ) ; an insect might [ population : a group of organismsof the same species thatare in close enoughproximity to allowthem to interbreed. ]", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5522471219771842, "token_count": 322, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:37.864516"} {"text": "the unprecedented attacks by sharks on human beings along the middle atlantic coast of the united states in the summer of 1916, resulting in the death of four bathers, produced a profound sensation and materially interfered with the attendance at seaside resorts, while leading to an astonishing amount of newspaper discussion in the course of which the public was regaled with more fiction and also more facts about sharks in general than ever before in our history. several departments of the federal government became involved in the matter, various individuals and committees offered rewards for the capture of \" man - eating \" sharks, and a bill was introduced in congress appropriating money for the purpose of enabling the department of commerce to cooperate in the extermination of man - eating sharks on the new jersey coast. the bureau of fisheries was incessantly importuned to explain why sharks were behaving as they were, and to take action that would prevent further attacks. there was some criticism of our inability to cope with the situation, although obviously there was little that could he done. the culprits were never identified. it was not known whether one individual shark of a species common to the region was running amuck ; whether representatives of several local species had been forced to attack human beings because of certain undetermined biological or physical conditions ; or whether there was an advent of a shark or sharks from distant waters with feeding habits different from those of the domestic species, which in no former years had exhibited any man - eating tendency and were dangerous only when they themselves were attacked. there were no attacks reported after the middle of july and the scare subsided ; but out of all the excitement and discussion there has arisen a keen lay interest in sharks \u2014 their kinds, habits, size, distribution, and economic value ; and in answer to that interest there have been special displays in museums and publication of much authentic matter in the secular and scientific press. \u2014 hugh m. smith. note : where necessary, the latin binomials in this text have been updated courtesy of r. aidan martin, co - author of \u201c sociable killers, \u201d an article about white sharks featured in the october 2006 issue. the term \u201c man - eater \u201d is applied by the public to almost any shark of medium or large size, and during the recent scare any shark over five feet long was likely to be called a \u201c man - eater \u201d and recorded as such in the daily press. the writer saw a published photograph of a \u201c man - eater \u201d shark and its proud captor ; assuming the height of the man", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4732986768950319, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:37.904628"} {"text": "over five feet long was likely to be called a \u201c man - eater \u201d and recorded as such in the daily press. the writer saw a published photograph of a \u201c man - eater \u201d shark and its proud captor ; assuming the height of the man to have been six feet, the shark could not have exceeded three feet in length. in fish literature the name \u201c man - eater \u201d is restricted to the white shark ( carcharodon carcharias ), known also as the great blue shark the name man - eater is justified, however, only by the large size, formidable teeth, voracity, and obvious ability of the fish to kill and eat human beings ; it is certainly not warranted by a confirmed man - eating habit. ( 1 ) while this fish occurs regularly, although not abundantly, in summer along parts of our coast where sea bathing is extensively indulged in, it must be regarded as comparatively inoffensive in our waters even if the recent fatalities on the new jersey coast are attributable to it. the genus carcharodon reached its climax in the past, during the eocene or miocene, when fish immensely larger than any now existing must have roamed the seas. it has been thought that, because of the size of the fossil teeth ( opinion of the late dr. george brown goode ), individuals seventy to eighty feet long must have been common. the model of the jaws of a shark of this genus in the american museum of natural history ( see photograph below ) suggests the colossal proportions attained in geological times. in these degenerate modern days the maximum length reached by the white shark appears to be about forty feet, with teeth three inches long. the british museum contains the jaws of a specimen thirty - six feet long from australia. ( 2 ) the gustatory feats that can be performed by fish of such size may be judged by the accomplishment of a thirty - foot individual on the california coast which had in its stomach an entire sea lion weighing one hundred pounds. the writer has before him a note on a shark of this species collected by a bureau of fisheries party at menemsha bight, martha \u2019 s vineyard, on august 19, 1916 ; it was twelve feet eight inches long, and more than five feet in girth at the pectorals, and was estimated to weigh one thousand pounds. ( 3 ) [ media : node / 1473 right medium caption horizontal ] in the same family with carcharodon, and distinguished therefrom by having", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4379906327287407, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:37.908104"} {"text": "girth at the pectorals, and was estimated to weigh one thousand pounds. ( 3 ) [ media : node / 1473 right medium caption horizontal ] in the same family with carcharodon, and distinguished therefrom by having the edges of the teeth entire instead of serrate, are the mackerel sharks, of which four species may be found on the atlantic coast ( all of these are now placed in the genus isurus by garman ; the plagiostomia, 1913 ). one of these ( 4 ), a cosmopolitan species in temperate latitudes, is the \u201c porbeagle \u201d of england ( lamna nasus ). it attains a length of ten to twelve feet. the common species on the east coast of the united states is the \u201c blue shark \u201d of the cape cod fishermen, readily distinguishable by the large black spot on the pectoral fin. it reaches a length of eight to ten feet. the mackerel sharks are handsome, trim, and active species, and are so named because they are present chiefly during the mackerel season and prey largely on that fish. they are sometimes very annoying to purse - seine, pound - net, and gill - net fishermen. related to the mackerel sharks anatomically, but differing markedly from them in habits and disposition, is the basking shark or bone shark ( cetorhinus maximus ). these names have been applied by our fishermen in allusion to the facts that the fish often remains quiet at the surface for a long time and that the gill arches are provided with strainers which resemble whalebone. this fish was described by the norwegian bishop gunner in 1765 in a learned paper in which he sought to prove that this must have been the \u201c great fish \u201d that swallowed jonah. from the standpoint of mere size, the basking shark fulfills all the requirements, for it is one of the largest of sharks and the ingestion of a prophet would have entailed no difficulty or inconvenience. a length of fifty feet has been claimed for it, but the available authentic records give a maximum of under forty feet. it is at home in the arctic seas, but sometimes has strayed as far southward as virginia and california. in former years it was not uncommon on the new england coast and also on the shores of western europe ; and it was regularly hunted for its oil in ireland and norway. in the early eighteenth century, and in the early part of the last century, it was not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4306822308369077, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:37.910652"} {"text": "it was not uncommon on the new england coast and also on the shores of western europe ; and it was regularly hunted for its oil in ireland and norway. in the early eighteenth century, and in the early part of the last century, it was not infrequently harpooned by the maine and massachusetts fishermen, and the liver of a large specimen has been known to yield twelve barrels of oil. from eastport, maine, and provincetown, massachusetts, and even from the lower harbor of new york, quite a number of individuals ranging from twenty - eight to thirty - five feet in length have been reported, but recently the species is rare in our waters. its disposition is peaceful, and it is dangerous only because of its great bulk. when attacked, its powerful tail easily demolishes boats, and its pursuit has been attended by considerable excitement and risk. the thrasher or swingle - tail ( alopias vulpinus ) is another large and active pelagic shark which is common along the coasts of new england and western and southern europe, and is known also from california. it is at once distinguished from all other sharks by its prodigious tail, the tipper lobe of which, in the form of a scythe blade, is half the total length of the fish. the fishermen tell tales of the ferocity of this shark in attacking whales, which, when they come to the surface to breathe, are said to be flailed by the thrasher \u2019 s flexible tail, so that the resounding whacks may be heard for several miles in calm weather. authentic observations of this habit are lacking. the species is certainly harmless for man, in spite of its large size \u2014 it attains a length of fifteen feet and a weight of five hundred pounds. it is a source of some annoyance to our mackerel fishermen because it often becomes entangled in the nets. in july, 1904, an imperfect skeleton of this fish about ten and one - half feet long, with cranium and two hundred and seventy - four vertebrae, was exhibited at atlantic city, as that of a \u201c sea serpent, \u201d and an impossible account of its capture was published in the local newspapers at the time ( for identity of this skeleton, see note by the writer in forest and stream, december 3, 1904 ). in strong contrast with the striking modification of the tail in the foregoing species, the hammer - head and the bonnet - head sharks ( sphyrna zygaena and s. tiburo", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4388352723082758, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:37.912131"} {"text": "in forest and stream, december 3, 1904 ). in strong contrast with the striking modification of the tail in the foregoing species, the hammer - head and the bonnet - head sharks ( sphyrna zygaena and s. tiburo ), present grotesque lateral expansions of the head. both species range from the tropics along our east coast as far as massachusetts. the former is a voracious species and, attaining a length of more than fifteen feet, is formidable to man ; the latter, much the commoner on our south atlantic coast, rarely exceeds five feet in length. mitchill \u2019 s fishes of new york records the capture of three hammer - heads in a net at riverhead, new york, september, 1805 ; the largest, eleven feet long, contained the detached remains of a man and also a striped cotton shirt. the sand shark ( carcharias taurus ) is one of the best - known sharks of our atlantic coast. it is sometimes called \u201c shovel - nose shark \u201d and \u201c dogfish shark \u201d on the shores of new england. its usual length is under five feet, but it is said, perhaps on account of error in identification, to attain a length of twelve feet and a weight of two hundred and fifty pounds. it is built on rakish lines, its snout is sharp, its crescentic mouth is armed with long and narrow teeth, the fishermen say it has a wicked eye, and its disposition is vicious. it is able to do very serious injury to careless fishermen who are trying to remove it from their nets or boats, and the writer has seen it inflict fearful wounds on other species of sharks confined with it in the observation pool at woods hole, massachusetts. the largest family of sharks in our waters is the carcharinidae. ( 5 ) the many genera however are not always easily distinguishable until the teeth and dermal denticles are carefully examined ( see illustration ). two of the most interesting are the blue shark ( mustelus canis ), a world - wide species attaining a moderate size, characterized by the very dark blue color of the upper parts ; and the tiger shark, or leopard shark ( galeocerdo cuvier ), an active, graceful, ferocious species, with razor - like teeth. the latter is known from provincetown, woods hole, and other places on the atlantic coast. ( 6 ) scientific names of fish are not always expressive of obvious habits or structure, but somniosus microcephalus, or the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46822958291368955, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:37.914655"} {"text": "teeth. the latter is known from provincetown, woods hole, and other places on the atlantic coast. ( 6 ) scientific names of fish are not always expressive of obvious habits or structure, but somniosus microcephalus, or the \u201c small - headed sleeper, \u201d aptly describes a large boreal shark that makes occasional visits to our coasts as far south as cape cod and oregon. its body seems to have developed at the expense of its brain, for it is a sluggish stupid glutton that reaches a length of twenty - five to thirty feet. it is said to be a very active foe of whales. when caught in the fisheries of western europe, the sleeper shark is brought in by the fishermen and offered for sale as food, although its market value is small. the writer has seen it in the markets of grimsby, cuxhaven, and hamburg. [ media : node / 1474 horizontal caption medium right ] one of the rarest and at the same time most strongly differentiated sharks on the coasts of the united states is the cow shark ( hexanchus griseus ), at once recognizable by its single dorsal fin, and its six gill apertures. the dentition also is peculiar ( in the front of the tipper jaw there are four pointed teeth, on each side of which are three with one or several cusps, and laterally the teeth have many cusps ; while in the middle of the lower jaw there are a small tooth with or without a cusp, and lateral serrated teeth with many cusps ). there appears to be only one instance of the occurrence of \u2019 this shark in our waters, although it is said by poey to be often found about cuba. an individual ten feet two inches long was taken in 1886 at currituck inlet, n. c., a plaster cast of which is in the united states national museum. on the shores of western and southern europe, where the cow shark is most common, it attains a length of twenty - six feet or over. among the most interesting sharks of the world are the deep - sea species. the extreme depth at which sharks have been found is about one and one - sixth miles. the deep - sea forms are for the most part small, of a blackish or dark brownish color, and do not exhibit any marked structural differentiation from the littoral and pelagic species. there have been taken off the east coast of africa and in the gulf of aden ( on the \u201c", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4913025670216337, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:37.916983"} {"text": "part small, of a blackish or dark brownish color, and do not exhibit any marked structural differentiation from the littoral and pelagic species. there have been taken off the east coast of africa and in the gulf of aden ( on the \u201c valdivia \u201d cruise ), at a maximum depth of 1, 006 fathoms, several specimens of a hitherto unknown shark ( apristurus indicus ). the largest is thirteen inches long. this species inhabits a greater depth than any other shark, as far as known. ( 7 ) one of the most striking of the deep - sea sharks is a form taken by the \u201c albatross \u201d in batangas bay, luzon, philippine islands, at a depth of one hundred and seventy fathoms ( it was made the type of a new genus and called squaliolus laticaudus by smith & radcliffe. it is cylindrical, slender, with very narrow peduncle and very broad tail, and is jet black, with the fins wholly or partly white. the species is represented by a single pair, of which the fully developed male ( which is larger than the female ) measures less than six inches in length. it is believed that no other shark is so diminutive. we have not yet spoken of the largest of all sharks \u2014 which means the largest of all fishes of the world. this is the \u201c whale shark \u201d ( rhinodon typus ), originally described from cape of good hope, but now known from india, japan, south america, panama, california, and various other places. there have been two individuals taken on the coast of florida, the first, a rather small one ( eighteen feet long ) obtained at ormond in 1902 ; the second a veritable monster, caught at knight \u2019 s key in june, 1912. the skin of the fish was stuffed in a distorted shape ( see photo below ) and exhibited in various parts of the country as \u201c the only creature of the kind in the world. \u201d the advertised length of the fish was forty - five feet, but from the best information obtainable it was somewhat more than thirty - eight feet long before stuffing. this shark has a very broad and obtuse snout and an exceedingly wide mouth armed with numerous minute teeth ; the dark - colored body is marked with many small whitish spots. the species is stated to attain a length of seventy feet and is known to exceed fifty feet. notwithstanding its immense size, however, it is harmless to man unless attacked, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4763792235337724, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:37.919102"} {"text": "teeth ; the dark - colored body is marked with many small whitish spots. the species is stated to attain a length of seventy feet and is known to exceed fifty feet. notwithstanding its immense size, however, it is harmless to man unless attacked, and feeds on the small creatures for which its teeth are adapted. its huge bulk makes it dangerous in the same way that a whale is dangerous. years ago it was reported that the sperm - whale fishermen on the island of saint denis, in the indian ocean, dreaded to harpoon a whale shark by mistake, and stories are told of how a harpooned fish \u201c having by a lightning - like dive exhausted the supply of rope which had been accidentally fastened to the boat, dived deeper still, and so pulled a pirogue and crew to the bottom. \u201d [ media : node / 1476 full left caption ] the sharks most numerous on the united states coasts are the small forms known as dogfishes, which belong in two distinct families and get their name from their habit of going in droves or packs like wild clogs. the smooth dogfish ( mustelus canis ), is one of the omnipresent fishes of the atlantic coast in summer from cape cod to cape hatteras, and is abundant on the lower carolina coast in spring. it is a slender graceful species, without spines in the dorsal fins, reaching a length of three feet, and having pavement - like teeth adapted for crushing lobsters, crabs, and other bottom - loving creatures. the horny or spiny dogfish ( squalus acanthias ) is found on both sides of the north atlantic and is easily the most abundant and most destructive of our east - coast sharks. the spiny dogfish ranges as far north as the gulf of st. lawrence and south to north carolina, and reaches its maximum abundance north of cape cod. coming along our shores in schools containing untold millions, and one school following another often with slight intermission, these fishes do immense damage for fishermen by devouring or mutilating the food fish taken in the gill nets, by eating the bait and the line - caught fish, by chewing and tearing nets and lines, by filling pound nets to the exclusion of other fish, and by devouring lobsters in and out of the lobster pots. when the schools of dogfish appear, the fishermen must abandon their efforts, and the loss of fish and apparatus is thus supplemented by loss of time. there have been seasons when the damage to the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4469017440628715, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:37.922666"} {"text": "b complex vitamins what are b complex vitamins? b vitamins refer to a group of water soluble vitamins that play an incredibly important role in cellular metabolism. in the past it was believed that there was only one type of vitamin b as is the case for other types of vitamins such as vitamin a and vitamin c. but as research progressed scientists began to understand that there actually eight chemically distinct types of vitamin b. they are all referred to as being in the family of vitamin b due to the fact that they are chemically and molecularly related in structure and function. they just have a few chemical differences that change how they interact with the body. you can take b vitamins either individually or as part of a vitamin b complex. a ' vitamin b complex ' is the term used for a supplement that contains more than one type of vitamin b, but doesn ' t have to contain all eight different types of the vitamin. some complex b vitamins can contain different levels of b vitamins depending on what an individual patient needs. types of b vitamins - vitamin b1 - thiamine - vitamin b2 - riboflavin - vitamin b3 - niacin - vitamin b5 - pantothenic acid - vitamin b6 - pyridoxine hydrochloride - vitamin b7 - biotin - vitamin b9 - folic acid - vitamin b12 - cyanocobalamin functions of vitamin b all of the different types of vitamin b are essential to keeping you healthy by allowing many essential bodily functions to operate smoothly and effectively. vitamin b is necessary in supporting and even increasing your bodies rate of metabolism. this means that it helps your body use energy more efficiently and effectively. if you are trying to lose or maintain a certain weight, having enough b vitamins in your diet is essential. vitamin b can help maintain healthy skin, hair and muscle tone as well as enhancing and maintaining your immune and nervous systems. it promotes the growth of bodily cells, the most important of them being red blood cells. vitamin b has also been shown to reduce ones risk of contracting pancreatic cancer when ingested in the food you eat. vitamin b deficienciesvitamin b deficiencies can lead to absolutely detrimental health complications. there are eight different types of vitamin b, and in order to remain healthy, you need to ensure that you are receiving a healthy daily dose of them in order to avoid a deficiency of any of the eight different kinds of vitamin b. the complete list of complications that can occur should your experience any", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5018757263610273, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:37.935045"} {"text": "and in order to remain healthy, you need to ensure that you are receiving a healthy daily dose of them in order to avoid a deficiency of any of the eight different kinds of vitamin b. the complete list of complications that can occur should your experience any serious vitamin b deficiency is quite lengthy. some mild deficiencies can cause mood alterations, fatigue, weight loss, irregular heartbeats, acne, insomnia, and a weakened immune systems. if you should ever experience a serious vitamin b deficiency you might be at risk for psychosis, peripheral neuropathy, hypertension, dementia, pseudo - syphilis, amnesia and other severe complications that can result in death if you don ' t receive treatment. vitamin b foods vitamin b is most commonly found in whole and unprocessed foods. processed foods such as some less expensive cheeses, canned soups, processed sugars, candy, deli meats and canned meats tend to have lower levels of vitamin b due to the fact that most of it has been removed due to the processing process. you can look for good sources of vitamin b in foods such as whole grains, kombucha, potatoes, bananas, lentils, tempeh, beans, chili peppers, brewers yeast and unprocessed sugars such as molasses. vitamin b complexes and other forms of vitamin b supplements can provide a good source of this essential vitamin, but studies have shown that it is more effective to get a good dose of vitamin b from the food you eat. natural supplement + 271 se cody ave. suite # 330 phoenix, az 85002 ph : ( 602 ) 261 - 2817 monday - friday 8am - 5pm closed weekends & holidays \" i ' ve been going to natural supplement plus for about a year now, and i love the help. they ' re all very friendly and know exactly what they ' re talking about. \" \" my doctor said i needed to start taking vitamin e supplements. i had no idea what to look for, natural supplement plus helped me find exactly what i need \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4672077990835042, "token_count": 419, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:37.936504"} {"text": "\u0928\u092a\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u092e\u093e \u0917\u0930\u0928 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u092f\u0915 \u0964 \u0928\u092a\u093e\u0932\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0964 \u0928\u092a\u093e\u0932\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0932\u0916\u0928 \u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0939\u0930\u0928 \u092f\u0939\u093e \u0915\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0917\u0930\u0928\u0939\u094b\u0938 \u0964 \u0938\u091f\u0930\u091a\u0930 is a \u092e\u0921\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 used for short - term carrying of patients who require medical care. stretchers are primarily used in acute out - of - hospital care situations by ems, military, and search and rescue personnel. \u0938\u091f\u0930\u091a\u0930\u0939\u0930 can be equipped with a variable height lower frame containing wheels, tracks, or skids to allow the stretcher to be moved more easily. a simple stretcher does not have such a frame and therefore needs to be carried by two or more people. despite these differences, their essential function remains the same. they can often be referred to as a cot, litter, gurney, bed, cart, or ( for bariatric stretchers ) land barge. [ \u0938\u092e\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0917\u0930\u0928 ] stretchers have been used since antiquity, on battlefields and in emergency situations, where wheeled vehicles are hindered by rough terrain. in their simplest form, they generally consisted of a canvas sling with long edges sewn to themselves to form pockets through with wooden poles could be slid. this form was common with militaries right through the middle of the 20th century, and in disaster situations, where rapid triage and movement of patients based on severity of injuries is critical, they are still used by emergency response providers. many stretcher are referred to as \" gurneys \". the name gurney comes from its similarity to a horse - drawn cab patented in the u. s. in 1883 by j. theodore gurney. \u0938\u091f\u0930\u091a\u0930\u0915\u093e \u092a\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0939\u0930 [ \u0938\u092e\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0917\u0930\u0928 ] - ems stretchers used in ambulances have wheels that makes transportation over pavement easier, and have a lock inside the ambulance and seatbelts to secure the victim during transport. an integral lug on the gurney locks into a sprung latch within the ambulance in order to prevent movement during transport. modern stretchers may often in have the addition of battery - powered hydraulics to raise and collapse the legs automatically. this eases the workload on ems personnel, who are statistically at high risk of back injury from repetitive raising and lowering of patients. specialized bariatric stretchers are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4835200426216322, "token_count": 508, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:37.948443"} {"text": "addition of battery - powered hydraulics to raise and collapse the legs automatically. this eases the workload on ems personnel, who are statistically at high risk of back injury from repetitive raising and lowering of patients. specialized bariatric stretchers are also available, which feature a wider frame and higher weight capacity for heavier patients. stretchers are usually covered with a disposable sheet or wrapping and cleaned after each patient in order to prevent the spread of infection. shelves, hooks and poles for medical equipment and intravenous medication are also frequently included. - simple stretchers are the most rudimentary type. they are lightweight and portable, being made of canvas or other synthetic material suspended between two poles or tubular aluminum frame. many are stored as disaster supplies and are often former military surplus. - the folding stretcher, also known as a top deck or collapsible stretcher, is similar in design to the simple stretcher, but features one or more hinged points of articulation to allow the stretcher to be collapsed into a more compact form for easier handling or storage. some models may even allow the patient to sit upright in a fowler ' s or semi - fowler ' s position. - the scoop stretcher is used for lifting patients, for instance from the ground onto an ambulance stretcher or long board. the two ends of the stretcher can be detached from each other, splitting the stretcher into two longitudinal halves. to load a patient, one or both ends of the stretcher are detached, the halves placed under the patient from either side and fastened back together. with obese patients, the possibility exists of accidentally pinching the patient ' s back when closing the stretcher, so care must be made not to injure them when carrying out this procedure. - a reeves stretcher, reeves sleeve, sked, or ' flexible stretcher ' is a flexible stretcher that is often supported longitudinally by wooden or plastic planks. it is a kind of tarpaulin with handles. it is primarily used to move a patient through confined spaces ( e. g. a narrow hallway ), or to lift obese patients ( reeves stretchers have 6 handholds, allowing multiple rescuers to assist extrication ). - the stokes basket, also known as litter or rescue basket, is designed to be used where there are obstacles to movement or other hazards : for example, in confined spaces, on slopes, in wooded terrain. typically it is shaped to accommodate an adult in a face up position and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47273091967405917, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:37.949583"} {"text": "known as litter or rescue basket, is designed to be used where there are obstacles to movement or other hazards : for example, in confined spaces, on slopes, in wooded terrain. typically it is shaped to accommodate an adult in a face up position and it is used in search and rescue operations. the person is strapped into the basket, making safe evacuation possible. the litter has raised sides and often includes a removable head / torso cover for patient protection. after the person is secured in the litter, the litter may be wheeled, carried by hand, mounted on an atv, towed behind skis, snowmobile, or horse, lifted or lowered on high angle ropes, or hoisted by helicopter. - the nimier stretcher ( brancard nimier ) was a type of stretcher used by the french army during world war i. the casualty was placed on his back, but in a \" seated position \", ( that is, the thighs were perpendicular to the abdomen ). thus, the stretcher was shorter and could turn in the trenches. this type of stretcher is rarely seen today. ( see a picture ). \u0905\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915\u093e \u0938\u091f\u0930\u091a\u0930\u0939\u0930 [ \u0938\u092e\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0917\u0930\u0928 ] with healthcare changing, a new type of ' hybrid ' device is now being used by healthcare facilities. this hybrid device is referred to as a ' transmotion. ' a ' transmotion ' is a type of medical patient handling device that combines the following devices into one ; a stretcher, a recliner chair, and a treatment or procedural table. nursing back injuries are ranking at an all - time high, and healthcare is demanding a more integrated device like the transmotion. \u0938\u091f\u0930\u091a\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0909\u0928 \u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e [ \u0938\u092e\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0917\u0930\u0928 ] | \u092f\u094b \u0905\u0928\u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0916\u093e\u0932\u093f \u0964 \u0915\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0917\u0930\u0928\u0939\u094b\u0938 \u0964. | \u092f\u0940 \u092a\u0928\u093f \u0939\u0930\u0928\u0939\u094b\u0938 [ \u0938\u092e\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0917\u0930\u0928 ] \u092c\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0921\u0940\u0939\u0930 [ \u0938\u092e\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0917\u0930\u0928 ] | \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u092e\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u092e\u0928\u0938\u092e\u093e \u0905\u0930 \u0927\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0917\u0930\u0940\u0939\u0930 : stretcher | | \u0939\u0930\u0928\u0939\u094b\u0938 \u0938\u091f\u0930\u091a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u0928\u0930\u0940, \u0916\u0932\u0932\u093e", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.457408435682447, "token_count": 507, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:37.950463"} {"text": "a delegation is the commission to another of jurisdiction, which is to be exercised in the name of the person delegating. jurisdiction is defined as the power of anyone who has public authority and pre - eminence over others for their rule and government. in ancient roman law, delegation was the substitution of one debtor for another ; the second debtor making payment in the name of the first. in modern civil law, the term delegations is used for committees of representatives or judges, who in the name of the parliament of the judiciary consider and determine the special matters confided to them. in canon law, delegation is the spiritual jurisdiction or power which a person exercises in virtue of a commission from one having ordinary jurisdiction ( see jurisdiction ), with the understanding that such delegate must act in the name of the one delegating. the canons distinguish between delegation ab homine, and delegation a jure. the former is that which comes from a person in the strict sense of the word ; while the latter may have its source in a juridical or moral person. thus, it is through delegation a jure, that is in virtue of jurisdiction granted by the council of trent, that bishops have certain powers in regard to exempted regulars. whenever the common law designates a person as having powers which belong to another by ordinary right, the one upon whom they are conferred is said to be a delegate a jure. if bishops exercise such powers \" as delegates of the apostolic see \", an appeal against their actions would have to be made to the pope, for it is really his jurisdiction they are employing ; while if the common law refers to them as acting \" also as delegates of the holy see \", an appeal could be taken to the metropolitan, as in such a case the bishop acts in virtue of both ordinary and delegated jurisdiction. historically, the origin of canonical delegation is to be sought most probably in the fifth ( in the latin version, the seventh ) canon of the council of sardica ( a. d. 347 ), which speaks of judges delegated for roman appeals. from the fifth century onwards, instances of appointment of delegates by the popes are distinctly recorded, and such delegation became more frequent as time went on, particularly since the pontificate of gregory i ( 590 - 604 ). anyone having ordinary jurisdiction may delegate another, unless such power be expressly withheld from him. it is necessary to mention this restriction, for although parish priests have ordinary jurisdiction for the tribunal of penance, yet", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5129474196218964, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:37.962164"} {"text": "i ( 590 - 604 ). anyone having ordinary jurisdiction may delegate another, unless such power be expressly withheld from him. it is necessary to mention this restriction, for although parish priests have ordinary jurisdiction for the tribunal of penance, yet they cannot strictly delegate another for that task, because the hearing of confessions belongs to the external forum and all confessions need episcopal approbation. the person delegated by the lawful superior must be a cleric well versed in the matter for which he receives delegation, and he must not be excommunicate. while the age of twenty years is prescribed by law for the delegate, it is also provided that the age of eighteen will suffice, if those concerned are satisfied. several delegates may be appointed for the same matter. in this case each may receive such a commission that if he undertake the matter alone the other delegates may no longer interfere, unless the first be hindered from determining it ( delegatus in solidum ) ; or the power in a cause may be delegated to several persons so that they must act together to make the effect of their delegation valid ( delegatus simpliciter ). if the delegate be commissioned by the pope, he should ordinarily be an ecclesiastical dignitary or a cathedral canon, and the case should be heard in a city or place of some religious or civic distinction. it is evident, however, that the sovereign pontiff may, if he choose, derogate from these laws in all their aspects. general defects disqualifying a person to receive delegation are infamy, deafness, insanity, dumbness, slavery, and the like. it was stated that the person delegated should be a cleric ; for neither bishops nor those inferior to them can delegate a layman for spiritual matters or for criminal causes of ecclesiastics. it is disputed whether a delegation made by them to lay judges to determine even civil causes of clerics would be valid. the pope, however, may delegate laymen for such cases when there is question of an individual instance. reiffenstuel says that to commit in general all causes of ecclesiastics to laymen, would be to do away with the forensic privilege of clerics ( privilegium fori ) and therefore is outside the sphere of papal prerogatives, as the exemption of clerics is probably of divine right. the granting of a delegation may be verbal, except in cases where the law expressly prescribes that it be in writing.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47461875769966444, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:37.963101"} {"text": "therefore is outside the sphere of papal prerogatives, as the exemption of clerics is probably of divine right. the granting of a delegation may be verbal, except in cases where the law expressly prescribes that it be in writing. the delegation must also be the free act of the superior, for delegated faculties obtained absolutely against the will of the donor would be invalid. if, however, they be extorted by fear, they will not be void, for then they would not be absolutely against the will of the superior. delegated powers are necessary, either for the liceity or validity of an act performed by the delegate. if there be question only of the liceity of an act, permission reasonably presumed is sufficient. this would be the case, for example, in the administration of the sacraments, except penance and possibly matrimony. if, however, it be a question of the validity of an act, the delegation must be express, or at least rest upon a presumption of outward signs indicating actual consent. such, for example, would be the delegation requisite for valid absolution in the tribunal of penance. in general, a delegate may not proceed to the exercise of his power until it be formally notified to him, for, according to an axiom of law, jurisdiction is acquired only by one knowing and accepting. in certain cases, this knowledge and acceptance may be only implicitly implied, but it is then considered sufficient. the fact of delegation must be proved to those concerned in the matter at stake, either by showing them the written instrument or exhibiting unexceptionable testimony that the power has been received. the delegate must also carefully observe the form of procedure specified by the superior who has empowered him to act. in case of grievance, an appeal may be made against the delegate to the tribunal of the person who delegated him. this fact shows that the power of the vicar - general of a diocese is not delegated power, for there is no appeal from his tribunal to that of the bishop, because their tribunal is declared to be one and the same. the power of a vicar - general is most correctly characterized as quasi - ordinary, for on the one hand, he holds an office to which certain faculties are annexed, and on the other, he exercises his powers in the name of another. some canonists, however, maintain that a vicar - general has delegated, and others that he has ordinary jurisdiction. finally, no inferior ordinaries can", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4725621067696835, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:37.964044"} {"text": "are annexed, and on the other, he exercises his powers in the name of another. some canonists, however, maintain that a vicar - general has delegated, and others that he has ordinary jurisdiction. finally, no inferior ordinaries can delegate their entire authority to others in perpetuity without the license of the roman pontiff, because such delegation would be equivalent to abdication, which is not permissible without the consent of the supreme authority. what has been said in this respect of inferior ordinaries, holds good also for those delegated to certain classes of cases in general ( ad universitatem causarum ). as the powers delegated by the holy see are generally for very important matters, the council of trent ( sess. xxv, c. 10, de ref. ) made an effort to provide by law for a certain number of qualified persons whom the pope could appoint as his delegates. the council ordered that several such ecclesiastics should be elected in provincial synods and that their names should be forwarded to rome by the bishops. the decree, however, was seldom acted on and gradually became entirely obsolete. delegated jurisdiction can sometimes be subdelegated to others. if the delegate was appointed by the pope, even for a particular case, he has the power of subdelegation. the latter is prohibited only when the matter has been committed to his personal care in an especial manner, or when it is of unusual importance or of a merely executive nature. hence, when a confessor has received by apostolic privilege the faculty of absolving all the faithful from certain sins and censures, or of dispensing in certain irregularities and vows, he can not subdelegate this ministry. in like manner, one who has been charged with the execution of matrimonial dispensations may not subdelegate the ministry itself, yet he may employ others to assist him in matters connected with his delegated jurisdiction, provided their work be only supplementary, not principal. if the delegate was appointed by an ordinary other than the pope, he can not subdelegate, unless he has been commissioned ad universitatem causarum, or when the person delegating has given him the special authority to subdelegate. the subdelegate cannot make a new delegation, but he can call in the assistance of others for the details of his work. when a delegate has confided all his authority in a particular", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4396123067644653, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:37.965116"} {"text": "him the special authority to subdelegate. the subdelegate cannot make a new delegation, but he can call in the assistance of others for the details of his work. when a delegate has confided all his authority in a particular matter to a subdelegate an appeal from the decision of the latter does not lie to the delegate, but to the superior who had originally commissioned the delegate. delegation ceases if the work assigned to the delegate has been completed ; if the delegate abdicates his power or declares the rescript of his appointment invalid ; if the term fixed for the conduct of the matter has expired, unless in a contentious case both parties have agreed to a prorogation ; if the delegation be revoked ; if the delegate die, unless he was one of a number of delegates simpliciter and their commission had provided for its continuance in such an emergency ; if the person delegating die, and the case had not yet begun ; if the person die on whose account the delegation was constituted, unless some matter concerning the church or a prelacy be at stake. smith, elements of ecclesiastical law ( new york, 1895 ) ; laurentius, institutiones jur. eccl. ( freiburg, 1903 ) ; ferraris, bibliotheca canonica ( rome, 1886 ), iii. apa citation. ( 1908 ). delegation. in the catholic encyclopedia. new york : robert appleton company. http : / / www. newadvent. org / cathen / 04696b. htm mla citation. \" delegation. \" the catholic encyclopedia. vol. 4. new york : robert appleton company, 1908. < http : / / www. newadvent. org / cathen / 04696b. htm >. transcription. this article was transcribed for new advent by douglas j. potter. dedicated to the immaculate heart of the blessed virgin mary. ecclesiastical approbation. nihil obstat. remy lafort, censor. imprimatur. + john m. farley, archbishop of new york. contact information. the editor of new advent is kevin knight. my email address is feedback732 at newadvent. org. ( to help fight spam, this address might change occasionally. ) regrettably, i can ' t reply to every letter, but i greatly appreciate your feedback \u2014 especially notifications about typographical errors and inappropriate ads.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4268321609241067, "token_count": 502, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:37.966019"} {"text": "whereas people use their eyes and ears to get information, cells rely on proteins that span their outer membranes to scan for chemical signals from the outside world. now a biotech start - up plans to launch an international consortium to determine the three - dimensional crystal structures of 100 such membrane proteins, many of which represent promising drug targets. several \" structural genomics \" efforts have been launched recently to automate the atomic mapping of proteins, but this is the first to concentrate on membrane proteins. the subjects are a class of proteins called g protein - coupled receptors, which are sensitive to stimuli as varied as hormones and photon - altered pigments. once these proteins detect a specific signal outside the cell, they let loose a cascade of biochemical messengers that alters the cell ' s chemistry or gene expression. scientists would love to know more details, but the receptors are notoriously difficult to work with. removing them from the cell membrane destroys their normal 3d shape and any hope of understanding what they look like in atomic detail. the consortium, led by start - up bio - xtal in roubaix, france, plans to orchestrate a concerted effort to find new ways to express, crystallize, and image the proteins. if all goes as planned, starting in april the company will collaborate with four academic labs in france, germany, and the netherlands. bio - xtal has applied to the european union for half the estimated 10 million euro ( $ 9. 3 million ) cost of the 3 - year project, and it expects to raise the rest from pharmaceutical sponsors. seventeen companies, including roche, merck, and astra zeneca, have already offered support, says etienne l ' hermite, bio - xtal ' s manager. the effort to extend structural genomics to membrane proteins \" an excellent idea, \" says aled edwards, a structural biologist at the university of toronto. but because membrane proteins are difficult to express and crystallize - - two necessary steps in determining their structure - - the project is certain to face slow going, he says. \" calling something ' genomics ' implies automation and high throughput, \" says edwards. in this case, \" it is a bit of a stretch. \" bio - xtal ' s web site", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5572783381779487, "token_count": 453, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:37.970211"} {"text": "astronomers are reaching ever further back in time, seeking events from the earliest days of the universe. now, the discovery of the farthest ( and thus oldest ) supernova ever seen is raising hopes that astronomers will soon detect the explosive deaths of the first stars to form after the universe ' s birth. these stars forged the first heavy elements, which helped create smaller and longer - lived stars like our own sun. the earliest stars looked different from modern stars. the big bang produced only three light elements \u2014 hydrogen, helium, and a little lithium \u2014 but today, stars form in gas clouds that also contain heavier elements such as carbon and oxygen. these elements radiate away enough energy to eventually cool the clouds. when the clouds cool, they fragment into smaller clumps that collapse to spawn a plethora of mostly small stars. but such fragmentation wasn ' t easy early in the universe ' s life, when stars formed from carbon - and oxygen - free gas clouds that remained warm. because of their warmth, more gravity was needed to overwhelm the higher gas pressure \u2014 so when a cloud collapsed, it produced massive stars rather than small stars. astronomer jeff cooke of swinburne university of technology near melbourne, australia, and colleagues have been searching for the most distant, ancient supernovae by examining images from the canada - france - hawaii telescope atop mauna kea in hawaii. to discern even the faintest specks of light, the astronomers combine, or \" stack, \" hundreds of images. in one image, taken in 2006 of a galaxy in sextans ( a faint constellation south of leo ), they spotted a very distant supernova indeed. to find out just how far away it was, cooke observed the galaxy ' s spectrum - - the combined light emitted from its stars, arranged by wavelength \u2014 at the keck i telescope, also atop mauna kea. \" it was quite exciting, \" he says. \" as the spectrum was reading out, i could see the emission line for one of the features, and when i did a quick back - of - the - envelope calculation for the redshift, i saw how high it was. \" the redshift is a measure of the supernova ' s distance. as the universe expands, it stretches the light waves traveling to us from a distant galaxy, shifting the galaxy ' s spectral lines to redder wavelengths ; the farther the galaxy is and the more expanding space its light has traveled through, the greater its redshift. and as cooke '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5297494678554071, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:37.977019"} {"text": "the light waves traveling to us from a distant galaxy, shifting the galaxy ' s spectral lines to redder wavelengths ; the farther the galaxy is and the more expanding space its light has traveled through, the greater its redshift. and as cooke ' s team reports online today in nature, the supernova ' s redshift is 3. 90, which means it is 12. 1 billion light - years from earth \u2014 and it exploded just 1. 6 billion years after the big bang. that makes it more than a billion light - years farther than the previous record holder. moreover, the supernova is anything but normal. it marked the death of a star that was more than 100 times as massive as the sun. during its brief life, such a star supports its great weight by generating so much light that the pressure of that outward radiation balances the inward pull of gravity. unfortunately for the star, high - energy gamma rays supply much of this outward pressure, and when two gamma rays meet, they can convert their energy into a pair of particles, an electron and a positron. this \" pair production \" robs the star of the support that the gamma rays ' pressure had been providing. as a result, cooke says, \" the whole star collapses in on itself. it ' s one giant thermonuclear bomb, and it ' s incredibly bright. \" a pair - instability supernova emits about 10 times as much light as the brightest normal supernovae, which occur when white dwarf stars explode. pair - instability supernovae are so rare that observers have previously seen only one good candidate \u2014 and that was in a fairly nearby galaxy. astronomer abraham loeb of the harvard - smithsonian center for astrophysics in cambridge, massachusetts, calls the discovery of the distant pair - instability supernova a breakthrough. \" it ' s the first demonstration that such events do take place at early cosmic times, and i think we will find many more of them in the future, \" he says. astronomer volker bromm of the university of texas, austin, says : \" this is a very, very promising sign for what we can expect in the coming years. \" cooke ' s team has also detected another pair - instability supernova 10. 4 billion light - years from earth. neither supernova arose from a star that formed from pristine gas, so neither represents the very first generation of stars to form after the big bang. but the two explosions suggest that pair - instability supernovae \u2014 and thus very massive stars \u2014 were", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5622918961699694, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:37.977933"} {"text": "news from spain informs us that a team of specialists has recently succeeded in designing and manufacturing so - called bacteria - killing textiles. apparently, this new fabric brought forth by researchers working with the universitat politecnica de catalunya barcelonatech has nanoparticles which help keep bacteria at bay incorporated within its make - up. this means that, regardless of where the person wearing an item of clothing made from this material goes, bacteria are not given the opportunity to come along for the ride. the verge explains that, in order to develop this new fabric, researchers had to use adhesive enzymes which helped them embed said antimicrobial nanoparticles in a given piece of cloth. in order to make sure these nanoparticles stayed attached to the threads, the specialists had to resort to ultrasonic radiation, which supposedly helps up the efficiency of the adhesive enzymes. contrary to popular belief, public hospitals are not as clean as patients would want them to be, meaning that, as a result of having a lot of people going in and coming out of them on a daily basis, these public buildings are quite rich in terms of bacterial diversity. therefore, the scientists who developed these bacteria - killing textiles hope that, should doctors and nurses agree to wear items of clothing ( gowns, in particular ) made from this innovative fabric, it would be much easier to make sure that various types of bacteria do not travel from one patient to another. \u201c the statistics on patient safety in the eu show alarming tendencies : - 1 in 10 patients are affected by hospital - acquired infections - 3 million deaths are caused by hospital - acquired infections, \u201d reads the official website for this eu - funded research project. furthermore, \u201c an active infection control program of patients and personnel and hygiene measures, have proven to significantly reduce both the number of infections and hospitalization costs. \u201d apparently, this bacteria - killing fabric has a lifespan of 70 laundry cycles, and the specialists who developed it hope that it will soon start being used in hospitals all across europe.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5041479527717398, "token_count": 413, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:37.980125"} {"text": "a year on the melting planet takes just 1. 4 earth days while astronomers continue to rack up a list of exciting new exoplanet discoveries, some are simply more awesome than others. the crown jewel of the search for other planets would be an orb similar to earth, perhaps even similar enough to support living beings. a newly found world called ufc - 1. 01 is most definitely one of the more interesting recent finds, but not for its ability to foster life \u2014 in fact it ' s quite the opposite. while studying a red dwarf star named gj 436 using nasa ' s spitzer space telescope, astronomers noticed something odd : a slight fluctuation in the amount of infrared light the star was giving off. after further study, the researchers were able to identify the cause \u2014 a small planet, two - thirds the size of earth is orbiting the star at a remarkably close distance. the scientists believe that ufc - 1. 01 is so close to its star that it not only would be completely lifeless, but may also be absolutely covered in molten rock. with a surface temperature of over 1, 000 degrees fahrenheit, ufc - 1. 01 would be absolutely miserable place to take a vacation. but there ' s still some good news! because the planet orbits its star so closely, a year on ufc - 1. 01 takes less than one and a half earth days. that means you ' d be able to celebrate your birthday every 36 hours or so. just don ' t bring an ice cream cake, it probably wouldn ' t last. [ image credit : nasa ] more from tecca :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4958732951983845, "token_count": 324, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:37.982144"} {"text": "a 3 digit number is multiplied by a 2 digit number and the calculation is written out as shown with a digit in place of each of the * ' s. complete the whole multiplication sum. when the number x 1 x x x is multiplied by 417 this gives the answer 9 x x x 0 5 7. find the missing digits, each of which is represented by an \" x \". the number 10112359550561797752808988764044943820224719 is called a ' slippy number ' because, when the last digit 9 is moved to the front, the new number produced is the slippy number multiplied by this challenge is to make up your own alphanumeric. each letter represents a digit and where the same letter appears more than once it must represent the same digit each time. amazing as it may seem the three fives remaining in the following ` skeleton ' are sufficient to reconstruct the entire long division watch our videos of multiplication methods that you may not have met before. can you make sense of them? some 4 digit numbers can be written as the product of a 3 digit number and a 2 digit number using the digits 1 to 9 each once and only once. the number 4396 can be written as just such a product. can.... countries from across the world competed in a sports tournament. can you devise an efficient strategy to work out the order in which they finished? what day of the week were you born on? do you know? here ' s a way to find the numbers in this sum however did we manage before calculators? is there an efficient way to do a square root if you have to do the work yourself? this addition sum uses all ten digits 0, 1, 2... 9 exactly once. find the sum and show that the one you give is the only choose any 4 whole numbers and take the difference between consecutive numbers, ending with the difference between the first and the last numbers. what happens when you repeat this process over and.... read this article to find out the mathematical method for working out what day of the week each particular date fell on back as far as 1700. start with any triangle t1 and its inscribed circle. draw the triangle t2 which has its vertices at the points of contact between the triangle t1 and its incircle. now keep repeating this.... vedic sutra is one of many ancient indian sutras which involves a cross sub", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4826465693837479, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:37.986306"} {"text": "what is turfgrass disease? what causes it? lawn diseases are generally caused by pathogenic fungi that occur naturally in the thatch and soil. there are a wide variety of fungi living in the soil and thatch of a lawn, but only a small number cause disease symptoms in turfgrass. the vast majority of fungi are beneficial, and contribute to the biodegradation of dead plant material as well as the breakdown on complex organic compounds into useable nutrients that the plants can absorb. what does lawn disease look like? symptoms of disease in a lawn can appear in a number of ways, depending on the fungi that is causing the disease. you might see brown circular spots, dead rings, irregular patches, red or white mycelium growing on the grass blades or the roots may appear black & rotten. if you suspect that your lawn has a disease, contact your local nutri - lawn immediately and we ' ll schedule a free service call. what can be done to correct a disease problem? the majority of the disease problems experienced on home lawns can be managed by ensuring the following practices are adhered to. make sure the lawn is being properly irrigated overwatering creates an environment that is perfect for fungal diseases to spread. make sure the surface of the lawn is allowed to dry out between waterings, as this will kill or inhibit the disease. water in the early morning watering in the afternoon results in a significant amount of the watering being lost to evaporation, and this leads to shallow watering and shallow root development and ultimately poor drought tolerance. watering in the evening results in the lawn staying wet for the entire night before the sun can dry off the lawn the following day. this wet environment is conducive to disease development. sharpen your mower blade a dull mower blade shreds the leaf blades rather than cuts them. the shredded blade does not heal well and is easily infected by disease organisms. the shredded blades also brown off and make your lawn look brown and unhealthy. mow at the proper height and frequency avoid cutting to low as this will stress out the lawn and make it more susceptible to disease. also, mow frequently enough so that only one third of the leaf blade is removed at each mowing. if you wait too long between mowings, and then cut low, the lawn will go into a state of shock and this added stress makes the lawn more disease susceptible. aerate the soil annually aeration reduces soil compaction and allows water and nutrients to move deeper into the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46347858345492576, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:37.990833"} {"text": "redbud, also known as eastern redbud or judas tree, is abundant in the southern two - thirds of ohio, with scattered distribution in the northern one - third of the state. it heralds the arrival of spring with its showy, lavendar - pink flowers that typically open in april, long before the foliage emerges. redbud is a native of the entire eastern half of the united states except for new england, but is not found in canada, as its scientific name implies. this ornamental tree is rapidly growing and usually multitrunked in the wild, having a vase shape with a rounded crown that reaches about 20 feet tall and 20 feet wide at maturity, when found in the open. however, since it is often located at the edge of woodlands, it commonly has a leaning growth habit, trying to grow into as much sunlight as possible. as a member of the bean family, redbud is also related to honeylocust, kentucky coffeetree, black locust, and wisteria, as well as other types of redbuds. the bean family is also known as the legume, pea, or pulse family, and may go by the alternative scientific family name of leguminosae. many of this family ' s members are important vegetable crops as well as ornamental plants. planting requirements - redbud prefers deep, moist, organic, well - drained soils, but adapts to many less - than - favorable soils of either acidic or alkaline ph as long as they are not wet. it grows most rapidly and flowers most prolifically in full sun if adequate moisture is available during the heat of summer, but it is often found in partial sun to partial shade in nature. it can grow in zones 4 to 9, but occurs naturally in zones 5 to 9. potential problems - redbud grows rapidly and often lives about twenty years before it begins to decline or die, especially in urban situations where poorly drained, heavy clay soils predominate. trunk canker is a serious disease of redbud, and is evident as sunken depressions in the bark of large branches or trunks, which often begin to heal before the tree eventually dies. verticillium wilt and root rot are two additional, serious pathogens that affect the roots often due to wet soils but become evident as entire branches rapidly die. some pests such as scales may also cause problems, but the tree diseases sited above wreak havoc on redbud and limit its lifespan.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41170234468811717, "token_count": 508, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:37.995594"} {"text": "search health information costochondritis is an inflammation of a rib or the cartilage connecting a rib. it is a common cause of chest pain. see also : chest pain chest wall pain causes, incidence, and risk factors : signs and tests : your health care provider can diagnose costochondritis by pressing on the area where the ribs meet the chest bone ( sternum ). if this area is tender and sore, costochondritis is the most likely cause of your chest pain. however, your doctor should make this diagnosis only after speaking with you and examining you. anti - inflammatory medicines ( such as ibuprofen ) are used to treat costochondritis. with treatment, the condition usually goes away in a few days. calling your health care provider : cannon cp, lee th. approach to the patient with chest pain. in : libby p, bonow ro, mann dl, zipes dp, eds. braunwald ' s heart disease : a textbook of cardiovascular medicine. 8th ed. philadelphia, pa ; saunders elsevier ; 2007 : chap 49. imamura m, cassius da. costosternal syndromes. in : frontera wr, silver jk, rizzo jr td, eds. essentials of physical medicine and rehabilitation. 2nd ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders elsevier ; 2008 : chap 98. | review date : 11 / 16 / 2008 | reviewed by : linda vorvick, md, family physician, seattle site coordinator, lecturer, pathophysiology, medex northwest division of physician assistant studies, university of washington school of medicine. also reviewed by david zieve, md, mha, medical director, a. d. a. m., inc. the information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. a licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. call 911 for all medical emergencies. links to other sites are provided for information only - - they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. \u00a9 1997 - a. d. a. m., inc. any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4509597349371195, "token_count": 462, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:37.998026"} {"text": "the abramson cancer center of the university of pennsylvania last modified : february 28, 2013 many women can identify someone they know who has had breast cancer. it is, after all, one of the most common cancers in women. you often hear the statistic of 1 in 8 women developing breast cancer in their lifetime, but what does that really mean? you can think of it as a 12 % lifetime risk, so 12 out of 100 women can be expected to develop the disease in their lifetime \u2013 which means the other 88 women will not. men are also at risk for developing breast cancer, although this risk is much lower than it is for women and we will not discuss male risk in this article. many factors play into your personal risk of developing breast cancer. these include family history, reproductive history, diet, alcohol use, weight, hormone use and radiation exposure. as you can see, some risk factors are modifiable, meaning you can change them ( i. e. diet, alcohol use ). others are nonmodifiable, such as family history or an early menarche ( start of menstruation ). this article will review the factors associated with increased risk for developing breast cancer, and for the modifiable factors, provide resources to make changes to reduce risk. remember that while risk factors can increase the chance of developing a cancer, they do not mean that you are certain to develop the cancer. it is also important to point out that approximately 70 % of the women who develop breast cancer do not have any of these risk factors and more than 85 % have no family history of the disease. because of this fact, all women should discuss the importance of screening, regardless of their personal risk. the most important risk factor for development of breast cancer is increasing age. the risk of developing breast cancer increases as you get older - more women get breast cancer in their 60s and 70s than in their 30s or 40s. the risk increases gradually as a woman ages. certain pieces of a woman ' s health history can increase breast cancer risk. for most women, these are not factors that you can change, but you may want to know about them. women who have their first menstrual period before age 12 or go through menopause later ( after age 55 ) have a slightly higher risk of breast cancer. this is thought to be because they will have a longer lifetime exposure to estrogen in their bodies. along the same lines, some studies have suggested that breastfeeding can slightly reduce risk, particularly if", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46756982210812725, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.013527"} {"text": ") have a slightly higher risk of breast cancer. this is thought to be because they will have a longer lifetime exposure to estrogen in their bodies. along the same lines, some studies have suggested that breastfeeding can slightly reduce risk, particularly if it is continued for 1. 5 - 2 years. this may also be related to the number of menstrual periods and estrogen exposure. the age of the woman at her first live birth of a child can affect risk, but the effect varies depending on the number of first - degree relatives who have been diagnosed with breast cancer. for women with 2 or more 1st degree relatives ( i. e. mother, sister ) with a diagnosis, their risk decreased with an older age at first live birth. for women with no family history, risk increases with older age at first live birth. there is an increase in risk for women who have had a breast biopsy in the past. two biopsy results have a stronger affect on risk. atypical hyperplasia is not a cancer, but increases the risk of developing a breast cancer by 3 - 5 times that of a woman without this history. lobular carcinoma in situ ( lcis ) are cancer cells that are confined to the lobules in the breast tissue. lcis is not treated like other breast cancers, but results in careful monitoring and may result in taking medications to reduce future risk. the presence of lcis means your risk of developing breast cancer is 7 to 11 times higher than an average woman. women who have had a biopsy showing atypical hyperplasia or lcis should have annual screening with mammography and breast exams by a healthcare provider 1 - 2 times a year. some women may also have mris for screening and may be eligible for drug therapy ( tamoxifen or raloxifine ) to decrease the chance of developing breast cancer and / or to participate in a clinical trial for this condition. you should discuss these options with your physician. researchers have created a program, called the breast cancer risk assessment tool, that takes many of these women ' s health factors into consideration and calculates an estimated risk of developing breast cancer in the next 5 years and in the woman ' s lifetime. these calculations are based on the gail model, a statistical model for determining risk. learn more about the model or use the tool. hormone replacement therapy ( hrt ) was commonly prescribed for menopausal women to reduce hot flashes, vaginal dryness and risk of bone fractures and heart disease", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4520815613049147, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.014528"} {"text": "a statistical model for determining risk. learn more about the model or use the tool. hormone replacement therapy ( hrt ) was commonly prescribed for menopausal women to reduce hot flashes, vaginal dryness and risk of bone fractures and heart disease. in july 2002, a large study found that hrt was doing more harm than good and changed physicians ' practice almost overnight. the women ' s health initiative ( whi ) found that taking hrt ( estrogen combined with progestin ) resulted in an increased risk of breast cancer, heart disease, stroke and blood clots. while there was the benefit of reduction in bone fractures related to osteoporosis and fewer colorectal cancer cases, the risks far outweighed these benefits. around the same time, the hers study found that taking hrt resulted in no decrease in heart attacks in older women with heart disease. a few years later, the whi study also found that taking estrogen alone ( for women without a uterus ) resulted in increased risk for stroke and blood clots and no improvement in heart disease. doctors now recommend that women take hrt only when absolutely necessary to control menopausal symptoms and in the lowest possible doses for the shortest time possible. the whi is continuing to follow the study ' s participants to determine when and if the risks decline after stopping hrt. what can you do if you took hrt in the past? be sure your healthcare providers know that you took hrt and for how long. be sure you have recommended breast cancer screening tests. you can periodically check on the whi website to learn about study updates. birth control pills ( bcps ) were first introduced in the 1960s and are the most commonly used method of contraception in the united states. since their introduction, bcps have undergone significant changes in their components and the doses used. for instance, early bcps contained 150 micrograms of ethinyl estradiol, whereas today ' s bcps contain an average 20 micrograms. this continuing evolution makes it difficult to apply the results of previous studies examining cancer risk to today ' s bcp preparations. in 2005, the international agency for research on cancer released a report classifying bcps as carcinogenic ( cancer - causing ) ; however, many of the studies used in this analysis were looking at older, higher dose formulations of bcps. with that being said, they found a small increased risk of breast cancer for current users and for 9 years after users stopped bcps, after which", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5232591702101519, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.015640"} {"text": "many of the studies used in this analysis were looking at older, higher dose formulations of bcps. with that being said, they found a small increased risk of breast cancer for current users and for 9 years after users stopped bcps, after which there was no increased risk. they also found that bcps decreased the risk of endometrial and ovarian cancer and possibly colon cancer. more recent studies of modern bcp doses have found no increase in breast cancer risk among current or former users. it is not known whether the newer formulations provide the same protective effect for endometrial and ovarian cancers. recent studies have not found a higher risk of breast cancer in women with a strong family history or carriers of genetic mutations ( brca1 / 2 ) who take or have taken bcps. there are no recommendations for any increased screening for women who have taken birth control pills. how your family members ' diagnoses affect your risk partly depends on how closely related you are and at what age the woman or women in your family were diagnosed. if you have a first - degree relative ( sister, mother, daughter ) with a breast cancer diagnosis, your risk is double that of someone without a family history. having 2 first - degree relatives with the disease increases risk about 3 - fold. if your father or brother has had male breast cancer, your risk is also increased, though to what degree is not clear. if you are someone with a first - degree relative ( s ) with the disease, you may need to begin screening mammograms at an earlier age then the acs guidelines of 40. discuss this history with your healthcare providers to determine if there are any red flags for hereditary cancer syndromes, which warrant a discussion with a genetic counselor and possibly genetic testing. but what about most women, who have a more distant relative ( s ) with the disease? this is where things become less certain. if the family history has several people diagnosed with the same cancer or diagnoses before age 50, discussion with a genetic counselor is warranted. if not, the evidence for increased risk is less convincing and standard screening is typically recommended ( mammogram annually, beginning at age 40 ). as with any family history, be sure to discuss your situation with your healthcare providers. if you have had breast cancer in the past, you are 3 to 4 times more likely to develop another breast cancer compared to a woman who has never had the disease - not metastases or spread from the first cancer, but", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4500829293170311, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.016599"} {"text": "your healthcare providers. if you have had breast cancer in the past, you are 3 to 4 times more likely to develop another breast cancer compared to a woman who has never had the disease - not metastases or spread from the first cancer, but a new cancer altogether. this may occur in the same breast or the other breast. this is why it is so important to keep follow up appointments with your oncology team and continue recommended screening tests. it is estimated that 5 - 10 % of breast cancers are hereditary, meaning they are the result of a faulty gene that was inherited from a parent. brca 1 & 2 are the most common and well understood mutations, but they are not the only genetic mutations that can increase breast cancer risk. women should consider discussing their case with a genetic counselor if they are concerned about their family history. guidelines recommend that a woman be screened if any of the following apply : brca1 / brca2 genetic predisposition the most common cause of hereditary breast cancer is an inherited mutation in the brca1 or brca2 gene. if you have inherited a mutated copy of either gene from a parent, you have an estimated 40 - 85 % chance of developing breast cancer during your lifetime. people with these mutations tend to develop cancer at a younger age ( before age 40 ) and these cancers more often affect both breasts. people with these inherited mutations also have an increased risk for developing other cancers, particularly ovarian cancer, but also male breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, and prostate cancer. brca mutations occur more commonly in individuals of ashkenazi jewish ( eastern european ) descent, as well as norwegian, dutch, and icelandic populations, but they can occur in any racial or ethnic group. if you know that you have a brca 1 or brca2 mutation, you should talk to a healthcare provider to ensure you receive the proper screening or treatment ( chemoprevention ) to reduce the chance of developing cancer or to detect cancer at an earlier stage when treatment is most effective. your healthcare provider may recommend getting mammograms at a younger age, special breast and / or ovarian cancer screening tests, or other interventions, such as, prophylactic ( preventative ) surgery or chemoprevention. des was the first synthetic estrogen and was given to pregnant women from 1938 - 1971 because it was believed to prevent miscarriages and promote \" healthy pregnancies. \" it was found that not only did the drug not prevent problems associated with pregnancy,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4695182066518703, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.017607"} {"text": "was the first synthetic estrogen and was given to pregnant women from 1938 - 1971 because it was believed to prevent miscarriages and promote \" healthy pregnancies. \" it was found that not only did the drug not prevent problems associated with pregnancy, it also caused health issues for the women taking it, as well as children born of these pregnancies. women who took des have been found to have a \" moderately \" increased risk of developing breast cancer. studies have found a 30 % increased risk compared to women who did not take des. women who were given des should have annual mammograms and breast exams by a healthcare provider. they should perform monthly self - breast exams and report any nipple discharge or changes in their breast tissue or skin ( dimpling, swelling, redness, nipple retraction ) to their healthcare provider. women who were given des during pregnancy should be sure their children know this and report it to their healthcare team. previous chest radiation women who had radiation therapy to the chest area as treatment for another cancer ( i. e. hodgkin disease ) have a significantly increased risk for breast cancer. the exact risk varies depending on the age at which they were treated. risk is highest for those treated as adolescents, while breast tissue was in development. treatment after age 40 does not seem to increase breast cancer risk. for hodgkin ' s disease survivors who had radiation, the nccn recommends breast cancer screening begin 8 - 10 years after treatment or at age 40, whichever comes first. the acs recommends women also have breast mri screening if they were treated between 10 and 30 years old. many people are aware that heavy alcohol use can cause health problems such as cirrhosis of the liver, hepatitis, high blood pressure, heart disease and stroke, but many are not aware that alcohol can also increase your risk of developing several types of cancer, including breast cancer. alcohol appears to increase the levels of estrogen in the body and can increase the risk of hormone positive breast cancer ( also called er + or pr + ). heavy drinkers have 10 - 15 times higher risk of developing a cancer than those who do not drink. however, the overall risk increases after just 1 drink a day for women or 2 for men. ( a drink is defined as 12 ounces of regular beer, 5 ounces of wine, or 1. 5 ounces of 80 - proof liquor. ) higher breast cancer risk has been associated with just 3 drinks a week, so the risk is not limited to heavy drinking", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46707558491975854, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.018603"} {"text": "as 12 ounces of regular beer, 5 ounces of wine, or 1. 5 ounces of 80 - proof liquor. ) higher breast cancer risk has been associated with just 3 drinks a week, so the risk is not limited to heavy drinking. women who have 2 alcoholic drinks a day are 1. 5 times more likely to develop breast cancer than a woman who never drank alcohol. learn more about how alcohol causes cancer and resources for quitting at the american cancer society. breast cancer risk reduction while the media often reports on foods that \" prevent cancer \" and we would love to be told that eating one particular food would prevent cancer, it is unlikely that such a food exists. it is more likely that a combination of good foods may have a preventive effect. studies over the years have looked at our diets and what foods, if any, will lead to a lower risk of cancer. fruits and vegetables, whole grains and unprocessed foods have all been promoted as reducing cancer risk. unfortunately, studies have not consistently proven this to be true. expert panels state that a diet high in fruits and vegetables \" probably \" reduces cancer risk, but we just don ' t know for sure. however, a healthy diet plays an important role in a sort of \" triangle \" of cancer prevention. a healthy diet, combined with regular physical activity and maintaining a healthy weight has been shown to reduce cancer risk. this triangle is thought to be the second most important step, after not smoking, to preventing any type of cancer. while what we eat may be linked to cancer development, being overweight and having a diet high in fat is clearly related to the development of breast cancer in postmenopausal women ( as well as other cancer types ). fat cells are the primary source of estrogen in postmenopausal women, thus more fat cells leads to more estrogen exposure and higher risk of breast cancer in overweight / obese women. in addition, research has shown that being overweight increases the risk that a woman who has had breast cancer is much more likely to have that cancer recur. the third part of the triangle is physical activity, which studies have found can reduce the risk of cancers of the breast, colon, prostate and endometrium ( uterine ). how much activity are we talking about? experts feel that somewhere between 30 and 60 minutes per day of \" moderate to vigorous \" activity is needed to impact cancer risk. a moderate activity is the equivalent of a brisk walk, whereas vigorous activities increase heart and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4904387747367708, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.019604"} {"text": "how much activity are we talking about? experts feel that somewhere between 30 and 60 minutes per day of \" moderate to vigorous \" activity is needed to impact cancer risk. a moderate activity is the equivalent of a brisk walk, whereas vigorous activities increase heart and breathing rates. as you can imagine, healthy weight, physical activity and a good diet are inter - related and one can often lead to another. eat healthy and get active at the american cancer society website. reduce your cancer risk at the american institute for cancer research. chemoprevention \u2013 preventing the development of breast cancer chemoprevention is the use of a medication or other substance to prevent or delay the development of cancer. some women at high risk for developing breast cancer may be offered a form of chemoprevention to reduce their risk of breast cancer. a category of medications called selective estrogen receptor modulators ( serms ) work by blocking the effect of estrogen on certain tissues in the body, including breast tissue. in doing so, they can reduce the risk of developing breast cancer. the two most studied serms are tamoxifen and raloxifene. these medications do have their own risks, so whether or not to take them as chemoprevention is a discussion each woman should have with her healthcare provider. learn more about chemoprevention for breast cancer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49850231832485287, "token_count": 277, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.020137"} {"text": "did you know... the facts about hpv? the abramson cancer center of the university of pennsylvania last modified : january 13, 2008 - hpv is one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases in the world. - by age 50, about 80 % of women have been infected by some type of hpv. - most hpv infections do not cause any symptoms, therefore people are unaware that they are infected. - 70 - 80 % of hpv infections resolve spontaneously because our immune system fights them off. - hpv is found in 99 % of cervical cancers. - there are 100 strains of hpv, 12 or more are classified as \u201c high risk \u201d and are linked to cancer. - most women with hpv do not develop cervical cancer. - about 20 % of women infected with hpv will develop chronic infection, and 2 % of these will develop cervical cancer. - two strains of hpv are responsible for causing genital warts. - sexual intercourse is not necessary for transmission of hpv ; skin to skin genital / genital, genital / anal and possibly genital / oral contact is sufficient for transmission. - use of condoms can reduce the risk of transmission, but it cannot prevent all transmission because some genital tissue remains uncovered. - hpv is the cause of many high and moderate grade abnormal pap smears ( cin 2 / 3 ) and some low grade lesions ( cin 1 ). - hpv is estimated to cause : - 70 % of anal cancers - 50 % of vaginal and vulvar cancers - 50 % of penile cancers - 20 % of head and neck cancers - researchers are looking at vaccinating men as well as women.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4567732106924981, "token_count": 345, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.024443"} {"text": "books for people who don ' t read print? the internet archive is proud to be distributing over 1 million books free in a format called daisy, designed for those of us who find it challenging to use regular printed media. there are two types of daisys on open library : open and protected. open daisys can be read by anyone in the world on many different devices. protected daisys can only be opened using a key issued by the library of congress nls program. what is the daisy format? the daisy digital format helps people who have challenges using regular printed media. daisy digital talking books offer the benefits of regular audiobooks, with navigation within the book, to chapters or specific pages. more information at daisy. org what is the nls? the library of congress national library service for the blind and physically handicapped ( nls ) administers a free library program of braille and audio materials circulated to eligible borrowers in the united states through a national network of cooperating libraries. are you eligible to register? how do i find daisys on open library? in addition to loads of open daisys, the open library lists a smaller selection of protected daisy titles accessible to those with a library of congress nls key. these titles are brought to you by the internet archive. looking for a specific title? the best way to find it is to search for it. need help? please read our faq on accessing books through open library.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4891521713835278, "token_count": 291, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.027161"} {"text": "click on picture or text next to the picture to go to orchid saved may 2009 about 140 plants are left in situ in two habiitat spots. one habitat was up for development but is now up for the dunmoochin foundation arachnorchis ( caladenia ) pumila - back from extinction the plant is arachnorchis ) and it has been rediscovered by a victorian couple in the south west of the state. read alan stephenson ' s full story and see a spetacular picture of this rediscovered orchid thought to be extinct. a terrestrial orchid species thought to be extinct in tasmania has recently been rediscovered. heriitage estate ( and nebraska, and speculantha wetland ecological reserve soliciting donations to build a boardwalk and interpretive trail orchids of crete and the greek island of crete is botanically very rich, with a wide variety of habitats and a high level of endemism ( approx. 9 % ). however, conservation both of habitats and species has a low priority, especially in the current economic climate. jardin botanico las orquideas orchid and botanical garden of the ecuadorian amazon owner omar tello and his wife began restoring the land by planting trees, but they soon discovered that the land would not permit trees to grow, as the soil was extremely sandy and lacking in nutrients, characteristic of much of the amazon basin. however, using organic materials such as chicken manure and sawdust, soil conditions improved and native plants began to grow. over the years, omar began to collect orchids from logged forests in the region and transplanted them to the reserve. jardin botanico las orquideas request for donations to buy land for reforestation and as a wildlife challenges of ex situ orchid conservation what the words \u201c ex situ orchid conservation \u201d bring to the minds for most of us is the growing of orchid species plants in cultivation. it can also mean the gathering and saving of orchid seeds, and dna. one goal of ex situ orchid conservation is to save a species ex situ as it disappears in situ. a further, though unrealistic goal for many species, is to reintroduce the species back into the wild. when i bought our 80 - acre farm ( now 118 acre ) eight years ago, orchids were not on my mind. i wanted woods to provide enough oak to warm our house during the winter and tillable land to start a nativeplant - seed nursery. i thought orchids were plants of unspoiled wilderness, not of old", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.46574450038920007, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.030644"} {"text": "were not on my mind. i wanted woods to provide enough oak to warm our house during the winter and tillable land to start a nativeplant - seed nursery. i thought orchids were plants of unspoiled wilderness, not of old farms with overgrazed pasture, prickly ash and corn stubble. wisconsin ' s natural communities provide habitat for approximately 50 native orchid species and over 600 state natural areas where many orchid species are found. i am involved with a small group of native orchid enthusiasts, friends of carney fen, who uses several methods of orchid conservation including preservation, propagation and restoration of habitat locally and in the nearby upper peninsula of michigan. ronde overlook wildflower institute serving ecological restoration la grande, oregon the growiser native plant preserve was originally founded in 1993 as a non - profit corporation to preserve a pristine 160 acre site in northeastern oregon. included among the 190 native plants on the preserve, are nine orchids. it is hoped that the growiser model will be used to establish many more orchid preserves. orchids for conservation in west virginia julie powelson, an undergraduate biology major from shinnston, wv who is working under the supervision of dr. katharine gregg, professor of biology, west virginia wesleyan college, has recently become involved in several orchid field projects. to recieve updates on news about the occ e - mail : email @ example. com", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42663294343731445, "token_count": 281, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.031223"} {"text": "the holy, glorious, right - victorious martyr justin the philosopher ( also justin martyr ) was one of the earliest apologists for the christian faith. a convert to christianity, he produced a number of works during the middle of the second century, amongst them two apologies addressed to the roman emperors, defending and explaining christianity as the true philosophy. the power of his arguments was to earn him his martyrdom. his feast day is celebrated on june 1. the dates of justin martyr ' s birth and death are not known. he is believed to have been born between 100 and 114 a. d., and his death is believed to have occurred between 162 and 168. most of what is known of his life comes from his own writings. he was born in palestine in flavia neapolis, known in old testament times as shechem, but now as nablus. he called himself a samaritan, although his father, priscos, and grandfather, baccheios, may have been greek or roman. as a child he was raised a pagan in a family of means and studied philosophy at various schools, including those in alexandria and ephesus. he appears to have traveled extensively and eventually settled in rome. in his studies he initially leaned toward stoicism, then toward pythagoreanism and platonism before becoming interested in christianity while in ephesus. there he recounts his conversion as a semi - mystical experience : while walking along the seashore, there appeared an old man alongside him. he was impressed by this christian, who explained that jesus was the fulfillment of the promises made through the jewish prophets and thus the only true philosophy. he had also been impressed by the steadfastness of the christian martyrs. his soul inflamed with a love of the prophets and those who were friends of christ, justin became a christian about 130. as a philosophy student he approached christianity as bringing completeness to the pagan philosophies. justin ' s martyrdom appears to be the result of his bettering the cynic philosopher crescens in debates in rome. around 165, he was charged, possibly by crescens, of following an illegal religion. subsequently the prefect, rustcus, condemned justin to death by beheading with six of his companions : chariton, charito, evelpostos, paeon, hierax, and liberianos. the acts of justin the martyr is believed to be a record of this trial. justin was a prolific writer. many of his", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4361357750107221, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.037281"} {"text": "companions : chariton, charito, evelpostos, paeon, hierax, and liberianos. the acts of justin the martyr is believed to be a record of this trial. justin was a prolific writer. many of his writings now are known only through excerpts and quotation by other authors of antiquity. only three of justin ' s works of certain authenticity are extant : two versions of his apology and one of his dialogue with trypho. the latter purports to record conversations that justin had with a jewish rabbi named tryphon, who may have been the rabbi tarphon mentioned often in the talmud, in verbal attempts to reconcile christian and jewish positions. among other works attributed to him are : - on the resurrection - a discourse to the greeks - exhortation to the greeks - on monarchy - exposition of the faith - letter to zenas and serenus - answers to the orthodox - the greek ' s questions to the christians - refutation of certain aristotelean theses - the psalmist - on the soul - o justin, teacher of divine knowledge, - you shone with the radiance of true philosophy. - you were wisely armed against the enemy. - confessing the truth you contended alongside the martyrs, - with them, ever entreat christ our god to save our souls! kontakion ( tone 2 ) - the whole church of god is adorned with the wisdom of your divine words, o justin ; - the world is enlightened by the radiance of your life. - by the shedding of your blood, you have received a crown. - as you stand before christ with the angels, pray unceasingly for us all! - writings of justin martyr at the christian classics ethereal library - martyr justin the philosopher and those with him at rome ( oca ) - justin the philosopher & martyr and his companions ( goarch ) - icon of saint justin martyr at \" come and see \" icons, books & art by the hand of nicholas papas - catholic encyclopedia : st justin martyr - wikipedia : justin martyr - justin martyr, apologist, and martyr", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44814704078013956, "token_count": 434, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.041171"} {"text": "catholicos is a title used by the ruling bishops or primates of several churches in the middle east. with the exception of the georgian orthodox church none of these churches accept the christology promulgated by the council of chalcedon. the word itself comes from the greek \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2 ( plural \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9 ), meaning ' concerning the whole, ' ' universal, ' or ' general. ' the title seems to have originated among the churches on the eastern edge of the roman empire and within the sassanian empire around the third and fourth centuries. the church of antioch had jurisdiction over this region. by the end of the fifth century almost all the local bishops used the title catholicos. thus, the word catholicos at the time was not synonymous with patriarch. during the christological disputes many of the catholicates in the middle east rejected certain of the later ecumenical councils. the catholicate of seleucia - ctesiphon of the church of the east, nominally subject to antioch, accepted the first two ecumenical councils, but rejected the council of ephesus. the catholicates of the armenian orthodox church and the arranian orthodox church accepted ephesus and were initially ambivalent about chalcedon, but eventually rejected its christology as being too influenced by nestorianism. following the schism of the church of the east after the council of ephesus the catholicate died out in the church of antioch, only to be revived later by the syriac orthodox church, first in its original seat in mesopotamia and later in southern india. - syriac orthodox church - armenian orthodox church - assyrian church of the east - armenian orthodox church of cilicia - malankara orthodox syrian church - malankara syriac orthodox church | this article forms part of the series", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47008667250005487, "token_count": 370, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.043112"} {"text": "in need of a breath, i stopped forcing air through my vintage, hand - me - down predator call and scanned the snow - blanketed plain for signs of movement. my breathing barely had time to normalize before the sight of a moving speck in the distance returned me to the brink of hyperventilation. a coyote had triangulated my position from more than a half mile away and was moving toward me like an ant marching across a sprawling white picnic blanket. back then i knew enough about hunting to sit still, but the approaching coyote strained my composure. by the time the coyote breached the 100 - yard barrier, my heart was thumping a drumroll. when it paused to sniff some sagebrush, i planted the riflescope \u2019 s reticle on its chest and kicked off my coyote - hunting career. it was the first coyote i had called in, and i felt an immediate sense of accomplishment. seventeen years later, coyote hunting still causes my heart to race. if you feel the same way, you probably already know a lot about coyote hunting. just in case you missed a few things, however, let \u2019 s review the basics. 1. finding coyotes locating coyotes is seldom difficult. as the numbers of their natural enemies, such as wolves and bears, have diminished, coyotes have flourished, expanding far beyond their traditional western homeland. today, coyotes inhabit all corners of north america, and most proclaim their territorial dominion by vocalizing at dawn and dusk. a drive through the country in the early morning or evening can reveal the location of various packs. every mile or so, stop, shut off your truck \u2019 s engine and listen. if you hear a howl, note the general location on a map and move on. stay on the roads that border overgrown terrain, which coyotes prefer for security. coyotes take up residence in thick woods, rugged bluffs and steep canyons. in open country they gravitate to grassy depressions, eroded gullies, cattail sloughs and large, brushy hedgerows for cover. if the coyotes in your area are the silent type, trigger their howling instinct by blowing an ambulance - style siren or air horn at dawn and dusk. assuming your coyote vocalizations are reasonably realistic, toss in a few howls of your own. young - of - the - year coyotes seldom can resist the temptation to answer a cousin. don \u2019 t be surprised if pressured coyotes refuse to shout back, however. a recent paper published by the university of california, berkeley, reveals that \u201c alpha, \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4403402006992554, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.049732"} {"text": "- of - the - year coyotes seldom can resist the temptation to answer a cousin. don \u2019 t be surprised if pressured coyotes refuse to shout back, however. a recent paper published by the university of california, berkeley, reveals that \u201c alpha, \u201d or dominant, coyotes won \u2019 t reply. they leave the yapping to the younger crowd. if you don \u2019 t hear any coyotes, look for visual clues such as muddy prints along road rights - of - way or next to waterways. a fresh snow also reveals coyote tracks. backtracking a trail - whether snowy or muddy - can lead to coyote bedding areas. if scouting time is limited, ask people in the neighborhood if they have seen coyotes. farmers, ranchers, bus drivers and rural mail carriers cruise back roads regularly and frequently spot wildlife. don \u2019 t be surprised if a few farmers invite you to visit their land and let you take a few coyotes home with you when you leave. 2. making an entrance it \u2019 s difficult to sneak up on a coyote, or anywhere near one. coyotes combine their senses and instincts to create a nearly impenetrable security system. to get within shooting range, take advantage of wind direction, approach stealthily and camouflage yourself from head to toe. always enter an area with the wind in your face. there won \u2019 t be anything to hunt at your destination if you don \u2019 t. stay out of sight, or at least maintain a low profile. the best coyote hunters use land features to hide themselves as they travel to their calling sites. hills, gullies, creekbeds and trees provide cover. travel to and from a stand in the dark if it \u2019 s feasible. leave your flashlight in your pocke to be turned on only in case of an emergency. most coyote setups are at an elevated spot, but a hunter still needs to keep away from the skyline. if the hill is not too tall, circle around the sides to avoid skylining ; if the hill is large and you have to go over the top, hunch over and move quickly into position below the horizon. 3. setting up why an elevated vantage point? coyotes are sneaky, especially when stalking prey. if you don \u2019 t have a good view of your surroundings, you \u2019 re liable to miss a coyote \u2019 s approach. they \u2019 re masters of keeping out of sight by entering and exiting areas along depressions and lowlands. hilltops, ridges and mountainsides offer stadium - style views. if you hunt flatlands, perch in a tree stand", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4010743281949151, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.050841"} {"text": "a coyote \u2019 s approach. they \u2019 re masters of keeping out of sight by entering and exiting areas along depressions and lowlands. hilltops, ridges and mountainsides offer stadium - style views. if you hunt flatlands, perch in a tree stand or make use of what \u2019 s available, whether it \u2019 s a haystack, a barn loft or junked farm equipment. one morning a buddy and i set up high on a prairie hill where we could see for a few miles. prairie grass and gently rolling hills provided the only cover. three minutes into our calling a coyote charged out of a small crease in the prairie and sped in our direction. my partner rolled the coyote at 20 feet. even in that wide - open environment, without an elevated setup we would have failed to spot the coyote before it detected us. every setup should have you facing into the wind. however, nearly every incoming coyote will attempt to circle downwind of the apparent victim it hears. it often pays to hunt with a partner who can watch the downwind side for sneaky incomers. 4. choosing a call don \u2019 t get hung up on brand names. your first priority is to obtain a call that you can use effectively to mimic the sounds made by creatures that are on the menu of local coyotes. most sporting - goods stores have plenty of rabbit - in - distress calls. since coyotes dine regularly on bunnies, a dying rabbit call should be in your repertoire. just remember that it doesn \u2019 t take long for a coyote that \u2019 s survived a few encounters with hunters to determine that screaming rabbits also suggest hidden humans. to outwit experienced coyotes, vary your distress sounds. coyotes eat just about anything that moves and respond to a variety of sounds made by what they think are injured critters. be prepared to duplicate the sounds made by rodents, woodpeckers and fawns. to further the deceit, add in the raucous call of crows. try mastering the language of the coyote to provide another realistic dimension to your setup. coyotes have a wide range of howls, barks, yips and whines. steer clear of barks, which represent a warning, and focus on non - aggressive welcoming howls. a drawn - out howl tells other coyotes \u201c i \u2019 m here \u201d and challenges them into an appearance as they look for the intruder who \u2019 s invaded their turf. begin and end prey - in - distress setups with howls, or use howls by themselves to attract coyotes. how", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4168275268754499, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.051757"} {"text": "\u201c i \u2019 m here \u201d and challenges them into an appearance as they look for the intruder who \u2019 s invaded their turf. begin and end prey - in - distress setups with howls, or use howls by themselves to attract coyotes. how long do you wait? at a minimum, keep still for 15 minutes. i always stay at a site for at least 30 minutes ; most of the coyotes i \u2019 ve shot showed up later than that. 5. taking the shot the approach of an incoming coyote can be every bit as unnerving as seeing a buck with a big rack move toward you. success depends on a number of things that you should have already dealt with. first, be sure to camouflage everything, including your movement. once the calling starts, move only when necessary and at a sloth \u2019 s pace. since coyotes rarely run straight toward your rifle barrel, you \u2019 ll need to make slight aiming adjustments before you shoot. when it \u2019 s necessary to move the rifle, do so when natural cover such as hills, grass or trees obstruct the coyote \u2019 s vision. if the coyote is crossing open country without obstructions, move slowly while the animal is trotting. instead of making a bold move immediately before shooting, adjust slowly as the coyote edges closer. a close coyote will likely see any major movement and kick in its afterburners in an attempt to escape. unless you \u2019 ve perfected shooting at pint - sized, running targets, shoot only at standing coyotes. it \u2019 s easy to stop an incoming coyote. keeping your reticle on the coyote, bark sharply like the neighbor \u2019 s mutt and squeeze the trigger as the coyote looks for the interloper. coyote hunting, like turkey hunting, fascinates a lot of hunters from the start. it \u2019 s challenging because you have to develop specific skills to be consistently successful, and the action can be excitingly fast if you \u2019 re in prime coyote country. if you \u2019 re hooked the first time a coyote shuffles into rifle range, embrace the addiction. and welcome to the club. filed under : hunting", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4065514198469774, "token_count": 428, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.052509"} {"text": "| united states patent | | 4, 766, 566 | | chuang | | august 23, 1988 | performance of a vlsi processor of the reduced instruction set computer ( risc ) type is enhanced by executing two instructions simultaneously in the two execution units of the processor. there is very little increase in the cost of hardware. three embodiments are presented with different cost and performance capabilities. the first embodiment has an instruction input to an instruction buffer ( 10 ) and two sets of control ross ( 40 and 42 ) and control registers ( 64 and 65 ). the control ros and control register which is chosen depends on which instruction execution unit is to execute the instruction. data inputs to the execution units is from a register file ( 48 ) which has an additional pair of outputs ( 51 ) and ( 53 ) that provide the data paths for simultaneous execution of instructions by the execution units. execution unit i has an arithmetic and logic unit ( alu ) ( 24 ), while execution unit ii has a rotate ( 26 ) and mask generator ( 31 ). load balancing between the two execution units can be performed by adding a multiplier ( 60 ) and divider ( 62 ) to execution unit ii. in the second embodiment, additionally, load balancing is achieved by incorporating an adder ( 78 ) into execution unit ii. the adder ( 78 ) is used to perform address calculations to speed up the load, store and branch instructions. in the third embodiment, an additional alu ( 90 ) is added to execution unit ii to allow the instruction processing to be further balanced between the two execution units. | inventors : | | chuang ; chiao - mei ( briarcliff manor, ny ) | international business machines corp. | filed : | | august 18, 1986 | | current u. s. class : | | 712 / 23 ; 712 / e9. 071 | | current international class : | | g06f 9 / 38 ( 20060101 ) ; g06f 009 / 38 ( ) | | field of search : | | 364 / 2msfile, 9msfile | | 3886523 | | may 1975 | | ferguson et al. | | 4569016 | | february 1986 | | hao et al. | acm sigarch computer architecture news, vol. 10, no. 2, mar. 1982, pp. 39 - 47, radin, g.,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5235876060006086, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.057608"} {"text": "treatments for diarrheasince diarrhea is such a common symptom, it is a good idea to understand the recommended treatments for infants with diarrhea, so that you are prepared if your baby gets sick. if your baby only has mild diarrhea and / or just occasional vomiting, these treatments will usually include : - continuing to nurse or formula feed your infant - offering baby a few ounces of extra pedialyte or other electrolyte solutions whenever he has diarrhea, in addition to his regular diet of breastmilk or formula - avoiding giving your baby drinks with a lot of added sugars, like juice - getting your baby back to an age - appropriate, unrestricted diet ( breastmilk, formula, baby food, etc. ) as soon as possible if you are only able to feed your child pedialyte for more than about 12 hours or if you baby has symptoms of dehydration, then you should talk to your pediatrician. dietary changes for diarrheaif you think that your baby ' s diarrhea is from a dietary issue and not an infection, especially if he isn ' t in daycare and no one else is sick, then talk to your pediatrician about what to do next. this might include restricting milk and dairy products in a breastfeeding mother ' s diet or changing a formula - fed baby ' s formula.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3975170927213165, "token_count": 283, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.059225"} {"text": "| abstract | | this paper focuses on the relation between logic and ontology. in particular, it demonstrates how classical logical theory can clarify the ontological part of ludwig wittgenstein \u2019 s tractatus logico - philosophicus. to this end, the work examines the adequacy of a formal system that was devised by the polish logician, mathematician and philosopher roman suszko ( 1919 \u2013 1979 ) as a model for the tractatus. following a brief explanation of the tractarian ontology, the main ideas of suszko \u2019 s system and its philosophical significance will be considered. the latter will be illustrated in the context of central tractarian concepts. finally, two implications for a better understanding of the tractarian ontology will be pointed out. | | keywords | | no keywords specified ( fix it ) | | through your library | | configure | similar books and articles maria cerezo ( 2005 ). the possibility of language : internal tensions in wittgenstein ' s tractatus. center for the study of language and information. colin johnston ( 2007 ). the unity of a tractarian fact. synthese 156 ( 2 ) : 231 - 251. leo k. c. cheung ( 2008 ). the disenchantment of nonsense : understanding wittgenstein ' s tractatus. philosophical investigations 31 ( 3 ) : 197 \u2013 226. barry smith & david murray ( 1981 ). logic, form and matter. aristotelian society supplementary volume 55 : 47 - 74. maria cerezo ( 1998 ). nombrar kripkeano versus nombrar tractariano : un intento de demarcacion ( tractarian naming versus kripkean naming : similarities and differences ). theoria 13 ( 3 ) : 427 - 444. colin johnston ( 2009 ). tractarian objects and logical categories. synthese 167 ( 1 ) : 145 - 161. colin johnston ( 2007 ). symbols in wittgenstein ' s tractatus. european journal of philosophy 15 ( 3 ) : 367 - 394. e. d. klemke ( 1971 ). essays on wittgenstein. urbana, university of illinois press. hugh miller ( 1995 ). tractarian semantics for predicate logic. history and philosophy of logic 16 ( 2 ) : 197 - 215. added to index2009 - 01 - 28 total downloads28 ( # 44, 043 of 549, 014 ) recent downloads ( 6 months )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6115166112849947, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.062627"} {"text": "wiccaphobia, or fear of witchcraft, was once a societal norm throughout much of christian europe and the united states. the period from the 14th century inquisition through the witch trials of the 17th century was known as the \" burning times, \" in which witchcraft was a capital offense tried through the courts. today, pagans and witches are granted religious freedom in most countries, but fears remain. modern wiccaphobia may be connected to xenophobia, or fear of those who are different, as well as religious concerns. the burning times began with the 1487 release of the malleus maleficarum, or witches ' hammer. the book, which detailed how to convict and kill a witch, was popular in europe through the late 17th century. fear of witches also carried over to the english colonies in north america, where witchcraft was considered a capital offense. the most famous witch hunts occurred in salem, massachusetts in 1692, but a trial in virginia brought the mass hysteria to light. in 1706, grace sherwood faced charges of witchcraft in williamsburg, virginia. her trial, held at the dawn of the age of reason, brought to light the conflict between science and superstition. witnesses testified that grace caused ghosts to attack people, but the court was unconvinced by what it termed \" spectral evidence. \" it is unknown exactly what happened during that trial, as the records burned in a later fire, but grace sherwood is known to have lived to old age. shortly after the trial, spectral evidence was officially banned from trials. what caused the burning times? witchcraft fever could be seen as a sort of mass hysteria. a deep misunderstanding of the nature of earth religions, coupled with plagues, droughts and other hardships, likely led to the hysteria. as scientists began to make sense of the world around them, and education among the average population improved, the situation died down. satanic ritual abuse the 1980s saw the resurgence of another type of \" witch hunt, \" this time under the guise of satanic ritual abuse ( sra ). the crisis began with the 1980 publication of an autobiography entitled michelle remembers. according to psychoanalytic thought, repression is a coping mechanism that we sometimes employ to deal with painful experiences. in the late 1970s and early 1980s, repressed memories were being explored in psychotherapy, often through the use of hypnosis. at the time, whatever memories were uncovered were often unquestioningly accepted as truth. michelle remembers was one of the first mainstream books to examine the phenomenon, but it was the content", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4430100341505456, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.067429"} {"text": "in psychotherapy, often through the use of hypnosis. at the time, whatever memories were uncovered were often unquestioningly accepted as truth. michelle remembers was one of the first mainstream books to examine the phenomenon, but it was the content of michelle ' s memories that fueled the witch hunts. according to the now - discredited work, michelle ' s therapist uncovered hidden memories of ritualized abuse perpetrated by satanists. soon a firestorm erupted. parents began accusing daycare workers and teachers of ritual abuse. through coercive questioning techniques, social workers and counselors extracted fanciful stories from children, many of which were reminiscent of the \" spectral evidence \" that had been banned in england in the early 1700s. by the early 1990s, over 12, 000 people had been accused of being part of a secret international cult of satanism. the cult allegedly kidnapped children, participated in cannibalism, and employed \" brood mares \" to bear children for sacrificial rituals. sexual and physical abuse was highly ritualized, often including elements of torture. in the mid - 1990s, belief in satanic ritual abuse began to decline. new methods of questioning child witnesses led to a sharp decrease in the number of accusations. further research into repressed memories demonstrated that these memories are rarely complete or accurate. while there may be some therapeutic value in unquestioningly accepting a client ' s memories, they may not be accurate enough to serve as evidence in court. your therapist may want to explore the root of your fear. does your church teach that witchcraft is a sin, as many evangelical christian churches do? are you afraid that you might be a witch, and if so, why? do you believe that witches have the power to cause harm? if your fear is religious in nature, your therapist may want you to undergo spiritual counseling with your chosen religious leader in addition to or instead of traditional therapy. some modern witchcraft fears are rooted in xenophobia, or the fear of those who are different. if you were raised in a small town, you may never have encountered someone who practices wicca or another pagan religion. you may be afraid of their customs and practices or, more likely, the customs and practices that you assume they follow based on depictions in popular culture. although the earth - based religions are generally benign, they have been negatively depicted for more than 1, 000 years. wiccaphobia is generally complex, and may not be easy to treat. successfully overcoming a deep - rooted fear of witchcraft requires an honest", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48779256846031055, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.068354"} {"text": "although the earth - based religions are generally benign, they have been negatively depicted for more than 1, 000 years. wiccaphobia is generally complex, and may not be easy to treat. successfully overcoming a deep - rooted fear of witchcraft requires an honest exploration of your own religious and philosophical background, personality and childhood experiences. look for an open - minded therapist who is willing to delve into your past and seek assistance from religious leaders. research both ancient and modern - day earth - based religions, talk to those who practice those faiths, and try to remain open minded. although you may never become fully comfortable with the practices of witchcraft, over time you can learn to overcome your fear. grace sherwood : the witch of pungo. retrieved june 30, 2010 from http : / / www. carolshouse. com / witchreligious tolerance. org : satanic ritual abuse. retrieved june 30, 2010 from http : / / www. religioustolerance. org / sra. htm loftus, elizabeth. \" the reality of repressed memories. \" american psychologist. 1993. vol. 48, pp. 518 - 537. retrieved june 30, 2010 from http : / / faculty. washington. edu / eloftus / articles / lof93. htm", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44144074846495274, "token_count": 263, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.069002"} {"text": "an enormous triangular hole in the suns corona was captured earlier today by nasas solar dynamics observatory, seen above from the aia 211 imaging assembly. this gap in the suns atmosphere is allowing more charged solar particles to stream out into the solar system and toward earth as well. normally, loops of magnetic energy keep much of the suns outward flow of gas contained. coronal holes are regions sometimes very large regions, such as the one witnessed today where the magnetic fields dont loop back onto the sun but instead stream outwards, creating channels for solar material to escape. the material constantly flowing outward is called the solar wind, which typically blows at around 250 miles ( 400 km ) per second. when a coronal hole is present, though, the wind speed can double to nearly 500 miles ( 800 km ) per second. increased geomagnetic activity and even geomagnetic storms may occur once the gustier solar wind reaches earth, possibly within two to three days. the holes appear dark in sdo images because they are cooler than the rest of the corona, which is extremely hot around 1, 000, 000 c ( 1, 800, 000 f )! heres another image, this one in another aia channel ( 193 ) : keep up with the suns latest activity and see more images on nasas sdo site here. explore further : mice, gerbils perish in russia space flight", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5067484491731469, "token_count": 282, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.071051"} {"text": "a new scientific system developed by a st. michael ' s hospital physician, designed to rapidly evaluate the world ' s air traffic patterns, accurately predicted how the h1n1 virus would spread around the world, according to research published in the new england journal of medicine today. st. michael ' s hospital scientist and infectious disease physician dr. kamran khan and colleagues analyzed the flight itineraries of the more than 2. 3 million passengers departing mexico on commercial flights during the months of march and april to predict the spread of h1n1. the findings show the international destinations of air travelers leaving mexico were strongly associated with confirmed importations of the h1n1 virus around the world. \" the relationship between air travel and the spread of h1n1 is intuitive, \" said dr. khan. \" however, for the first time, we can quickly integrate information about worldwide air traffic patterns with information about global infectious disease threats. what this means is that cities and countries around the world can now respond to news of a threat earlier and more intelligently than ever before. \" the system, developed by dr. khan and supported by the public health agency of canada and the ontario ministry of health and long term care, is known as the bio. diaspora project. the project, led by dr. khan, was created in response to the toronto sars crisis in 2003 to better understand the global airline transportation network and its relationship to the spread of emerging infectious diseases. \" while it is generally understood that air travel can transport infectious diseases around the world, the bio. diaspora project, has for the first time, provided a very accurate picture of not only where diseases will travel, but how often and when, \" said dr. michael gardam, director of infectious diseases prevention and control for the ontario agency for health protection and promotion. \" this work provides the world with a potent early warning system for emerging infectious diseases. \" just prior to the onset of the h1n1 epidemic, dr. khan and his colleagues submitted a 122 - page report to the public health agency of canada entitled the bio. diaspora project : an analysis of canada ' s vulnerability to emerging infectious disease threats via the global airline transportation network. key findings from this report include : - toronto, vancouver and montreal - in that order - are canada ' s most vulnerable domestic points to global infectious disease threats. these three cities receive more than 13 million international passengers from around the world every year. - sixty per cent of all passengers traveling to canada from developing areas of the world use multiple flights", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47356570362276085, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.077027"} {"text": "are canada ' s most vulnerable domestic points to global infectious disease threats. these three cities receive more than 13 million international passengers from around the world every year. - sixty per cent of all passengers traveling to canada from developing areas of the world use multiple flights to reach their destination. about half of these passengers - or 1. 4 million people every year - make flight connections into canada through just nine cities : london ( uk ), hong kong, tokyo, frankfurt, paris, miami, amsterdam, new york city and chicago. the airports in these cities represent potential sites for screening passengers to canada during international epidemics. - four developing countries \u2014 china, mexico, india and the philippines - and nine industrialized countries \u2014 the u. s., the u. k., france, germany, italy, the netherlands, japan, south korea and taiwan - are the source of 80 % of canada ' s international air traffic. these are important locations from which future infectious disease threats may originate or pass through en route to canada. canada should consider working with these countries to tackle shared risks of global infectious diseases. - the emergence and local spread of infectious diseases is dependent on various factors, which when combined with high volumes of commercial air traffic may lead to global dissemination. these factors include but are not limited to : - high population density - close human - animal interaction - poorly developed infectious disease surveillance systems - limited health - care resources - health - care workforce shortage - considering the realities of living in a highly interconnected world, canada will need to play a larger role in detecting and controlling infectious disease threats outside of its borders as a way to protect the health of canadians. source : st. michael ' s hospital explore further : telerehabilitation allows accurate assessment of patients with low back pain", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43976095070061505, "token_count": 356, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.077740"} {"text": "the pixar image computer was a graphic designing computer originally developed by the lucasfilm computer division ( later renamed pixar ) in may 1986, intended for the high - end visualization markets, such as media production and medicine. in an attempt to gain a foothold in the medical market, pixar donated ten machines to leading hospitals and sent marketing people to doctors ' conventions. however, this had little effect on sales, despite the machine ' s ability to perform cat scans and show perfect images of the human body. pixar did get a contract with the manufacturer of cat scanners, which sold 30 machines. the terms were : buy a million dollar scanner, and get a $ 30, 000 3d visualization system free. however doctors were not trained to look at 3d, and could be sued unless they looked at the individual slices, per their training. by 1988 pixar had only sold 120 pixar image computers. in 1988, pixar began the development of the pii - 9, a nine slot version of the low cost p - ii. this machine was coupled with the world ' s first raid, a high performance bus, a hardware image decompression card, 4 processors ( called chaps or channel processors ), very large memory cards ( vme sized card full of memory ), high resolutions video cards with 10 - bit dacs which were programmable for a variety of frame rates and resolutions, and finally an overlay board which ran news, and the 9 slot chassis. a full - up system was quite expensive, as the 3 gib raid was $ 300, 000 alone. at this time in history most file systems could only address 2 gib of disk. this system was aimed at high - end government imaging applications which were done by dedicated systems produced by the aerospace industry which cost a million dollars a seat. the pii - 9 and the associated software became the prototype of the next generation of commercial \" low cost \" workstations. in 1990, the pixar was defining the state - of - the - art in commercial image processing ; however, the government decided that the per - seat cost was still too high for mass deployment, and to wait for the next generation systems to achieve cost reductions. this decision was the catalyst for pixar to lay off its hardware engineers and sell the imaging business. there were no high volume buyers in any industry. less than 300 pixar image computers were ever sold. the pixar image computer business was sold to vicom", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4548775870751371, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.080579"} {"text": "it \u2019 s christmastime again, and mexico, like the rest of the world, is celebrating. here in our home of playa del carmen on mexico \u2019 s caribbean coast we have found that celebration is a unique mixture of holiday customs drawn from america, europe and mexico. mexico \u2019 s historical christmas traditions have usually been centered around the religious nature of the holiday and have focused more on church, family and friends and less on the commercial rush to buy things so often seen in the united states. that \u2019 s something we enjoy. while the stores are more and more filled with holiday gifts and toys, there still does not seem to be the near hysterical feeling that one must find the perfect gift or buy the latest electronic gadget in order to make the holiday special. instead there is an emphasis in mexico of taking time to enjoy people during the holidays. schools, city offices and many businesses shut down from the middle of december until after the new year to allow people to spend more time at home. christmastime is made a little easier for folks by the fact that business are required by law to give a christmas bonus called an \u201c alguinaldo \u201d to employees. many employers also give a little more or give gifts to their employees, as well. a common present given to employees is a dispensa. this is a package or box of practical items for the home. it could include foods like rice or beans, cleaning products or other things used in the household. stores like costco and sam \u2019 s club will sell pre - packaged dispensas, much like fruit baskets or boxes of candy can be found on the store shelves in the us and canada. with the holiday vacations from work and school, people have more time for socializing. many families host \u201c posada \u201d meals to gather together their friends and loved ones. posada means \u201c inn \u201d and refers to the inn that had no room for mary and joseph. guests ask to be admitted to the dinner but are told there is no room until they produce a statue of the baby jesus. a traditional dish for a posada meal is chiles en nogada, a poblano chili stuffed with rice, nuts fruits and meat, covered in a creamy walnut sauce and topped with pomegranate seeds. it is one of our favorite dishes in mexico. of course children are a big part of any celebration in mexico, especially at christmas when the little ones expect wondrous gifts to appear. traditionally it was not santa claus who brought gifts to good", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4095527160462841, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.085896"} {"text": ". it is one of our favorite dishes in mexico. of course children are a big part of any celebration in mexico, especially at christmas when the little ones expect wondrous gifts to appear. traditionally it was not santa claus who brought gifts to good girls and boys, but the three kings, the same kings who brought gold, frankincense and myrrh to the christ child. however, in modern times santa claus has become a popularly - accepted figure, and children in mexico now often receive gifts from both santa on christmas day and from the kings on three kings day ( january 6th ). it \u2019 s also common for children in mexico to go caroling. they take a branch from a tree and decorate it with tinsel, ribbons and a picture of mary, the virgin of guadalupe. they then go through the streets singing. on 5th avenue in playa del carmen the little ones, usually accompanied by an older sister or brother ( who often stand nearby talking with friends on their cellphones ) go door to door or even table to table in a restaurant singing an enthusiastic but often humorously tuneless version of a spanish christmas carol like peces in el rio ( fishes in the river ). they hope for a reward of a few pesos before going on to the next table. during the weeks leading up to christmas the town of playa begins to decorate. at the palacio municipal ( city hall ) a giant christmas tree can be found right next to an large inflatable santa claus and a life - sized nativity scene. in fact you can find decorated trees all over town. when we first moved to mexico, we brought our own artificial tree with us as we had been told the christmas tree was not a custom which was celebrated in this part of mexico. that was true back then. however over the last five or six years the custom of having a decorated tree has caught on among locals. fir trees are hauled in by the truckload and can be seen lined up for purchase at walmart and mega stores. living here in playa del carmen we have been able to continue our own beloved christmas traditions while enjoying the slower, less commercial feel of mexico \u2019 s version of the holiday. however we must admit, our first christmas in mexico wasn \u2019 t exactly idyllic. our first mexican christmas occurred only a few days after we had our grand opening as the luna blue hotel. we had been working frantically for months trying to get the property ready. we finished only a few days before christmas, and when december 24th came every", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.39881118907724467, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.086837"} {"text": "our first mexican christmas occurred only a few days after we had our grand opening as the luna blue hotel. we had been working frantically for months trying to get the property ready. we finished only a few days before christmas, and when december 24th came every room was occupied. we worked late into the evening that night to get everyone checked in and taken care of. then we walked home to the little house we had moved into the week before ( up until then we had been living in the hotel while we renovated it ). we had not even unpacked yet and were sleeping on a mattress on the floor among piles of boxes. we had not put up a christmas tree or bought a single present. we had just been too busy and there had been no time with all the demands of getting ready for the hotel to be opened. we had been too busy to even go food shopping. there was no turkey or ham or a single candy cane to be found in our little house. when we realized we hadn \u2019 t eaten all day we headed out to find a restaurant, but by then it was 11 o \u2019 clock on christmas eve and everything was closed. we finally gave up walking the deserted streets and went home to have peanut butter on white bread for our christmas eve dinner. then we got a few hours sleep. the next day we arose early to go the the hotel to clean the rooms and take care of the guests. finally in the late afternoon of christmas day we finished our work and went down to the beach to swim in the warm caribbean sea. after a dip we laid down in the white sand side by side \u2026 and fell asleep. that nap beside the ocean was our christmas present to each other. since then our christmas celebrations have become a little less exhausting. with our wonderful staff and with the hotel now being well established we now happily have more time to enjoy the season. we put up our tree early ( before thanksgiving this year! ) and decorate it with ornaments we have picked up on our travels around the world. a lot of the decorations are tropical themed \u2026 things like a snorkeling santa, tropical fish, and santa flying over palm trees. this year we also topped our tree with a large colorful mermaid. we decorate the house and will have friends over for dinner or drinks through the holiday time. christmas eve we will call family back in the us and then settle down with some treats and a few favorite videos ( a charlie brown christmas, love actually, the night of the meek and a few others ). then we will get", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.3967118229975273, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.089263"} {"text": "research and education to solve air quality problems associated with agriculture, natural resources and environment is what we do. our basic expertise is in micrometeorology, which is the study the physics and transport properties of the near surface atmosphere. our general approach is to join with a wide array of experts in other fields to design and conduct \u201c cooperative \u201d research and education programs, both large and small, all across the country. our basic research approach is to incorporate current knowledge and theories ( hypotheses ) into numerical and analytical computer models, and then test them with field experiments. this modeling followed by field testing is an iterative process which eventually ends in new practical applications. recent \u201c cooperative \u201d research projects include pollutant transport and dispersion in the nighttime boundary layer in the cases99 and jornada field campaigns funde by nsf and aro ; forest \u2013 atmosphere exchanges of mercury \u2013 funded by usepa through the connecticut river airshed - watershed consortium ( crawc ) ; and new mexico agriculture aerosol emissions funded by usda nri. currently we are engaged in the nsf funded campaign on wind and forest canopy dynamics in changing climate. basic funding is from our home universities supplemented by grants from federal agencies, nsf, usda, usepa, usdod, usfs, state agencies and private corporations.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5388878825254064, "token_count": 270, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.091007"} {"text": "classics in the history of psychology an internet resource developed by christopher d. green york university, toronto, ontario ( return to index ) the principles of psychology william james ( 1890 ) after discrimination, association! already in the last chapter i have had to invoke, in order to explain the improvement of certain discriminations by practice, the ' association ' of the objects to be distinguished, with other more widely differing ones. it is obvious that the advance of our knowledge must consist of both operations ; for objects at first appearing as wholes are analyzed into parts, and objects appearing separately are brought together and appear as new compound wholes to the mind. analysis and synthesis are thus the incessantly alternating mental activities, a stroke of the one preparing the way for a stroke of the other, much as, in walking, a man ' s two legs are alternately brought into use, both being indispensable for any orderly advance. the manner in which trains of imagery and consideration follow each other through our thinking, the restless flight of one idea before the next, the transitions our minds make between things wide as the poles asunder, transitions which at first sight startle us by their abruptness, but which, when scrutinized closely, often reveal intermediating links of perfect naturalness and propriety - - all this magical, imponderable streaming has from time immemorial excited the admiration of all whose attention happened to be caught by its omnipresent mystery. and it has furthermore challenged the race of philosophers to banish something of the mystery by formulating the process in simpler terms. the problem which the philosophers have set themselves is that of ascertaining principles of connection between the thoughts which thus appear to sprout one out [ p. 551 ] of the other, whereby their peculiar succession or coexistence may be explained. but immediately an ambiguity arises : which sort of connection is meant? connection thought - of, or connection between thoughts? these are two entirely different things, and only in the case of one of them is there any hope of finding ' principles. ' the jungle of connections thought of can never be formulated simply. every conceivable connection may be thought of - - of coexistence, succession, resemblance, contrast, contradiction, cause and effect, means and end, genus and species, part and whole, substance and property, early and late, large and small, landlord and tenant, master and servant, - - heaven knows what, for the list is literally", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.573923944572041, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.269976"} {"text": ", contradiction, cause and effect, means and end, genus and species, part and whole, substance and property, early and late, large and small, landlord and tenant, master and servant, - - heaven knows what, for the list is literally inexhaustible. the only simplification which could possibly be aimed at would be the reduction of the relations to a smaller number of types, like those which such authors as kant and renouvier call the ' categories ' of the understanding. according as we followed one category or another we should sweep, with our thought, through the world in this way or in that. and all the categories would be logical, would be relations of reason. they would fuse the items into a continuum. were this the sort of connection sought between one moment of our thinking and another, our chapter might end here. for the only summary description of these infinite possibilities of transition, is that they are all acts of reason, and that the mind proceeds from one object to another by some rational path of connection. the trueness of this formula is only equalled by its sterility, for psychological purposes. practically it amounts to simply referring the inquirer to the relations between facts or things, and to telling him that his thinking follows them. but as a matter of fact, his thinking only sometimes follows them, and these so - called ' transitions of reason ' are far from being all alike reasonable. if pure thought runs all our trains, why should she run some so fast and some so slow, some through dull flats and some through [ p. 552 ] gorgeous scenery, some to mountain - heights and jewelled mines, others through dismal swamps and darkness? - - and run some off the track altogether, and into the wilderness of lunacy? why do we spend years straining after a certain scientific or practical problem, but all in vain - - thought refusing to evoke the solution we desire? and why, some day, walking in the street with our attention miles away from that quest, does the answer saunter into our minds as carelessly as if it had never been called for - - suggested, possibly, by the flowers on the bonnet of the lady in front of us, or possibly by nothing that we can discover? if reason can give us relief then, why did she not do so earlier? the truth must be admitted that thought works under conditions imposed ab extra. the great law of habit itself - - that twenty experiences make us recall a thing better than one, that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6122589787242904, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.270972"} {"text": "reason can give us relief then, why did she not do so earlier? the truth must be admitted that thought works under conditions imposed ab extra. the great law of habit itself - - that twenty experiences make us recall a thing better than one, that long indulgence in error makes right thinking almost impossible - - seems to have no essential foundation in reason. the business of thought is with truth - - the number of experiences ought to have nothing to do with her hold of it ; and she ought by right to be able to hug it all the closer, after years wasted out of its presence. the contrary arrangements seem quite fantastic and arbitrary, but nevertheless are part of the very bone and marrow of our minds. reason is only one out of a thousand possibilities in the thinking of each of us. who can count all the silly fancies, the grotesque suppositions, the utterly irrelevant reflections he makes in the course of a day? who can swear that his prejudices and irrational beliefs constitute a less bulky part of his mental furniture than his clarified opinions? it is true that a presiding arbiter seems to sit aloft in the mind, and emphasize the better suggestions into permanence, while it ends by droopping out and leaving unrecorded the confusion. but this is all the difference. the mode of genesis of the worthy and the worthless seems the same. the laws of our actual thinking, of the cogitatum, must account alike for the bad and the good materials on which the arbiter has to decide, for wisdom and for folly. the laws of the arbiter, of the cogitandum, of what we ought to think, are to the former as the [ p. 553 ] laws of ethics are to those of history. who but an hegelian historian ever pretended that reason in action was per se a sufficient explanation of the political changes in europe? there are, then, mechanical conditions on which thought depends, and which, to say the least, determine the order in which is presented the content or material for her comparisons, selections, and decisions. it is a suggestive fact that locke, and many more recent continental psychologists, have found themselves obliged to invoke a mechanical process to account for the aberrations of thought, the obstructive preprocessions, the frustrations of reason. this they found in the law of habit, or what we now call association by contiguity. but it never occurred to these writers that a process", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.521204846968794, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.271898"} {"text": "of thought, the obstructive preprocessions, the frustrations of reason. this they found in the law of habit, or what we now call association by contiguity. but it never occurred to these writers that a process which could go the length of actually producing some ideas and sequences in the mind might safely be trusted to produce others too ; and that those habitual associations which further thought may also come from the same mechanical source as those which hinder it. hartley accordingly suggested habit as a sufficient explanation of all connections of our thoughts, and in so doing planted himself squarely upon the properly psychological aspect of the problem of connection, and sought to treat both rational and irrational connections from a single point of view. the problem which he essayed, however lamely, to answer, was that of the connection between our psychic states considered purely as such, regardless of the objective connections of which they might take cognizance. how does a man come, after thinking of a, to think of b the next moment? or how does he come to think a and b always together? these were the phenomena which hartley undertook to explain by cerebral physiology. i believe that he was, in many essential respects, on the right track, and i propose simply to revise his conclusions by the aid of distinctions which he did not make. but the whole historic doctrine of psychological association is tainted with one huge error - - that of the construction of our thoughts out of the compounding of themselves together of immutable and incessantly recurring ' simple ideas. ' it is the cohesion of these which the ' principles of [ p. 554 ] association ' are considered to account for. in chapters vi and ix we saw abundant reasons for treating the doctrine of simple ideas or psychic atoms as mythological ; and, in all that follows, our problem will be to keep whatever truths the associationist doctrine has caught sight of without weighing it down with the untenable incumbrance that the association is between ' ideas. ' association, so far as the word stands for an effect, is between things thought of - - it is things, not ideas, which are associated in the mind. we ought to talk of the association of objects, not of the association of ideas. and so far as association stands for a cause, it is between processes in the brain - - it is these which, by being associated in certain ways, determine what successive objects shall be thought. let us proceed towards our final generalization by surveying first a few familiar", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.6158923648782533, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.316370"} {"text": "as association stands for a cause, it is between processes in the brain - - it is these which, by being associated in certain ways, determine what successive objects shall be thought. let us proceed towards our final generalization by surveying first a few familiar facts. the laws of motor habit in the lower centres of the nervous system are disputed by no one. a series of movements repeated in a certain order tend to unroll themselves with peculiar ease in that order for ever afterward. number one awakens number two, and that awakens number three, and so on, till the last is produced. a habit of this kind once become inveterate may go on automatically. and so it is with the objects with which our thinking is concerned. with some persons each note of a melody, heard but once, will accurately revive in its proper sequence. small boys at school learn the inflections of many a greek noun, adjective, or verb, from the reiterated recitations of the upper classes falling on their ear as they sit at their desks. all this happens with no voluntary effort on their part and with no thought of the spelling of the words. the doggerel rhymes which children use in their games, such as the formula \" ana mana mona mike barcelona bona strike, \" used for ' counting out, ' form another familiar example of things heard in sequence cohering in the same order in the memory. [ p. 555 ] in touch we have a smaller number of instances, though probably every one who bathes himself in a certain fixed manner is familiar with the fact that each part of his body over which the water is squeezed from the sponge awakens a premonitory tingling consciousness in that portion of skin which is habitually the next to be deluged. tastes and smells form no very habitual series in our experience. but even if they did, it is doubtful whether habit would fix the order of their reproduction quite so well as it does that of other sensations. in vision, however, we have a sense in which the order of reproduced things is very nearly as much influenced by habit as is the order of remembered sounds. rooms, landscapes, buildings, pictures, or persons with whose look we are very familiar, surge up before the mind ' s eye with all the details of their appearance complete, so soon as we think of any one of their component parts. some persons, in reciting printed matter by heart, will seem to see each successive word, before they utter it, appear in its order on an imaginary page", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.6107885622858138, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.318500"} {"text": "of their appearance complete, so soon as we think of any one of their component parts. some persons, in reciting printed matter by heart, will seem to see each successive word, before they utter it, appear in its order on an imaginary page. a certain chess - player, one of those heroes who train themselves to play several games at once blindfold, is reported to say that in bed at night after a match the games are played all over again before his mental eye, each board being pictured as passing in turn through each of its successive stages. in this case, of course, the intense previous voluntary strain of the power of visual representation is what facilitated the fixed order of revival. association occurs as amply between impressions of different senses as between homogeneous sensations. seen things and heard things cohere with each other, and with odors and tastes, in representation, in the same order in which they cohered as impressions of the outer world. feelings of contact reproduce similarly the sights, sounds, and tastes with which experience has associated them. in fact, the ' objects ' of our perception, as trees, men, houses, microscopes, of which the real world seems composed, are nothing but clusters of qualities which through simultaneous stimulation have so coalesced that the moment one is excited actually it serves as a sign or cue for the idea of the others to arise. let a person enter his room in the [ p. 556 ] dark and grope among the objects there. the touch of the matches will instantaneously recall their appearance. if his hand comes in contact with an orange on the table, the golden yellow of the fruit, its savor and perfume will forthwith shoot through his mind. in passing the hand over the sideboard or in jogging the coal - scuttle with the foot, the large glossy dark shape of the one and the irregular blackness of the other awaken like a flash and constitute what we call the recognition of the objects. the voice of the violin faintly echoes through the mind as the hand is laid upon it in the dark, and the feeling of the garments or draperies which may hang about the room is not understood till the look correlative to the feeling has in each case been resuscitated. smells notoriously have the power of recalling the other experiences in whose company they were wont to be felt, perhaps long years ago ; and the voluminous emotional character assumed by the images which suddenly pour into the mind at such a time forms one of the staple topics of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6156800370101501, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.319498"} {"text": "power of recalling the other experiences in whose company they were wont to be felt, perhaps long years ago ; and the voluminous emotional character assumed by the images which suddenly pour into the mind at such a time forms one of the staple topics of popular psychologic wonder - - \" lost and gone and lost and gone! a breath, a whisper - - some divine farewell - - desolate sweetness - - far and far away. \" we cannot hear the din of a railroad train or the yell of its whistle, without thinking of its long, jointed appearance and its headlong speed, nor catch a familiar voice in a crowd without recalling, with the name of the speaker, also his face. but the most notorious and important case of the mental combination of auditory with optical impressions originally experienced together is furnished by language. the child is offered a new and delicious fruit and is at the same time told that it is called a ' fig. ' or looking out of the window he exclaims, \" what a funny horse! \" and is told that it is a ' piebald ' horse. when learning his letters, the sound of each is repeated to him whilst its shape is before his eye. thenceforward, long as he may live, he will never see a fig, a piebald horse, or a letter of the alphabet without the name which he first heard in conjunction with each clinging to it in his mind ; and inversely he will [ p. 557 ] never hear the name without the faint arousal of the image of the object. the rapidity of association. reading exemplifies this kind of cohesion even more beautifully. it is an uninterrupted and protracted recall of sounds by sights which have always been coupled with them in the past. i find that i can name six hundred letters in two minutes on a printed page. five distinct acts of association between sight and sound ( not to speak of all the other processes concerned ) must then have occurred in each second in my mind. in reading entire words the speed is much more rapid. valentin relates in his physiology that the reading of a single page of the proof, containing 2629 letters, took him 1 minute and 32 seconds. in this experiment each letter was understood in 1 / 28 of a second, but owing to the integration of letters into entire words, forming each a single aggregate impression directly associated with a single acoustic image, we need not suppose as many as 28 separate associations in a sound. the figures, however, suffi", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6139000338973429, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.320434"} {"text": "of a second, but owing to the integration of letters into entire words, forming each a single aggregate impression directly associated with a single acoustic image, we need not suppose as many as 28 separate associations in a sound. the figures, however, suffice to show with what extreme rapidity an actual sensation recalls its customary associates. both in fact seem to our ordinary attention to come into the mind at once. the time - measuring psychologists of recent days have tried their hand at this problem by more elaborate methods. galton, using a very simple apparatus, found that the sight of an unforeseen word would awaken an associated ' idea ' in about 5 / 6 of a second. wundt next made determinations [ p. 558 ] in which the ' cue ' was given by single - syllabled words called out by an assistant. the person experimented on had to press a key as soon as the sound of the word awakened an associated idea. both word and reaction were chronographically registered, and the total time - interval between the two amounted, in four observers, to 1. 009, 0. 896, 1. 037, and 1. 154 seconds respectively. from this the simple physiological reaction - time and the time of merely identifying the word ' s sound ( the ' apperception - time, ' as wundt calls it ) must be subtracted, to get the exact time required for the associated idea to arise. these times were separately determined and subtracted. the difference, called by wundt the association - time, amounted, in the same four persons, to 706, 723, 752, and 874 thousandths of a second respectively. the length of the last figure is due to the fact that the person reacting ( president g. s. hall ) was an american, whose associations with german words would naturally be slower than those of natives. the shortest association - time noted was when the word ' sturm ' suggested to prof. wundt the word ' wind ' in 0. 341 second. - - finally, mr. cattell made some interesting observations upon the association - time between the look of letters and their names. \" i pasted letters, \" he says, \" on a revolving drum, and determined at what rate they could be read aloud as they passed by a slit in a screen. \" he found it to vary according as one, or more than one letter, was visible at a time through the slit, and gives half a second as about the time", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6050560150062552, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.321632"} {"text": "rate they could be read aloud as they passed by a slit in a screen. \" he found it to vary according as one, or more than one letter, was visible at a time through the slit, and gives half a second as about the time which it takes to see and name a single letter seen alone. \" when two or more letters are always in view, not only do the processes of seeing and naming overlap, but while the subject is seeing one letter he begins to see the ones next following, and so can read them more quickly. of the nine persons experimented on, four could read the letters faster when five were in view at once, but were not helped by a sixth letter ; three were not helped by a fifth, and two not by a fourth letter. this shows that while one idea is in the centre, two, [ p. 559 ] three, or four additional ideas may be in the background of consciousness. the second letter in view shortens the time about 1 / 40, the third 1 / 60, the fourth 1 / 100, the fifth 1 / 200 sec. \" i find it takes about twice as long to read ( aloud, as fast as possible ) words which have no connection as words which make sentences, and letters which have no connection as letters which make words. when the words make sentences and the letters words, not only do the processes of seeing and naming overlap, but by one mental effort the subject can recognize a whole group of words or letters, and by one will - act choose the motions to be made in naming, so that the rate at which the words and letters are read is really only limited by the maximum rapidity at which the speech - organs can be moved. as the result of a large number of experiments, the writer found that he had read words not making sentences at the rate of 1 / 4 sec., words making sentences ( a passage from swift ) at the rate of 1 / 8 sec., per word.... the rate at which a person reads a foreign language is proportional to his familiarity with the language. for example, when reading as fast as possible the writer ' s rate was, english 138, french 167, german 250, italian 327, latin 434, and greek 484 ; the figures giving the thousandths of a second taken to read each word. experiments made on others strikingly confirm these results. the subject does not know that he is reading the foreign language more slowly than his own ; this explains why foreigners seem to talk so fast", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.595563602407659, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.323755"} {"text": "giving the thousandths of a second taken to read each word. experiments made on others strikingly confirm these results. the subject does not know that he is reading the foreign language more slowly than his own ; this explains why foreigners seem to talk so fast. this simple method of determining a person ' s familiarity with a language might be used in school examinations. \" the time required to see and name colors and pictures of objects was determined in the same way. the time was found to be about the same ( over 1 / 2 sec. ) for colors as for pictures, and about twice as long as for words and letters. other experiments i have made show that we can recognize a single color or picture in a slightly shorter time than a word or letter, but take longer to name it. this is because, in the case or words and letters, the association between the idea and name has taken place so often that the process has become automatic, whereas in the case of colors and pictures we must by a voluntary effort choose the name. in later experiments mr. cattell studied the time for various associations to be performed, the termini ( i. e., cue and answer ) being words. a word in one language was to call up its equivalent in another, the name of an author the tongue in which he wrote, that of a city the country in which it lay, that of a writer one of his works, etc. the mean variation from the average is very great in all these experiments ; and the interesting feature which they show [ p. 560 ] is the existence of certain constant differences between associations of different sorts. thus : from country to city, mr. c. ' s time was 0. 340 sec. \" season \" month \" \" \" 0. 399 \" language \" author, \" \" \" 0. 523 \" author \" work, \" \" \" 0. 596 the average time of two observers, experimenting on eight different types of association, was 0. 420 and 0. 436 sec. respectively. the very wide range of variation is undoubtedly a consequence of the fact that the words used [ p. 561 ] as cues, and the different types of association studied, differ much in their degree of familiarity. \" for example, b is a teacher of mathematics ; c has busied himself more with literature. c knows quite as well as b that 7 + 5 = 12, yet he needs 1 / 10 of a second longer to call it to mind ; b knows quite as well as c that dante was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5837648506477684, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.325531"} {"text": "; c has busied himself more with literature. c knows quite as well as b that 7 + 5 = 12, yet he needs 1 / 10 of a second longer to call it to mind ; b knows quite as well as c that dante was a poet, but needs 1 / 20 of a second longer to think of it. such experiments lay bare the mental life in a way that is startling and not always gratifying. \" the law of contiguity. time - determinations apart, the facts we have run over can all be summed up in the simple statement that objects once experienced together tend to become associated in the imagination, so that when any one of them is thought of, the others are likely to be thought of also, in the same order of sequence or coexistence as before. this statement we may name the law of mental association by contiguity. i preserve this name in order to depart as little as possible from tradition, although mr. ward ' s designation of the process as that of association by continuity or wundt ' s as that of external association ( to distinguish it from the internal association which we shall presently learn to know under the name of association by similarity ) are perhaps better terms. whatever we name the law, since it expresses merely a phenomenon of mental habit, the most natural way of accounting for it is to conceive it as a result [ p. 562 ] of the laws of habit in the nervous system ; in other words, it is to ascribe it to a physiological cause. if it be truly a law of those nerve - centres which co - ordinate sensory and motor processes together that paths once used for coupling any pair of them are thereby made more permeable, there appears no reason why the same law should not hold good of ideational centres and their coupling - paths as well. parts of these centres which have once been in action together will thus grow so linked that excitement at one point will irradiate through the system. the chances of complete irradiation will be strong in proportion as the previous excitements have been frequent, and as the present points excited afresh are numerous. if all points were originally excited together, the irradiation may be sensibly simultaneous throughout the system, when any single point or group of points is touched off. but where the original impressions were successive - - the conjugation of [ p. 563 ] a greek verb, for example - - awakening nerve - tracts in a definite order", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6087332057536432, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.326590"} {"text": "system, when any single point or group of points is touched off. but where the original impressions were successive - - the conjugation of [ p. 563 ] a greek verb, for example - - awakening nerve - tracts in a definite order, they will now, when one of them awakens, discharge into each other in that definite order and in no other way. the reader will recollect all that has been said of increased tension in nerve - tracts and of the summation of stimuli ( p. 82 ff. ). we must therefore suppose that in these ideational tracts as well as elsewhere, activity may be awakened, in any particular locality, by the summation therein of a number of tensions, each incapable alone of provoking an actual discharge. suppose for example the locality m to be in functional continuity with four other localities, k, l, n, and o. suppose moreover that on four previous occasions it has been separately combined with each of these localities in a common activity. m may then be indirectly awakened by any cause which tends to awaken either k, l, n, or o. but if the cause which awakens k, for instance, be so slight as only to increase its tension without arousing it to full discharge, k will only succeed in slightly increasing the tension of m. but if at the same time the tensions of l, n, and o are similarly increased, the combined effects of all four upon m may be so great as to awaken an actual discharge in this latter locality. in like manner if the paths between m and the four other localities have been so slightly excavated by previous experience as to require a very intense excitement in either of the localities before m can be awakened, a less strong excitement than this in any one will fail to reach m. but if all four at once are mildly excited, their compound effect on m may be adequate to its full arousal. the psychological law of association of objects thought of through their previous contiguity in thought or experience would thus be an effect, within the mind, of the physical fact that nerve - currents propagate themselves easiest through those tracts of conduction which have been already most in use. descartes and locke hit upon this explanation, which modern science has not yet succeeded in improving. \" custom, \" says locke, \" settles habits of thinking in the understanding, as well as of determining in the will, and of motions in the body ; all which seem to be but trains of motion in the animal spirits", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.6658994394518662, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.327976"} {"text": "yet succeeded in improving. \" custom, \" says locke, \" settles habits of thinking in the understanding, as well as of determining in the will, and of motions in the body ; all which seem to be but trains of motion in the animal spirits [ p. 564 ] [ by this locke meant identically what we understand by neural processes ] which, once set agoing, continue in the same steps they have been used to, which by often treading are worn into a smooth path, and the motion in it becomes easy and, as it were, natural. \" hartley was more thorough in his grasp of the principle. the sensorial nerve - currents, produced when objects are fully present, were for him ' vibrations, ' and those which produce ideas of objects in their absence were ' miniature vibrations. ' and he sums up the cause of mental association in a single formula by saying : \" any vibrations, a, b, c, etc., by being associated together a sufficient number of times, get such a power over a, b, c, etc., the corresponding miniature vibrations, that any of the vibrations a, when impressed alone, shall be able to excite b, c, etc., the miniatures of the rest. \" it is evident that if there be any law of neural habit similar to this, the contiguities, coexistences, and successions, met with in outer experience, must inevitably be copied more or less perfectly in our thought. if a b c d e be a sequence of outer impressions ( they may be events [ p. 565 ] or they may be successively experienced properties of an object ) which once gave rise to the successive ' ideas, ' a b c d e, then no sooner will a impress us again and awaken the a, than b c d e will arise as ideas even before b c d e have come in as impressions. in other words, the order of impressions will the next time be anticipated ; and the mental order will so far forth copy the order of the outer world. any object when met again will make us expect its former concomitants, through the overflowing of its brain - tract into the paths which lead to theirs. and all these suggestions will be effects of a material law. where the associations are, as here, of successively appearing things, the distinction i made at the outset of the chapter, between a connection thought of and a connection of thoughts, is unimportant. for the connection thought of is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.6141809379188993, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.362859"} {"text": "material law. where the associations are, as here, of successively appearing things, the distinction i made at the outset of the chapter, between a connection thought of and a connection of thoughts, is unimportant. for the connection thought of is concomitance or succession ; and the connection between the thoughts is just the same. the ' objects ' and the ' ideas ' fit into parallel schemes, and may be described in identical language, as contiguous things tending to be thought again together, or contiguous ideas tending to recur together. now were these cases fair samples of all association, the distinction i drew might well be termed a spitzfindigkeit or piece of pedantic hair - splitting, and be dropped. but as a matter of fact we cannot treat the subject so simply. the same outer object may suggest either of many realities formerly associated with it - - for in the vicissitudes of our outer experience we are constantly liable to meet the same thing in the midst of differing companions - - and a philosophy of association that should merely say that it will suggest one of these, or even of that one of them which it has oftenest accompanied, would go but a very short way into the rationale of the subject. this, however, is about as far as most associationists have gone with their ' principle of contiguity. ' granted an object, a, they never tell us beforehand which of its associates it will suggest ; their wisdom is limited to showing, after it has suggested a second object, that that object was once an associate. they have had to supplement their principle of contiguity by other princi - [ p. 566 ] ples, such as those of similarity and contrast, before they could begin to do justice to the richness of the facts. the elementary law of association. i shall try to show, in the pages which immediately follow, that there is no other elementary causal law of association than the law of neural habit. all the materials of our thought are due to the way in which one elementary process of the cerebral hemispheres tends to excite whatever other elementary process it may have excited at some former time. the number of elementary processes at work, however, and the nature of those which at any time are fully effective in rousing the others, determine the character of the total brain - action, and, as a consequence of this, they determine the object thought of at the time. according as this resultant object is one thing or another, we", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.640044501480084, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.373968"} {"text": "time are fully effective in rousing the others, determine the character of the total brain - action, and, as a consequence of this, they determine the object thought of at the time. according as this resultant object is one thing or another, we call it a product of association by contiguity or of association by similarity, or contrast, or whatever other sorts we may have recognized as ultimate. its production, however, is, in each one of these cases, to be explained by a merely quantitative variation in the elementary brain - processes momentarily at work under the law of habit, so that psychic contiguity, similarity, etc., are derivatives of a single profounder kind of fact. my thesis, stated thus briefly, will soon become more clear ; and at the same time certain disturbing factors, which co - operate with the law of neural habit, will come to view. let us then assume as the basis of all our subsequent reasoning this law : when two elementary brain - processes have been active together or in immediate succession, one of them, on reoccurring, tends to propagate its excitement into the other. but, as a matter of fact, every elementary process has found itself at different times excited in conjunction with many other processes, and this by unavoidable outward causes. which of these others it shall awaken now becomes a problem. shall b or c be aroused next by the present a? we must make a further postulate, based, however, on the fact of tension in nerve - tissue, and on the fact [ p. 567 ] of summation of excitements, each incomplete or latent in itself, into an open resultant. the process b, rather than c, will awake, if in addition to the vibrating tract a some other tract d is in a state of sub - excitement, and formerly was excited with b alone and not with a. in short, we may say : the amount of activity at any given point in the brain - cortex is the sum of the tendencies of all other points to discharge into it, such tendencies being proportionate ( 1 ) to the number of times the excitement of each other point may have accompanied that of the point in question ; ( 2 ) to the intensity of such excitements ; and ( 3 ) to the absence of any rival point functionally disconnected with the first point, into which the discharges might be diverted. expressing the fundamental law in this most complicated way leads to the greatest ultimate simplification. let us, for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6496330007844335, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.377388"} {"text": "and ( 3 ) to the absence of any rival point functionally disconnected with the first point, into which the discharges might be diverted. expressing the fundamental law in this most complicated way leads to the greatest ultimate simplification. let us, for the present, only treat of spontaneous trains of thought and ideation, such as occur in revery or musing. the case of voluntary thinking toward a certain end shall come up later. take, to fix our ideas, the two verses from ' locksley hall ' : \" i, the heir of all the ages in the foremost files of time, \" \" for i doubt not through the ages one increasing purpose runs. \" why is it that when we recite from memory one of these lines, and get as far as the ages, that portion of the other lines which follows, and, so to speak, sprouts out of the ages, does not also sprout out of our memory, and confuse the sense of our words? simply because the word that follows the ages has its brain - process awakened not simply by the brain - process of the ages alone, but by it plus the brain - processes of all the words preceding the ages. the word ages at its moment of strongest activity would, per se, indifferently discharge into either ' in ' or ' one. ' so would the previous words ( whose tension is momentarily much less stronger than that of ages ) each of them indifferently dis - [ p. 568 ] charge into either of a large number of other words with which they have been at different times combined. but when the processes of ' i, the heir of all the ages, ' simultaneously vibrate in the brain, the last one of them in a maximal, the others in a fading phase of excitement ; then the strongest line of discharge will be that which they all alike tend to take. ' in ' and not ' one ' or any other word will be the next to awaken, for its brain - process has previously vibrated in unison not only with that of ages, but with that of all those other words whose activity is dying away. it is a good case of the effectiveness over thought of what we called on p. 258 a ' fringe. ' but if some one of these preceding words - - ' heir, ' for example - - had an intensely strong association with some brain - tracts entirely disjoined in experience from the poem of ' locksley hall ' - - if the reciter, for instance, were tremulous", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.6332777743331626, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.380253"} {"text": "- - ' heir, ' for example - - had an intensely strong association with some brain - tracts entirely disjoined in experience from the poem of ' locksley hall ' - - if the reciter, for instance, were tremulously awaiting the opening of a will which might make him a millionaire - - it is probable that the path of discharge through the words of the poem would be suddenly interrupted at the word ' heir. ' his emotional interest in that word would be such that its own special associations would prevail over the combined ones of the other words. he would, as we say, be abruptly reminded of his personal situation, and the poem would lapse altogether from his thoughts. the writer of these pages has every year to learn the names of a large number of students who sit in alphabetical order in a lecture - room. he finally learns to call them by name, as they sit in their accustomed places. on meeting one in the street, however early in the year, the face hardly ever recalls the name, but it may recall the place of its owner in the lecture - room, his neighbors ' faces, and consequently his general alphabetical position ; and then, usually as the common associate of all these combined data, the student ' s name surges up in his mind. a father wishes to show to some guests the progress of his rather dull child in kindergarten instruction. holding the knife upright on the table, he says, \" what do you call that, my boy? \" \" i calls it a knife, i does, \" is the sturdy reply, from which the child cannot be induced to swerve by [ p. 569 ] any alteration in the form of question, until the father recollecting that in the kindergarten a pencil was used, and not a knife, draws a long one from his pocket, holds it in the same way, and then gets the wished - for answer, \" i calls it vertical. \" all the concomitants of the kindergarten experience had to recombine their effect before the word ' vertical ' could be reawakened. professor bain, in his chapters on ' compound association, ' has treated in a minute and exhaustive way of this type of mental sequence, and what he has done so well need not be here repeated. the ideal working of the law of compound association, were it unmodified by any extraneous influence, would be such as to keep the mind in a perpetual treadmill of concrete reminisc", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.6002469465326116, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.382324"} {"text": "done so well need not be here repeated. the ideal working of the law of compound association, were it unmodified by any extraneous influence, would be such as to keep the mind in a perpetual treadmill of concrete reminiscences from which no detail could be omitted. suppose, for example, we begin by thinking of a certain dinner - party. the only thing which all the components of the dinner - party could combine to recall would be the first concrete occurrence which ensued upon it. all the details of this occurrence could in turn only combine to awaken the next following occurrence, and so on. if a, b, c, d, e, for instance, be the elementary nerve - tracts excited by the last act of the dinner - party, call this act a, and l, m, n, o, p be those of walking home through the frosty night, which we may call b, then the thought of a must awaken that of b, because a, b, c, d, e, will each and all discharge into l through the paths by which their original discharge took place. similarly they will discharge into m, n, o, and p ; and these latter tracts will also each reinforce the other ' s action because, in the experience b, they have already vibrated in unison. the lines in fig. 40, p. 570, symbolize the summation of discharges into each of the components of b, and the consequent strength of the combination of influences by which b in its totality is awakened. hamilton first used the word ' redintegration ' to designate all association. such processes as we have just de - [ p. 570 ] scribed might in an emphatic sense be termed redintegrations, for they would necessarily lead, if unobstructed, to the reinstatement in thought of the entire content of large trains of past experience. from this complete redintegration there could be no escape save through the irruption of some new and strong present impression of the senses, or through the excessive tendency of some one of the elementary brain - tracts to discharge independently into an aberrant quarter of the brain. such was the tendency of the word ' heir ' in the verse from ' locksley hall, ' which was our first example. how such tendencies are constituted we shall have soon to inquire with some care. unless they are present, the panorama of the past, once opened, must unroll itself with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.6096762725522679, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.384693"} {"text": "verse from ' locksley hall, ' which was our first example. how such tendencies are constituted we shall have soon to inquire with some care. unless they are present, the panorama of the past, once opened, must unroll itself with fatal literality to the end, unless some outward sound, sight, or touch divert the current of thought. let us call this process impartial redintegration. whether it ever occurs in an absolutely complete form is doubtful. we all immediately recognize, however, that in some minds there is a much greater tendency than in others for the flow of thought to take this form. those insufferably garrulous old women, those dry and fanciless beings who spare you no detail, however petty, of the facts they are recounting, and upon the thread of whose narrative all the irrelevant items cluster as pertinaciously as the essential ones, [ p. 571 ] the slaves of literal fact, the stumblers over the smallest abrupt step in thought, are figures known to all of us. comic literature has made her profit out of them. juliet ' s nurse is a classical example. george eliot ' s village characters and some of dicken ' s minor personages supply excellent instances. perhaps as successful a rendering as any of this mental type is the character of miss bates in miss austen ' s ' emma. ' hear how she redintegrates : \" ' but where could you hear it? ' cried miss bates. ' where could you possibly hear it, mr. knightley? for it is not five minutes since i received mrs. cole ' s note - - no, it cannot be more than five - - or at least ten - - for i had got my bonnet and spencer on, just ready to come out - - i was only gone down to speak to patty agian about the pork - - jane was standing in the passage - - were not you, jane? - - for my mother was so afraid that we had not any salting - pan large enough. so i said i would go down and see, and jane said : \" shall i go down instead? for i think you have a little cold, and patty has been washing the kitchen. \" \" oh, my dear, \" said i - - well, and just then came the note. a miss hawkins - - that ' s all i know - - a miss hawkins, of bath. but, mr. knightley, how could you possibly have heard it? for the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5748835762169497, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.387983"} {"text": "said i - - well, and just then came the note. a miss hawkins - - that ' s all i know - - a miss hawkins, of bath. but, mr. knightley, how could you possibly have heard it? for the very moment mr. cole told mrs. cole of it, she sat down and wrote to me. a miss hawkins - - ' \" but in every one of us there are moments when this complete reproduction of all the items of a past experience occurs. what are those moments? they are moments of emotional recall of the past as something which once was, but is gone for ever - - moments, the interest of which consists in the feeling that our self was once other than it now is. when this is the case, any detail, however minute, which will make the past picture more complete, will also have its effect in swelling that total contrast between now and then which forms the central interest of our contemplation. ordinary or mixed association. this case helps us to understand why it is that the ordinary spontaneous flow of our ideas does not follow the law of impartial redintegration. in no revival of a past experience are all the items of our thought equally operative in determining what the next thought shall be. always some ingredient is prepotent over the rest. its special suggestions or [ p. 572 ] associations in this case will often be different from those which it has in common with the whole group of items ; and its tendency to awaken these outlying associates will deflect the path of our revery. just as in the original sensible experience our attention focalized itself upon a few of the impressions of the scene before us, so here in the reproduction of those impressions an equal partiality is shown, and some items are emphasized above the rest. what these items shall be is, in most cases of spontaneous revery, hard to determine beforehand. in subjective terms we say that the prepotent items are those which appeal most to our interest. expressed in brain - terms, the law of interest will be : some one brain - process is always prepotent above its concomitants in arousing action elsewhere. \" two processes, \" says mr. hodgson, \" are constantly going on in redintegration. the one a process of corrosion, melting, decay ; the other a process of renewing, arising, becoming.... no object of representation remains long before consciousness in the same state, but fades, decays, and becomes ind", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5883549706143137, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.389992"} {"text": "these images offered various points of interest. those which formed the turning - points of my thought are easily assigned. the gong was momentarily the most interesting part of the clock, because, from having begun with a beautiful tone, it had become discordant and aroused disappointment. but for this the clock might have suggested the friend who gave it to me, or any one of a thousand circumstances connected with clocks. the jeweller ' s shop suggested the studs, because they alone of all its contents were tinged with the egoistic interest of possession. this interest in the studs, their value, made me single out the material as its chief source, etc., to the end. every reader who will arrest himself at any moment and say, \" how came i to be thinking of just this? \" will be sure to trace a train of representations linked together by lines of contiguity and points of interest inextricably combined. this is the ordinary process of the association of ideas as it spontaneously goes on in average minds. we may call it ordinary, or mixed, association. another example of it is given by hobbes in a passage which has been quoted so often as to be classical : [ p. 574 ] \" in a discourse of our present civil war, what could seem more impertinent than to ask ( as one did ) what was the value of a roman penny? yet the coherence to me was manifest enough. for the thought of the war introduced the thought of the delivering up the king to his enemies ; the thought of that brought in the thought of the delivering up of christ ; and that again the thought of the thirty pence, which was the price of that treason : and thence easily followed that malicious question ; and all this in a moment of time ; for thought is quick. \" can we determine, now, when a certain portion of the going thought has, by dint of its interest, become so prepotent as to make its own exclusive associates the dominant features of the coming thought - - can we, i say, determine which of its own associates shall be evoked? for they are many. as hodgson says : \" the interesting parts of the decaying object are free to combine again with any objects or parts of objects with which at any time they have been combined before. all the former combinations of these parts may come back into consciousness ; one must ; but which will? \" mr. hodgson replies : \" there can be but one answer : that which has been most", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6045763581895912, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.392718"} {"text": "with which at any time they have been combined before. all the former combinations of these parts may come back into consciousness ; one must ; but which will? \" mr. hodgson replies : \" there can be but one answer : that which has been most habitually combined with them before. this new object begins at once to form itself in consciousness, and to group its part round the part still remaining from the former object ; part after part comes out and arranges itself in its old position ; but scarcely has the process begun, when the original law of interest begins to operate on this new formation, seizes on the interesting parts and impresses them on the attention to the exclusion of the rest, and the whole process is repeated again with endless variety. i venture to propose this as a complete and true account of the whole process of redintegration. \" in restricting the discharge from the interesting item into that channel which is simply most habitual in the sense of most frequent, hodgson ' s account is assuredly imperfect. an image by no means always revives its most frequent associate, although frequency is certainly one of the most potent determinants of revival. if i abruptly utter the word swallow, the reader, if by habit an ornithologist, will think of a bird ; if a physiologist or a medical specialist in throat diseases, he will think of deglutition. if i say date, [ p. 575 ] he will, if a fruit - merchant or an arabian traveller, think of the produce of the palm ; if an habitual student of history, figures with a. d. or b. c. before them will rise in his mind. if i say bed, bath, morning, his own daily toilet will be invincibly suggested by the combined names of three of its habitual associates. but frequent lines of transition are often set at naught. the sight of c. goring ' s ' system der kritischen philosophie ' has most frequently awakened in me thoughts of the opinions therein propounded. the idea of suicide has never been connected with the volumes. but a moment since, as my eye fell upon them, suicide was the thought that flashed into my mind. why? because but yesterday i received a letter from leipzig informing me that this philosopher ' s recent death by drowning was an act of self - destruction. thoughts tend, then, to awaken their most recent as well as their most habitual associates. this is a matter of notorious experience,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.6000570142480353, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.394089"} {"text": "letter from leipzig informing me that this philosopher ' s recent death by drowning was an act of self - destruction. thoughts tend, then, to awaken their most recent as well as their most habitual associates. this is a matter of notorious experience, too notorious, in fact, to need illustration. if we have seen our friend this morning, the mention of his name now recalls the circumstances of that interview, rather than any more remote details concerning him. if shakespeare ' s plays are mentioned, and we were last night reading ' richard ii., ' vestiges of that play rather than of ' hamlet ' or ' othello ' float through our mind. excitement of peculiar tracts, or peculiar modes of general excitement in the brain, leave a sort of tenderness or exalted sensibility behind them which takes days to die away. as long as it lasts, those tracts or those modes are liable to have their activities awakened by causes which at other times might leave them in repose. hence, recency in experience is a prime factor in determining revival in thought. vividness in an original experience may also have the same effect as habit or recency in bringing about likelihood of revival. if we have once witnessed an execution, any subsequent conversation or reading about capital punishment will almost certainly suggest images of that particular [ p. 576 ] scene. thus it is that events lived through only once, and in youth, may come in after - years, by reason of their exciting quality or emotional intensity, to serve as types or instances used by our mind to illustrate any and every occurring topic whose interest is most remotely pertinent to theirs. if a man in his boyhood once talked with napoleon, any mention of great men or historical events, battles or thrones, or the whirligig of fortune, or islands in the ocean, will be apt to draw to his lips the incidents of that one memorable interview. if the word tooth now suddenly appears on the page before the reader ' s eye, there are fifty chances out of a hundred that, if he gives it time to awaken any image, it will be an image of some operation of dentistry in which he has been the sufferer. daily he has touched his teeth and masticated with them ; this very morning he brushed them, chewed his breakfast and picked them ; but the rarer and remoter associations arise more promptly because they were so much more intense. a fourth factor in tracing the course of reproduction is congruity in emotional tone between the reproduced idea and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5736499650878581, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.396641"} {"text": "brushed them, chewed his breakfast and picked them ; but the rarer and remoter associations arise more promptly because they were so much more intense. a fourth factor in tracing the course of reproduction is congruity in emotional tone between the reproduced idea and our mood. the same objects do not recall the same associates when we are cheerful as when we are melancholy. nothing, in fact, is more striking than our utter inability to keep up trains of joyous imagery when we are depressed in spirits. storm, darkness, war, images of disease, poverty, and perishing afflict unremittingly the imaginations of melancholiacs. and those of sanguine temperament, when their spirits are high, find it impossible to give any permanence to evil forebodings or to gloomy thoughts. in an instant the train of association dances off to flowers and sunshine, and images of spring and hope. the records of arctic or african travel perused in one mood awaken no thoughts but those of horror at the malignity of nature ; read at another time they suggest only enthusiastic reflections on the indomitable power and pluck of man. few novels so overflow with joyous animal spirits as ' the three guardsmen ' of dumas. yet it may awaken in the mind of a [ p. 577 ] reader depressed with sea - sickness ( as the writer can personally testify ) a most dismal and woful consciousness of the cruelty and carnage of which heroes like athos, porthos, and aramis make themselves guilty. habit, recency, vividness, and emotional congruity are, then, all reasons why one representation rather than another should be awakened by the interesting portion of a departing thought. we may say with truth that in the majority of cases the coming representation will have been either habitual, recent, or vivid, and will be congruous. if all these qualities unite in any one absent associate, we may predict almost infallibly that that associate of the going thought will form an important ingredient in the coming thought. in spite of the fact, however, that the succession of representations is thus redeemed from perfect indeterminism and limited to a few classes whose characteristic quality is fixed by the nature of our past experience, it must still be confessed that an immense number of terms in the linked chain of our representations fall outside of all assignable rule. to take the instance of the clock given on page 586. why did the jeweller ' s shop", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5504767167495347, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.399804"} {"text": "past experience, it must still be confessed that an immense number of terms in the linked chain of our representations fall outside of all assignable rule. to take the instance of the clock given on page 586. why did the jeweller ' s shop suggest the shirt - studs rather than a chain which i had brought there more recently, which had cost more, and whose sentimental associations were much more interesting? both chain and studs had excited brain - tracts simultaneously with the shop. the only reason why the nerve - stream from the shop - tract switched off into the stud - tract rather than into the chain - tract must be that the stud - tract happened at that moment to lie more open, either because of some accidental alteration in its nutrition or because the incipient sub - conscious tensions of the brain as a whole had so distributed their equilibrium that it was more unstable here than in the chain - tract. any reader ' s introspection will easily furnish similar instances. it thus remains true that to a certain extent, even in those forms of ordinary mixed association which lie nearest to impartial redintegration, which associate of the interesting item shall emerge must be called largely a matter of accident - - accident, that is, for our intelligence. no doubt it is determined by cerebral causes, but they are too subtile and shifting for our analysis. [ p. 578 ] association by similarity. in partial or mixed associations we have all along supposed the interesting portion of the disappearing thought to be of considerable extent, and to be sufficiently complex to constitute by itself a concrete object. sir william hamilton relates, for instance, that after thinking of ben lomond he found himself thinking of the prussian system of education, and discovered that the links of association were a german gentleman whom he had met on ben lomond, germany, etc. the interesting part of ben lomond, as he had experienced it, the part operative in determining the train of his ideas was the complex image of a particular man. but now let us suppose that that selective agency of interested attention, which may thus convert impartial redintegration into partial association - - let us suppose that it refines itself still further and accentuates a portion of the passing thought, so small as to be no longer the image of a concrete thing, but only of an abstract quality or property. let us moreover suppose that the part thus accentuated persists in consciousness ( or, in cerebral terms, has its brain - process continue ) after the other portions of the thought", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.6361737404722341, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.401201"} {"text": "image of a concrete thing, but only of an abstract quality or property. let us moreover suppose that the part thus accentuated persists in consciousness ( or, in cerebral terms, has its brain - process continue ) after the other portions of the thought have faded. this small surviving portion will then surround itself with its own associates after the fashion we have already seen, and the relation between the new thought ' s object and the object of the faded thought will be a relation of similarity. the pair of thoughts will form an instance of what is called ' association by similarity. ' the similars which are here associated, or of which the first is followed by the second in the mind, are seen to be compounds. experience proves that this is always the [ p. 579 ] case. there is no tendency on the part of simple ' ideas, ' attributes, or qualities to remind us of their like. the thought of one shade of blue does not remind us of that of another shade of blue, etc., unless indeed we have in mind some general purpose like naming the tint, when we should naturally think of other blues of the scale, through ' mixed association ' of purpose, names, and tints, together. but there is no elementary tendency of pure qualities to awaken their similars in the mind. we saw in the chapter on discrimination that two compound things are similar when some one quality or group of qualities is shared alike by both, although as regards their other qualities they may have nothing in common. the moon is similar to a gas - jet, it is also similar to a football ; but a gas - jet and a foot - ball are not similar to each other. when we affirm the similarity of two compound things, we should always say in what respect it obtains. moon and gas - jet are similar in respect of luminosity, and nothing else ; moon and foot - ball in respect of rotundity, and nothing else. foot - ball and gas - jet are in no respect similar - - that is, they possess no common point, no identical attribute. similarity, in compounds, is partial identity. when the same attribute appears in two phenomena, though it be their only common property, the two phenomena are similar is so far forth. to return now to our associated representations. if the thought of the moon is succeeded by the thought of a foot - ball, and that by the thought of one of mr. x ' s railroads, it is because the attribute rotundity in the moon broke", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6531614028690729, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 26, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.402403"} {"text": "now to our associated representations. if the thought of the moon is succeeded by the thought of a foot - ball, and that by the thought of one of mr. x ' s railroads, it is because the attribute rotundity in the moon broke away from all the rest and surrounded itself with an entirely new set of companions - - elasticity, leathery integument, swift mobility in obedience to human caprice, etc. ; and because the last - named attribute in the foot - ball in turn broke away from its companions, and, itself persisting, surrounded itself with such new attributes as make up the notions of a ' railroad king, ' of a rising and falling stock - market, and the like. the gradual passage from impartial redintegration to similar association through what we have called ordinary mixed association may be symbolized by diagrams. fig. 41 is impartial redintegration, fig. 42 is mixed, and fig. 43 [ p. 580 ] similar association. a in each is the passing, b the coming thought. in ' impartial, ' all parts of a are equally operative in calling up b. in ' mixed, ' most parts of a are inert. the part m alone breaks out and awakens b. in ' similar, ' the focalized part m is much smaller than in the previous case, and after awakening its new set of associates, instead of fading out itself, it continues persistently active along with them, forming an identical part in the two ideas, and making these, pro tanto, resemble each other. why a single portion of the passing thought should break out from its concert with the rest and act, as we say, on its own hook, why the other parts should become inert, are mysteries which we can ascertain but not explain. possibly a minuter insight into the laws of neural action will [ p. 581 ] some day clear the matter up ; possibly neural laws will not suffice, and we shall need to invoke a dynamic reaction of the form of consciousness upon its content. but into this we cannot enter now. to sum up, then, we see that the difference between the three kinds of association reduces itself to a simple difference in the amount of that portion of the nerve - tract supporting the going thought which is operative in calling up the thought which comes. but the modus operandi of this active part is the same, be it large or be it small. the items constituting the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6443329601832286, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 27, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.405808"} {"text": "of that portion of the nerve - tract supporting the going thought which is operative in calling up the thought which comes. but the modus operandi of this active part is the same, be it large or be it small. the items constituting the coming object waken in every instance because their nerve - tracts once were excited continuously with those of the going object or its operative part. this ultimate physiological law of habit among the neural elements is what runs the train. the direction of its course and the form of its transitions, whether redintegrative, associative, or similar, are due to unknown regulative or determinative conditions which accomplish their effect by opening this switch and closing that, setting the engine sometimes at half - speed, and coupling or uncoupling cars. this last figure of speech, into which i have glided unwittingly, affords itself an excellent instance of association by similarity. i was thinking of the deflections of the course of ideas. now, from hobbes ' s time downward, english writers have been fond of speaking of the train of our representations. this word happened to stand out in the midst of my complex thought with peculiarly sharp accentuation, and to surround itself with numerous details of railroad imagery. only such details became clear, however, as had their nerve - tracts besieged by a double set of influences - - those from train on the one hand, and those from the movement of thought on the other. it may possibly be that the prepotency of the suggestions of the word train at this moment were due to the recent excitation of the railroad brain - tract by the instance chosen a few pages back of a railroad king playing foot - ball with the stock - market. it is apparent from such an example how inextricably complex are all the contributory factors whose resultant is the line of our reverie. it would be folly in most cases to [ p. 582 ] attempt to trace them out. from an instance like the above, where the pivot of the similar association was formed by a definite concrete word, train, to those where it is so subtile as utterly to elude our analysis, the passage is unbroken. we can form a series of examples. when mr. bagehot says that the mind of the savage, so far from being in a state of nature, is tattooed all over with monstrous superstitions, the case is very like the one we have just been considering. when sir james stephen compares our belief", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6192680868532401, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 28, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.407781"} {"text": "spots, while in the others it fills patiently its broad bed, it seems impossible to guess. whatever the difference may be, it is what separates the man of genius from the prosaic creature of habit and routine thinking. in chapter xxii we shall need to recur again to this point. association in voluntary thought. hitherto we have assumed the process of suggestion of one object by another to be spontaneous. the train of imagery wanders at its own sweet will, now trudging in sober grooves of habit, now with a hop, skip, and jump darting across the whole field of time and space. this is revery, or musing ; but great segments of the flux of our ideas consist of something very different from this. they are guided by a distinct purpose or conscious interest. as the germans say, we nachdenken, or think towards a certain end. it is now necessary to examine what modification is made in the trains of our imagery by the having of an end in view. the course of our ideas is then called voluntary. physiologically considered, we must suppose that a purpose means the persistent activity of certain rather definite brain - processes throughout the whole course of thought. our most usual cogitations are not pure reveries, absolute driftings, but revolve about some central interest or topic to which most of the images are relevant, and towards which we return promptly after occasional digressions. this interest is subserved by the persistently active brain - tracts we have supposed. in the mixed associations which we have hitherto studied, the parts of each object which form the pivots on which our thoughts successively turn have their interest largely determined by their connection with some general interest which for the time has seized upon the mind. if we call z the brain - tract of general interest, then, if the object abc turns up, and b has more associations with z than have either a or c, b will become the object ' s interesting, pivotal portion, and will call up its own associates exclusively. for the energy of b ' s brain - tract will be augmented by z ' s activity, - - an activity which, [ p. 584 ] from lack of previous connection between z and a or c, does not influence a or c. if, for instance, i think of paris whilst i am hungry, i shall not improbably find that its restaurants have become the pivot of my thought, etc., etc. but in the theoretic as well", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5942686569928924, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 30, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.412239"} {"text": "or c. if, for instance, i think of paris whilst i am hungry, i shall not improbably find that its restaurants have become the pivot of my thought, etc., etc. but in the theoretic as well as in the practical life there are interests of a more acute sort, taking the form of definite images of some achievement, be it action or acquisition, which we desire to effect. the train of ideas arising under the influence of such an interest constitutes usually the thought of the means by which the end shall be attained. if the end by its simple presence does not instantaneously suggest the means, the search for the latter becomes an intellectual problem. the solution of problems is the most characteristic and peculiar sort of voluntary thinking. where the end thought of is some outward deed or gain, the solution is largely composed of the actual motor processes, walking, speaking, writing, etc., which lead up to it. where the end is in the first instance only ideal, as in laying out a place of operations, the steps are purely imaginary. in both of these cases the discovery of the means may form a new sort of end, of an entirely peculiar nature, an end, namely, which we intensely desire before we have attained it, but of the nature of which, even whilst most strongly craving it, we have no distinct imagination whatever. such an end is a problem. the same state of things occurs whenever we seek to recall something forgotten, or to state the reason for a judgment which we have made intuitively. the desire strains and presses in a direction which it feels to be right but towards a point which it is unable to see. in short, the absence of an item is a determinant of our representations quite as positive as its presence can ever be. the gap becomes no mere void, but what is called an aching void. if we try to explain in terms of brain - action how a thought which only potentially exists can yet be effective, we seem driven to believe that the brain - tract thereof must actually be excited, but only in a minimal and sub - conscious way. try for instance, to symbolize what goes on in a man who is racking his brains to remember a thought which occurred to him last week. the associates of the [ p. 585 ] thought are there, many of them at least, but they refuse to awaken the thought itself. we cannot suppose that they do not irradiate at all into its brain - tract, because his mind quiver", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6177651528477613, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 31, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.413438"} {"text": "of the [ p. 585 ] thought are there, many of them at least, but they refuse to awaken the thought itself. we cannot suppose that they do not irradiate at all into its brain - tract, because his mind quivers on the very edge of its recovery. its actual rhythm sounds in his ears ; the words seem on the imminent point of following, but fail. what it is that blocks the discharge and keeps the brain - excitement here from passing beyond the nascent into the vivid state cannot be guessed. but we see in the philosophy of desire and pleasure, that such nascent excitements, spontaneously tending to a crescendo, but inhibited or checked by other causes, may become potent mental stimuli and determinants of desire. all questioning, wonder, emotion of curiosity, must be referred to cerebral causes of some such form as this. the great difference between the effort to recall things forgotten and the search after the means to a given end, is that the latter have not, whilst the former have, already formed a part of our experience. if we first study the mode of recalling a thing forgotten, we can take up with better understanding the voluntary quest of the unknown. the forgotten thing is felt by us as a gap in the midst of certain other things. if it is a thought, we possess a dim idea of where we were and what we were about when it occurred to us. we recollect the general subject to which it relates. but all these details refuse to shoot together into a solid whole, for the lack of the vivid traits of this missing thought, the relation whereof to each detail forms now the main interest of the latter. we keep running over the details in our mind, dissatisfied, craving something more. from each detail there radiate lines of association forming so many tentative guesses. many of these are immediately seen to be irrelevant, are therefore void of interest, and lapse immediately from consciousness. others are associated with the other details present, and with the missing thought as well. when these surge up, we have a peculiar feeling that we are ' warm, ' as the children say when they play hide and seek ; and such associates as these we clutch at and keep before the attention. thus we recollect successively that when we had the thought in question we were at the dinner - table ; then that of our friend j. d. was [ p. 586 ] there ; then that the subject talked about was so and so ; finally, that the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5957758100173872, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 32, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.414831"} {"text": "successively that when we had the thought in question we were at the dinner - table ; then that of our friend j. d. was [ p. 586 ] there ; then that the subject talked about was so and so ; finally, that the thought came a propos of a certain anecdote, and then that it had something to do with a french quotation. now all these added associations arise independently of the will, by the spontaneous process we know so well. all that the will does is to emphasize and linger over those which seem pertinent, and ignore the rest. through this hovering of the attention in the neighborhood of the desired object, the accumulation of associates becomes so great that the combined tensions of their neural processes break through the bar, and the nervous wave pours into the tract which has so long been awaiting its advent. and as the expectant, sub - conscious itching there, bursts into the fulness of vivid feeling, the mind finds an inexpressible relief. the whole process can be rudely symbolized in a diagram. call the forgotten thing z, the first facts with which we felt it was related, a, b, and c, and the details finally operative in calling it up, l, m, and n. each circle will then stand for the brain - process underlying the thought of the object denoted by the letter contained within it. the activity in z will at first be a mere tension ; but as the activities in a, b, and c little by little irradiate into l, m, and n, and as all these processes are somehow connected with z, their combined irradiations upon z, represented by the centripetal arrows, succeed in helping the tension there to overcome the resistance, and in rousing z also to full activity. [ p. 587 ] the tension present from the first in z, even though it keep below the threshold of discharge, is probably to some degree co - operative with a, b, c in determining that l, m, n shall awake. without z ' s tension there might be a slower accumulation of objects connected with it. but, as aforesaid, the objects come before us through the brain ' s own laws, and the ego of the thinker can only remain on hand, as it were, to recognize their relative values and brood over some of them, whilst others are let drop. as when we have lost a material object we cannot recover it by a direct effort, but only through moving", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.6217914598500214, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 33, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.417690"} {"text": "it must contain an attribute common to two items, or it must be a uniform concomitant, or what not. we know, in short, a lot about it, whilst as yet we have no knowledge of acquaintance with it ( see p. 221 ), or in mr. hodgson ' s language, \" we know what we want to find beforehand, in a certain sense, in its second intention, and do not know it, in another sense, in its first intention. \" our intuition that one of the ideas which turn up is, at last, our qusitum, is due to our recognition that its relations are identical with those we had in mind, and this may be a rather slow act of judgment. in fact, every one knows that an object may be for some time present to his mind before its relations to other matters are perceived. to quote hodgson again : \" the mode of operation is common to voluntary memory and reason.... but reasoning adds to memory the function of comparing or judging the images which arise.... memory aims at filling the gap with an image which has at some particular time filled it before, reasoning with one which bears certain time - and space - relations to the images before and after \" - - or, to use perhaps clearer language, one which stands in determinate logical relations to those data round about the gap which filled our mind at the start. this feeling of the blank form of relationship before we get the material quality [ p. 589 ] of the thing related will surprise no one who has read chapter ix. from the guessing of newspaper enigmas to the plotting of the policy of an empire there is no other process than this. we trust to the laws of cerebral nature to present us spontaneously with the appropriate idea : \" our only command over it is by the effort we make to keep the painful unfilled gap in consciousness.... two circumstances are important to notice : the first is, that volition has no power of calling up images, but only of rejecting and selecting from those offered by spontaneous redintegration. but the rapidity with which this selection is made, owing to the familiarity of the ways in which spontaneous redintegration runs, gives the process of reasoning the appearance of evoking images that are foreseen to be conformable to the purpose. there is no seeing them before they are offered ; there is no summoning them before they are seen. the other circumstance is, that every kind of reasoning is nothing, in its", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.622996345474851, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 35, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.420558"} {"text": "images that are foreseen to be conformable to the purpose. there is no seeing them before they are offered ; there is no summoning them before they are seen. the other circumstance is, that every kind of reasoning is nothing, in its simplest form, but attention. \" it is foreign to our purpose here to enter into any detailed analysis of the different classes of mental pursuit. in a scientific research we get perhaps as rich an example as can be found. the inquirer starts with a fact of which he seeks the reason, or with an hypothesis of which he seeks the proof. in either case he keeps turning the matter incessantly in his mind until, by the arousal of associate upon associate, some habitual, some similar, one arises which he recognizes to suit his need. this, however, may take years. no rules can be given by which the investigator may proceed straight to his result ; but both here and in the case of reminiscence the accumulation of helps in the way of associations may advance more rapidly by the use of certain routine methods. in striving to recall a thought, for example, we may of set purpose run through the successive classes of circumstances with which it may [ p. 590 ] possibly have been connected, trusting that when the right member of the class has turned up it will help the thought ' s revival. thus we may run through all the places in which we may have had it. we may run through the persons whom we remember to have conversed with, or we may call up successively all the books we have lately been reading. if we are trying to remember a person we may run through a list of streets or of professions. some item out of the lists thus methodically gone over will very likely be associated with the fact we are in need of, and may suggest it or help to do so. and yet the item might never have arisen without such systematic procedure. in scientific research this accumulation of associates has been methodized by mill under the title of ' the four methods of experimental inquiry. ' by the ' method of agreement, ' by that of ' difference, ' by those of ' residues ' and ' concomitant variations ' ( which cannot here be more nearly defined ), we make certain lists of cases ; and by ruminating these lists in our minds the cause we seek will be more likely to emerge. but the final stroke of discovery is only prepared, not effected, by them. the brain - tracts must, of their own accord,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6045715289493891, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 36, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.423396"} {"text": "cases ; and by ruminating these lists in our minds the cause we seek will be more likely to emerge. but the final stroke of discovery is only prepared, not effected, by them. the brain - tracts must, of their own accord, shoot the right way at last, or we shall still grope in darkness. that in some brains the tracts do shoot the right way much oftener than in others, and that we cannot tell why, - - these are ultimate facts to which we must never close our eyes. even in forming our lists of instances according to mill ' s methods, we are at the mercy of the spontaneous workings of similarity in our brain. how are a number of facts, resembling the one whose cause we seek, to be brought together in a list unless the one will rapidly suggest the other through association by similarity? similarity no elementary law. such is the analysis i propose, first of the three main types of spontaneous association, and then of voluntary association. it will be observed that the object called up may bear any logical relation whatever to the one which suggested it. the law requires only that one condition should be fulfilled. the fading object must be due to a brain - process some of whose elements awaken through habit [ p. 591 ] some of the elements of the brain - process of the object which comes to view. this awakening is the operative machinery, the causal agency, throughout, quite as much so in the kind of association i have called by the name of similarity, as in any other sort. the similarity between the objects, or between the thoughts ( if similarity there be between these latter ), has no causal agency in carrying us from one to the other. it is but a result - - the effect of the usual causal agent when this happens to work in a certain particular and assignable way. but ordinary writers talk as if the similarity of the objects were itself an agent, co - ordinate with habit, and independent of it, and like it able to push objects before the mind. this is quite unintelligible. the similarity of two things does not exist till both things are there - - it is meaningless to talk of it as an agent of production of anything, whether in the physical or the psychical realms. it is a relation which the mind perceives after the fact, just as it may perceive the relations of superiority, of distance, of causality, of container and content, of substance and accident, or of contrast, between an object and some second object which the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6292872559531189, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 37, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.426517"} {"text": "relation which the mind perceives after the fact, just as it may perceive the relations of superiority, of distance, of causality, of container and content, of substance and accident, or of contrast, between an object and some second object which the associative machinery calls up. there are, nevertheless, able writers who not only insist on preserving association by similarity as a distinct elementary law, but who make it the most elementary law, and seek to derive contiguous association from it. their reasoning is as follows : when the present impression a [ p. 592 ] awakens the idea b of its past contiguous associate b, how can this occur except through first reviving an image a of its own past occurrence. this is the term directly connected with b ; so that the process instead of being simply a - - b is a - - a - - b. now a and a are similars ; therefore no association by contiguity can occur except through a previous association by similarity. the most important supposition here made is that every impression on entering the mind must needs awaken an image of its past self, in the light of which it is ' apperceived ' or understood, and through the intermediation of which it enters into relation with the mind ' s other objects. this assumption is almost universally made ; and yet it is hard to find any good reason for it. it first came before us when we were reviewing the facts of aphasia and mental blindness ( see p. 50 ff. ). but we then saw no need of optical and auditory images to interpret optical and auditory sensations by. on the contrary, we agreed that auditory sensations were understood by us only so far as they awakened non - auditory images, and optical sensations only so far as they awakened non - optical images. in the chapters on memory, on reasoning, and on perception the same assumption will meet us again, and again will have to be rejected as groundless. the sensational process a and the ideational process a probably occupy essentially the same tracts. when the outer stimulus comes and those tracts vibrate with the sensation a, they discharge as directly into the paths which lead to b as when there is no outer stimulus and they only vibrate with the idea a. to say that the process a can only reach these paths by the help of the weaker process a is like saying that we need a candle to see the sun by. a replaces a, does all that a does and more ; and there is no intel", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6341116399883944, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 38, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.427726"} {"text": "to say that the process a can only reach these paths by the help of the weaker process a is like saying that we need a candle to see the sun by. a replaces a, does all that a does and more ; and there is no intelligible meaning, to my mind, in saying that the weaker process coexists with the stronger. i therefore consider that these writers are altogether wrong. the only plausible proof they give of the coexistence of a with a is when a gives us a sense of familiarity but fails to awaken any distinct thought of past contiguous associates. in a later chapter i shall consider this case. here i content myself with saying that it does not seem conclusive as to the point at issue ; [ p. 593 ] and that i still believe association of coexistent or sequent impressions to be the one elementary law. contrasthas also been held to be an independent agent in association. but the reproduction of an object contrasting with one already in the mind is easily explained on our principles. recent writers, in fact, all reduce it either to similarity or contiguity. contrast always presupposes generic similarity ; it is only the extremes of a class which are contrasted, black and white, not black and sour, or white and prickly. a machinery which reproduces a similar at all, may reproduce the opposite similar, as well as any intermediate term. moreover, the greater number of contrasts are habitually coupled in speech, young and old, life and death, rich and poor, etc., and are, as dr. bain says, in everybody ' s memory. i trust that the student will now feel that the way to a deeper understanding of the order of our ideas lies in the direction of cerebral physiology. the elementary process of revival can be nothing but the law of habit. truly the day is distant when physiologists shall actually trace from cell - group to cell - group the irradiations which we have hypothetically invoked. probably it will never arrive. the schematism we have used is, moreover, taken immediately from the analysis of objects into their elementary parts, and only extended by analogy to the brain. and yet it is only as incorporated in the brain that such a schematism can represent anything causal. this is, to my mind, the conclusive reason for saying that the order of presentation of the mind ' s materials is due to cerebral physiology alone. the law of accidental prepotency of certain processes over others falls also", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6445912031134268, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 39, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.428768"} {"text": "can represent anything causal. this is, to my mind, the conclusive reason for saying that the order of presentation of the mind ' s materials is due to cerebral physiology alone. the law of accidental prepotency of certain processes over others falls also within the sphere of cerebral probabilities. granting such instability as the brain - tissue requires, certain points must always discharge more quickly and strongly than others ; and this prepotency would shift its place from moment to moment by accidental causes, [ p. 594 ] giving us a perfect mechanical diagram of the capricious play of similar association in the most gifted mind. the study of dreams confirms this view. the usual abundance of paths of irradiation seems, in the dormant brain, reduced. a few only are pervious, and the most fantastic sequences occur because the currents run - - ' like sparks in burnt - up paper ' - - wherever the nutrition of the moment creates an opening, but nowhere else. the effects of interested attention and volition remain. these activities seem to hold fast to certain elements, and by emphasizing them and dwelling on them, to make their associates the only ones which are evoked. this is the point at which an anti - mechanical psychology must, if anywhere, make it stand in dealing with association. everything else is pretty certainly due to cerebral laws. my own opinion on the question of active attention and spiritual spontaneity is expressed elsewhere. but even though there be a mental spontaneity, it can certainly not create ideas or summon them ex abrupto. its power is limited to selecting amongst those which the associative machinery has already introduced or tends to introduce. if it can emphasize, reinforce, or protract for a second either one of these, it can do all that the most eager advocate of free will need demand ; for it then decides the direction of the next associations by making them hinge upon the emphasized term ; and determining in this wise the course of the man ' s thinking, it also determines his acts. the history of opinion concerning association. may be briefly glanced at ere we end the chapter. aristotle seems to have caught both the facts and the principle of explanation ; but he did not expand his views, and it was not till the time of hobbes that the matter was again touched on in a definite way. hobbes first formulated the problem of the succession of our thoughts. he writes in leviathan, chapter iii, as follows : [ p. 595 ] \" by consequence, or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5942648030178496, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 40, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.429923"} {"text": "that which we aim at ; and from the thought of that, the thought of means to that mean ; and so continually, till we come to some beginning within our own power. and because the end, by the greatness of the impression, comes often to mind, in case our thoughts begin to wander, they are quickly again reduced into the way : which observed by one of the seven wise men, made him give men this precept, which is now worn out, respice finem ; that is to say, in all your actions, look often upon what you would have, as the thing that directs all your thoughts in the way to attain it. \" the train of regulated thoughts is of two kinds ; one, when of an effect imagined we seek the causes, or means that produce it : and this is common to man and beast. the other is, when imagining anything whatsoever, we seek all the possible effects that can by it be produced ; that is to say, we imagine what we can do with it, when we have it. of which i have not at any time seen any sign, but in man only ; for this is a curiosity hardly incident to the nature of any living creature that has no other passion but sensual, such as are hunger, thirst, lust, and anger. in sum, the discourse of the mind, when it is governed by design, is nothing but seeking, or the faculty of invention, [ p. 596 ] which the latins called sagacitas, and sollertia ; a hunting out of the causes, of some effect, present or past ; or of the effects, of some present or past cause. \" the most important passage after this of hobbes is hume ' s : \" as all simple ideas may be separated by the imagination, and may be united again in what form it pleases, nothing would be more unaccountable than the operations of that faculty, were it not guided by some universal principles, which render it, in some measure, uniform with itself in all times and places. were ideas entirely loose and unconnected, chance alone would join them ; and ' tis impossible the same simple ideas should fall regularly into complex ones ( as they commonly do ) without some bond of union among them, some associating quality, by which one idea naturally introduces another. this uniting principle among ideas is not to be considered as an inseparable connection ; for that has been already excluded from the imagination. nor yet are we to conclude that without it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6083366278692924, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 42, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.432582"} {"text": "some associating quality, by which one idea naturally introduces another. this uniting principle among ideas is not to be considered as an inseparable connection ; for that has been already excluded from the imagination. nor yet are we to conclude that without it the mind cannot join two ideas ; for nothing is more free than that faculty : but we are only to regard it as a gentle force, which commonly prevails, and is the cause why, among other things, languages so nearly correspond to each other ; nature in a manner pointing to every one those simple ideas which are most proper to be united in a complex one. the qualities from which this association arises, and by which the mind is after this manner conveyed from one idea to another, are three, viz., resemblance, contiguity in time or place, and cause and effect. \" i believe it will not be very necessary to prove that these qualities produce an association among ideas, and upon the appearance of one idea naturally introduce another. ' tis plain that in the course of our thinking, and in the constant revolution of our ideas, our imagination runs easily from one idea to any other that resembles it, and that this quality alone is to the fancy a sufficient bond and association. ' tis likewise evident, that as the senses, in changing their objects, are necessitated to change them regularly, and take them as they lie contiguous to each other, the imagination must by long custom acquire the same method of thinking, and run along the parts of space and time in conceiving its objects. as to the connection that is made by the relation of cause and effect, we shall have occasion afterwards to examine it to the bottom, and therefore shall not at present insist upon it. ' tis sufficient to observe that there is no relation which produces a stronger connection in the fancy, and makes one idea more readily recall another, that the relation of cause and effect betwixt their objects.... these are therefore the principles of union or cohesion among our simple ideas, and in the imagination supply the place of that inseparable connection by which they are united in our memory. here is a kind of attraction, which in the mental world will be found [ p. 597 ] to have as extraordinary effects as in the natural, and to show itself in as many and as various forms. its effects are everywhere conspicuous ; but as to its causes, they are mostly unknown, and must be resolved into original qualities of human nature, which i pretend not to explain. \" hume did", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6372577057819044, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 43, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.433618"} {"text": "and to show itself in as many and as various forms. its effects are everywhere conspicuous ; but as to its causes, they are mostly unknown, and must be resolved into original qualities of human nature, which i pretend not to explain. \" hume did not, however, any more than hobbes, follow out the effects of which he speaks, and the task of popularizing the notion of association and making an effective school based on association of ideas alone was reserved for hartley and james mill. these authors traced minutely the presence of association in all the cardinal notions and operations of the mind. the several ' faculties ' of the mind were dispossessed ; the one principle of association between ideas did all their work. as priestley says : \" nothing is requisite to make any man whatever he is, but a sentient principle with this single law.... not only all our intellectual pleasures and pains but all the phenomena of memory, imagination, volition, reasoning and every other mental affection and operation, are but different modes or cases of the association of ideas. \" an eminent french psychologist, m. ribot, repeats hume ' s comparison of the law of association with that of gravitation, and goes on to say : \" it is remarkable that this discovery was made so late. nothing is simpler, apparently, than to notice that this law of association is the truly fundamental, irreducible phenomenon of our mental life ; that it is at the bottom of all our acts ; that is permits of no exception ; that neither dream, revery, mystic ecstasy, nor the most abstract reasoning can exist without it ; that its suppression would be equivalent to that of thought itself. nevertheless no ancient author understood it, for one cannot seriously maintain that a few scattered lines in aristotle and the stoics constitute a theory and clear view of the subject. it is to hobbes, hume, and hartley that we must attribute the origin of these studies on the connection of our ideas. the discovery of the ultimate law of our psychologic acts has this, then, in common with many other discoveries : it came late and seems so simple that it may justly astonish us. \" perhaps it is not superfluous to ask in what this manner of explanation is superior to the current theory of faculties. the most [ p. 598 ] extended usage consists, as we know, in dividing intellectual phenomena into classes, in separating those which differ, in grouping together those of the same nature and in giving to these a common name and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5897152581396815, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 44, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.435993"} {"text": "theory of faculties. the most [ p. 598 ] extended usage consists, as we know, in dividing intellectual phenomena into classes, in separating those which differ, in grouping together those of the same nature and in giving to these a common name and in attributing them to the same cause ; it is thus that we have come to distinguish those diverse aspects of intelligence which are called judgment, reasoning, abstraction, perception, etc. this method is precisely the one followed in physics, where the words caloric, electricity, gravity, designate the unknown causes of certain groups of phenomena. if one thus never forgets that the diverse faculties are only the unknown causes of known phenomena, that they are simply a convenient means of classifying the facts and speaking of them, if one does not fall into the common fault of making out of them substantial entities, creations which now agree, now disagree, so forming in the intelligence a little republic ; then, we can see nothing reprehensible in this distribution into faculties, conformable as it is to the rules of a sound method and of a good natural classification. in what then is mr. bain ' s procedure superior to the method of the faculties? it is that the latter is simply a classification while his is an explanation. between the psychology which traces intellectual facts back to certain faculties, and that which reduces them to the single law of association, there is, according to our way of thinking, the same difference that we find in physics between those who attribute its phenomena to five or six causes, and those who derive gravity caloric, light, etc., from motion. the system of the faculties explains nothing because each one of them is only a flatus vocis which is of value merely through the phenomena which it contains, and signifies nothing more than these phenomena. the new theory, on the contrary, shows that the different processes of intelligence are only diverse cases of a single law ; that imagination, deduction, induction, perception, etc., are but so many determinate ways in which ideas may combine with each other ; and that the differences of faculties are only differences of association. it explains all intellectual facts, certainly not after the manner of metaphysics which demands the ultimate and absolute reason of things ; but after the manner of physics which seeks only their secondary and immediate cause. \" the inexperienced reader may be glad of a brief indication of the manner in which all the different mental operations may be conceived to consist of images of sensation associated together. memory is the association of a present image with others", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6559115469666463, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 45, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.439719"} {"text": "only their secondary and immediate cause. \" the inexperienced reader may be glad of a brief indication of the manner in which all the different mental operations may be conceived to consist of images of sensation associated together. memory is the association of a present image with others known to belong to the past. expectation the same, with future substituted for past. fancy, the association of images without temporal order. belief in anything not present to sense is the very lively, [ p. 599 ] strong, and steadfast association of the image of that thing with some present sensation, so that as long as the sensation persists the image cannot be excluded from the mind. judgment is ' transferring the idea of truth by association from one proposition to another that resembles it. ' reasoning is the perception that \" whatever has any mark has that which it is a mark of \" ; in the concrete case the mark or middle term being always associated with each of the other terms and so serving as a link by which they are themselves indirectly associated together. this same kind of transfer of a sensible experience associated with another to a third also associated with that other, serves to explain emotional facts. when we are pleased or hurt we express it, and the expression associates itself with the feeling. hearing the same expression from another revives the associated feeling, and we sympathize, i. e. grieve or are glad with him. the other social affections, benevolence, conscientiousness, ambition, etc., arise in like manner by the transfer of the bodily pleasure experienced as a reward for social service, and hence associated with it, to the act of service itself, the link of reward being dropped out. just so avarice when the miser transfers the bodily pleasures associated with the spending of money to the money itself, dropping the link of spending. fear is a transfer of the bodily hurt associated by experience with the thing feared, to the thought of the thing, with the precise features of the hurt left out. thus we fear a dog without distinctly imagining his bite. love is the association of the agreeableness of certain sensible experiences with the idea of the object capable of affording them. the experiences themselves may cease to be distinctly imagined after the notion of their pleasure has been transferred to the object, constituting love there - for. volition is the association of ideas of muscular motion with the ideas of those pleasures which the motion produces. the motion at first occurs automatically and results [ p. 600 ] in a pleasure unforeseen", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6167727635259433, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 46, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.462079"} {"text": "object, constituting love there - for. volition is the association of ideas of muscular motion with the ideas of those pleasures which the motion produces. the motion at first occurs automatically and results [ p. 600 ] in a pleasure unforeseen. the latter becomes so associated with the motion that whenever we think of it the idea of the motion arises ; and the idea of the motion when vivid causes the motion to occur. this is an act of will. nothing is easier than for a philosopher of this school to explain from experience such a notion as that of infinitude. \" he sees in it an ordinary manifestation of one of the laws of the association of ideas, - - the law that the idea of a thing irresistibly suggests the idea of any other thing which has been often experienced in close conjunction with it, and not otherwise. as we have never had experience of any point of space without other points beyond it, nor of any point of time without others following it, the law of indissoluble association makes it impossible for us to think of any point of space or time, however distant, without having the idea irresistibly realized, in imagination, of other points still more remote. and thus the supposed original and inherent property of these two ideas is completely explained and accounted for by the law of association ; and we are enabled to see that if space or time were really susceptible of termination, we should be just as unable as we now are to conceive the idea. \" these examples of the associationist psychology are with the exception of the last, very crudely expressed, but they suffice for our temporary need. hartley and james mill improved upon hume so far as to employ but a single principle of association, that of contiguity or habit. hartley ignores resemblance, james mill expressly repudiates it in a passage which is assuredly one of the curiosities of literature : \" i believe it will be found that we are accustomed to see like things together. when we see a tree, we generally see more trees than one ; a sheep, more sheep than one ; a man, more men than one. from this observation, i think, we may refer resemblance to the law of frequency [ i. e., contiguity ], of which it seems to form only a particular case. \" mr. herbert spencer has still more recently tried to construct a psychology which ignores association by similarity, and in a chapter, which also is a curiosity, he tries [", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6134025429264272, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 47, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.467148"} {"text": "difference between a horse, a steam - engine, and a waterfall, when our minds are engrossed with the one circumstance of moving power. the diversity in these had no doubt for a long time the effect of keeping back their first identification ; and to obtuse intellects, this identification might have been for ever impossible. a strong concentration of mind upon the single peculiarity of mechanical force, and a degree of indifference to the general aspect of the things themselves, [ p. 602 ] must conspire with the intellectual energy of resuscitation by similars, in order to summon together in the view three structures so different. we can see, by an instance like this, how new adaptations of existing machinery might arise in the mind of a mechanical inventor. when it first occurred to a reflecting mind that moving water had a property identical with human or brute force, namely, the property of setting other masses in motion, overcoming inertia and resistance, - - when the sight of the stream suggested through this point of likeness the power of the animal, - - a new addition was made to the class of prime movers, and when circumstances permitted, this power could become a substitute for the others. it may seem to the modern understanding, familiar with water - wheels and drifting rafts, that the similarity here was an extremely obvious one. but if we put ourselves back into an early state of mind, when running water affected the mind by its brilliancy, its roar, and irregular devastation, we may easily suppose that to identify this with animal muscular energy was by no means an obvious effect. doubtless when a mind arose, insensible by natural constitution to the superficial aspects of things, and having withal a great stretch of identifying intellect, such a comparison would then be possible. we may pursue the same example one stage further, and come to the discovery of steam power, or the identification of expanding vapor with the previously known sources of mechanical force. to the common eye, for ages, vapor presented itself as clouds in the sky ; or as a hissing noise at the spout of a kettle, with the formation of a foggy curling cloud at a few inches ' distance. the forcing up of the lid of a kettle may also have been occasionally observed. but how long was it ere any one was struck with the parallelism of this appearance with a blast of wind, a rush of water, or an exertion of animal muscle? the discordance was too great to be broken through by such", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.6464233445086562, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 49, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.471647"} {"text": "how long was it ere any one was struck with the parallelism of this appearance with a blast of wind, a rush of water, or an exertion of animal muscle? the discordance was too great to be broken through by such a faint and limited amount of likeness. in one mind, however, the identification did take place, and was followed out into its consequences. the likeness had occurred to other minds previously, but not with the same results. such minds must have been in some way or other distinguished above the millions of mankind ; and we are now endeavoring to give the explanation of their superiority. the intellectual character of watt contained all the elements preparatory to a great stroke of similarity in such a case ; - - a high susceptibility, both by nature and by education, to the mechanical properties of bodies ; ample previous knowledge or familiarity ; and indifference to the superficial and sensational effects of things. it is not only possible, however, but exceedingly probable, that many men possessed all these accomplishments ; they are of a kind not transcending common abilities. they would in some degree attach to a mechanical education almost as a matter of course. that the discovery was not sooner made supposes that something farther, and not of common occurrence, was necessary ; and this additional endowment appears to be the identifying power of similarity in general ; the tendency to detect likeness in the midst of disparity and disguise. this [ p. 603 ] supposition accounts for the fact, and is consistent with the known intellectual character of the inventor of the steam - engine. \" dr. hodgson ' s account of association is by all odds the best yet propounded in english. all these writers hold more or less explicitly to the notion of atomistic ' ideas ' which recur. in germany, the same mythological supposition has been more radically grasped, and carried out to a still more logical, if more repulsive, extreme, by herbart and his followers, who until recently may be said to have reigned almost supreme in their native country. for herbart each idea is a permanently existing entity, the entrance whereof into consciousness is but an accidental determination of its being. so far as it succeeds in occupying the theatre of consciousness, it crowds out another idea previously there. this act of inhibition gives it, however, a sort of hold on the other representation which on all later occasions facilitates its following the other into the mind. the ingenuity with which most special cases of association are formulated in this mechanical language of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.6268402035322607, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 50, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.477025"} {"text": ". this act of inhibition gives it, however, a sort of hold on the other representation which on all later occasions facilitates its following the other into the mind. the ingenuity with which most special cases of association are formulated in this mechanical language of struggle and inhibition, is great, and surpasses in analytic thoroughness anything that has been done by the british school. this, however, is a doubtful merit, in a case where the elements dealt with are artificial ; and i must confess that to my mind there is something almost hideous in the glib herbartian jargon about vorstellungsmassen and their hemmungen and hemmungssummen, and sinken and erheben and schweben, and verschmelzungen and complexionen. herr lipps, the most recent systematic german psychologist, has, i regret to say, carried out the theory of ideas in a way which the great originality, learning, and acuteness he [ p. 604 ] shows make only the more regrettable. such elaborately artificial constructions are, it seems to me, only a burden and a hindrance, not a help, to our science. in french, m. rabier in his chapter on association, handles the subject more vigorously and acutely than any one. his treatment of it, though short, seems to me for general soundness to rank second only to hodgson ' s. in the last chapter we already invoked association to account for the effect of use in improving discrimination. in later chapters we shall see abundant proof of the immense part which it plays in other processes, and shall then readily admit that few principles of analysis, in any science, have proved more fertile than this one, however vaguely formulated it often may have been. our own attempt to formulate it more definitely, and to escape the usual confusion between causal agencies and relations merely known, must not blind us to the immense services of those by whom the confusion was unfelt. from this practical point of view it would be a true ignoratio elenchi to flatter one ' s self that one has dealt a heavy blow at the psychology of association, when one has exploded the theory of atomistic ideas, or shown that contiguity and similarity between ideas can only be there after association is done. the whole body of the associationist psychology remains standing after you have translated ' ideas ' into ' objects, ' on the one hand, and ' brain - processes ' on the other ; and the analysis", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6088816925173683, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 51, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.478819"} {"text": "ideas can only be there after association is done. the whole body of the associationist psychology remains standing after you have translated ' ideas ' into ' objects, ' on the one hand, and ' brain - processes ' on the other ; and the analysis of faculties and operations is as conclusive in these terms as in those traditionally used. the theory propounded in this chapter, and a good many pages of the text, were originally published in the popular science monthly for march, 1880. compare renouvier ' s criticism of associationism in his essais de critique generale, logique, ii. p. 493 foll. unless the name belong to a rapidly uttered sentence, when no substantive image may have time to arise. in his observations he says that time was lost in mentally taking in the word which was the cue, \" owing to the quiet unobtrusive way in which i found it necessary to bring it into view, so as not to distract the thoughts. moreover, a substantive standing by itself is usually the equivalent of too abstract an idea for us to conceive properly without delay. thus it is very difficult to get a quick conception of the word ' carriage, ' because there are so many different kinds - - two - wheeled, four - wheeled, open and closed, and in so many different possible positions, that the mind possibly hesitates amidst an obscure sense of many alterations that cannot blend together. but limit the idea to say a landau, and the mental association declares itself more quickly. \" ( inquiries, etc., p. 190. ) physiol. psych., ii. 280 fol. for interesting remarks on the sorts of things associated, in these experiments, with the prompting word, see galton, op. cit. pp. 185 - 203, and trautscholdt in wundt ' s psychologische studien, i. 213. mind, xi. 64 - 5. this value is much smaller than that got by wundt as above. no reason for the difference is suggested by mr. cattell. wundt calls attention to the fact that the figures found by him give an average, 0. 720 \", exactly equal to the time interval which in his experiments ( vide infra, chapter on time ) was reproduced without error either way, and to that required, according to the webers, for the legs to swing in rapid locomotion. \" it is not improbable, \" he adds, \" that this psychic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5926919891509369, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 52, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.479958"} {"text": "chapter on time ) was reproduced without error either way, and to that required, according to the webers, for the legs to swing in rapid locomotion. \" it is not improbable, \" he adds, \" that this psychic constant, of the mean association - time and of the most correct appreciation of a time - interval, may have been developed under the influence of the most usual bodily movements, which also have determined the manner in which we tend to subdivide rhythmically longer periods of time. \" ( physiol. psch., ii. 286 ). the rapprochement is of that tentative sort which it is no harm for psychologists to make, provided they recollect how very fictitious and incomparable mutually all these averages derived from different observers, working under different conditions, are. mr. cattell ' s figure throws wundt ' s ingenious parallel entirely out of line. - - the only measurements of association - time which so far seem likely to have much theoretic importance are a few made on insane patients by von tschisch ( mendel ' s neurologisches centralblatt, 15 mai, 1885, 3 jhrg., p. 217 ). the simple reaction time was found about normal in three patients, one with progressive paralysis, one with inveterate mania of persecution, one recovering from ordinary mania. in the convalescent maniac and the paralytic, however, the association - time was hardly half as much as wundt ' s normal figure ( 0. 28 \" and 0. 23 \" instead of 0. 7 ' - - smaller also than cattell ' s ), whilst in the sufferer from delusions of persecution and hallucinations it was twice as great as normal ( 1. 39 \" instead of 0. 7 \" ). this latter patient ' s time was six - fold that of the paralytic. herr von tschisch remarks on the connection of the short times with diminished power for clear and consistent processes of thought, and on that of the long times with the persistent fixation of the attention upon monotonous objects ( delusions ). miss marie walitzky ( revue philosophique, xxviii. 583 ) has carried von tschisch ' s observations still farther, making 18, 000 measurements in all. she found association - time increased in paralytic dementia and diminished in mania. choice - time, on the contrary, is increased in mania. mind,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5563026566769896, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 53, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.481213"} {"text": "carried von tschisch ' s observations still farther, making 18, 000 measurements in all. she found association - time increased in paralytic dementia and diminished in mania. choice - time, on the contrary, is increased in mania. mind, xii. 67 - 74. compare bain ' s law of association by contiguity : \" actions, sensations, and states of feeling, occurring together or in close succession, tend to grow together, or cohere, in such a way that, when any one of them is afterwards presented to the mind, the others are apt to be brought up in idea \" ( senses and intellect, p. 327 ). compare also hartley ' s formulation : \" any sensations a, b, c, etc., by being associated with one another a sufficient number of times, get such a power over the corresponding ideas, a, b, c, etc., that any one of the sensations a, when impressed alone, shall be able to excite in the mind b, c, etc., the ideas of the rest. \" ( observations on man, part i. chap. i. \u00a7 2, prop. x. ) the statement in the text differs from these in holding fast to the objective point of view. it is things, and objective properties in things, which are associated in our thought. encyclop\u00e6dia britannica, 9th ed., article psychology, p. 60, col. 2. physiol. psych., 2d ed. ii. 300. the difficulty here as with habit uberhaupt is in seeing how new paths come first to be formed ( cf. above, 109 ). experience shows that a new path is formed between centres for sensible impressions whenever these vibrate together or in rapid succession. a child sees a certain bottle and hears it called ' milk, ' and thenceforward thinks the name when he again sees the bottle. but why the successive or simultaneous excitement of two centres independently stimulated from without, one by sight and the other by hearing, should result in a path between them, one does not immediately see. we can only make hypotheses. any hypothesis of the specific mode of their formation which tallies well with the observed facts of association will be in so far forth credible, in spite of possible obscurity. herr munsterberg thinks ( beitrage zur exp. psychologie, heft 1, p. 132 ) that between centres excited successively from without no path ought to be formed,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5770255833954572, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 54, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.482255"} {"text": "in so far forth credible, in spite of possible obscurity. herr munsterberg thinks ( beitrage zur exp. psychologie, heft 1, p. 132 ) that between centres excited successively from without no path ought to be formed, and that consequently all contiguous association is between simultaneous experiences. mr. ward ( loc. cit. ) thinks on the contrary, that it can only be between successive experiences : \" the association of objects simultaneously presented can be resolved into an association of objects successively attended to.... it seems hardly possible to mention a case in which attention to the associated objects could not have been successive. in fact, an aggregate of objects on which attention could be focused at once would be already associated. \" between these extreme possibilities, i have refrained from deciding in the text, and have described contiguous association as holding between both successively and coexistently presented objects. the physiological question as to how we may conceive the paths to originate had better be postponed till it comes to us again in the chapter on the will, where we can treat it in a broader way. it is enough here to have called attention to it as a serious problem. essay, bk. ii. chap. xxxiii. \u00a7 6. compare hume, who, like locke, only uses the principle to account for unreasonable and obstructive mental associations : \" ' twould have been easy to have made an imaginary dissection of the brain, and have shown why, upon our conception of any idea, the animal spirits run into all the contiguous traces, and rouse up the other ideas that are related to it. but though i have neglected any advantage which i might have drawn from this topic in explaining the relations of ideas, i am afraid i must here have recourse to it, in order to account for the mistakes that arise from these relations. i shall therefore observe, that as the mind is endowed with a power of exciting any idea it pleases ; whenever it dispatches the spirits into that region of the brain in which the idea is placed, these spirits always excite the idea, when they run precisely into the proper traces, and rummage that cell which belongs to the idea. but as their motion is seldom direct, and naturally turns a little to the one side or the other ; for this reason the animal spirits, falling into the contiguous traces, present other related ideas in lieu of that which the mind desired at first to survey. this change we are not always sensible of ; but continuing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5984684196076783, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 55, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.483453"} {"text": "little to the one side or the other ; for this reason the animal spirits, falling into the contiguous traces, present other related ideas in lieu of that which the mind desired at first to survey. this change we are not always sensible of ; but continuing still the same train of thought, make use of the related idea which is presented to us, and employ it in our reasoning, as if it were the same with what we demanded. this is the cause of many mistakes and sophisms in philosophy ; as will naturally be imagined, and as it would be easy to show, if there was occasion. \" op. cit. prop. xi. see chapter iii, p. 82 - 5. i strongly advise the student to read his senses and intellect, pp. 544 - 556. time and space, p. 266. compare coleridge : \" the true practical general law of association is this : that whatever makes certain parts of a total impression more vivid or distinct than the rest will determine the mind to recall these, in preference to others equally linked together by the common condition of contemporaeity or of contiguity. but the will itself, by confining and intensifying the attention, may arbitrarily give vividness or distinctness to any object whatsoever. \" ( biographia litteraria, chap. v. ) leviathan, pt. i. chap. iii., init. i refer to a recency of a few hours. mr. galton found that experiences from boyhood and youth were more likely to be suggested by words seen at random than experiences of later years. see his highly interesting account of experiments in his inquiries into human faculty, pp. 191 - 203. for other instances see wahle, in vierteljsch f. wiss. phil., ix. 144 - 417 ( 1885 ). i retain the title of association by similarity in order not to depart from common usage. the reader will observe, however, that my nomenclature is not based on the same principle throughout. impartial redintegration connotes neural processes ; similarity is an objective relation perceived by the mind ; ordinary or mixed association is a merely denotative word. total recall, partial recall, and focalized recall, of associates, would be better terms. but as the denotation of the latter word is almost identical with that of association by similarity, i think it better to sacrifice propriety to popularity, and to keep the latter well - worn", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.6265378908664642, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 56, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.484582"} {"text": ", introduction to psych. theory, 92 ; ward, encyclop. britt. art. psychology, p. 60 ; wahle, vierteljahrsch. f. wiss. philos. ix. 426 - 431. dr. mccosh is accordingly only logical when he sinks similarity in what he calls the \" law of correlation, according to which, when we have discovered a relation between things, the idea of one tends to bring up the others \" ( psychology, the cognitive powers, p. 130 ). the relations mentioned by this author are identity, whole and parts, resemblance, space, time, quantity, active property, and cause and effect. if perceived relations among objects are to be treated as grounds for their appearance before the mind, similarity has of course no right to an exclusive, or even to a predominant, place. cf. bain, senses and intellect, 564 ff. ; j. s. mill, note 39 to j. mill ' s analysis ; lipps, grundtatsachen, 97. see, for farther details, hamilton ' s reid, appendices d * * and d * * * ; and l. ferri, la psychologie de l ' association ( paris, 1883 ). also robertson, art. association in encyclop. britannica. treatise of human nature, part i. \u00a7 iv. observations on man ( london, 1749 ). analysis of the phenomena of the human mind ( 1829 ). hartley ' s theory, 2d ed. ( 1790 ) p. xxvii. [ current, that is, in france. - - w. j. ] la psychologie anglaise, p. 242. priestley, op. cit. p. xxx. review of bain ' s psychology, by j. s. mill, in edinb. review, oct. 1, 1859, p. 293. analysis of the phenomena of the human mind, j. s. mill ' s edition, vol. i. p. 111. on the associability of relations between feelings, in principles of psychology, vol. i. p. 259. it is impossible to regard the \" cohering of each feeling with previously - experienced feelings of the same class, order, genus, species, and, so far as may be, the same variety, \" which spencer calls ( p. 257 ) ' the sole process of association of feelings. ' as any equivalent for what is commonly known as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6060020509370853, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 58, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.486554"} {"text": "the same class, order, genus, species, and, so far as may be, the same variety, \" which spencer calls ( p. 257 ) ' the sole process of association of feelings. ' as any equivalent for what is commonly known as association by similarity. the senses and the intellect, pp. 491 - 3. see his time and space, chapter v, and his theory of practice, \u00a7 \u00a7 53 to 57. psychologie als wissenschaft ( 1824 ), 2. prof. ribot, in chapter i of his ' contemporary german psychology, ' has given a good account of herbart and his school, and of beneke, his rival and partial analogue. see also two articles on the herbartian psychology, by g. f. stout, in mind for 1888. j. d. morrell ' s outlines of mental philosophy ( 2d ed., london, 1862 ) largely follows herbart and beneke. i know of no other english book which does so. see his grundtatsachen des bewusstseins ( 1883 ), chap. vi et passim, especially pp. 106 ff., 364. the most burdensome and utterly gratuitous of them are perhaps steinthal ' s, in his einleitung in die psychologie, 2te aufl. ( 1881 ). cf. also g. glogau : steinthal ' s psychologische formeln ( 1886 ). lecons de philosophie, i. psychologie, chap. xvi ( 1884 ). mr. f. h. bradley seems to me to have been guilty of something very like this ignoratio elenchi in the, of course, subtle and witty but decidedly long - winded critique of the association of ideas, contained in book ii. part ii. chap. i. of his principles of logic.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6079542410310456, "token_count": 388, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 59, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.488898"} {"text": "individual differences | methods | statistics | clinical | educational | industrial | professional items | world psychology | online therapy generally refers to the provision of professional mental health services concerns via internet communication technology. also known as e - therapy, etherapy, e - counseling, online counseling, or online coaching, services are typically offered via email, real - time chat, and video conferencing. some clients use online counseling in conjunction with traditional psychotherapy, and others use it as an occasional check - in tool for their lives. clients typically seek out online counseling services for the same reasons that people seek professional help through traditional channels ; however, online counseling may be especially appealing for individuals who are unable or unwilling to see a mental health professional in person. for example, it is a potential resource for clients who are home - bound ( such as the elderly or infirm ) or who reside in rural areas far from a therapist ' s office. online counselors also assist those with a fear of exposing their feelings. for example, a person with grief and loss issues, may be fearful of crying in front of another person. online counseling can also be an option for individuals who suffer from a rare or unique problem and wish to work with a hard - to - find expert in a relevent field. convenience is the most - often cited reason why people use online counseling services. it can be convenient for clients and counselors alike, and participants may engage in the counseling process from the comfort of their homes or offices, at times that are most convenient for them. schedules are often tight. online therapy allows client to send an email at 3am or schedule a phone conference at 8am. this is very helpful to many clients. the sense of anonymity provided by internet assisted counseling is another oft - cited benefit. many people are uncomfortable talking about their personal problems while in the physical presence of another, and may be more likely to disclose when they cannot be seen. this effect is called disinhibition. while online counseling may suggest anonymity, potential clients should understand the differences between anonymity, privacy and confidentiality. see below for cautions regarding privacy and confidentiality. online counseling through asynchronous avenues ( email ) can be less expensive than traditional in - person sessions and allows both client and therapist to take their time in fashioning a response. online chat sessions may also be priced lower than face - to - face ( f2f ) work because net - based counselors may not have the overhead costs needed to maintain", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5483803877162586, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.494277"} {"text": "allows both client and therapist to take their time in fashioning a response. online chat sessions may also be priced lower than face - to - face ( f2f ) work because net - based counselors may not have the overhead costs needed to maintain an office ; however, insurance companies rarely cover online counseling sessions. clients opting for online counseling often must pay the entire cost of therapy. a major challenge for online counseling and because there are verbal cues ( or verbal behavior ), signs and signals given by a client to a therapist that are missed in online counseling. many online counselors offer the option of phone counseling or video conferencing during the chat. this enables both parties to pick up on some of the missed cues. some argue that online counseling may, for some individuals, feed into their tendency to avoid \" in office \" interactions when what would benefit them most would be to be in the actual physical presence of a healing professional. in some instances this \" distanced \" interaction can be coupled with the presence of a professional who wishes ( for whatever reason ) to maintain a distance from the intimacy of \" in office \" interactions. when both of the above situations exist, it is unlikely to result in an effective therapeutic outcome. other major challenges are in the areas of professionalism and internet security. many people can hang a virtual shingle and offer to do online counseling. potential clients seeking online counseling should look carefully at the web site offering such services. look to see that counselor credentials are verified and that counselors carry malpractice insurance. counselors and web sites offering counseling should ensure that data is maintained on a secure server and that the highest level of encryption is used to prevent interception of information through computer hacking. clients also must take due care to password protect their own computer hardware, wireless internet access points and site id and / or password to further protect themselves against identity theft and interception of private information. see also edit - computer applications - computer assisted therapy - health care seeking behavior - list of counseling topics - telecommunications media - kraus, r., zack, j. & stricker, g. ( 2004 ), online counseling : a handbook for mental health professionals, san diego, california : elsevier academic press - list of research references related to online counseling - [ http : / / www. psychboard. ca. gov / consumers / internet - thrpy. shtml cautions via california board of psychology }", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5033999666037723, "token_count": 492, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.495411"} {"text": "| abstract : | | the 5th international geological congress ( igc ), the initial meeting in north america, was the first of the three igcs that have been held in the united states of america ( usa ). of the 538 registrants alive when the 5th igc convened in washington, 251 persons, representing fifteen countries, actually attended the meeting. these participants included 173 people from the usa, of whom forty - two represented the us geological survey ( usgs ). fourteen of the us state geological surveys sent representatives to washington. eight participants came from other countries in the western hemisphere - canada ( 3 ), chile ( 1 ), mexico ( 3 ), and peru ( 1 ). the sixty - six european geologists and naturalists at the 5th igc represented austro - hungary ( 3 ), belgium ( 3 ), britain ( 12 ), france ( 7 ), germany ( 23 ), norway ( 1 ), romania ( 3 ), russia ( 8 ), sweden ( 4 ), and switzerland ( 2 ). the usgs and the columbian college ( now the george washington university ) acted as the principal hosts. the american association for the advancement of science and then the geological society of america ( gsa ) met in the capital immediately before the congress convened ( 26 august - 1 september 1891 ). the 5th igc \u2018 s formal discussions treated the genetic classification of pleistocene rocks, the chronological correlation of clastic rocks, and the international standardization of colors, symbols, and names used on geologic maps. the third of those topics continued key debates at the 1st through 4th igcs. the gsa, the korean embassy, the smithsonian institution \u2018 s us national museum, the usgs, and one of the two secretaries - general hosted evening receptions. field excursions examined paleozoic exposures in new york ( 18 - 25 august ), cretaceous - pleistocene localities along the potomac river south of washington ( 30 august ), and classic precambrian - pleistocene sequences and structures in the great plains, yellowstone, rocky mountains, and great basin ( 2 - 26 september ), with optional trips to the grand canyon ( 19 - 28 september ) and lake superior ( 23 september - 2 october ). the single - volume report of the 5th igc was published in washington in 1893.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.527768603798321, "token_count": 465, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.499077"} {"text": "a false analogy is a rhetorical fallacy that uses an analogy ( comparing objects or ideas with similar characteristics ) to support an argument, but the conclusion made by it is not supported by the analogy due to the differences between the two objects. sometimes these differences are outright ignored by the person presenting the fallacy ; other times, they may not be aware of the differences or that they apply. the fallacy occurs, and is common, because analogies are just that, analogies, and their parallels are always limited ; the differences between things can often overpower their similarities. one thing people sometimes do for fun is extend a useful analogy or metaphor to the point of absurdity. analogies and metaphors can be very useful to explain things to people and often play an important part in learning. however, because of the prevalence of false analogies they ' re much less useful in making arguments. the \" watchmaker \" analogy the \" watchmaker \" analogy, originally formed by william paley for the existence of god ( the argument from design ) and since reused as an argument for intelligent design, is cited as an example of a false analogy. in it, paley suggested that an analogy could be made between the complexity of a watch and the complexity of the universe. the analogy is as follows : - the universe is like a watch. - a watch must have a watchmaker. - the universe, being like a watch, must have a designer. the false analogy can be shown by a reduction to the absurd, highlighting the many differences between the universe and a watch. similar absurdities can be built from almost every other characteristic of watches : - the universe is like a watch. - a watch can be used to cover a tattoo on one ' s wrist. - the universe, being like a watch, can be used to cover a tattoo on one ' s wrist. also, there are problems \" disguised \" in the assumptions of the analogy. a watch bears little resemblance to the universe, therefore the entire analogy is invalidated in step 1. paley ' s original argument also focused on the hypothetical scenario of coming across a watch in heath, and its apparent complexity and appearance of design can be compared to stones and grass around it. because of this, the analogy fails at a more subtle level ; we have seen watches designed and made by intelligent entities and we have seen rocks and grass made by non - intelligent, natural mechanisms. the universe, however, is all we have seen \u2014 there is nothing on a similar scale and scope to the universe that implies", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5478313800241728, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.502409"} {"text": "emergency preparedness is not solely the concern of californians for earthquakes, of gulf coast residents for hurricanes, or of those who live in \" tornado alley \". most communities may be impacted by several types of hazards during a lifetime. americans also travel to areas impacted by hazards they may not be at risk of near their homes. knowing what to do before, during, and after an emergency is a critical part of being prepared, and may make all the difference when seconds count. some of the basic protective actions are similar for multiple hazards. for example, safety is necessary when experiencing all hazards, whether this means sheltering or evacuating depends on the specific emergency. developing a family communications plan or making an emergency supply kit are the same for accidental emergencies, natural disasters and also terrorism. however, there are important differences among potential emergencies that should impact the decisions you make and the actions you take. use the links on this page to learn about the potential emergencies that can happen where you live and the appropriate ways to respond to them. when you know what to do, you can plan with your household and prepare in advance to be ready. these links also provide information about how protect your household and begin recovery following the initial disaster. before a disaster, learn how you will know there is an impending hazardous event. familiarize yourself with the signs of events that come without warning and know the local advance alerts and warnings and how you will receive them. knowing about the local emergency plans for shelter and evacuation and local emergency contacts will help you develop your household plan and will also aid you during a crisis. learning what to do in different situations and developing and customizing your plans for your local hazards, the locations frequented by members of your household and the specific needs of household members including animals will help you reduce the impact of disasters and may save lives and prevent injuries.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45392947235755066, "token_count": 371, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.507839"} {"text": "february 22, 2012 \u2014 \" religion today \" is contributed by the university of wyoming ' s religious studies program to examine and promote discussion of religious issues. the goal of the enlightenment, that intellectual movement of the 18th century, was to establish human reason as the highest arbiter of knowledge, as opposed to divine revelation, the christian church ' s source of truth. although the accuracy of this claim is still debated among philosophers and theologians, it is clear that reason and its offspring, \" science, \" have become important arenas of knowledge in our intellectual and cultural worlds. indeed, wherever religion and science have offered differing explanations of the natural world, or even the cosmos, our society nearly always treats the scientific view more seriously than the religious one. but even as religion ' s descriptions of the world have seemingly been beaten back before the unrelenting onslaught of science, there is one question where the roles are absolutely reversed. this is the question of meaning. put in large - scale terms, what meaning does nature, the universe and the cosmos, hold? placed in a smaller scale, what is the meaning of a flower ' s blooming in the spring? science can answer the questions of how a flower blooms, why a flower blooms, and even why it blooms in the spring. but it cannot assign an ultimate meaning or purpose to that event. in fact, science cannot even assign ultimate meaning to its own explanations. the theory of evolution, for example, gives strong explanatory power to biology, enabling it to tell us why and how new species of animals and plants develop, why some disappear, and so on. but evolution does not, even cannot, reveal its own ultimate purpose. this inability is not restricted to biology. astronomy, for instance, can describe the formation of black holes and develop a theory of gravitation to explain it, but trying to specify the purpose of a black hole is almost nonsensical in scientific terms. physics can explain why water is the only compound that expands as a solid form rather than contracts, but it does not tell us what that means. does this mean that \" life, the universe, and everything \" ( as douglas adams would describe it ) is meaningless? absolutely not. instead, meaning must come from outside of science itself. it turns out that religions have been doing a pretty good job at answering the question of ultimate meaning. as the biologist kenneth miller argues in his book, \" finding darwin ' s god \" ( cliff street books, 2000 ), \" our human tendency to assign meaning and value", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.606415265351538, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.510666"} {"text": "walter scott lenox realized his dream early on, despite personal tragedy and professional setbacks. his perseverance proved that american ceramics could be as resilient and durable as their british counterparts. upon his death in 1920, mr. lenox had created a china legacy that, even today, is renowned the world over for its fine craftsmanship and superior quality. in 1889 the ceramic art company, which was creating dinnerware pieces that reflected the romanesque, baroque, renaissance and gothic styles ( and eventually moved on to art nouveau ) was founded by walter scott lenox and jonathan coxon, sr. mr. lenox, who was very artistically inclined, had studied master potters since his youth and worked as an apprentice at both ott and brewer and willetts pottery in trenton, new jersey. he, more than coxon, was the creative driving force behind the ceramic art company. around the time of the ceramic art company ' s inception, belleek of ireland permanently closed its doors. migrant ceramic artisans flowed into america, giving new life to the struggling pottery industry and providing an opportunity for ceramic art company to acquire two of belleek ' s artisans. the company, along with its newest employees, had one common goal : to create beautiful, ivory - tinted dinnerware marked by an uncompromisingly rich and resilient glaze. unfortunately, that dream would be more difficult to reach than they had ever imagined. in 1894, an ambitious walter scott lenox acquired all ownership of the ceramic art company from his partner, jonathan coxon. then, tremendously in debt and desperately needing recognition for his company in order to stay afloat, mr. lenox was diagnosed with locomotor ataxia : a disease that eventually cost him his sight and the use of his arms and legs. undeterred, mr. lenox utilized an assistant to act as his eyes and hands while perfecting the rich, creamy slip that would become the company ' s trademark. walter scott lenox founded lenox, inc. in 1906. despite his acute disability, he had become the sole proprietor of a ceramics company and achieved his goal of creating beautiful ivory - tinted porcelain. furthermore, he had propelled the united states into the forefront of the ceramics industry by proving that american china could be as strong and beautiful as its foreign counterparts. nevertheless, he still was not satisfied. mr. lenox ' s crowning jewel arrived in 1918 when president woodrow wilson asked lenox, inc. to produce the white house ' s china service. most of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.432259162689386, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.514132"} {"text": "and beautiful as its foreign counterparts. nevertheless, he still was not satisfied. mr. lenox ' s crowning jewel arrived in 1918 when president woodrow wilson asked lenox, inc. to produce the white house ' s china service. most of the previous white house residents had chosen french - made limoges patterns and this was the first time such a prestigious opportunity had been awarded to an american ceramics company, a distinction that was not lost on walter scott lenox. his company worked diligently to create a gold encrusted design that not only captured the strength and elegance of the united states of america, but also reflected the pride for which its creator had become known. walter scott lenox worked consistently throughout his life. he was never absent a day from his factory, even when his disability required that he be carried in by his assistants. his vision and efforts created the foundation for a company that has since grown to embrace the entire tableware world : not only collectibles and giftware as well. lenox has become one of the most prominent names in the international dinnerware industry and is now the parent company of several companies including lenox collections, lenox classics, gorham 1831 silversmiths, kirk stieff silversmiths, bridal line and dansk. in lenox, inc., walter scott lenox has left behind an american dinnerware legacy that is honored every day on tables across the globe. surely, that is how he would have preferred to be remembered. other companies owned by lenox include kirk stieff, gorham, art carved, inc., imperial glass and dansk.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4186811602622941, "token_count": 331, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.514700"} {"text": "those working in science are accustomed to receiving emails starting with \" dear sir / madam, please look at the attached file where i ' m proving einstein theory wrong \". this time it ' s a tad more serious because the message comes from a genuine scientific collaboration... as everyone knows by now, the opera collaboration announced that muon neutrinos produced at cern arrive to a detector 700 kilometers away in gran sasso about 60 nanoseconds earlier than expected if they traveled at the speed of light ( incidentally, trains traveling the same route arrive always late ). the paper is available on arxiv, and the video from the cern seminar is here. opera is an experiment who has had some bad luck in the past. its original goal was to study neutrino oscillations by detecting the appearance of tau neutrinos in a beam of muon neutrinos. however due to construction delays their results arrive too late to have any impact on measuring the neutrino masses and mixing ; other experiments have in the meantime achieved a much better sensitivity to to these parameters. moreover, the \" atmospheric \" neutrino mass difference, which enters the probability of a muon neutrino oscillating into a tau one, turned out to be at the lower end of the window allowed when opera was being planned. as a consequence, a fairly small number of oscillation events is predicted to occur on the way to italy, leading to the expectation of about 1 - 2 tau events to be recorded during experiment ' s lifetime ( they were lucky to already get 1 ). however they will not walk off the stage quietly. what was meant to be a little side analysis returned the result that neutrinos travel faster than light, confounding the physics community and wreaking havoc in the mainstream media. i ' m not very original in thinking that the result is almost certainly wrong. the main experimental reason, already discussed on blogs, is the observation of neutrinos from the supernova sn1987a. back in 1987, three different experiments detected a burst of neutrinos, all arriving within 15 seconds and 2 - 3 hours before the visible light ( which agrees with models of supernova explosion ). on the other hand, if neutrinos traveled as fast as opera claims, they should have arrived years earlier. note that the argument that opera is dealing with muon neutrinos while supernovae produce electron ones is not valid :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.596151053196179, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.519702"} {"text": "on the other hand, if neutrinos traveled as fast as opera claims, they should have arrived years earlier. note that the argument that opera is dealing with muon neutrinos while supernovae produce electron ones is not valid : electron neutrinos have enough time to oscillate to other flavors on the way from the large magellanic clouds. one way to reconcile opera with sn1987a would be to invoke a strong energy dependence of the neutrino speed ( it should be steeper than energy ^ 2 ), since the detected supernova neutrinos are in the 5 - 40 mev range, while the energy of the cern - to - gran - sasso beam is 20 gev on average. however opera does not observe any significant energy dependence of the neutrino speed, so that is an unlikely explanation either. from the point of view of theory the chances that the opera result being true are no better as there is no sensible model of tachyonic neutrinos. at the same time, we ' ve been observing neutrinos in numerous experiments and in various different settings, for example in beta decay, from terrestrial nuclear reactors, from the sun, in colliders as missing energy, etc. each time they seem to behave like ordinary fermions obeying all rules of the local lorentz invariant quantum field theory. we should weigh this evidence against the analysis of opera which does not appear rock solid. recall that opera was conceived to observe tau neutrino appearance, not to measure the neutrino speed, and indeed there are certain aspects of the experimental set - up that call for caution. the most worrying is the fact that opera has no way to know the precise production time of a neutrino it detects, as it could be produced anytime during a 10 microsecond long proton pulse that creates the neutrinos at cern. to go around this problem they need a statistical approach. namely, they measure the time delay of the neutrino arrival in gran sasso with respect to the start of the proton pulse at cern. then they fit the time distribution to the templates based on the measured shape of the proton pulse, assuming various hypotheses about the neutrino travel time. in this manner they find that the best fit is for the travel time is 60 nanoseconds smaller than what one would expect if the neutrinos traveled at the speed of light. however", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5303079012785823, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.520797"} {"text": "##otheses about the neutrino travel time. in this manner they find that the best fit is for the travel time is 60 nanoseconds smaller than what one would expect if the neutrinos traveled at the speed of light. however, one could easily imagine that the systematic errors of this procedure have been underestimated, for example, the shape of the rise and the fall - off of the proton pulse have been inaccurately measured. opera does a very good job arguing that the distance from cern to gran sasso can be determined to 20 cm precision, or that synchronizing the clocks in these two labs is possible to 1 nanosecond precision, but the systematic uncertainties on the shape of the proton pulse are not carefully addressed ( and, during the seminar at cern, the questions concerning this issue were the ones that confounded the speaker the most ). so what ' s next? fortunately opera appears to be open for discussion and scrutiny, thus the issue of systematic uncertainties should be resolved in the near future. simultaneously, the minos collaboration should be able to repeat the measurement with similar if no better precision, and i ' m sure they ' re already sharpening their screwdrivers. in the longer timescale, opera could try to optimize the experimental setting for the velocity measurement. for example, they might install a near detector on the cern site ( where there should be no effect if the current observation is due to neutrinos traveling faster than light, or there should be a similar effect if there is an unaccounted for systematic error in the production time ). or they could use shorter proton pulses, so that the neutrino production time can be determined without statistical gymnastics ( it appears feasible - the lhc currently works with 5 ns bunches ). i bet, my private level of confidence being 6 sigma, that the future checks will demonstrate that neutrinos are not superluminal... in the end the character from the original book turned out to be 100 % human. but, of course, the ultimate verdict belongs not to our preconceptions but to experiment.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5876327293190039, "token_count": 442, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.524490"} {"text": "the image, released yesterday, actually contains two spirals overlain on each other. one is the cloudy, blue - white spiral with a yellow core. the core itself is a composite of images take by the hubble space telescope \u2018 s advanced camera for surveys, wide field camera 3, and wide field planetary camera 2 detectors. spiraling outward, the cloudy arms also come from hubble, but were colorized with ground - based images captured from relatively small telescopes ( 12. 5 - inch and 20 - inch ) as they imaged from dark, remote sites in new mexico. the telescopes, owned by photo - astronomers robert gendler and r. jay gabany, helped these astronomy enthusiasts fill in gaps left by hubble \u2019 s cameras. the images were meticulously assembled into a mosaic by gendler, a physician by training, to form the base spiral of the photo illustration above but what about the second spiral? emanating at odd angles is a glowing red swirl, known as the \u201c anomalous arms \u201d of m106, these arms, captured by hubble imagery and gabany \u2019 s telescope, are enormous streamers of irradiated hydrogen gas molecules which glow red when seen through special filters. this begs the question \u2013 what \u2019 s cooking the hydrogen the answer is \u2026 a black hole! as astronomer phil plait blogs in slate, \u201c every big galaxy has a supermassive black hole in its core. the milky way has one, and it has about 4 million times the mass of the sun. the black hole at m106 \u2019 s heart is about 30 million times the mass of our sun. besides being heftier it \u2019 s also actively feeding, gobbling down material swirling around it ( our own galaxy \u2019 s black hole is quiescent ; that is, not eating anything at the moment ). while this photo shows stars at the brink of death within m106, another photo released yesterday shows the environment of stars at their birth tinged an eerie green \u2013 like smoke from a witch \u2019 s brew \u2013 the new image from nasa \u2019 s wide - field infrared survey explorer ( wise ) was taken after zooming in on bright dot in the \u201c sword \u201d of the constellation orion. visible to the naked eye as a single fuzzy star ( also known as m42 ), the dot is actually a cluster of stars, surrounded by the orion nebula. here, stars are born the image captures the infrared nimbus formed as newborn stars are compressed from vast clouds of gas and heat the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4992450470807972, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.527761"} {"text": "when i was appointed executive dean for administration at harvard medical school in 1998, i learned for the first time of the existence of the new england primate center. one of eight such centers in the us, this is a home to several types of monkeys that are used for medical research. the value of such research is uncontroverted, but the facilities like to stay in the background because they have been the targets, literally and figuratively, of animal rights advocates who believe they should be shut down. so, it was bad news recently for the new england center when it was disclosed that a number of their cotton top tamarin monkeys had died from improper treatment. i remember these monkeys well. they had been collected from the forests of colombia. in 1973 the species was declared endangered and importation was banned. as reported on this website : current population numbers are unknown, but more than 3 / 4 of its original habitat has been deforested, much of it for cattle pasture. remnant populations are small and are restricted to a few isolated forest fragments. currently, deforestation for agriculture, fuel, and housing is the greatest threat to the survival of the cotton - top tamarin. the \" endangered \" designation meant that the researchers in the primate centers could no longer kill the monkeys for purposes of medical research. as i recall, the only research that was permitted was about colitis, which is a naturally occurring medical problem for these monkeys. because of the monkeys ' statutory protection, primate centers became breeding centers for the tamarins. in captivity, females can give birth to twins every 28 weeks. so, the primate centers often looked for other places, like zoos, to send them. i think the zoos like them because they are cute and adorable, and perhaps because they look somewhat like ewoks from star wars. it is all too easy to anthropomorphize them, as you see in this report from the new zoo in wisconsin : \u201c bonnie was sent here to join clyde in 2007 and the two hit it off instantly! \u201d, remarked murach. \u201c they have been a closely bonded couple ever since. in 2010 the ssp ( species survival plans ) asked that they start a family and they were happy to comply. the young tamarins were born the day after christmas and after a few weeks of privacy are ready to meet the world! \u201d ( meanwhile, check out this overweight specimen in new york city. ) it goes without question that the primate centers owe a duty of care to the animals", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4591890528917102, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.531667"} {"text": "the day after christmas and after a few weeks of privacy are ready to meet the world! \u201d ( meanwhile, check out this overweight specimen in new york city. ) it goes without question that the primate centers owe a duty of care to the animals in their possession, and it appears from the news reports that such was lacking in southborough. the result, though, was striking. here ' s the story, as reported by carolyn johnson in the boston globe : the interim director of harvard \u2019 s new england primate research center, appointed in september to address problems at the animal research facility, resigned from the position yesterday after the death sunday of a monkey that was found in poor condition in a cage without a water bottle. it was the third death in dr. fred wang \u2019 s short tenure as head of the facility in southborough and the fourth there since june 2010. in a statement, wang said that he decided to resign \u201c for personal and professional reasons, despite the strong requests from harvard medical school to continue. \u2019 \u2019 why is this striking? because of the contrast with the situation in human medical facilities. there, senior administrators feel no guilt and have been granted virtual impunity in the face of preventable fatalities. boards of trustees routinely fail to hold leadership accountable for making quality and safety improvements a priority in their hospitals. most boards do not even try to govern this aspect of hospital operations. how, in the face of 100, 000 preventable deaths per year - - equivalent to a full boeing 727 crashing every day - - can the lay and professional leadership of so many hospitals turn their backs on this issue? oh, it must be because those patients don ' t look like ewoks.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.435689924742433, "token_count": 342, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.532395"} {"text": "pandavas visit drupada ' s palace - - their identity revealed - - draupadi ' s five husbands - - kingdom assigned to pandavas - - building of indra - prastha - - arjuna goes into exile - - his serpent bride - - marriage in manipur - - an heir to a throne - - meeting with krishna - - abduction of princess - - miraculous origin of jarasandhu - - his two mothers - - slain by bhima - - the imperial sacrifice - - krishna kills shishupala - - yudhishthira ' s triumph - - jealousy of duryodhana. the pandava brethren returned to hastinapur with vidura. they took with them their mother, queen pritha, and their wife, draupadi, and the people went forth in great multitudes and bade them glad welcome. then there was much rejoicing and many banquets. at length dhritarashtra spake unto yudhishthira and his brethren and said : \" i will now divide the raj between you and my sons. your share will be the south - western country of khandava - prastha. \" said bhishma : \" the maharajah hath spoken wisely. it is meet that you should depart unto the country of khandava - prastha as he hath decreed. \" so the pandava princes bade farewell to all their kinsmen and to wise drona, and they went towards their own country. on the banks of the jumna they built a strong fort, and in time they made a great clearance in the forest. when they had gathered together the people who were subject unto them, they erected a great and wonderful city like unto the city of indra, and it was called indra - prastha. 1 high walls, which resembled the mandara mountains, were built round about, and these were surrounded by a deep moat wide as the sea. in time the fame of rajah yudhishthira went far and wide. he ruled with wisdom and with power, and he had great piety. forest robbers were pursued constantly and put to death, and wrongdoers were ever brought to justice ; indeed, the people who suffered from evildoing went before the rajah as children go before a father seeking redress. the brethren lived happily together. in accordance with the advice of a rishi, they made a compact that when one of them was sitting beside draupad", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4165645255862205, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.549606"} {"text": "from evildoing went before the rajah as children go before a father seeking redress. the brethren lived happily together. in accordance with the advice of a rishi, they made a compact that when one of them was sitting beside draupadi, none of the others should enter, and that if one of them should be guilty of intrusion, he must needs go into exile for the space of twelve years. as it chanced, yudhishthira was sitting with draupadi one day when a brahman, whose cattle had been carried off, hastened to arjuna and entreated him to pursue the band of robbers. the weapons of the prince were in the king ' s palace, and to obtain them arjuna entered the room in which yudhishthira and draupadi sat, thus breaking the compact made by the brethren. he hastened after the robbers and recovered the stolen cattle, which he brought back unto the brahman. on his return to the palace, arjuna said unto his brother that he must needs become an exile for twelve years to expiate his offence. yudhishthira, however, sought to prevail upon him not to depart. but arjuna made answer that he had pledged his oath to fulfil the terms of the compact. \" i cannot waver from truth, \" he said ; \" truth is my weapon. \" so when he had bidden farewell to pritha and draupadi and his four brethren, he took his departure from the city of indra - prastha. and a band of brahmans went with him. arjuna wandered through the jungle, and he visited many holy places. one day he went unto hurdwar, where the ganges flows upon the plain, and he bathed in the holy waters. there he met with ulupi, daughter of vasuka, king of the nagas, who had great beauty. she loved him, and she led him to her father ' s palace, where he abode a time, and she gave him the power to render himself invisible in water. a child was born unto them, and he was named iravat. thereafterwards arjuna went southwards until he came to the mahendra mountain. 1 he was received there by parasu rama, the brahman hero, who gave him gifts of powerful weapons, and imparted to him the secret of using them. so he wandered from holy place to holy place until he reached mani", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4349061949188041, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.550493"} {"text": "mountain. 1 he was received there by parasu rama, the brahman hero, who gave him gifts of powerful weapons, and imparted to him the secret of using them. so he wandered from holy place to holy place until he reached manipur. now the rajah of that place had a beautiful daughter whose name was chitrangada. arjuna loved her, and sought her for his bride. the rajah said : \" i have no other child, and if i give her unto thee, her son must remain here to become my heir, for the god shiva hath decreed that the rajahs of this realm can have each but one child. \" arjuna married the maiden, and he dwelt for three years at manipur. a son was born, and he was named chitrangada. thereafter arjuna set out on his wanderings once more. he passed through many strange lands, travelling westward, and at length he reached the city of prabhasa 2, which is nigh to dwaraka, on the southern sea, the capital of his kinsman krishna, rajah of the yadhavas. krishna welcomed arjuna, and took the pandava hero to dwell in his palace. then he gave a great feast on click to enlarge arjuna and the river nymph from the painting by warwick goble. the holy mountain of raivataka, which lasted for two days. arjuna looked with love upon krishna ' s fair sister, subhadra 1, a girl of sweet smiles, and desired her for a bride. now it was the wish of balarama that subhadra should he given unto duryodhana, whom, indeed, she would have chosen had a swayamvara been held. so krishna advised arjuna to carry her away by force, in accordance with the advice of the sages, who had said aforetime : \" men applaud the kshatriyas who win brides by abducting them. \" when the feast was over, arjuna drove his chariot from the holy mountain towards dwaraka until he came nigh to subhadra. nimbly he leapt down and took her by the hand and lifted her into his chariot ; then he drove hastily towards the city of indra - prastha. balarama was greatly angered, and desired to pursue arjuna ; and he spoke to krishna, saying : \" thou art calm, and i can perceive that arjuna has done this thing with thy knowledge", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4128750555144248, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.551362"} {"text": "the city of indra - prastha. balarama was greatly angered, and desired to pursue arjuna ; and he spoke to krishna, saying : \" thou art calm, and i can perceive that arjuna has done this thing with thy knowledge. thou shouldst not have given our sister unto him without my consent. but let the deed be upon his own head, for i will pursue him and slay him and his brethren, one and all. \" said krishna : \" arjuna is our kinsman 2 and of noble birth, and is a worthy husband for subhadra. if thou wilt pursue him and bring back our sister, no one else will marry her now because that she hath been in the house of another. better were it that we should send messengers after arjuna and invite him to return here, so that the marriage may be held according to our rites. \" balarama said : \" so be it, seeing that thou art well pleased with this matter. \" thus it came to pass that messengers followed arjuna and prevailed upon him to return with subhadra to dwaraka. a great feast was then held, and they were married with pomp and in state. and arjuna abode at the court of krishna for many months, until the time of his exile came to an end. when arjuna returned to indra - prastha with subhadra, he was received with great rejoicing by his brethren. he went unto draupadi and greeted her ; but she said coldly : \" why come hither? where is the sister of krishna? \" arjuna soothed her with gentle words ; and then subhadra approached draupadi, attired in red silk, but in the simple fashion of a keeper of cows, and made obeisance before her, saying : \" i am thy handmaiden. \" draupadi embraced the sister of krishna and said. \" let thy husband be without an enemy. \" the heart of subhadra was filled with joy at these words ; she said : \" so be it. \" thus was peace made ; the two women thereafter loved one another, and to pritha both were very dear. now draupadi became the mother of five sons to her five husbands ; and subhadra had one son only, and his name was abhimanyu 1, who in the years that followed was an illustrious warrior. as time went on, the pandavas grew more and more powerful. they waged", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.417351661524308, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.552324"} {"text": "five husbands ; and subhadra had one son only, and his name was abhimanyu 1, who in the years that followed was an illustrious warrior. as time went on, the pandavas grew more and more powerful. they waged great wars, until many rajahs owed them allegiance ; and at length yudhishthira deemed that the time had come to hold his great rajasuya sacrifice to celebrate the supremacy of his power over all. krishna came to indra - prastha at this time and said : \" there is now but one rajah who must needs be overcome ere the imperial sacrifice can be performed : his name is jarasandha, monarch of magadha. he hath already conquered six - and - eighty kings, and he hath slaughtered those who were our kinsmen dear. \" now this rajah was of great valour and matchless strength. his body was invulnerable against weapons ; not even the gods could wound him with mace or sword or with arrow. he was also of miraculous birth, for he was born of two mothers 1 who had eaten of a mantra - charmed mango which fell into the lap of his sire when that he was childless and was undergoing penances to obtain offspring. nor did the babe come to life after birth until he was united by a rakshasa woman, named jara, the goddess of the household, who, because she was worshipped in the palace, performed some good each day in return. 2 so the child was called jarasandha 3, which signifies \" united by jara \", and he increased daily like to the moon in its first phase. krishna said unto yudhishthira : \" this monarch of magadha cannot be vanquished in battle even by gods or by demons. but he may be overcome in a conflict, fighting with bare arms. now i am ' policy ', bhima is ' strength ', and arjuna is ' protector '. together, o king, we will surely accomplish the death of jarasandha, who is arrogant and covetous and proud. \" said yudhishthira : \" do as it seemeth best unto thee, o lord of the universe ; thou art our wise counsellor and guide. \" then krishna, arjuna, and bhima disguised themselves as brahmans and went towards the city of mathura, which was jarasandha ' s capital. when they arrived there they entered the palace of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4569023498679652, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.553222"} {"text": "counsellor and guide. \" then krishna, arjuna, and bhima disguised themselves as brahmans and went towards the city of mathura, which was jarasandha ' s capital. when they arrived there they entered the palace of the mighty rajah like to mountain lions eyeing cattle - folds. they went boldly before the king decked with flowers, and the king said : \" ye are welcome. \" arjuna and bhima were silent, but krishna spake to jarasandha, saying : \" these two men are observing vows, and will not open their mouths until midnight ; after that hour they will speak. \" the king provided for his guests in the sacrificial chamber, and after midnight he visited them, and discovering that they were warriors, he asked : \" tell me truly who ye are, and why ye have come hither. \" said krishna : \" we are decked with flowers to achieve prosperity, and we have entered the abode of our enemy to fulfil the vows of kshatriyas. \" jarasandha said : \" i have never done you an injury. why, therefore, do ye regard me as your enemy? \" then krishna revealed himself, and upbraided the king because that he was wont to offer up in sacrifice to shiva the rajahs whom he took captive in battle. he said : \" thou hast slaughtered our kinsmen in this manner because thou dost imagine there liveth no man who is so powerful as thou. for thy sins thou art doomed to go to yama ' s kingdom, there to be tortured a time. but thou canst attain to the heaven of indra by dying the death of a kshatriya in battle with thy peers. now, o king, we challenge thee to combat. set free the rajahs who are in thy dungeons, or die at our hands! \" said the king : \" i have taken captive in battle these royal prisoners of mine, whom i shall offer in sacrifice to shiva, according to my vow. let us therefore meet in battle, army against army, or in single combat. \" krishna said : \" meet thou one of us in single combat. with whom dost thou desire to fight? \" then jarasandha expressed his wish to meet bhima in battle. bhima was made glad thereat, for, in truth, he thirsted for the conflict ; but he desired that they should fight without weapons, and the king consented, and made ready", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4552890069455293, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.554556"} {"text": "neck, so that his head was severed from his body. he fell down like to a cliff struck by the thunderbolt. then the assembled rajahs beheld a great wonder, for the passion - cleansed soul of sishupala issued from his body, beautiful as the sun in heaven, and went towards krishna. its eyes were like to lotus blooms, and its form like to a flame ; and it adored krishna and entered into his body. 1 the rajahs all looked on, silent and amazed, while thunder bellowed out of heaven, and lightning flashed, and rain poured down in torrents. some grew angry, and laid hands on their weapons to avenge the death of sishupala ; others rejoiced that he had been slain ; the brahmans chanted the praises of krishna. yudhishthira commanded his brothers to perform the funeral rites over the dead with every honour. so the body of sishupala was burned and the oblation poured forth. then his son was proclaimed rajah of chedi. thereafter the great sacrifice was performed with solemnity and in peace. krishna, who had maintained the supremacy of yudhishthira by slaying a dangerous and jealous rival, looked on benignly. holy water was sprinkled by the brahmans, and all the monarchs made obeisance and honoured yudhishthira, saying : \" thou hast extended the fame of thy mighty sire, pandu, and thou art become even greater than he was. thou hast graced with this sacrifice thine high station and fulfilled all our hopes. now, o emperor over all, permit us to depart to our own homes, and bestow thy blessing upon us. \" so one by one they took leave of yudhishthira and went away, and the four pandavas accompanied the greatest of them to the confines of their kingdoms. krishna was the last to bid farewell. said yudhishthira : \" unto thee i owe all things. because thou wert here, o valorous one, i was able to perform the great sacrifice. \" krishna said : \" monarch of all! rule thou over thy people with a father ' s wisdom and care. be unto them like rain which nourisheth the parched fields ; be a shade in hot sunshine ; be a cloudless heaven bending over all. be thou ever free from pride and passion ; ever rule with power and justice and holiness, o yudhishthira. \" so he spake from his chariot and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42652887031126885, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.559452"} {"text": "be a shade in hot sunshine ; be a cloudless heaven bending over all. be thou ever free from pride and passion ; ever rule with power and justice and holiness, o yudhishthira. \" so he spake from his chariot and then went his way, and yudhishthira turned homeward with tear - dimmed eyes. now when duryodhana had witnessed the triumph of the pandavas, his heart burned with jealous rage. he envied the splendour of the palaces at indra - prastha ; he envied the glory achieved by yudhishthira. well he knew that he could not overcome the pandavas in open conflict, so he plotted with his brethren to accomplish their fall by artifice and by wrong. as in after - time the wise sanjaya said : \" the gods first deprive of his reason that man unto whom they ultimately send disgrace and defeat \". but duryodhana had to work the will of the creator under the influence of fate, and it was doomed that the pandavas should suffer for a time at his hands. 225 : 1 pron. indra - prast\u00b4ha. 226 : 1 in ganjam district, madras. 226 : 2 pron. pra - bha\u00b4sa. 227 : 1 pron. soo - bhad\u00b4ra. 227 : 2 krishna ' s father, vasudeva, was the brother of pritha, mother of arjuna. 228 : 1 pron. ab - hi - mun\u00b4yoo ( \" u \" as in \" bun \" ). 229 : 1 in one of the egyptian temple chants osiris is called \" the progeny of the two cows isis and nepthys \". 229 : 2 like the european household elves and fairies. 229 : 3 pron. ja - ra - sund\u00b4ha. 231 : 1 that is, in northern india. 232 : 1 pron. sish - oo - pah\u00b4la. 232 : 2 pron. chay\u00b4dee. 232 : 3 a gift of fruit or flowers, like an offering to the image of a god. 234 : 1 krishna represented the worshippers of vishnu, of whom he was an incarnation. sishupala, who was reputed to have been born with three eyes, was an incarnation of shiva. rukmini was an incarnation of lakshmi.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4570996555160872, "token_count": 494, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.560320"} {"text": "history of sandpoint, north idaho, & bonner county click here for a north idaho history timeline to understand the history of sandpoint, and bonner county, north idaho, one must first take into account our geography. while our area is dominated by mountains, the most prominent feature is lake pend oreille, with an area of 148 square miles, and 111 miles of coastline. flathead lake in montana and some man - made lakes are larger. it is 65 miles long, and 1, 150 feet deep in some regions ( 5th in the us ). fed by clark fork river and drained by the pend oreille river. it is surrounded by national forests and many small towns, including bayview, hope, and sandpoint. all but the southern tip of the lake is in bonner county, the southern tip which is home to farragut state park, the original home of the farragut naval training station, and the home of the navsea ' s naval surface warfare center carderock division ' s acoustic research detachment ( ard ) is in the lake is home to many species of fish including : rainbow trout, lake trout, perch, crappie, bass, walleye, whitefish and kamloops. the forests are known to have various pines, such as ponderosa pine, douglas fir, poplar and western larch. whitetail deer, squirrels, black bears, coyotes, elk, cougar, and bobcats are known to reside in these forests. bald eagles, osprey, owls, hummingbirds, hawks, woodpeckers, ducks and the mountain bluebird are seen in the skies around the it is also believed that the eastern side of the lake was in the path of the ancient missoula flood. this is the great event that shaped much of the inland empire of the pacific northwest. the missoula flood is an ice age event that has been featured on nova, and refer to the catastrophic floods that swept periodically across eastern washington, idaho, and montana, and down the columbia river gorge at the end of the last ice state park is located where the lake missoula floods broke out from the end of lake pend oreille. the floods were the result of the periodic sudden rupture of the ice dam on the clark fork river that created glacial lake missoula. after each rupture of the ice dam, the waters of the lake would rush down the clark fork and the columbia river, inundating much of eastern washington and the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41689095863076303, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.572382"} {"text": "ice dam on the clark fork river that created glacial lake missoula. after each rupture of the ice dam, the waters of the lake would rush down the clark fork and the columbia river, inundating much of eastern washington and the willamette valley in western oregon. after the rupture, the ice would glacial lake missoula once again. estimate that the cycle of flooding and reformation of the lake lasted on average of 55 years and that the floods occurred approximately 40 times over the 2, 000 year period between 15, 000 and 13, 000 years ago. the other great shaping feature was the area \u2019 s glaciers. the rugged mountainous beauty of this area of north idaho was formed by these two components. for thousands of years, these two forces of nature were actively moving the landscape of north idaho. the glacial ice sheets moved land, mountain, and water over centuries. the floods occurred over relatively shorter periods. the areas of the lake pend oreille and the clark fork river held a dam of ice that towered over two thousand feet today \u2019 s lake level. when this dam failed many times over the millennia a deluge of water was released in unimaginable proportions at speeds of 60 miles per hour and hundreds of feet deep, creating forces great enough to shape the landscape we know today from here to portland, oregon. the kalispel tribe was the first to inhabit sandpoint. with a moderate climate and bountiful game and food, they prospered from montana to eastern washington. white man reintroduced the horse to north america in the 16th century and by the 1700s the kalispel tribe began to utilize the horse, taking them east of the rocky mountains, bringing contact with plains indians. the kalispel adopted some of the habits and culture of these tribes, including hide - covered tipis and buffalo meat. despite their growing dependence on buffalo, the kalispel remained adept at utilizing local resources. they caught fish and hunted a wide variety of game and birds. women dug camas bulbs, baking them in large underground pits to render them suitable for winter storage. they also picked berries and wild fruits, drying large quantities for use during the cold months. another group that lived on the shores of lake pend oreille were the flathead indians and several salish, kootenai and pend o ' reilles bands lived in western montana, northern idaho, and eastern washington in the early 1800s. flathead indians of montana built encampments on the shore of lake pend oreille", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4388341707676132, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.573472"} {"text": "and several salish, kootenai and pend o ' reilles bands lived in western montana, northern idaho, and eastern washington in the early 1800s. flathead indians of montana built encampments on the shore of lake pend oreille every summer, fished, made baskets of cedar, and collected huckleberries before returning to montana in the fall. the encampments ended before 1930. traditionally kalispel territory encompassed lake pend oreille along the pend oreille river into eastern washington, and east along the clark fork river into montana. they established year - round settlements near present - day laclede, on both sides of the river, and at the mouth of the clark fork river, where 300 - 400 kalispel lived. there were additional permanent villages in eastern washington, as well as numerous seasonal camps, including one near long before white explorers came to the pend d ' oreille country, an old indian trail from spokane river ran through rathdrum prairie and crossed the pend d ' oreille at sineacateen ( a name which comes from the kalispell or pend d ' oreille word for crossing - of - the - waters ), located close to the present site of laclede. then the trail continued northward across the kootenai at idaho was the last state to be explored by european and american explorers. lewis and clark crossed into idaho in august 1805 on their journey of exploration for the united states government. their route took them far south of present - day bonner county, over lolo pass and down the clearwater river. while many explorers gained great fame, including lewis and clark, our area was first exploited by david thompson : the determined and intrepid canadian trading expedition leader who led the first white men to the shores of lake pend oreille in the fall of 1809. his contemporary, the great explorer alexander mackenzie, remarked that thompson did more in ten months than he would have thought possible in two years. thompson served as explorer, map maker, and trader for the canadian north west company, a rival in the fur trade with hudson ' s bay company. although he was in idaho for a total of only sixty - eight days over years, thompson ' s impact was tremendous. he not only expanded the fur trade into the inland northwest and established the first trading post on lake pend oreille, kullyspell house, but he also located all the practical routes of travel. kullyspell house still stands on the hope peninsula, and longevity of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3949648959367382, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.574401"} {"text": "trade into the inland northwest and established the first trading post on lake pend oreille, kullyspell house, but he also located all the practical routes of travel. kullyspell house still stands on the hope peninsula, and longevity of the building is a testament to the fortitude of the man. soon after thompson set up salish house in montana later in 1810, a year after david thompson established a north west company fur trade post on lake pend d ' oreille, and some of his trappers came down this trail to found spokane house west of spokane falls where the later city of spokane was built. thompson ' s pend d ' oreille post ( kullyspell, or kalispell house ) proved to be an unfortunate location : on november 14, 1811, thompson decided to abandon it because the kalispell ( or pend d ' oreille ) indians did \" not hunt, but only gamble & keep the men starving.... \" so he sent his trappers back to spokane house. but finnan macdonald ( who had a pend d ' oreille wife ) continued to work with the pend d ' oreille band, which often camped at sineacateen. by the spring of 1813, rival astorian fur traders were on hand at macdonald ' s pend d ' oreille camp at sineacateen. in an effort to rush in a stock of tobacco for more effective competition for furs in the pend d ' oreille camp, the astorian gained a temporary advantage. but macdonald, who regularly helped his pend d ' oreille associates fight the blackfeet, came out ahead in the long run. the north west company emerged in control of the spokane - pend d ' oreille country, and macdonald spent many years enjoying \" the fascinating pleasures of the far - famed spokane house. \" whenever he took his wife to see their pend d ' oreille relatives, he still traveled over the old indian trail past sineacateen. trappers and traders continued to sporadically make their way to the region throughout the first half of the century, along with many missionaries, mainly jesuits, called \u201c kaniksu \u201d ( black robes in indian ). in the years after the fur trade, the indians continued to camp on their travels at sineacateen. the north west company was not alone in trying to harvest furs in the pacific northwest. hudson ' s bay company maintained a chain of posts throughout the region and absorbed its opponent in 1821", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.378790062894664, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.575258"} {"text": "indians continued to camp on their travels at sineacateen. the north west company was not alone in trying to harvest furs in the pacific northwest. hudson ' s bay company maintained a chain of posts throughout the region and absorbed its opponent in 1821. the fur trade continued into the 1840s, but its importance declined as the years went on. as more europeans and americans arrived, they displaced the indian tribes that originally lived in the region. however, efforts to establish a reservation for the kalispel failed, and tensions between the two cultures increased. michael, leader of the upper kalispel, signed a treaty with the government in sandpoint in 1887, but masselow, leader of the lower kalispel, refused to agree to its terms. as a result, congress never ratified the treaty. in 1914, the kalispel finally received more than 4, 500 acres of land for a reservation in eastern washington. members of the tribe continued to travel in and out of bonner county into the 1930s, following some of their traditional seasonal activities. father desmet arrived in 1846. he marked a lake in the selkirk mountain range as \u201c roothan \u201d honoring his superior in italy. captain john mullan, builder of the army \u2019 s mullan road, likewise saw the mountain gem and named it \u201c lake kaniksu \u201d on his map in 1865. this mountain - ringed body of water later became known as priest lake. two major survey projects introduced more newcomers to northern idaho. isaac stevens directed a transcontinental railroad survey in the early 1850s, exploring several possible routes across idaho. one along the northern shore of lake pend oreille later became the route chosen by the northern pacific british and american surveyors camped in what is now bonner county in 1860 - 1861 as they worked their way north to mark the international boundary. survey crews established a supply depot at sineacateen in 1860, and another one farther north at chelemta, near present - day bonners ferry. from there crews moved north to the border, which they marked with a wide swath cut through the forest. artist james alden team, recording their activities much as a photographer would today. the decade of the 1860s brought a flurry of activity to northern idaho. gold was discovered in 1863 on wild horse creek in british columbia and the next year near helena, montana. thousands of miners swarmed through idaho on their way to the new diggings. while those heading for wild horse followed the old indian trail that david thompson had used, miners", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40516735765377476, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.576150"} {"text": "on wild horse creek in british columbia and the next year near helena, montana. thousands of miners swarmed through idaho on their way to the new diggings. while those heading for wild horse followed the old indian trail that david thompson had used, miners going to montana had the option of taking the recently completed mullan military road ( the route of interstate 90 ) or the trail around lake pend oreille. a steady stream of pack trains passed over both routes, taking supplies to the new the naming of bonner county is a memorial to an outstanding pioneer of the north area - edwin l. bonner, who came here in 1863 and purchased the right to build and operate a ferry on the kootenai river from old chief abraham of the kootenai tribe at the ferry site less than 30 miles from canada. idaho legislature also granted ferry privileges to charles h. campfield and associates whose ferry was a part of the wild horse trail to the booming mining country of the kootenays in canada, in 1863 and 1864. this led to the opening of pack train trails from fort walla walla in washington territory and in 1864, with the kootenay gold rush, miners and supply trains came from walla walla up the old indian trail past sineacateen. a wagon road went as far as sineacateen, where a ferry was installed to accommodate traffic. miles moore, later governor of washington, had one of the trading posts there during the gold rush. from sineacateen ferry, a pack trail ( known thereafter as the wild horse trail ) followed the old indian to bonner ' s ferry ( also established on the kootenai in 1864 ) and on to the wild horse mines near later fort steele, british columbia. by 1866, sineacateen had two saloons, two stores, and a hotel. traffic from the pacific northwest to the montana mines at helena came by sineacateen in 1866, since the mullan road ( actually only a pack trail across idaho ) had fallen into poor condition. mail pouches traveled by pony express to government steamers at steamboat landing at the head of lake pend oreille for delivery to waiting riders at hope, for fort missoula. idaho territory was still in its swaddling clothes when a visitor to bonner county of today found \u201c pend d \u2019 oreille city ( now sandpoint ) a charming little place, where he enjoyed the society of the enterprising and hospitable gentlemen who have made it their this visitor,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4087036172662172, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.577008"} {"text": "thursday is the 77th anniversary of one of the most momentous nights not just in baseball history, but in the cultural life of the united states, and eventually the rest of the world. on this night in 1935, the first major league night game took place at cincinnati ' s crosley field, as the reds beat the phillies, 2 - 1. the game had been scheduled for may 23, but it was postponed because of rain and cold. the official attendance was 20, 442 but the crowd was estimated to be around 25, 000, the third - largest crowd of the season in cincy ( the game on may 22 was played in front of 2, 000 fans ), including national league president ford frick and american league president will harridge. all were watching a game lit by 632 light bulbs. the contest also featured president franklin delano roosevelt switching on the flood lights from washington, d. c.. much significance was made of the fact that the game was errorless, and phillies manager jimmie wilson told the ap that the low hit total ( 10 combined ) had nothing to do with the lights. \" both pitchers just had all their stuff working, that ' s all, \" wilson said. \" you can see that ball coming up to the plate just as well under those lights as you can in the daytime. \" wilson let it be known that he \" thinks night baseball is all right, if the fans want it, but i ' d rather play in the daytime. \" as with most players, night lights were tested in the minors before they reached the major leagues. the first night game was held in lynn, mass., on june 24, 1927, in a game between the lynn and salem clubs in the new england league. the four floodlight projectors lit up the general electric field. the flood lights carried a volume of 500, 000 mean candlepower and the field was lit by 72 projectors, which gave an estimated volume of 26, 640, 00 candlepower. observers were impressed, and the experiments continued. for example, more than 10, 000 fans, including a number of mlb executives, attended an international league night game in jersey city when newark defeated the home team, 18 - 11, in 10 innings on july 24, 1930, under 300, 000 watts of light. you read that correctly - - it was still five years before the majors adopted night baseball. attending that game, yankees owner col. jacob ruppert told john drebinger of the new york times, \" from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4856291254441696, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.581308"} {"text": "300, 000 watts of light. you read that correctly - - it was still five years before the majors adopted night baseball. attending that game, yankees owner col. jacob ruppert told john drebinger of the new york times, \" from what i heard and what i see here, i imagine night baseball will prove a great benefit to the minor leagues, and if it becomes definitely popular in the minors, i don ' t see why some day it should not become a part of major league baseball. \" the visionary behind bringing lights to the majors was larry macphail, who was running the reds at the time. arthur daley, who brilliantly wrote the sports of the times column for the ny times, explained on the 30th anniversary of this momentous event how macphail had to plead with fellow executives to let him have some night games saying, \" night baseball has saved the minors from collapse, and the cincinnati franchise is in such perilous financial condition that it needs extra help. it ' s either light up or fold up. \" macphail promised only seven night games in a one - year experiment that, if it failed, would be abandoned. clark griffith, owner of the senators, responded, \" there is no chance of night baseball ever becoming popular in the bigger cities. high - class baseball cannot be played under artificial lights. furthermore, the benefits from attending the game are largely due to fresh air and sunshine. night air and electric lights are poor substitutes. \" three years later, macphail was running the dodgers, and ebbets field was lit up. it should be noted that on june 15, 1938, johnny vander meer pitched his second consecutive no - hitter under the lights at ebbets field. in 1939, the white sox, indians, phillies and a ' s added lights, while the giants, pirates, st. louis cards and browns added them in ' 40. a year later, griffith ' s senators came on board, and in ' 46, with macphail now running the team, the yankees lit up as well. the braves, red sox and tigers soon followed suit, until only phil wrigley and the cubs were holdouts. on aug. 8, 1988, in a contest against the phillies, the cubs played their first night game at wrigley field, only to be rained out after 3 1 / 2 innings. the first official wrigley night game occurred the next day, when the cubs defeated the new york mets, 6 - 4. before", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46024791808062887, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.582275"} {"text": "i recently received the following question from a friend and thought i ' d share it and my answer! one of the things that always seems hard for me is to get the right kind of focus. i love how your pictures focus on one part of the person and the rest is beautifully blurred or bokeh ' d ( haha if that ' s even a word ). how do you do it? ( : well bokeh is technically the name of the shape that the light blurs beyond the field of focus take on due to the shape of the lens. you can actually affect the shape of the bokeh by even cutting paper into say, a star shape and shooting through it. bokeh shaping tutorial but what you want to know about is the field of focus. : d on any slr, you will have a lens that allows you to adjust two, maybe three, things. shutter speed, aperture or f - stop, and on zoom lenses you can adjust focal length. these all have implications for how your picture will end up looking. aperture is the most relevant to your question, so that \u2019 s what i \u2019 ll focus on. aperture basically refers to how big the opening of your lens will be when you click the button. most lenses that come with your camera have aperture settings between 3. 5 and 22. basically, the smaller the number is, the bigger the opening and vice versa. this affects a few things. when the opening is as we say, wide, at 3. 5, more light will be able to get in to your camera to record the image and so you \u2019 d be able to use a faster shutter speed so that your camera will take less time to get a good exposure and the picture is less likely to be blurry. the smaller the opening ( bigger number ) the slower the shutter speed will need to be. but also, the more wide open the aperture is, the shallower the depth of field, or plane of focus. in other words, if the number of the aperture is smaller, less in front and in back of what you \u2019 re shooting will be in focus. this makes the focus of the composition more obvious and eliminates background elements that could be distracting. the difference between f 3. 5 and f 22 is the difference between just the coffee cup in my window being in focus and everything outside being blurry ( f 3. 5 ) and almost everything from the cup to the distant mountains ( f 22 ). you can start experimenting with this by putting your camera", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.49881796299354597, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.585046"} {"text": "hugh pickens writes writes \" bbc recently asked physicist and cambridge university professor dave ansell to draw up a balance sheet of the mass that ' s coming in to the earth, and the mass going out to find out if the earth is gaining or losing mass. by far the biggest contributor to the world ' s mass is the 40, 000 tonnes of dust that is falling from space to earth every year. ' the earth is acting like a giant vacuum cleaner powered by gravity in space, pulling in particles of dust, ' says dr. chris smith. another factor increasing the earth ' s mass is global warming which adds about 160 tonnes a year because as the temperature of the earth goes up, energy is added to the system, so the mass must go up. on the minus side, at the very center of the earth, within the inner core, there exists a sphere of uranium five mile in diameter which acts as a natural nuclear reactor so these nuclear reactions cause a loss of mass of about 16 tonnes per year. \" ( read more, below. ) pickens continues : \" what about launching rockets and satellites into space, like phobos - grunt? smith discounts this as the mass is negligible and most of it will fall back down to earth again anyway. but by far the biggest factor in earth ' s weight loss are the 95, 000 tonnes of hydrogen that escape from the atmosphere every year. ' the other very light gas this is happening to is helium and there is much less of that around, so it ' s about 1, 600 tonnes a year of helium that we lose. ' taking all the factors into account, smith reckons the earth is getting about 50, 000 tonnes lighter a year, which is just less than half the gross weight of the costa concordia, the italian cruise liner that recently ran aground. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49481549888890125, "token_count": 370, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.588928"} {"text": "1. all your burette readings ( initial and finals ) as well as the size of your pipette must be recorded but no account of experimental procedure is required. a is a solution containing 1. 04g hcl per 500cm3 of solution. b is prepared by diluting 50. 0cm3 of saturated solution of na2co3 at room temperature to 100cm3 ( a. ) put a into the burette and titrate it against 20. cm3 or 25. 0cm3 portions of b using methyl orange as an indicator. repeat the titration to obtain consistent titres. b. ) tabulate your result and calculate the ( i ) concentration of a in mol / dm3 ( ii ) concentration of b in mol / dm3 ( iii ) solubility of na2co3 in mol / dm3 ( iv ) volume of co2 that would be liberated from 1dm3 of b if the titration were carried out at s. t. p. the equation for the reaction : na2co3 + 2hcl = 2nacl + h2o + co2. table of value : bur rd | rough | 1st | 2nd | 3rd initial | 0. 00 | 0. 00 | 10. 00 | 0. 00 note : rough, 1st titre, 2nd titre, 3rd titre are all in ( cm3 ) average volume of acid used ( bi ) conc. of a in g / dm3 molar mass of hcl = 1 * 35. 5 = 36. 5g / dm3. :. conc. of a in mol / dm3 = 2. 08 / 36. 5 = 0. 057mol / dm3. ( ii ) cava / cbvb = na / nb = 0. 057 * 24. 90 / cb * 25 = 2 / 1 cb = 0. 057 * 24. 90 / 25 * 2 ( iii ) to calculate the solubility of na2co3 in mol / dm3. the dilution factor of b = 50 to 1000 mole of na2co3 liberate 22. 4dm3 of co2 at s. t. p. ( iv ). :. 0. 0284mole of na2co3 will liberate 22. 4 * 0. 0284 = 0. 64dm3 of co2. 2. ( a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48386914902176714, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.593576"} {"text": ". t. p. ( iv ). :. 0. 0284mole of na2co3 will liberate 22. 4 * 0. 0284 = 0. 64dm3 of co2. 2. ( a ) test : put all of c in a boiling tube and cee about 5cm3 of distilled water. divide the resulting solution into two portions. white residue partially dissolved. to the first portion, add about 2cm3 of bacl2 solution. * inference : so4 ^ 2 -, co3 ^ 2 -, so3 ^ 2 - suspected. the dilute hcl in excess inference : cl ^ - present. to the second portion of the solution, add two drops of phenolphthalein indicator. pink colouration observed. dissolve all of d in a boiling tube with about 5cm3 of distilled water. divide the resulting solution into two equal parts. partially soluble in water. * inference : ca ^ 2 +, pb ^ 2 +, zn ^ 2 + suspected. to the first portion, add ammonia solution. white gelatineous ppt to the second portion, add naoh solution in drop. white ppt formed. then in excess. insoluble in excess. ( note that the above solution will be in a tabular for i. e question no 3. do it urself", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5182545422711955, "token_count": 286, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.594100"} {"text": "want a detailed glimpse into the black boxes we call search engines? mining the web is a textbook that discusses everything from building your own crawler to the future of information finding on the web. search engines are designed to be simple to use. type a few words into a query box, and voila, you ' re presented with a set of probable results that match your information need. this simplicity masks some heavy - duty complexity. although we refer to a \" search engine \" in the singular, google, teoma, alltheweb and others are actually software systems made up of a number of components, each specialized and tuned to perform a specific function that contributes to the whole. mining the web : discovering knowledge from hypertext data is one of the first books that actually describes, in detail, the parts of contemporary search engines and how they function. the author, soumen chakrabarti, is an assistant professor of computer science and engineering at the indian institute of technology in bombay, and the book reveals a rare glimpse at the inner workings of our favorite search tools. most commercial search engines guard the details of their innermost operations closely, revealing casual hints here and offhand remarks there, but almost never offering complete information about the \" secret sauce \" underlying their operations. that ' s what makes this book so interesting. if you really want to understand how search engines work, this book provides an excellent and fairly detailed explanation of the processes they all use, to one degree or another. the book ' s not for the technically faint of heart, however. it assumes a good working knowledge of math, logic and computer science, and the book is dense with formulae and graphs. but don ' t let that scare you - - dr. chakrabarti writes clearly, and the book is well organized, progressing logically from topic to topic. even if you find technical language challenging, skimming past the details will leave you with a good fundamental understanding of search engine technology. the book begins with an introduction to search engine technology. subsequent chapters deal with crawling the web, search and information retrieval, and basic relevance algorithms. the second part of the book is dedicated to machine learning - - how search engines can be engineered to get \" smarter \" about processing queries and returning better results. part three shifts gears, focusing on practical techniques and applications of search engine technology. here ' s where dr. chakrabarti really gives us a peek behind the curtain, talking about the differences between google ' s pagerank algorithms and some of the techniques used", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5472001409695206, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.598247"} {"text": "shifts gears, focusing on practical techniques and applications of search engine technology. here ' s where dr. chakrabarti really gives us a peek behind the curtain, talking about the differences between google ' s pagerank algorithms and some of the techniques used by other commercial search engines to differentiate themselves from one another. the last chapter takes a look at the future of web mining, offering tantalizing glimpses of what we can expect over the next few years as new technologies are adopted and refined, gradually becoming part of the mainstream search tools that we use on a daily basis. while it ' s not a book that you ' ll want to take to the beach this summer, mining the web offers an excellent armchair guide to the inner workings of the black boxes we know as search engines. mining the web : discovering knowledge from hypertext data by soumen chakrabarti morgan kaufmann publishers, $ 54. 95 the link above goes to a page with more information about the book, including links to open source software for search engines and several tutorial slides and links to other web mining resources prepared by dr. chakrabarti. note : article links often change. in case of a bad link, use the publication ' s search facility, which most have, and search for the headline. introducing ses online want to view one of the sessions you missed or listen to an especially informative presenter a second time? ses new york sessions are available for purchase on clickz academy ' s new e - learning site. ses is now online!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5217360358484008, "token_count": 311, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.598961"} {"text": "but what if an attacker doesn ' t care about getting access to a specific system? after all, trying 10, 000 passwords against a server would most likely cause a target account to be locked out. instead, a malicious hacker could attempt password attacks on a large scale, using the same username and password combination on 10, 000 systems. that would result in only one failed log - in attempt per server, but a much better chance of successfully compromising at least one. lately, attackers have been using the \" low and slow \" tactic, employing botnets against large numbers of servers. the technique gives them the ability to launch large - scale attacks from multiple sources. defending against these ssh brute - force attacks means going back to the basics of solid security practices. to start, utilize passwords and passphrases that will not be easily guessed. doing standard \" leetspeak \" - - an internet language that substitutes letters with ascii characters - - will not work. attackers now use custom dictionaries that incorporate the common leet substitutions used by sysadmins, like \" @ \" for \" a \" and \" 3 \" for \" e. \" also, make the root password inaccessible via a direct ssh connection by setting ' denyusers root ' and ' permitrootlogin no ' in your sshd _ config file. the majority of password attacks i ' ve seen lately have been against the root account on systems. this was first published in january 2009", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5434065627666661, "token_count": 305, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.600746"} {"text": "seeing creation and evolution in grand canyon by jodi wilgoren published : october 6, 2005 tom vail, who has been leading rafting trips down the colorado river here for 23 years, corralled his charges under a rocky outcrop at carbon creek and pointed out the remarkable 90 - degree folds in the cliff overhead. geologists date this sandstone to 550 million years ago and explain the folding as a result of pressure from shifting faults underneath. but to mr. vail, the folds suggest the grand canyon was carved 4, 500 years ago by the great global flood described in genesis as god ' s punishment for humanity ' s sin. ' ' you see any cracks in that? ' ' he asked. ' ' instead of bending like that, it should have cracked. ' ' the material ' ' had to be soft ' ' to bend, mr. vail said, imagining its formation in the flood. when somebody suggested that pressure over time could create plasticity in the rocks, mr. vail said, ' ' that ' s just a theory. ' ' ' ' it ' s all theory, right? ' ' asked jack aiken, 63, an assemblies of god minister in alaska who has a master ' s degree in geology. ' ' except what ' s in the good book. ' ' for mr. vail and 29 guests on his canyon ministries trip, this was vacation as religious pilgrimage, an expedition in search of evidence that god created the earth in six days 6, 000 years ago, just as scripture says. that same week, a few miles upriver, a decidedly different group of 24 rafters surveyed the same rock formations - - but through the lens of science rather than what mr. vail calls ' ' biblical glasses. ' ' sponsored by the national center for science education, the chief challenger to creationists ' influence in public schools, this trip was a floating geology seminar, charting the canyon ' s evolution through eons of erosion. ' ' look at the weathering, look at the size of the pieces, ' ' eugenie c. scott, the center director, said of markings in black tail canyon. ' ' to a standard geologist, to somebody who actually studies geology, this just shouts out at you : this is really old ; this is really gradual. ' ' two groups examining the same evidence. traveling nearly identical itineraries, snoozing under the same stars and bathing in the same chocolate - colored river. yet, standing at opposite ends of the growing creation - evolution", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44932737532291844, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.607060"} {"text": "is really gradual. ' ' two groups examining the same evidence. traveling nearly identical itineraries, snoozing under the same stars and bathing in the same chocolate - colored river. yet, standing at opposite ends of the growing creation - evolution debate, they seemed to speak in different tongues. science unequivocally dates the earth ' s age at 4. 5 billion years, and the canyon ' s layers at some two billion years. even the intelligent design movement, which argues that evolution alone cannot explain life ' s complexity, does not challenge the long history of the earth. but a core of creationists like mr. vail continue to champion a bible - based theory of the canyon ' s carving. and polls show many americans are unconvinced by scientific knowledge. though it did not ask specifically about the global flood or six - day creation, a november 2004 gallup survey found that a third of the public believes the bible is the actual word of god that should be taken literally and that 45 percent think god created human beings ' ' pretty much in their present form ' ' within the last 10, 000 years. gallup found in another poll that 5 percent of scientists, and fewer than 1 percent of earth and life scientists, adopted the ' ' young earth ' ' view. the twin rafting trips epitomize the parallel universes often inhabited by americans with polarized positions. members of both groups said they had signed up for these charters to be surrounded by like - minded people. indeed, all the american adults on mr. vail ' s boats voted for president bush last fall, while all but two on the evolutionists ' rafts cast ballots for senator john kerry. when not running the rapids, mr. vail ' s group, which included three pastors, sat in makeshift sanctuaries of sand and stone to offer psalms and prayers of praise for their surroundings. some were committed creationists and others were still asking questions. but all began with a literal interpretation of the bible, seeking examples in the rocks to support its story that god did it all in less than a week. when they made camp, dr. scott ' s rafters, nearly half with ph. d. ' s in science, had evening discussions of tidal patterns and plateau shifts, as well as tutorials on tactics in the evolution debate. most of them ardently secular, a few practicing believers, they started with what they see as unchallengeable facts about the earth ' s age, and dismissed creationism as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5219021029595533, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.608095"} {"text": ", as well as tutorials on tactics in the evolution debate. most of them ardently secular, a few practicing believers, they started with what they see as unchallengeable facts about the earth ' s age, and dismissed creationism as unscientific. after each ' ' geology moment, ' ' dr. scott play - acted the creationists, saying sarcastically of their evidence, ' ' my part of the lesson is always a lot shorter and less detailed. ' ' mr. vail, whose book on the grand canyon scientists tried to ban from park stores last year, describes this natural wonder as ' ' exhibit a ' ' for young earth creationists. dr. scott calls it a scientists ' louvre. to kathryn crotts, 56, a pastor ' s wife from greensboro, n. c., touching the canyon ' s basement rock was a spiritual moment. ' ' in the book of genesis, it talks about god walking the face of the earth, ' ' mrs. crotts explained. ' ' maybe his footprints are there. ' ' but to charlie webb, 58, an emergency - room doctor in colorado springs, it is evolution that answers ' ' the great philosophical questions why are we here, where did we come from. ' '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41416369082108595, "token_count": 257, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.608600"} {"text": "the art of passing professors anne dalke, liz mccormack gender, information, science, and technology 11 february 2011 the art of passing gender crossing, especially when done temporarily or situationally, often provokes the question of whether or not one can pass. the term passing, as in the novel passing by nella larsen, was often historically used to describe taking on the appearance of a different racial group. passing for gender is much more difficult. let \u2019 s take a look at some of the characteristics that would need to be altered in order for another gender : female to male : - bind down breasts - use shoulder pads to make shoulders appear broader - hide curves with loose, baggy clothing - pack underwear to create the illusion of a male genitals - accentuate jawline with makeup or by angle of face / clenching jaw in photos - create facial hair ( stubble, five o \u2019 clock shadow ) with makeup - wear appropriate footwear - stand with legs at shoulder width - sit with legs apart ; if you cross your legs, prop your ankle on top of the opposite knee - use slimming gear to decrease appearance of butt - change voice ( if you can be convincing ) male to female : - create the illusion of breasts by stuffing a bra - wear a wig or style hair in a feminine manner - makeup : false eyelashes, lipstick enhances the shape of the lips - tuck genitals to create the illusion of a smooth crotch - shave face, armpits, legs, arms ( if necessary ) - wear a girdle or corset to slim stomach and create a waist - pad hips and butt if necessary - wear jewelry - wear heels - cross ankles or legs when sitting ; keep legs together - swing hips when walking - change voice ( if you can be convincing ) the shield obscures the hips and binding flattens the chest, but the straight - on position of the crossplayer \u2019 s face allows her jawline to appear smooth, rounded, and feminine. the lighting draws attention to the crossplayer \u2019 s chest, which makes it appear not to be fully binded. she juts her hip out, completely betraying any sense of masculinity she might have tried to achieve. she could have taken a tip from the guy in the middle and crossed her arms over her chest, which would have effectively hidden her bust. it seems that men in tights can be still be manly. switching gender online involves controlling mannerisms, speech, and actions rather than physical appearance and movement. turkle talked about", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49569993388847, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.614291"} {"text": "her arms over her chest, which would have effectively hidden her bust. it seems that men in tights can be still be manly. switching gender online involves controlling mannerisms, speech, and actions rather than physical appearance and movement. turkle talked about people online switching genders for various reasons. some men, like case, felt that women would be seen as stronger, empowered characters if they were the ones taking on a stronger role, which he often described as a \u201c katherine hepburn \u201d role \u2014 a bryn mawr ideal. some women, like zoe, felt stronger as male characters, because they felt that a strong female character would seem like a bitch. they seemed to believe that men \u2019 s actions would be read in a more positive way than a female performing the same actions. this was emphasized when ron the male frog was seen as more dependable than ribbit the female frog. regardless of the gender switches occurring, they seemed to happen all for more or less the same reason : people wanted to experience a different role that they felt they could not express through their real - life gender. this includes people wanting to understand the opposite sex by trying to assimilate their role in an online chatroom. online, zoe did not create a female character who was strong and firm \u2014 and why not? there are definitely strong female characters that she could have drawn from for inspiration. why would she feel the need to switch her gender? zoe \u2019 s feeling of weakness or ineffectiveness was centered around her femaleness, just as case \u2019 s feeling of weakness was centered around his maleness. in a sense, this gender roleplay can be seen as not merely switching genders, but as creating whole other characters purposefully gendered differently than the user. this switch can be initiated for achieving characteristics that the switcher sees as generally a characteristic of the other gender. a woman does not play a male version of herself, but rather a male character that acts the way a male is perceived to act. \u201c in this way, the play suggests that donning a mask, adopting a persona, is a step toward reaching a deeper truth about the real, a position many mudders take regarding their experiences as virtual selves \u201d ( turkle 216 ). but how does one know how a male actually acts? these chatrooms do not reveal anything about true male behavior. there \u2019 s no \u201c way \u201d that men act. there is, however, a socially constructed, supposedly \u201c ideal \u201d expectation for the way that men are supposed to act, especially in our culture.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4835566386936734, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.615442"} {"text": "| an editor thinks that this article may not be neutral. ( march 2011 ) | after boys grow, we call them a man. there are some times we also call a man a \" boy \". for example, we often use the word \" boy \" when talking about adult males who have a partner, for example in the word boyfriend. sometimes people also use the word in a bad way for a black man or male slave. there are some sexual differences between a man and a woman. men have sex organs which we call \" external \" ( not in the body ). but many parts of the male reproductive system are internal too. the study of male reproduction and sex organs is \" andrology \". men normally have the same illnesses as women, but there are some sexual illnesses which men have only, or more often. biology is not the only thing which makes people feel they are men, or that other people are men. perhaps one in 100, 000 people are men who were born without a male body. we call these transgendered or transsexual men. some men can have a hormone or chromosomal difference ( for example \" androgen insensitivity syndrome \" ). some men have other intersex conditions. some of those intersex people who people said were female ( girls ) when they were born later want to change this. there are more differences between men and women, not only sexual differences. - some people say men, as a group, are more aggressive than women ; they want to fight more. but most research has found that men and women are equally aggressive. - in modern western society, few men wear make - up or clothing of the sort women traditionally wear. ( some men wear women ' s clothes ( \" cross - dressing \" ). )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4747195930481993, "token_count": 363, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.618289"} {"text": "the declaration that this day commemorates swiftly and elegantly set forth this country ' s promise. on its fiftieth anniversary, two signatories, adams and jefferson, died quietly in their homes, their lives forever exemplifying our country ' s both great and contradictory narrative. ( see this recent ny times \" picture essay \" of jefferson. ) the declaration of course begins : when in the course of human events it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature ' s god entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. we hold these truths to be self - evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. \u2014 that to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, \u2014 that whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness. this luminous promise has not always been kept. that is one reason why i always think it best to, whenever we think on the fourth and the great declaration, consider lincoln ' s words about this promise from the vantage point of \" four score and seven years \" later :.... [ o ] ur fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure..... it is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us - - that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion - - that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain - - that this nation, under god, shall have a new birth of freedom - - and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49745887073664435, "token_count": 507, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.621399"} {"text": "nasas phoenix mars lander. by chris gainor laser technology has the image of being as futuristic as space travel itself, but lasers are being used for many purposes beyond their science fiction role as a weapon. and canadian industry is taking a leading role in developing lasers for space applications. canadian firms are world leaders in applying lidar ( for light detection and ranging ) technology in space, including inspecting tiles on the space shuttle during flight and looking for clouds and precipitation on mars. lidar is already finding many applications close to earth, including surveying and mapping, measuring biomass for forestry and agriculture, detecting topographic features for use by geologists and archeologists, and other remote sensing uses for industry, the military and even law enforcement. lidar ' s most important use in the future may lie in assisting spacecraft with rendezvous and docking operations in space, but future business prospects for canadian contractors remain unclear as space agencies cope with tough economic and political conditions, and as the private sector carves out a larger role in spaceflight. the canadian government began supporting the development of lidar, which bounces light, usually laser beams, off of other object much like radar does with radio waves, in the 1970s and 1980s before the canadian space agency opened its doors in 1989. one of canada ' s best known lidar contractors, the toronto - based optech, was set up in 1974 to market lidar technology, which is widely used on earth for mapping, rangefinding, and hydrography. the canadian weather sensing system for mars phoenix, which landed near the north polar cap of mars on may 25, 2008, included a lidar instrument built by optech and macdonald dettwiler and associates ( mda ). the lidar instrument on mars phoenix surprised scientists when it detected snow falling from clouds, showing that ice clouds and precipitation on the red planet were more earth - like than anticipated. the lidar instrument for phoenix worked by detecting various forms of scattering of the upward - pointing laser pulse sent from the instrument. the delay of the light scattered by particles in the martian atmosphere was used to determine the altitude of the particles, and the wavelength of the scattered light gave clues to the nature of the particles. the osiris - rex spacecraft that will be launched in 2016 to asteroid 1999 rq36 will fly close to it and obtain a sample and includes a canadian lidar instrument built by mda and optech. the data obtained by the osiris - rex laser altimeter ( ola ) will also be used by scientists to map the asteroid and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5104147850209855, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.629857"} {"text": "close to it and obtain a sample and includes a canadian lidar instrument built by mda and optech. the data obtained by the osiris - rex laser altimeter ( ola ) will also be used by scientists to map the asteroid and decide where to obtain the sample from the asteroid. neptec design group, based in ottawa, brought laser technology to the space shuttle in 2001 the form of its laser camera system that added a 3d laser scanning capability to the space vision system that canada has been supporting for many years to help build the international space station. between the loss of the shuttle columbia in 2003 and the end of the shuttle program, nasa used the neptec system to inspect tiles on the bottom of shuttles on orbit to ensure that they were safe for re - entry. although at one time four - fifths of neptec ' s revenues came from the shuttle program, the company has successfully adapted to life without the shuttle by finding new work. \" for more than two decades, csa has been funding incremental developments in space - based lidar, which has led to several successful applications, most notably the laser camera system for on - orbit inspection of the thermal tiles on the space shuttle, a lidar for the canadian meteorological station on the phoenix mars lander, and three successful tridar missions on the space shuttle to demonstrate rendezvous and docking with the iss, \" csa manager ( robotics ) eric martin told space quarterly. under the strategic technologies for automation and robotics ( stear ) and space technologies development program ( stdp ), csa has helped several contractors, including neptec, optech, hymarc ltd, oerlikon aerospace, virtek corp, and sensor adaptive machines inc., develop scanning technologies and photogrammetry equipment and software, martin said. \" space - based lidar is a signature canadian technology, and canada is branded as a world leader, \" martin said. the next planned step is to demonstrate lidar applications on the iss that will necessitate further innovation combining a wider field of view, long range tracking, and close up inspection, he added. because of ongoing economic problems faced in recent years by governments and corporations around the world, and the impasse between the obama administration and the u. s. congress over the future direction of nasa, the prospects for new technologies such as lidar are unclear. \" the space market is still a place where there is a lot of discussion about a lot of things in a lot of places, \" said iain christie,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5353638992964944, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.630914"} {"text": "over the future direction of nasa, the prospects for new technologies such as lidar are unclear. \" the space market is still a place where there is a lot of discussion about a lot of things in a lot of places, \" said iain christie, ceo of the neptec design group, told space quarterly in an interview. \" everybody ' s trying to keep as many options open as possible. \" both optech and neptec have developed lidar systems for use in space rendezvous operations, and martin said both companies are in the running to develop the lidar system on the iss. in partnership with mda, optech supplied a rendezvous lidar system for the u. s. air force ' s xss - 11 ( for experimental satellite system ), which was launched on april 11, 2005 atop a minotaur rocket. the spacecraft tested military applications, including in - space inspection, servicing and repair of satellites. the rls operated \" flawlessly \" during the xss - 11 mission, according to optech, providing live updates during rendezvous operations. after the shuttle columbia was lost in 2003, neptec ' s laser camera system was selected by nasa to obtain detailed imagery of shuttle tiles on orbit during flight to verify their integrity prior to re - entry, and it was used on every subsequent shuttle flight through the end of the program. the system was attached to the end of the boom extension that was attached to the end of the canadarm and passed over tiles on the bottom and sides of the shuttle. neptec built an advanced version of its laser camera system that was enhanced with a range - extending lidar on its triangulation sensor, creating the triangulation and lidar automated rendezvous and docking system or tridar. this system was first tested on the sts - 128, sts - 131 and sts - 135 missions in the final two years of the shuttle program to track the iss during docking, undocking and fly - around operations. christie is optimistic about the future for tridar because it does not require the use of special targets on spacecraft, which means that users don ' t need to worry about building and maintaining targets. tridar equipped vehicles can also rendezvous with non - cooperative spacecraft. \" tridar just truly uses the shape of the target, \" he said. neptec will be supplying the tridar system for orbital sciences corporation ' s cygnus spacecraft, which is being developed to deliver cargo to the iss starting next year under nasa ' s commercial orbital transportation services program. \" we hope to see", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5120335040357851, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.632106"} {"text": ". neptec will be supplying the tridar system for orbital sciences corporation ' s cygnus spacecraft, which is being developed to deliver cargo to the iss starting next year under nasa ' s commercial orbital transportation services program. \" we hope to see tridar back at the space station in the next year, \" christie said. the defense advanced research projects agency ( darpa ) in the united states is undertaking the phoenix program to develop and demonstrate technologies to remove and then re - use components and systems from retired communications and other satellites in graveyard orbits near geosynchronous orbit. christie said this program offers opportunities for developers of space vision systems like neptec. there are also possibilities for contracts involving tridar with the european space agency, including esa ' s projected robotic lunar lander, christie explained. at present, esa programs are undergoing a review due to europe ' s economic problems. neptec is also building a laser sensor for the japanese astro - h x - ray astronomy satellite with support from the csa. canadian companies such as neptec are also working on rovers for use on the moon and elsewhere, and christie said these vehicles will require vision systems for navigation. mda for its part has long been interested in developing robot spacecraft to rendezvous with and service other spacecraft. starting in 2004, mda worked to get support from nasa and american contractors to build a spacecraft using canadarm robotic technology to service the hubble space telescope, but the idea was ultimately set aside. more recently in 2011, mda and communications satellite provider intelsat announced that they were considering working together on satellite refueling and servicing on orbit. but the two firms announced in january that the deal would not proceed because of a lack of interest on the part of the u. s. government and other potential customers. given mda ' s work with optech on the xss - 11 program, it is possible that lidar could have been part of these proposals and in future proposals of this type that mda will likely put forward to advance robotic technologies such as the next - generation canadarm. when contacted on the possibility of using lidar in these proposals, an mda official declined to speculate. once direction is established for nasa and the space industry emerges from today ' s economic problems, new opportunities should open up for canadian suppliers of lidar technology. the growing use of lasers and lidar for a variety of applications both on earth and in space will guarantee that these canadian firms will face greater competition from firms such as lockheed martin and boeing in the united states and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5071575197098467, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.633426"} {"text": "the answer depends on the infrastructure that you are using. generally, the best thing is to do nothing. i know this sounds weird, so let me explain. when the os is talking to a nic, it generally has at least one pair of rx / tx ring - buffers and, in case of commodity hardware, is likely talking to the device over pcie bus. on top of the pcie bus there is a dma engine that makes it possible for a nic to read and write from / to host memory without using a cpu. in other words, while the nic is active, it will always read and write packets on its own, with minimal cpu intervention. there are, of course, a lot of details, but you can generally think that on a driver - level that is what is going on \u2014 reads and writes are always performed by the nic using dma, no matter whether your application reads / writes anything or not. now, on top of it there is an os infrastructure that allows user - space applications to send and receive data to / from the nic. when you open a socket, os will determine in what kind of data your application is interested and add an entry into a list of applications talking to a network interface. when that happens, the application starts receiving data that is placed in some sort of application ' s queue in the kernel. it doesn ' t matter whether you are calling read or not, the data is placed there. once the data is placed, the application is getting notified. the notification mechanisms in the kernel vary, but they all share a similar ideas \u2014 let application know that data is available to call read ( ). once the data is in that \" queue \", application can pick it up by calling read ( ). the difference between blocking and non - blocking read is simple \u2014 if the read is blocking, the kernel will simply suspend the execution of an application until the data is arrived. in case of non - blocking read, the control is returned to an application in any case \u2014 either with data or without it. if latter happens, the application can either keep trying ( aka spin on a socket ), or wait for a notification from the kernel saying that data is available, and then proceed to reading it. now let ' s get back to \" doing nothing \". what it means is that socket is registered to receive notification only once. once registered, the application doesn ' t have to do anything but receive a notification saying \" the data is there \". so what the application should do is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46885094484283074, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.639508"} {"text": "\" doing nothing \". what it means is that socket is registered to receive notification only once. once registered, the application doesn ' t have to do anything but receive a notification saying \" the data is there \". so what the application should do is listen to that notification and perform the read only when the data is there. once enough data is received, the app can start processing it somehow. knowing all that, let ' s see what from the three approaches is better... post another overlapped read on the socket, this time with the size of the packet so it receives it in the next completion? this is a a good approach. ideally, you wouldn ' t have to \" post \" anything, but this depends on how good the os interface is. if you cannot \" register \" your application once and then keep receiving notifications every time new data is available and call read ( ) when it is, then posting an asynchronous read request is the next best thing. read inside the routine the whole packet using blocking sockets and then post another overlapped with recv with 9 bytes? this is a good approach if your application has absolutely nothing else to do and you have only one socket to read from. in other words \u2014 it is an easy way of doing so, very easy to program, os takes care of completions itself, etc. keep in mind though that once you have more than one socket to read from, you will have to either do a very stupid thing like having a thread per socket ( terrible! ), or re - write your application using the first approach. read in chunks ( decide the size ) say - 4096 and have a counter to keep reading each overlapped completion until the data was read ( say it would complete 12 times till all the packet was read ). this is the way to go! in fact, this is almost the same as approach # 1 with a nice optimization to perform as less round - trips to the kernel as possible, and read as much as possible in one go. first i wanted to correct the first approach with these details, but then i noticed you ' ve done it yourself. hope it helps. good luck!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4972995876015127, "token_count": 443, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.640458"} {"text": "eventually i had to deal with the infernal \u2018 axial \u2019 age in my treatment of the sacred economy. what interests me here, though, is the way tribute - exchange becomes the dominant institutional form after the long economic crisis at the end of the second millennium bce. so what relevance does the \u2018 axial \u2019 age have? while the \u2018 discovery \u2019 of abstraction and the beginnings of henotheisms and monotheisms in the first millennium have been much celebrated and discussed, less attention has been given to the socio - economic conditions of such changes. as graeber persuasively argues, this was an era of even more extensive violence than usual. marauding bands and armies crisscrossed the land, rulers sought to extract plunder and tribute as ways of feeding larger state machines ( when estates were no longer sufficient ), and the logistics of providing for perpetual armies became a nightmare. in this context, coinage provides an ingenious solution to the logistics of supply, and with coinage a new type of abstraction becomes possible and tangibly real. we need to be careful at this point, for the usual argument is that here lie the origins of the ability of human beings to think abstractly in a sustained manner. that argument goes as follows : coinage can happen and is fostered by a huge step in human abilities, specifically the ability to think abstractly. the reason is that coinage embodies an abstract value, both instituted by the state and agreed upon by those who use it. arguments run back and forth in idealist and materialist directions : either the \u2018 discovery \u2019 of abstraction precedes and enables coinage, or coinage produces the conditions for thinking abstractly. however, the problem lies elsewhere, namely, in the assumption that abstraction itself was a new step in human development. it follows that before then human beings operated in concrete, immediate terms, not being aware of mutually contradictory beliefs \u2013 for instance, the god can be a bull, a storm, or physically present in the temple or cult corner. christina pointed out that this argument is exceedingly strange and somewhat patronizing, a projection backwards in time of assertions still made today that indigenous people cannot think abstractly since they are \u2018 primitive \u2019 and \u2018 backward \u2019 ( for instance, danes who work in greenland assert this today about greenlanders ). it may be refuted simply : does not the use of language entail a process of abstraction, or the ability to plan crops or raise herds, or to distinguish between different types of animals or groups of people? what are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.540083618320505, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.643267"} {"text": "support groups and social support health problems like cancer or heart disease and mental health problems like substance abuse or post - traumatic stress disorder ( ptsd ) have an emotional side. and the same is true for certain life events, like being a parent or caring for someone with a chronic illness. your life changes. and you may need a shoulder to cry on or someone to talk to. you may need a ride to the doctor or a night out. you need support. support takes many forms. you can find support in seminars and groups led by professionals, in groups of others who have the same problem, and in your relationships with family and friends. if you have a support network, you will not feel as alone. you ' ll learn new ways to deal with your problem, and you may try harder to overcome it. social support can play an important role in recovery. support groups and peer support you may want help only from your doctor, friends, and family. but sometimes other people also are good for you. in support groups, you find other people with situations like yours. some support groups focus on education. these groups often are led by a professional, such as a teacher or a doctor who shares information about the problem. other groups focus on support. they often include only people who have the same problem. these are called peer groups. in a peer group, you ' ll find people who are going through the same things you are. you ' ll see that you ' re not the only one and that others have the same feelings and challenges as you. group members can give you support, advice, and encouragement. you can see what is working for others and decide if it might work for you. you can help others in the group by paying attention and letting them know you are listening and by sharing your thoughts. your experiences and ideas may be new to them. being able to help others is rewarding and helps you gain self - confidence. peer support may include consumer providers and consumer - run services. - a consumer provider is someone who has been trained to help others with the same type of problems. you can find consumer providers in clinics. because they know what you have gone through, they can be good role models and coaches. - a consumer - run service is a group, or part of a group, in which people with the same problem provide services. these services include support groups, peer counseling, telephone helplines, and drop - in centers. how to find a support group here are some ways to find support groups. - ask your", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4491279038467211, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.649324"} {"text": "a group, in which people with the same problem provide services. these services include support groups, peer counseling, telephone helplines, and drop - in centers. how to find a support group here are some ways to find support groups. - ask your doctor, counselor, or other health professional for suggestions. - ask your religious leader. you can contact churches, mosques, synagogues, or other religious groups. - ask your family and friends. - ask people who have the same condition. - contact a city, state, or national group for the condition. your library, community center, or phone book may have a list of these groups. - search the internet. forums, e - mail lists, and chat rooms let you read messages from others and leave your own messages. you can exchange stories, let off steam, and ask and answer questions. look for a support group that works for you. ask yourself if you prefer structure and would like a group leader, or if you ' d like a less formal group. do you prefer face - to - face meetings, or do you feel more secure in internet chat rooms or forums? social support includes emotional support such as love, trust, and understanding, as well as advice and concrete help, such as help managing your time. your family, friends, and community all can do this. they can make you feel cared about and feel good about yourself, and can give you hope. you may get your social support from many people. you may play sports with one group of people, go to movies with another, and turn to family or friends to talk over problems. you can look for support from : - your spouse or partner and your children. - your parents, brothers and sisters, aunts and uncles, cousins, grandparents, and anyone who is like family to you. - friends, coworkers, members of your religious and / or spiritual groups, neighbors, and classmates. - support groups, consumer drop - in centers, and online support groups. - doctors, therapists, nurses, and other professionals. ask yourself where you get your social support. you may be able to forge a closer relationship with family members or friends. maybe you know someone who you ' d like to know better. you can join a club, or find a group of people with the same interests you have. improving social support you may not have good social support. you may avoid other people. this may be because : - you may feel ashamed of having your problem and not want to talk to anyone. -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5152541118841334, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.650409"} {"text": "group of people with the same interests you have. improving social support you may not have good social support. you may avoid other people. this may be because : - you may feel ashamed of having your problem and not want to talk to anyone. - your condition may make other people wary of you. for example, if you have ptsd and are often angry, people may avoid you. - you may feel too sad to want to talk to people. - you may have no family and few friends where you live. if you can improve your social support, it can help you deal with your condition. here are some ways you can make your social support stronger : - know that social support is a two - way street. you count on your social network for support, but its members also count on you. ask them about their families, jobs, and interests, and help them when you can. - know your friends ' limits. you don ' t have to see or call your friends every day. if you ' re going through a rough patch, ask friends if it ' s okay to contact them outside of the usual boundaries. - don ' t always complain or talk about yourself. know when it ' s time to stop talking and listen or to just enjoy your friend ' s company. - be clear when communicating. ask questions to be sure you know what people want. if you ask for something, be sure you make yourself understood. listen to what your friends have to say, and don ' t judge them. - know that good friends can be bad friends. if your buddy keeps you drinking when you shouldn ' t be, you may want to end the friendship. a social network lifts you up. it shouldn ' t drag you down. last updated : january 21, 2009 author : jeannette curtis", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4514067290817383, "token_count": 363, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.652175"} {"text": "working with data types in expressions ( reporting services ) data types represent different kinds of data so that it can be stored and processed efficiently. typical data types include text ( also known as strings ), numbers with and without decimal places, dates and times, and images. data can be stored using one data type for efficiency but formatted according to your preference when the data is displayed in the report. for example, a field that represents currency can be stored as a floating point number, but can be displayed in a variety of formats depending on the format property you choose. for more information about display formats, see formatting reports and report items. it is important to understand data types when you write expressions to compare or combine values, for example, when you define group or filter expressions, or calculate aggregates. comparisons and calculations are valid only between items of the same data type. if the data types do not match, you must explicitly convert the data type in the report item by using an expression. the following list describes cases when you may need to convert data to a different data type : comparing the value of a report parameter of one data type to a dataset field of a different data type. writing filter expressions that compare values of different data types. writing sort expressions that combine fields of different data types. writing group expressions that combine fields of different data types. converting a value retrieved from the data source from one data type to a different data type. to determine the data type of a report item, you can write an expression that returns its data type. for example, to show the data type for the field myfield, add the following expression to a table cell : = fields! myfield. value. getdatatype ( ). tostring ( ). the result displays the clr data type used to represent myfield, for example, system. string or system. datetime. you can also convert dataset fields before you use them in a report. the following list describes ways that you can convert an existing dataset field : modify the dataset query to add a new query field with the converted data. for relational or multidimensional data sources, this uses data source resources to perform the conversion. create a calculated field based on an existing report dataset field by writing an expression that converts all the data in one result set column to a new column with a different data type. for example, the following expression converts the field year from an integer value to a string value : = cstr ( fields! year. value )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49925418770198426, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.660758"} {"text": "expression that converts all the data in one result set column to a new column with a different data type. for example, the following expression converts the field year from an integer value to a string value : = cstr ( fields! year. value ). for more information, see how to : add, edit, or delete a field in the report data pane. check whether the data processing extension you are using includes metadata for retrieving preformatted data. for example, a sql server analysis services mdx query includes a formatted _ value extended property for cube values that have already been formatted when processing the cube. for more information, see using extended field properties for an analysis services dataset. report parameters must be one of five data types : boolean, datetime, integer, float, or text ( also known as string ). when a dataset query includes query parameters, report parameters are automatically created and linked to the query parameters. the default data type for a report parameter is string. to change the default data type of a report parameter, select the correct value from the data type drop - down list on the general page of the report parameter properties dialog box. report parameters that are datetime data types do not support milliseconds. although you can create a parameter based on values that include milliseconds, you cannot select a value from an available values drop - down list that includes date or time values that include milliseconds. when you combine text and dataset fields using the concatenation operator ( & ), the common language runtime ( clr ) generally provides default formats. when you need to explicitly convert a dataset field or parameter to a specific data type, you must use a clr method or a visual basic runtime library function to convert the data. the following table shows examples of converting data types. type of conversion datetime to string string to datetime string to datetimeoffset extracting the year - - or - - boolean to integer - 1 is true and 0 is false. boolean to integer 1 is true and 0 is false. just the datetime part of a datetimeoffset value just the offset part of a datetimeoffset value you can also use the format function to control the display format for value. for more information, see functions ( visual basic ). when you connect to a data source with a data provider that does not provide conversion support for all the data types on the data source, the default data type for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49391584204442396, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.661733"} {"text": "control the display format for value. for more information, see functions ( visual basic ). when you connect to a data source with a data provider that does not provide conversion support for all the data types on the data source, the default data type for unsupported data source types is string. the following examples provide solutions to specific data types that are returned as a string. concatenating a string and a clr datetimeoffset data type for most data types, the clr provides default conversions so that you can concatenate values that are different data types into one string by using the & operator. for example, the following expression concatenates the text \" the date and time are : \" with a dataset field startdate, which is a system. datetime value : = \" the date and time are : \" & fields! startdate. value. for some data types, you may need to include the tostring function. for example, the following expression shows the same example using the clr data type system. datetimeoffset, which include the date, the time, and a time - zone offset relative to the utc time zone : = \" the time is : \" & fields! startdate. value. tostring ( ). converting a string data type to a clr datetime data type if a data processing extension does not support all data types defined on a data source, the data may be retrieved as text. for example, a datetimeoffset ( 7 ) data type value may be retrieved as a string data type. in perth, australia, the string value for july 1, 2008, at 6 : 05 : 07. 9999999 a. m. would resemble : 2008 - 07 - 01 06 : 05 : 07. 9999999 + 08 : 00 this example shows the date ( july 1, 2008 ), followed by the time to a 7 - digit precision ( 6 : 05 : 07. 9999999 a. m. ), followed by a utc time zone offset in hours and minutes ( plus 8 hours, 0 minutes ). for the following examples, this value has been placed in a string field called mydatetime. value. you can use one of the following strategies to convert this data to one or more clr values : in a text box, use an expression to extract parts of the string. for example : the following expression extracts just the hour part of the utc time zone offset and converts it to minutes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49312447580121027, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.662734"} {"text": "strategies to convert this data to one or more clr values : in a text box, use an expression to extract parts of the string. for example : the following expression extracts just the hour part of the utc time zone offset and converts it to minutes : = cint ( fields! mydatetime. value. substring ( fields! mydatetime. value. length - 5, 2 ) ) * 60 the result is 480. the following expression converts the string to a date and time value : = datetime. parse ( fields! mydatetime. value ) if the mydatetime. value string has a utc offset, the datetime. parse function first adjusts for the utc offset ( 7 a. m. - [ + 08 : 00 ] to the utc time of 11 p. m. the night before ). the datetime. parse function then applies the local report server utc offset and, if necessary, adjusts the time again for daylight saving time. for example, in redmond, washington, the local time offset adjusted for daylight saving time is [ - 07 : 00 ], or 7 hours earlier than 11 pm. the result is the following datetime value : 2007 - 07 - 06 04 : 07 : 07 pm ( july 6, 2007 at 4 : 07 p. m ). add a new calculated field to the report dataset that uses an expression to extract parts of the string. for more information, see how to : add, edit, or delete a field in the report data pane. change the report dataset query to use transact - sql functions to extract the date and time values independently to create separate columns. the following example shows how to use the function datepart to add a column for the year and a column for the utc time zone converted to minutes : datepart ( year, mydatetime ) as year, datepart ( tz, mydatetime ) as offsetinminutes the result set has three columns. the first column is the date and time, the second column is the year, and the third column is the utc offset in minutes. the following row shows example data : 2008 - 07 - 01 06 : 05 : 07 2008 480 for more information about sql server database types, see data types ( database engine ) and date and time data types and functions ( transact - sql ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4504129052044611, "token_count": 486, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.663576"} {"text": "today the federal government is literally everywhere. it has its nose in everything, and it has been that way for a long, long time. in the kentucky and virginia resolutions of 1798, thomas jefferson and james madison warned us that if the federal government were to have the exclusive right to judge the extent of its own powers, its power would continue to grow a\u20ac \u201c regardless of elections, the separation of powers, and other much - touted limits on power. the principle behind these resolutions, that the power of federal government must be checked by state governments, has gained resurgence in recent years, and is growing more every day. fourteen states are now defying federal laws on marijuana. nearly two dozen states have rendered the bush - era real id act null and void by passing laws or resolutions refusing to comply with it. two states have already passed laws to effectively nullify some federal gun laws or regulations within their borders and more than two dozen others are considering similar legislation. more than a dozen states are considering legislation to nullify or effectively ban any future national health care plan in their state. other states are considering legislation to refuse sending their national guard troops to wars deemed unconstitutional by state governors. and still others are looking at laws to resist cap and trade legislation. the principle behind such legislation is nullification. when a state a federal law, it is proclaiming that the law in question is void and inoperative, or - effective, a\u20ac\u2122 within the boundaries of that state ; or, in other words, not a law as far as the state is concerned. more than words but to simply declare a law null and void is not enough. implied in any nullification legislation is enforcement of the state law. in the virginia resolution of 1798, james madison wrote of the principle of interposition : that this assembly doth explicitly and peremptorily declare, that it views the powers of the federal government, as resulting from the compact, to which the states are parties ; as limited by the plain sense and intention of the instrument constituting the compact ; as no further valid that they are authorized by the grants enumerated in that compact ; and that in case of a deliberate, palpable, and dangerous exercise of other powers, not granted by the said compact, the states who are parties thereto, have the right, and are in duty bound, to interpose for arresting the progress of the evil, and for maintaining within their respective limits, the authorities, rights and liberties appertaining to them. in his famous speech", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5300749413034304, "token_count": 510, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.668967"} {"text": "parties thereto, have the right, and are in duty bound, to interpose for arresting the progress of the evil, and for maintaining within their respective limits, the authorities, rights and liberties appertaining to them. in his famous speech during the war of 1812, daniel webster said : a\u20ac\u0153the operation of measures thus unconstitutional and illegal ought to be prevented by a resort to other measures which are both constitutional and legal. it will be the solemn duty of the state governments to protect their own authority over their own militia, and to interpose between their citizens and arbitrary power. these are among the objects for which the state governments exista\u20ac here madison and webster assert what is implied in nullification laws a\u20ac \u201d that state governments not only have the right to resist unconstitutional federal acts, but that, in order to protect liberty, they are \u201c duty bound to interpose \u201d or stand between the federal government and the people of the state. resisting federal intrustion the only way to restrain an out of control federal government is through the interposition of state authority to stand in defense of individual life and liberty. those sound like nice words, but what does this mean precisely in application? in order to restore usurped constitutional authority, a state must be prepared, at some point, to resist federal intrusion. in the american tradition, there is a long history of states doing just that. georgia nullified the supreme courta\u20ac\u2122s ruling in chisholm vs. georgia ( 1793 ) ; new england states nullified fugitive slave laws ; and earlier new england townships nullified jeffersona\u20ac\u2122s embargo and the war of 1812 declared under madisona\u20ac\u2122s administration. jefferson said a\u20ac\u0153he felt the foundations of the government shaken under my feet by the new england townships. a\u20ac wisconsin was nullifying what it declared to be usurpations by the supreme court into the 1850s. there was a time when the states kept the central government under control. follow the money when i talk to people about these principles a\u20ac \u201c most agree, like martin luther king jr. said in his famous a\u20ac\u0153letter from birmingham jail, a\u20ac that there is a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws. but, theya\u20ac\u2122ll often ask, even if states pass laws to nullify unjust and unconstitutional federal acts, the feds will still continue to tax us and punish our states financially for not complying a\u20ac \u201c so what can we really do? one idea, which will take", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5142746913102136, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.669982"} {"text": ", even if states pass laws to nullify unjust and unconstitutional federal acts, the feds will still continue to tax us and punish our states financially for not complying a\u20ac \u201c so what can we really do? one idea, which will take a great deal of courage on the part of the people and their state governments, is to establish whata\u20ac\u2122s being called a a\u20ac\u0153federal tax escrow accounta\u20ac or a a\u20ac\u0153state authority and federal tax funds act. a\u20ac already introduced in georgia ( hb877 ), oklahoma ( hb2810 ), and washington ( hb2712 ), such laws would require that all federal taxes come first to the statea\u20ac\u2122s department of revenue. a panel of legislators would assay the constitutional appropriateness of the federal budget, and then forward to the federal government a percentage of the federal tax dollars that are delineated as legal and constitutionally justified. the remainder of those dollars would be assigned to budgetary items that are currently funded through federal allocations and grants or returned to the people. will the federal government a\u20ac \u201c and its courts a\u20ac \u201c deem such laws constitutional? unlikely, especially in light of the fact that as recently as 2005 the supreme court ruled that a person growing a plant on their own property, keeping it at home, and consuming it in their own home was somehow a\u20ac\u0153interstate commerce. a\u20ac rulings such as these show that the courts have little, if any, respect for the rights of the people. the supreme court, with only nine unelected judges, has become the most important policy making body in this country, and makes claim to be the final authority on interpreting the constitution. never in history have so many been ruled by so few. the essential question, of course, will the people and their state governments have enough courage to push forward anyway? only time will tell. click here for the tenth amendment centera\u20ac\u2122s legislative tracking page a\u20ac \u201c for information on all current nullification efforts. click here for the tenth amendment centera\u20ac\u2122s federal tax funds act tracking page michael boldin is the founder of the tenth amendment center copyright a\u00a9 2010 by tenthamendmentcenter. com. permission to reprint in whole or in part is gladly granted, provided full credit is given.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.442365036899494, "token_count": 480, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.671901"} {"text": "while other cultural and historical places light up christmas trees, antietam lights up a battlefield. saturday, december 6, 2008 was the 20th annual memorial illumination ceremony in which 23, 110 lighted candles graced antietam \u2019 s battlefield, one candle for each soldier killed, wounded, or missing during battle. the battle of antietam on september 17, 1862 was the bloodiest one - day battle during the civil war, the bloodiest day in america \u2019 s history. ( gettysburg was the bloodiest battle but it lasted three days. ) the yankees kicked back the confederate army south of the potomac, though president lincoln wasn \u2019 t happy that general george mcclellan didn \u2019 t follow the retreat and destroy the confederate army, as lincoln had instructed. mcclellan \u2019 s reticence cost him his generalship ; following orders could have potentially averted many subsequent deaths during the next three years of the civil war. i wasn \u2019 t able to visit the illumination this year, but i did drive down to antietam a couple weeks ago. i grabbed a guide from the visitor \u2019 s center and rode my bike along the pathway, while visitors in heated cars looked at me askance. it was cold, but i \u2019 d learned at the gettysburg battlefield that driving a car was a hindrance, since i wanted to get out every fifty yards to read the plaques, monuments, and guideposts. at antietam, i stared into the west woods where over 2, 200 union soldiers were killed or wounded during a twenty minute period ; i walked along bloody lane, a farm lane which had became an open grave after three hours of slaughter. \u201c [ the dead ] were laying in the road like the ties of a railroad, \u201d one soldier said. when i got home i wrote a poem to organize my thoughts and emotions, as i \u2019 d needed to after visiting gettysburg for the first time. a while back i heard the documentarist ken burns speak. he \u2019 s intelligent and engaging, and i listened closely to his presentation, but now i can only remember two things he said : his documentary on the national parks will come out in fall 2009, and far too many americans have never heard of antietam. burns told about when he went out to lunch with a young professional woman who had grown up in maryland and worked in washington dc. when burns told her he was headed to antietam after their meeting, she gave him a blank look. when he described the battle and noted the casualties, she was astounded. \u201c", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4164384864644283, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.675717"} {"text": "had grown up in maryland and worked in washington dc. when burns told her he was headed to antietam after their meeting, she gave him a blank look. when he described the battle and noted the casualties, she was astounded. \u201c that happened here? \u201d she asked. so many men died? his story only sort of surprised me. i mean, i do have a student who swears the holocaust is a myth, and when i mentioned antietam to a couple people in a writing group, one asked if that battle was the end or beginning of the civil war. after i told them the number of casualties, another asked if we had lost that many in any battle in iraq. we haven \u2019 t suffered many more casualties in the whole iraq war, i replied. ( a comment which wasn \u2019 t meant to downplay the number of american casualties in iraq, only to remind her of the many, often forgotten, civil war casualties. ) at an antietam cemetery, as i stood by gravestones on which were written the names of multiple people from the same family who died in the civil war, i realized that the majority of americans can \u2019 t comprehend the enormous grief which encapsulated families and the entire nation during 1861 - 1865. if you didn \u2019 t have a family member killed or wounded, it was only a matter of time. when placing myself in their shoes, i \u2019 m thankful that my immediate family can be together over the holidays, and i sympathize with friends and relatives who have family members fighting on the other side of the world. antietam \u2019 s lights add sobriety to the holiday season, a sobriety which prompts healthy reflection. photo credit to http : / / www. lindsayfincher. com", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.401200000247546, "token_count": 359, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.676421"} {"text": "sweet tea is a southern institution. in the south it is more plentiful then water, however this was not always the case. in the late 1800 \u2032 s and early 1900 \u2032 s sweet tea was a luxury. sweet tea was a way to demonstrate ones status and decadence. there were several reasons for this. during this time period, tea, ice, and sugar were expensive. out of all these the biggest luxury item was ice which had to cut and shipped from frozen lakes often over great distances and then stored into the warm months. the oldest known recipe for sweet ice tea was published in 1879 in a cookbook called the housekeeping in old virginia by marion cabell tyree. this original recipe bears a strong resemblance to the modern version including the long steeping time and massive amounts of sugar. the only glaring difference is the use of green tea. prior to wwii green tea was plentiful in the us and most sweet tea during this time period was made from green tea. however because of wwii green tea was no longer imported from japan and instead the us turned to india which was under british - control and produced black tea. after the war, america never looked back and now black tea, specifically lipton is the hallmark of sweet tea. while people from the north may balk at the sweetness of the tea it is a refreshing summertime staple. but sometimes you need a little extra kick in your tea. the following drink was created by simon gibson of the brooklyn star. i discovered this recipe in an article written on complex. com sweet tea sour 2 oz. four roses bourbon 1 oz. sweet tea syrup 1 oz. lemon juice 1 / 2 oz. egg white tea syrup : steep two large lipton iced tea bags in three pints of boiling water for 30 minutes. remove tea and add 1 quart of sugar while the water is still hot. stir to dissolve and allow to cool. for a southern secret, try adding a touch of baking soda while the tea is boiling to help smooth some of the bitterness. the egg white adds a real nice texture to the drink. there is a a nice balance between the sweet and sour components but in homage to sweet tea on my second go round i dropped the lemon juice by a 1 / 4 to up the sweetness of the overall drink. i did not have have any four roses so i used old weller antique. the lynchburg lemonade was the subject of a fierce legal battle between creator tony mason and the jack daniels distillery. was it a drink worth fighting for? not in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44272332412284005, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.680663"} {"text": ". i did not have have any four roses so i used old weller antique. the lynchburg lemonade was the subject of a fierce legal battle between creator tony mason and the jack daniels distillery. was it a drink worth fighting for? not in its original form, i \u2019 d say. the classic lynchburg lemonade is equal \u2026 continue reading \u2192 i discovered this recipe while skimming through the 75th anniversary edition of mr. boston \u2019 s official bartender \u2019 s guide. the recipe calls for 1792 ridgemont reserve bourbon whiskey, which i did not have on hand. the notes for the drink state that this particular bourbon has a higher than average content of rye. i decided to go with a rye whiskey ( redemption rye ), although bulleit bourbon would have been another excellent choice. commodore cocktail 2 oz 1792 ridgemont reserve bourbon whiskey ( redemption rye or bulleit bourbon ). 75 oz white creme de cacao. 5oz lemon juice 1 dash ( tsp ) of grenadine ( hibiscus grenadine ) shake with ice and strain into a chilled cocktail glass. some recipes call for equal parts of the first 3 ingredients and do not specify a high rye content bourbon. this will create an overall sweeter drink compared to the recipe i have listed. you should experiment to see which suits your palate best. while its pink color may lure you into thinking its a sweet drink with no bite, beware for the rye gives it its fangs. there is sweet chocolately goodness throughout the drink with the rye making its presence felt near the end. 2oz bourbon ( makers mark ) 1oz fresh lemon juice. 5oz creme de cassis. 5oz simple syrup 1 dash angostura bitters shake all ingredients in an ice filled cocktail shaker and pour over cracked ice. garnish with a lemon wheel or lemon wedge whichever works for you this drink was sweet, fruity, tart with a faint hint of spice. the bourbon is evident throughout and complemented by the spiciness of the angostura. next time i will up the bitters to 2 or 3 dashes to add a heavier spice note. in the process of making this drink i noticed that i still had some hibiscus simple syrup in the fridge. i made a second drink and replaced the simple syrup with the hibiscus. i found that this creates a softer drink with the floral notes of the hibiscus pairing well with the cassis and toning down some of the bourbon flavors. i garnished it with a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4144676897853117, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.681598"} {"text": "the concept of the \u201c responsible traveler \u201d or \u201c ethical tourism \u201d is about cultivating respect for other cultures and reducing our footprint upon the world while traveling. this awareness goes beyond eco - friendly behaviors to practicing a \u201c global code of ethics for tourism. \u201d there are many ethical concerns about the impact of tourists, especially affluent westerners \u2019, upon developing countries \u2019 cultures and economies. when thinking of ethical issues around travel, i have one image permanently burnt in my memory. in 1999, i witnessed a young western backpacker giving what she thought was something of value to a local indonesian woman \u2013 an empty water bottle. the local woman politely accepts the bottle. the backpacker turns and walks away. almost immediately the woman tosses the empty water bottle into the nearby water ravine and returns to her work without a pause. that situation could have easily come out of the 1982 movie, koyaanisqati ( \u201c world out of balance \u201d ). the cultural misunderstanding and environmental implications of this exchange, has never left me. the following is taken from world tourism organization website : the responsible tourist and traveler travel and tourism should be planned and practiced as a means of individual and collective fulfillment. when practiced with an open mind, it is an irreplaceable factor of self education, mutual tolerance and for learning about the legitimate differences between peoples and cultures and their diversity. everyone has a role to play creating responsible travel and tourism. governments, business and communities must do all they can, but as a guest you can support this in many ways to make a difference : 1. open your mind to other cultures and traditions \u2013 it will transform your experience, you will earn respect and be more readily welcomed by local people. be tolerant and respect diversity \u2013 observe social and cultural traditions and practices. 2. respect human rights. exploitation in any form conflicts with the fundamental aims of tourism. the sexual exploitation of children is a crime punishable in the destination or at the offender \u2019 s home country. 3. help preserve natural environments. protect wildlife and habitats and do not purchase products made from endangered plants or animals. 4. respect cultural resources. activities should be conducted with respect for the artistic, archaeological and cultural heritage. 5. your trip can contribute to economic and social development. purchase local handicrafts and products to support the local economy using the principles of fair trade. bargaining for goods should reflect an understanding of a fair wage. 6. inform yourself about the destination \u2019 s current health situation and access to emergency and consular services prior to departure and be assured that your", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47603217911554946, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.684574"} {"text": "science daily \u2014 hiv - infected patients undergoing surgical procedures may be more likely to develop pneumonia after surgery and to die within 12 months than those without hiv, according to a report in the december issue of archives of surgery, one of the jama / archives journals. in addition, hiv patients with a preoperative viral load ( number of copies of the virus in the blood ) greater than 30, 000 per milliliter appear to have increased risk of surgical complications. since the development of medication regimens known as highly active antiretroviral therapy ( haart ), hiv has become a chronic, manageable condition, according to background information in the article. \u201c consequently, many hiv - infected patients elect to undergo surgical procedures to correct physical ailments that would not have been treated previously, and undergo operative interventions in lieu of medical therapies for certain conditions, \u201d the authors write. michael a. horberg, m. d., m. a. s., and colleagues at kaiser permanente medical care program \u2013 northern california, oakland, studied surgical outcomes in 332 hiv - infected patients who underwent a variety of procedures ( including abdominal, orthopedic and heart surgeries ) between 1997 and 2002. for comparison, the researchers selected a group of 332 patients who did not have hiv but were the same age and sex and had a similar procedure at around the same time and at the same location as one of the hiv - infected patients. the investigators then used health plan databases to obtain clinical information about the hiv patients \u2019 disease and to track whether any of the patients had complications after surgery or died within 12 months. the surgical procedures analyzed included abdominal or pelvic procedures ( 80. 8 percent ), cardiac or breast procedures ( 8. 4 percent ) and orthopedic procedures ( 10. 8 percent ). most complications \u2013 including infections and delayed wound healing \u2013 occurred equally frequently in patients with and without hiv. no difference between the two groups was found in the length of hospital stay, number of complications or need for additional procedures to treat complications. however, more hiv patients developed pneumonia ( eight or 2. 4 percent vs. one or. 3 percent ) and more died within 12 months ( 10 or 3 percent vs. two or. 6 percent ). \u201c the causes of death varied \u201d in hiv patients, the authors write. \u201c while none of the causes appeared to be a direct consequence of the operation, two deaths were within 30 days of the operation. \u201d the researchers also examined risk factors for complications and death among", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4456420363501804, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.689462"} {"text": "of death varied \u201d in hiv patients, the authors write. \u201c while none of the causes appeared to be a direct consequence of the operation, two deaths were within 30 days of the operation. \u201d the researchers also examined risk factors for complications and death among hiv patients, including cd4 cell count response, a measure of the state of the immune system. the lower the cd4 count, the more likely a patient with hiv / aids is to develop secondary infections or illnesses. those with a cd4 count of less than 50 cells per cubic millimeter of blood had more complications than those with higher cd4 counts. in addition, viral loads \u2013 measured as the number of copies of the virus in a milliliter of blood \u2013 of more than 30, 000 were associated with a higher complication rate. whether the patients were taking antiretroviral therapy did not appear to be related to their risk of developing complications. \u201c our results indicate that a higher hiv viral load seems to be a greater predictor of surgically related complications than either the cd4 cell count or the presence or absence of haart use, \u201d the authors write. \u201c patients with hiv are living longer and regaining a substantial amount of immune function, \u201d they conclude. \u201c many hiv - infected patients will require surgical attention because of a variety of disorders. in many cases, hiv serostatus [ whether a person is infected with hiv or not ] should not be a criterion when determining the need for surgery if patients have adequate viral control. \u201d note : this story has been adapted from a news release issued by jama and archives journals.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4474839755660437, "token_count": 322, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.690401"} {"text": "the students crouched down at the makeshift starting line readying their cars for launch. \" on your mark, get set, go! \" their teacher deanna molloy shouted. and like that the cars were off - - some more quickly than others. the friday race involved solar - powered cars that about 100 eighth - graders at tyler isd ' s hubbard middle school created. the exercise was a part of the students ' science, technology, engineering and math ( stem ) class where they have been learning about renewable energy. \" it ' s a cool learning opportunity to be hands - on, \" eighth - grader emily johnson, 13, said of the project. the cars, each about the length of a small mousetrap, consisted of a small piece of wood, two sets of wheels, an axle, a motor and one or two solar panels connected to the motor by cables. the students spent about one week working on the project. \" i thought it was really fun and it was a really good learning experience, \" amber brown, 14, said. \" we get to learn a little bit about natural energy and making things. \" the project was made possible through a $ 5, 100 grant from the tyler isd foundation. it is one of several funded through the grant aimed to increase students ' awareness of the need for alternative energy sources and help them use creative thinking. about 300 hubbard seventh - and eighth - graders are participating in grant - funded projects. ms. molloy said she likes to incorporate a lot of engineering projects into her stem class, which is a semester - long elective. projects include making water turbines to power light bulbs, making kites and running levitation cars, the latter of which work through opposing magnets. students also created mosaics with tiles and will create display boards about alternative energy forms. the students have been studying that topic. ms. molloy said she gives her students a lot of creative license so they can learn how to design and think outside the box, which will benefit them down the road. she also works to connect the concepts taught in class to the real world. \" they ' re going to be the generation that uses these types of energy, \" she said of her students. larry goddard, tyler isd foundation executive director, said this project shows how students can be engaged. rather than just putting together a car, they had to make choices about design and how that would affect speed. \" not only are they learning in the classroom, but they are coming up with creative and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.444379247656307, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.700414"} {"text": "said this project shows how students can be engaged. rather than just putting together a car, they had to make choices about design and how that would affect speed. \" not only are they learning in the classroom, but they are coming up with creative and innovative ideas, \" goddard said. \" it ' s not just building a ca r from a kit, it ' s also using your mind to see how much better it can be. \" he said he likes the idea of turning the project into a competition because that motivates students, but in the process, they learn about aerodynamics, solar energy and other concepts. \" this is the creative and competitive generation and if we don ' t reach them with projects that are creative and competitive we are going to lose this generation, so i ' m very proud, \" goddard said. students said they liked the hands - on nature of the activity and the ability to put actual concepts into practice. sergio hurtado ' s car placed first in the race followed by cody clark ' s. sergio, 14, said he thinks the two solar panels on his car gave it the edge. many students had only one panel. he also cut his wood piece into a forklike shape, making it lighter and, in his opinion, more aerodynamic. cody, 14, said cutting down his wooden piece made his car lighter something he believes contributed to its speed. he said he ' s seen how race cars are designed and modeled his piece after those. he also glued his solar panel flat on the base which he thought helped to make his car faster. \" i really liked it, \" he said of the project. \" i think this is my favorite ( project ) that we ' ve done so far. \" ms. molloy said part of her class is about exposing students to potential career fields. she said she tries to do that through the projects. \" i try to relate every project to something that ' s going to happen in the future, \" ms. molloy said. hubbard middle school students react as their solar cars stall near the starting line of the first race on friday. ( staff photo by christopher r. vinn )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4688896012514061, "token_count": 437, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.701786"} {"text": "in the late ' 60s, the surgeon general of the united states said that we were closing in on the worldwide eradication of infectious ' there were no known treatments ' : dr. jerry p. jaax told stories of the frightening ebola outbreak in reston, va., that spread from a research facility of 500 monkeys and inspired a best - selling book and film. since, then, says dr. jerry p. jaax, the world has faced \" hiv, sars, aids, tuberculosis ( tb ), drug - resistant tb, exotic pests, nipah virus, hantavirus, west nile virus, drug - resistant pathogens, ebola, bovine spongiform encephalopathy ( bse ), lyme disease, and that doesn ' t even take into account what somebody might do on purpose. when it comes to emerging infectious disease and bioterrorism, we have a lot of work to do, \" he adds. jaax should know. in fact, he and his wife nancy jaax confronted an ebola virus outbreak in reston, va. their work inspired a best - selling book titled \" the hot zone, \" which ultimately inspired the film \" outbreak. \" according to jerry jaax, the reston outbreak remains \" an important turning point in the recognition of infectious disease in public health. \" then employed with the u. s. army veterinary corps, jaax recalls that interest in infectious disease in public health in 1989 was clearly focused on risks to our armed forces. \" no one had even considered what might happen if something went wrong in the united states. most people were worried about humans, but plants and animals are a huge component of the threat spectrum. \" in this case, the ebola virus swept through a research facility with some 500 monkeys. at the time, says nancy jaax, they were treating it as biosafety level 3 ( bsl3 ) emergency, which means it poses a significant health threat but there are countermeasures. when diagnostic testing kept pointing to ebola, the threat spectrum was raised to biosafety level 4 ( bsl4 ). in other words, there were no known treatments. more testing revealed that they were in the middle of an outbreak with an entirely new strain of ebola virus. \" you can ' t imagine, \" nancy jaax says. \" you think you are at the top of the rollercoaster, and all of a sudden you are at the bottom. we were treating it like", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4622894044021403, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.726565"} {"text": "new strain of ebola virus. \" you can ' t imagine, \" nancy jaax says. \" you think you are at the top of the rollercoaster, and all of a sudden you are at the bottom. we were treating it like a bsl3 agent. you were trying to remember who had it, who looked at it. we went into a kind of diagnostic brain lock. you know that this virus is supposed to be in africa. it certainly was not supposed to have come from a group of monkeys from the philippines, flown to amersterdam, and flown to new york. by the way, two of the animals that were sick were taken home at night by an animal caretaker. we were very frightened, \" nancy jaax says. and the detective work that goes along with combating an outbreak is just one component to the response. there ' s containment issues and safety for laboratory workers, especially in handling animals potentially infected with a new virus without a known and what happens when a monkey escapes? jerry jaax had first - hand experience. in fact, he offered a comparison between hollywood and reality. \" at 9 a. m., the hollywood army discovered there was a virus killing hundreds of people in california. the guy gets on television telling everyone they were looking for a monkey. this lady saw this little drawing up in her daughter ' s room. she said, ' i think that looks like the monkey. ' she called and told them : ' i think my daughter has seen the monkey. ' the ( response team ) piled in a helicopter. they get to the house and throw some apples off the back deck. out of a redwood forest comes this monkey. they shoot the monkey with a tranquilizer gun, jump into the helicopter and fly back to the town where all the people are dying. they take this little monkey, the size of a scottie, into the laboratory and get a couple of tanker trucks of antibody to save the world, \" jerry jaax says. the reality is : a monkey did get loose and he and three colleagues chased it all day. they finally sedated the escaped animal by trapping it behind some cages. \" and i can tell you that if you inject enough ketamine in the tip of a tail, it will anesthetize and while jerry jaax says he can make light of the incident now, it was quite serious. during this outbreak, they identified 42 people who had been near the virus. luckily, no one seroconverted. and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43961821148557295, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.728769"} {"text": "diffusion and cascading behaviour in networks published : nov. 28, 2007, recorded : september 2007, views : 1980 report a problem or upload filesif you have found a problem with this lecture or would like to send us extra material, articles, exercises, etc., please use our ticket system to describe your request and upload the data. enter your e - mail into the ' cc ' field, and we will keep you updated with your request ' s status. diffusion is a process by which information, viruses, ideas and new behavior spread over the network. for example, adoption of a new technology begins on a small scale with a few \u201c early adopters \u201d, then more and more people adopt it as they observe friends and neighbors using it. eventually the adoption of the technology may spread through the social network as an epidemic \u201c infecting \u201d most of the network. as it spreads over the network it creates a cascade. cascades have been studied for many years by sociologists concerned with the diffusion of innovation ; more recently, researchers have investigated cascades for selecting trendsetters for viral marketing, finding inoculation targets in epidemiology, and explaining trends in blogspace. download slides : mmdss07 _ leskovec _ dcbn _ 01. pdf ( 2. 6 mb ) link this pagewould you like to put a link to this lecture on your homepage? go ahead! copy the html snippet!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5971813271236476, "token_count": 296, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.731167"} {"text": "what is an igneous rock? it \u2019 s hard, may be pale or nearly black, but what \u2019 s in it? this entry is aimed as a brief introduction to igneous mineralogy / petrology to the \u2018 beginners \u2019 and it may be useful to have available a mineralogy and / or petrology text, see the \u2018 books \u2019 below the title bar. an igneous rock is essentially a collection of potassium -, sodium -, calcium - ( ie alkalis ), iron - and magnesium - ( ie ferromagnesian ) silicates and alumino - silicates, free quartz and ferro - and ferro - titanium / chromium ( and other metal ) oxide and occasionally sulphide, minerals that have solidified from the molten state, ie magma. these minerals are grouped in several ways according to their relative importance to the rock mass : essential or primary are those from which the rock is primarily composed, eg quartz, mica and feldspar in granite, or who \u2019 s presence gives name to a specific rock type, eg reibekite microgranite ( as on ailsa craig \u2013 used to make the best curling stones! ) ; accessory may be present but have no bearing on the rock type, eg zircon, apatite in granites ; secondary produced by later weathering or hydrothermal alteration of the original essential minerals, eg kaolin from the alteration of feldspar in granite or chlorite from the hydrothermal alteration of primary ferromagnesian minerals. a further classification is based on the silica saturation of the rock ; silica saturated acidic, silica poor basic ; this classification does not refer to the amount of free silica \u2013 ie quartz \u2013 in the rock, but to the total silicate in the minerals present. in addition, intermediate rocks are those showing mixed acid and basic characteristics ; ultra - basic ( or ultra - mafic ) are silica depleted and contain rare oxides. note, the acid - basic categorisation is not that of chemists redox ph divisions. examples of these groups are : acid : rhyolite intermediate : andesite. note dacite and trachyte lavas fall between intermediate and acid basic : calc - alkaline basalt, high - alumina basalt, tholiitic basalt ultra - basic : picritic basalt the minerals are in 6 main groups : feldspars / feldspathoids", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4785285468186359, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.736848"} {"text": "intermediate and acid basic : calc - alkaline basalt, high - alumina basalt, tholiitic basalt ultra - basic : picritic basalt the minerals are in 6 main groups : feldspars / feldspathoids, amphiboles, pyroxenes, micas, olivines and oxides ( of silicon and metals ). the lighter coloured minerals are termed felsic, the darker ferromagnesian, mafic ; the relative proportions roughly determining the colour of the rock ; hence acid rocks which have a high felsic content are generally paler than the basic types with higher mafic minerals. it may be relevant here to digress to the effects of decreasing silica content on mineralogy as mentioned earlier. with reference to the potassic and sodic feldspar / feldspathoids, the silica saturated end members, feldspar, are orthoclase and albite and by the removal \u2013 ie silica depletion \u2013 of one sio2 molecule, two stages of felspathoids are produced thus, ( ie feldspathoids being silica poor feldspar ) : orthoclase \u2013 kalsi3o8 albite \u2013 naalsi3o8 leucite \u2013 kalsi2o6 jadeite \u2013 naalsi2o6 kalsilite \u2013 kalsio4 nepheline \u2013 naalsio4 feldspars and feldspathoids comprise the bulk of the felsic minerals, their relationships mentioned above, but feldspars are the larger rock - forming group and are subdivided into potassic ( k feldspar ) and sodic - na and calcic - ca ( combined na and ca form the plagioclase sub - group ) varieties. they are generally pale coloured, whites, greys to pinks and almost colourless. k feldspars, predominantly orthoclase and sanidine, are characteristic of the more acidic rocks \u2013 dacite, trachyte and rhyolites the plagioclase group are a chemical continuous substitution series of 6 recognised minerals between the two end members albite ( na end ) and anorthite ( ca end ). the more sodic members are associated, in general, with more acid rocks, calcic with basic. the minerals of the 6 divisions are identified by name and analysis notation of the albite ( ab ) :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4643724396551659, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.738663"} {"text": "new technique advances carbon - fiber composites. a revised view of continental tectonics is emerging from the research of an mit professor who has made the first statistical evaluation in the west of long - secret gravity - field data for a large section of the former soviet union. dr. marcia k. mcnutt of the department of earth, atmospheric and planetary sciences, played a leading role, in collaboration with mikhail g. kogan of the institute of physics of the earth, moscow, in making the russian data available to colleagues throughout the world. they published their findings in a recent issue of science magazine. gravity - field data help geologists understand the nature of the various layers deep below the earth ' s surface, giving clues to the influence those layers have on the formation of mountain ranges and other surface features, like the tibetan plateau. the data also have important economic and strategic values which lead many nations to keep information for their territories under wraps. the information is of vital importance in finding and extracting mineral resources, oil and gas, especially for terrain where surface features are obscured by forests. information on gravity - field data can also be used to measure subsurface stress. some nations believe that a knowledge of gravity data can aid the targeting of intercontinental ballistic missiles. this was the original reason for the classification of the soviet data, but now a more important russian imperative has led to the release of the data to help stimulate the economy. the basic geologic question professor mcnutt sought to answer in reviewing the russian data was : when continental blocks such as italy, arabia and india collided with the southern border of eurasia why were narrow mountain belts created in the west and very broad ones in the east? her conclusion : differences in the lateral strength of the upper mantle control intracontinental deformation. the difference between western and eastern eurasia, she found, can be explained by the presence of a low - viscosity zone in the uppermost mantle beneath eastern eurasia that is absent in the west. professor mcnutt ' s statistical analysis of the russian data shows that the location of the change in viscosity corresponds with the geologic boundary between the older shields and platforms of the baltics, russia and siberia with the younger, geologically active mountain belts of eastern asia. \" our conclusions from dynamic modeling of gravity and seismic velocity anomalies from northern eurasia point to a revised view of continental tectonics according to which the physical properties of the upper mantle to depths as great as 400 km ( 248 miles ) are affected by the thermal structure and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5849242252423881, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.744573"} {"text": "of gravity and seismic velocity anomalies from northern eurasia point to a revised view of continental tectonics according to which the physical properties of the upper mantle to depths as great as 400 km ( 248 miles ) are affected by the thermal structure and stress history of the overlying continents, and that lateral variations in these physical properties in turn dictate patterns of intracontinental deformation, \" professor mcnutt and her russian colleague wrote in their paper, \" gravity field over northern eurasia and variations in the strength of the upper mantle, \" ( science, january 22 ). professor mcnutt and dr. kogan have been working together for about 10 years to gain access to the data that the former soviet union spent 30 years and the equivalent of $ 2 billion acquiring. their success means a 20 - percent increase in the land area available for gravitational analysis at wavelengths less than 2, 500 km ( 1, 550 miles ). the information is of great interest to scientists because data derived from satellites \" currently predict correctly only 50 percent of the total gravity spectrum over northern eurasia at wavelengths greater than 1, 000 km ( 620 miles ) and only 75 percent at wavelengths greater than 3, 000 km ( 1, 860 miles ), \" she said. the soviet data - an estimated 10 million point measurements - were derived by the topographic service of the armed forces of russia at a resolution of 10 km ( 6. 2 miles ) using airplanes and helicopters, professor mcnutt said. despite the value of the data, it was nearly lost, however. the original paper records were never entered into computers and were beginning to crumble, professor mcnutt said. it was the breakup of the soviet union that finally led to success for dr. kogan in his long quest to make the data available to his scientific colleagues in the west. his first step, after gaining permission, was to arrange a consortium of western companies interested in oil and mineral exploration of russia. through the consortium, computer equipment was made available and the data were recorded electronically. professor mcnutt praised her russian colleague, whom she met 10 years ago in france at a scientific conference, not only for his perservence in pressing his request for access to the data, but for his courage. dr. kogan, a jew, was excluded from membership in the communist party, a virtual requirement for advancement, influence and, most important, security in the former soviet union, professor mcnutt said. yet, he kept up his efforts to make the data available.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.533600658655193, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.746568"} {"text": "a jew, was excluded from membership in the communist party, a virtual requirement for advancement, influence and, most important, security in the former soviet union, professor mcnutt said. yet, he kept up his efforts to make the data available. \" this was a very good outcome of political change, \" professor mcnutt said. but she also sees a tragic side for science in the dissolution of the former ussr. \" the soviet system of science was very powerful, \" she said. \" it was held in high esteem, and while researchers didn ' t always have the best equipment, in some areas they made unsurpassed theoretical contributions. but now, there is not enough money to support scientists because the infrastructure has fallen apart. many scientific institutes have shut down. the average pay a scientist can command might provide bread for a month. students are being told to pick potatoes. \" those scientists with foreign contacts have had some success securing funding from abroad, but there is no way that i can see that the russians will be able to maintain their output of science. the national science foundation has helped out to some extent with certain projects of the former soviet union, but these are difficult economic times in this country as well and we probably can ' t support much russian science from the us. \" russia is encouraging its scientists to get involved in projects that will make money. i hate to see this emphasis on applied science. the soviets had such a strong commitment to pure research. once they start looking only at the bottom line, they won ' t be doing much research. \" a version of this article appeared in the march 31, 1993 issue of mit tech talk ( volume 37, number 27 ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5362529767661111, "token_count": 341, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.747695"} {"text": "this famous temple to the god of healing and the sun was built towards the middle of the 5th century b. c. in the lonely heights of the arcadian mountains. the temple, which has the oldest corinthian capital yet found, combines the archaic style and the serenity of the doric style with some daring architectural features. temple of apollo epicurius at bassae isolated as it is in a conserved environment, the temple of bassae is an outstanding example of a hellenic votive sanctuary in a rural setting. it represents a unique artistic achievement, remarkable for its archaic features ( elongated surface, an exceptional proportion of 15 columns on the longer side and 6 columns on the facade, and a north - south exposure ), and for its daring innovations ( the use of ionic and corinthian orders for a doric edifice, the variety of materials used, and the originality of the layout of the cella and the adyton ). the temple was dedicated by the inhabitants of philagia to apollo epicurius, the god - healer who had come to their aid when they were beset by the plague. its ruins rise majestically to 1, 130 m high in the mountainous region of arcadia in the heart of the peloponnese, near andritsaina. built in the second half of the 5th century bc ( c. 420 - 410 bc? ), it belongs to the first generation of post - parthenonian edifices. pausanias admired its beauty and harmony and, moreover, attributed it to the architect ictinos, although contemporary archaeologists have been unable to provide confirmation. with its elongated dimensions ( 39. 87 m by 16. 13 m ), the peripteral structure is built mainly in grey limestone of local origin. the outer colonnade of the hexastyle temple respects an extremely strict doric order ( the metopes are not sculptured ). inside, however, fine - quality sculpturing blends with a more sophisticated architectural style. the front of the pronaos and the opisthodomos, with two in antis columns, restate the doric order. in the cella, however, a series of embedded ionic columns stand against low support walls. on the southern side, where an adyton is located, the last two ionic columns standing in the cella at the far end of the oblique walls flank one corinthian column which stands alone in the centre of the temple. the decoration is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3732551762396783, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.751052"} {"text": "the southern side, where an adyton is located, the last two ionic columns standing in the cella at the far end of the oblique walls flank one corinthian column which stands alone in the centre of the temple. the decoration is notable, particularly by virtue of the different materials used : the walls and the bases and tambours of the columns are limestone, and the ionic capitals and the corinthian capital are in doliana marble, as are the sculptured metopes of the exterior frieze of the cella, the plates of the ionic frieze which runs along the inside of the sanctuary, the guttae, the roof supports and the roofing tiles. the capital of the central column of the temple of bassae is the most ancient conserved corinthian capital, and as such the temple may be considered a model for all ' corinthian ' monuments of greek, roman and subsequent civilizations. being located away from the city, the temple long remained undiscovered. a french architect came upon it accidentally in 1765 and brought it to the attention of the academic world. the first archaeological investigation in 1812 was profitable but at the same time prejudicial for the integrity of the site. the discovery of the ionic frieze ' s 22 sculptured plates ultimately divested the site of these remarkable sculptures, which were acquired in 1814 by order of the future king george iv of england and transferred to the british museum along with the corinthian capital. deprived of decorations of exceptional quality ( a centauromachy and an amazonomachy ), the temple of bassae was carefully restored in 1902, but in 1965 the critical state of the monument called for renewed renovation. source : unesco / clt / whc", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43864369640002454, "token_count": 361, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.751760"} {"text": "monday, november 5, 2012 climate change : sandy as a teachable moment how to make hurricane sandy a teachable moment by richard h. schwartz, ph. d. in the aftermath of hurricane sandy, the prime concern now must be to help the many people who are suffering greatly from its effects. at the same time we should not miss an opportunity when appropriate to respectfully and cordially increase awareness of the many important lessons related to the monstrous storm. 1. climate change can have disastrous consequences. in addition to the tens of millions of people who are greatly suffering due to hurricane sandy, please also consider how food prices are spiking because the us corn crop was devastated as almost 2 / 3 of the us is suffering from drought, and the many houses lost and acres of forests destroyed due to severe, widespread wildfires in many states. also, there are great potential dangers at a time when glaciers all over the world and polar icecaps are melting far faster than the worst - case projections of climate scientists. 2. we may be facing a new normal, with severe heat waves, droughts, wildfires, wild fires, and storms that are more frequent and more severe. hurricane sandy is the type of \u201c extreme climate event \u201d that global warming models predict. while some are in denial about the planet warming, we should consider that every decade since the 1970s has been warmer than the previous decade ; the ten warmest years since temperature records have been kept have occurred since 1998 ; july 2012 was the single hottest month for the us since such records were kept in 1995. 3. it is essential that saving the planetary environment become a central focus for civilization today. unfortunately, climate change was not even mentioned in the 2012 us presidential and vice presidential debates. 4. the federal government, through fema, can play a very important role in responding to disasters. however, if mitt romney had his way, there would be no fema and we would have to depend for help on the profit - driven private sector. also, the ryan budget would reduce funding for fema as well as many other programs that americans depend on, mainly to continue and increase tax benefits for the wealthiest americans and highly profitable corporations. 5. republicans are generally in denial about the tremendous dangers from climate change, despite a very strong consensus in over a thousand peer - reviewed articles in scientific journals and dire warnings by scientific academies all over the world that climate change is a major threat, largely caused by human activities, and despite the many wake - up calls we have been receiving in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4777782568361554, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.756538"} {"text": "signaling is defined by yvain as \" a method of conveying information among not - necessarily - trustworthy parties by performing an action which is more likely or less costly if the information is true than if it is not true \". some signaling is performed exclusively to impress others ( to improve your status ), and in some cases isn ' t even worth that. in other cases, signaling is a side - effect of an otherwise useful activity. for example, if doing something is easy for one type of person and hard for another type of person, you might do that thing just to get people to think you ' re the former type of person, even if the thing isn ' t in itself worth doing. this could explain many facets of human behavior, and reveal opportunities for reducing waste. not all signaling is about abilities. signaling can also be about personality, current emotional state, beliefs, loyalty to a particular group, status within a group, etc. by robin hanson - do helping professions help more? and gifts hurt - excess signaling example - a tale of two tradeoffs - why signals are shallow - \" we all want to affiliate with high status people, but since status is about common distant perceptions of quality, we often care more about what distant observers would think about our associates than about how we privately evaluate them. \" - signals are forever - least signaling activities? - what is signaling, really? by yvain - think before you speak ( and signal it ) by wei dai - declare your signaling and hidden agendas by kaj sotala - modularity, signaling, and belief in belief by kaj sotala", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5700766696888864, "token_count": 329, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.758349"} {"text": "administratively, yunnan is divided into 16 prefectures. some of those are autonomous prefectures for various ethnic groups. for the traveller, yunnan can be divided into seven regions : regions of yunnan kunming prefecture without a doubt the heart of yunnan province. you will likely pass through here whether or not you want to in yunnan ( not that it is a bad thing! ) central yunnan west of kunming and where the hills start becoming more rugged. this is a very popular region for backpackers. it includes dali prefecture and chuxiong prefecture eastern yunnan filled with the gorgeous scenery of the rolling hills of neighboring guizhou and guangxi transforming into the high, hilly plateau of yunnan. this area includes many tourist sites not regularly visited by backpackers. it includes zhaotong prefecture, qujing prefecture and wenshan prefecture southeastern yunnan amazingly diverse, in one day you could pass through arid badlands, lush pine forests, barren hills and tropical rainforests. the urban centres in this area of yunnan are very compact and it is quite easy to get around from city to city to see the sights. it includes yuxi prefecture and honghe hani and yi autonomous prefecture southern yunnan geographically and ethnically part of southeast asia, but politically part of china. jungle covers most of the terrain and this is probably the best region of china to escape the winter. it includes simao prefecture and xishuangbanna, a major tourist area western yunnan home to some very rugged, off - the - beaten - path terrain. once the location of the famed burma road, it is now one of china ' s most alluring destinations. it includes lincang prefecture, baoshan prefecture, dehong prefecture and nujiang prefecture northwestern yunnan a chunk of ancient and historic tibet within yunnan ' s provincial boundaries. many travelers come here to experience tibet without having to enter the actual province and follow the road to west sichuan. you will find towering mountain ranges and fascinating local culture here. it includes lijiang prefecture and diqing prefecture its name literally means south of the clouds. the province is one of the most diverse in china. the northwest of the province is heavily influenced by tibet, with whom it shares a border. the south is influenced by its proximity to laos and myanmar. the province is famed for its multitude of ethnic groups, whose diverse customs can still be seen today. of china ' s fifty - five officially recognized ethnic minorities, twenty - five can be found in yunnan : about one - third of the population is not ethnic han - chinese. the official language of yunnan is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.37178041434718245, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.765296"} {"text": "whose diverse customs can still be seen today. of china ' s fifty - five officially recognized ethnic minorities, twenty - five can be found in yunnan : about one - third of the population is not ethnic han - chinese. the official language of yunnan is mandarin chinese ( or putonghua as it is known ). the region is home to a plethora of dialects from chinese, tibetan and thai language families. yunnan is home to many minority groups who each have their own different language. local towns will often have their own version of mandarin which are sub - dialects of the south - western dialect of mandarin common to yunnan, guizhou and sichuan. despite a heavy accent, the local dialect of chinese is very similar to northern mandarin with only minor regional differences in grammar and pronunciation. until 2005, kunming was accessible by rail from hanoi, vietnam via a narrow - gauge railroad built by the french. the chinese section of this rail route is now closed, though, so the best way to get down to the border is by bus to hekou ( from where you can cross the border to lao cai and take the train to hanoi ), or by air from kunming directly to hanoi. there is a railway from hanoi to nanning, guangxi, and one with some sensational scenery from nanning to kunming. another rail route reaches kunming from central china via guiyang, guizhou, and a third one comes south to kunming from chengdu, sichuan. all of these train routes offer spectacular scenery, with long stretches of bridges and tunnels. wujiaba airport in kunming is the biggest airport in yunnan which is very near the urban, the taxi fare is about 10 - 15 rmb if you want to go to any place of kunming from the airport. kunming has non - stop service from beijing, xiamen and other chinese cities. there are also flights to southeast asia. laotian airlines and the consulate are both in the camellia hotel, kunming. bus, by thumb there are multiple roads from laos into yunnan. it ' s not too hard to hitchhike, but it will take some time because of the often abyssmal road conditions and inept drivers. if coming from luang namtha, laos, bus services are available to jinghong in xishuangbanna, yunnan. from luang prabang, laos, a daily bus leaves at 7 : 00am for around 400, 000 lao kip. it arrives at the long distance bus station in kunming very early in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3970580320619803, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.766250"} {"text": "xishuangbanna, yunnan. from luang prabang, laos, a daily bus leaves at 7 : 00am for around 400, 000 lao kip. it arrives at the long distance bus station in kunming very early in the morning the next day ( around 5 or 6am depending on the driver ). the road conditions on the laos side both from luang namtha and luang prabang are at times sketchy and definitely mountainous to cause some people discomfort but get smoother on the china side and are much improved from awhile ago. from vietnam, the border crossing is from laocai, vietnam, to hekou, china. the rail route from hekou to kunming remains closed, so the only public transport option is by bus. the ride lasts roughly 10 hours, tickets cost around 135rmb and departure times are as following : 8 : 45am, 1050am, 1230pm, 100pm, 550pm, 555pm, 600pm, 605pm. golden peacock shipping company runs a speedboat three times a week on the mekong river between jinghong in southern yunnan and chiang saen ( thailand ). passengers are not required to have visas for laos or myanmar, although the greater part of the trip is on the river bordering these countries. everything and everywhere is accessible by bus from kunming. dali takes about four hours, lijiang seven, zhongdian twelve. generally, the transport network is built as hub and spoke, so the easiest way of getting to a smaller place is to travel to next biggest town near it, change and maybe change again. you can now reach most larger towns in yunnan by day bus. there is a large collection of bus schedules, taken at bus stations all around the province, at. kunming is also the hub of train transport in yunnan. day and night trains now go both to dali and lijiang. otherwise trains are of little importance to tourists inside the province. bicycle touring in yunnan is a very good way to explore the local landscape and many cyclists from world have done this. the dian - zang highway ( yunnan tibet highway ) is one of the best cycling routes in china, and many cyclists gather together to explore the landscape and ethnic minority culture. you can hire bicycles in some cities, like lijiang and dali. it is possible to delivery your bike by train or bus. yunnan cycling a local cycling website. the caves of the liujng ( wenshan region ) the stone forest ( kunming region ) hike the me", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4109339648602873, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.767314"} {"text": "cities, like lijiang and dali. it is possible to delivery your bike by train or bus. yunnan cycling a local cycling website. the caves of the liujng ( wenshan region ) the stone forest ( kunming region ) hike the mekong ( lancang ) river soak in the hot spring waters at anning - 34 km from kunming for the game of go ( chinese : weiqi ), the best chinese stones are yunzi ( \u5b50 ), yunnan stones. they are quite different from japanese stones, and much cheaper. the flower and bird market in kunming is a good place to pick up a set, and it is possible to visit the factory near kunming. see the yunzi article on the go players ' wiki, sensei ' s library. puer tea. puer tea ( ) is a local favorite of yunnan. guo qiao mi xian, meaning \" crossing the bridge \" noodles, is a local style of steamy noodles with a variety of vegetables, meats, and usually a raw quail egg. the price of guo qiao mi xian is from rmb 3 to 15 or higher, which determines what types of dishes you are given to add to the mix. yunnan people eat lots of spicy food, nearly each dish you order in a restaurant is very spicy, so if you don ' t like spicy food, you should tell the waiter or waitress first, in mandarin : wo bu chi la, which means i don ' t eat spicy food or wo bu xi huan la cai, which means i don ' t like spicy food. the tofu in shi ping county / \u77f3 / is very famous. the sauerkraut in xinping county is famous. xinping is a yi nationality autonomous county in yuxi city. rubing, yunnan goat cheese, is one of the two cheeses ( the other being yak cheese ) traditionally produced in china. its quite soft and doesn ' t taste as strong as western ones. it is usually served fried with vegetables, musrooms, or meat. laonaiyangyu ( grandmother ' s potatoes ) are another yunnan favorite. while potatoes are usually called tudou in the rest of china, yunnan calls them yangyu ( yang is a term often designating imported or foreign things, so supposedly potatoes were called ' yangyu ' because they were not originally part of chinese agriculture and diets but were a food choice adopted from foreigners ). laonaiyangyu", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43980518012296, "token_count": 504, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.768262"} {"text": "the evidence for a rapid shift in state of the terrestrial atmosphere - ocean system over the last two centuries ( see figure 1 ) requires a deep time perspective, beyond events of the day. tracing the original blueprints of anthropogenic effects on the terrestrial environments takes us back at least a million years to the time when \u2013 according to research released this month \u2013 the first compelling evidence for human use of fire was found. of all life forms which ever existed, only the genus homo acquired the skill of igniting and transporting fire. this gave homo not only warmth, cooking and protection from animals, but a high degree of power over nature. prehistoric hominids burned large parts of the biosphere and, more recently, combusted carbon and hydrocarbons derived from fossil biospheres up to 400 million years old. the high intelligence underlying human inventions has been variously attributed to a large brain size ( chimpanzees ~ 395 grams ; australopithecus apheresis ~ 430 grams ; homo ergaster ~ 850 gram ; homo sapiens ~ 1350 grams ) and a high brain / body mass ratio ( ~ 1 / 40 ). however, sperm whales brains weigh ~ 8000 grams and elephant brains over 5000 grams. mice have a brain / body mass ratio similar to that of humans ( 1 / 40 ) and small birds a higher brain / body mass ratio ( 1 / 12 ). a more confident parameter of human intelligence is the high ratio of the neocortex ( frontal intelligence lobe ) to medulla ( lower \u201c mammalian \u201d part of the brain stem ) in the human brain ( lemurs ~ 10 ; monkeys and apes 20 - 50 ; humans 105 ). theories which try to explain the uniqueness of humans invoke its bipedal nature, language and the use of stone and bone tools. in these respects, however, pre - homo sapiens hominids were hardly unique. many animals are bipedal and some use tools. termites design articulate nests, insects have a sophisticated language ( such as the bee \u2019 s dance ), meerkats make special calls, whales and dolphins echo - locate and birds have navigation systems. however, homo \u2019 s ability to ignite fire constitutes an exclusive blueprint not shared by any other life form, with far - reaching consequences. this facility was allowed by the potentially flammable terrestrial environment where hominids emerged, inhabiting plant - rich land surfaces surrounded by phytoplankton - rich oceans where photosyn", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5206119926997441, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.777061"} {"text": "any other life form, with far - reaching consequences. this facility was allowed by the potentially flammable terrestrial environment where hominids emerged, inhabiting plant - rich land surfaces surrounded by phytoplankton - rich oceans where photosynthesis produces an oxygen - rich atmosphere and plant decay results in formation of carbon - rich surface deposits and derived peat and coal deposits. the evolution of land plants in the late silurian ( ~ 420 ma : vascular plants such as cooksonia and baragwanathia ) and in the permian ( 299 \u2013 251 ma : cycads and ginkgo ) led to the accumulation of carbon as cellulose in trees and grasses, soils and bogs, methane hydrate and methane clathrate. during tropical greenhouse gas - dominated eras ( silurian - carboniferous \u2013 443 \u2013 299 ma ; early mesozoic \u2013 251 \u2013 65 ma ) there were extensive fires from lightning, volcanic eruptions and underground peat fires. diagnostic optical refractive indices allow scientists to estimate fire frequency ( see figure 2 ) from charcoal remains. in the permian atmospheric oxygen exceeded 30 %, a level at which even moist vegetation becomes flammable, as represented in charcoal concentrations as high as 70 % in coal. when humans harnessed fire, it elevated the species \u2019 oxygenating capacity by many orders of magnitude as we utilized the solar energy stored in plants. as the use of fire, and subsequently of combustion, have grown, this increased planetary entropy ( in physics \u2013 a measure of the degree of disorder and chaos of a system ) to levels approaching those triggered by the geological events, including those resulting in the major mass extinctions in geological history. the splitting of the atom achieves yet higher levels of entropy. likely the mastery of fire has been driven by necessity. there were abrupt environmental shifts when mean global temperatures varied during glacial - interglacial shifts by about ~ 5\u00b0c and local temperatures by larger amounts. humans had to find refuge in relatively protected sub - tropical shelters, such as the east african rift valleys. early paleolithic evidence for human - lit fires includes hearths containing charcoal, burnt bones and red clay shards heated to 400\u00b0c and higher temperatures. widespread use of fire in the late paleolithic is indicated by charred logs, charcoal, reddened areas, carbonised grass stems and plants and wooden implements hardened by fire. a likely advantage of cooking was the enhanced supply of protein, allowing an increase in brain size ( homo ergaster ~ 850 grams ; homo sap", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.522381350074768, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.778152"} {"text": "logs, charcoal, reddened areas, carbonised grass stems and plants and wooden implements hardened by fire. a likely advantage of cooking was the enhanced supply of protein, allowing an increase in brain size ( homo ergaster ~ 850 grams ; homo sapiens ~ 1350 grams ). over hundreds of thousands of years, gathered during long nights around camp fires, captivated by the flickering life - like dance of the flames, humans developed curiosity, imagination, insights, cravings, fears, premonition, legends, aspiration for immortality and beliefs in deities and gods. oldest expressions of cultural and spiritual creative minds may date back to 350, 000 years ago, although this remains unconfirmed. as climate conditions stabilized in the early holocene, around 8000 years ago, agriculture and production of excess food allowed these ideas to be manifested through both the creative and destructive activities of civilizations. the stabilisation of climate allowed cultivation of crops, enhanced by smelting of metals and crafting of ploughs. extensive burning and land clearing associated with agriculture, from about 10, 000 years ago, culminated with the combustion of fossil fuels. bill ruddiman suggests the rise in co\u2082 in the mid - holocene reflects land clearing, fires and agriculture, defining the onset of an anthropocene era. he wrote, \u201c a wide array of archaeological, cultural, historical and geologic evidence points to viable explanations tied to anthropogenic changes resulting from early agriculture in eurasia, including the start of forest clearance by 8000 years ago and of rice irrigation by 5000 years ago. \u201d. however, other authors define the onset of the anthropocene at the dawn of the industrial age in the 18th century. they attribute the mid - holocene rise of greenhouse gases to natural perturbations during the interglacials, for example the 420 - 405 thousand year old holsteinian interglacial. according to this definition the anthropocene is characterized by greenhouse gas emissions levels exceeding those of any earlier geological period ( see figure 3 ). since the 18th century, burning fossil fuels and clearing land increased atmospheric carbon content by 237 billion ton carbon ( gtc ). the present atmospheric carbon concentration is 820 gtc at present, an increase of some ~ 39 % relative to the original level of 590 gtc. of the additional co\u2082, approximately 42 % stays in the atmosphere which, together with other greenhouse gases, led to an increase in the atmospheric energy level of ~ + 3. 2 watt / m2 and of potential mean", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5297415921254554, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.779087"} {"text": "the original level of 590 gtc. of the additional co\u2082, approximately 42 % stays in the atmosphere which, together with other greenhouse gases, led to an increase in the atmospheric energy level of ~ + 3. 2 watt / m2 and of potential mean global temperature by + 2. 3 degrees celsius ( see figure 1 ). approximately - 1. 6 watt / m2, equivalent to - 1. 1\u00b0celsius, is masked by industrially emitted sulphur aerosols. the significance of human mastery of fire in terms of the consequences of enhanced entropy has been underestimated. human respiration dissipates two to ten calories / minute. a camp fire releases more than 100, 000 calories / minute, but the output of a 1000 megawatt / hour power plant expends more than 2 billion calories / minute and nuclear fission orders of magnitude higher. this amounts to an increase in entropy on the scale of geological events. while complexity increases in conurbations, the rise in atmospheric energy and heat due to the release of greenhouse gases associated with exothermic combustion results in a series of extreme weather events ( http : / / www. ipcc - wg2. gov / srex / ), droughts, floods and storms, degrading natural habitats. according to ancient greek mythology, fire was stolen from the gods by the titan prometheus, who breathed it into human clay figures. from our modern perspective, this legend and related stories in other traditions acquire a special meaning. for an intelligent species to be able to explore the solar system planets but fail to protect its own home planet defies explanation. for a biological species to magnify its entropic effect on nature by orders of magnitude, developing cerebral powers which allow it to become the intelligent eyes through which the universe explores itself, hints at yet unknown natural laws which underlie life, consciousness and complexity.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5885898084611033, "token_count": 390, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.779851"} {"text": "german composer, performer, and conductor felix mendelssohn would have turned 204 on february 3rd. while he was acclaimed during his short life of 38 years, only a fraction of his works continued to be performed after his death. wrti \u2019 s susan lewis looks at mendelssohn and his musical impact. lewis : his violin concerto is one of the works that survived the centuries. yet his contributions to music, says mendelssohn biographer r. larry todd, were much more significant than many people realize : todd : he was, of course, one of the great pianists of his age, arguably the leading organist of the entire century. he was also \u2013 it \u2019 s not well known - a violinist and violist. he could pick up a part in his own octet and play that, and of course he was one of the seminal conductors of the 19th century. he was one of the first conductors to conduct using a baton. susan lewis talks with r. larry todd about the genius of mendelssohn. lewis : mendelssohn \u2019 s performance of the st. matthew passion at its 100th anniversary in 1827 helped spark the 20th - century bach revival, says philadelphia singers music director david hayes. hayes : most people thought bach was a composer you studied \u2013 he was an intellectual composer. the idea of performing bach, was, sort of, you know, crazy. why would you perform bach? but mendelssohn was the first to really turn around and say, hey, these great works of bach - the st. matthew passion \u2013 we should perform these works. lewis : mendelssohn \u2019 s own compositions included symphonies, concert overtures, concertos, chamber music, choral works, piano and organ music, and songs. but todd says that after mendelssohn died, much of this music was not performed due to anti - semitism and changing musical tastes. mendelssohn scholar r. larry todd and philadelphia singers music director david hayes speak with wrti ' s susan lewis about the long - neglected music of german composer felix mendelssohn and his sister, fanny mendelssohn hensel. a conversation with violinist leila josefowicz. the macarthur fellowship ( so - called genius award ) recipient speaks with jim cotter about her new role as artist - in - residence with the philadelphia orchestra. susan lewis considers lesser - known works of 19th - century composers felix mendelssohn and his sister fanny hensel as the philadelphia singers prepares a weekend concert in rittenhouse square", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4273649985456805, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.782414"} {"text": "are you going duck hunting this weekend? the sept. 27 opening date, a week earlier than the traditional first saturday in october, is intended to give hunters more opportunities to kill ducks. early migrants, such as blue - winged teal and wood ducks, are more likely to be available to hunters, because they head south when cold winds begin to blow. to make it easier to kill birds, the dnr relaxed bag limit restrictions, increasing the mallard hen bag from one to two and the wood duck limit from two to three. the total daily bag limit is six ducks, the most allowed under the federal waterfowl harvest guidelines. dnr wildlife officials say making it easier to kill ducks isn ' t a biological issue, because the state now has about half as many duck hunters as it did 30 years ago. however, back then minnesota had more places to hunt ducks and many more ducks. as an example, 30 years ago, the dnr conducted an annual count of opening day hunters at my favorite cook county swamp. while the hunting at this northwoods pothole didn ' t compare with the action at a western prairie slough, it was good enough to draw hunters year after year. these days, perhaps two or three hunting parties start the season on the swamp and consider themselves lucky to come home with a bird or two. and the hunting isn \u2019 t much better at many once - popular marshes across the state. it should be noted that many years ago, before this writer was old enough to go duck hunting, minnesota had what was known as an early teal season, which opened in september and was intended to give hunters an opportunity to shoot only blue - winged teal. alas, they shot other ducks, too, leading to the discontinuation of the early hunt. the rules today ' s wildlife officials are relaxing to give hunters a better crack at the ducks were pioneered by an earlier generation of waterfowl biologists. back then, minnesota supported a large breeding duck population and wildlife managers tried to protect those precious local birds. for years, shooting hours on the opener were from noon to 4 p. m. for the remainder of the season, once ducks knew hunting season was open, shooting hours began one half hour before sunrise, when ducks are most active. closing time remained 4 p. m. to protect hen mallards, which are especially vulnerable to late afternoon shooting. the 4 p. m. closure remains in place for the first nine days of the season. for decades, learning to identify ducks in flight to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3632190000350387, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.788416"} {"text": "remained 4 p. m. to protect hen mallards, which are especially vulnerable to late afternoon shooting. the 4 p. m. closure remains in place for the first nine days of the season. for decades, learning to identify ducks in flight to avoid shooting hens has been a conservation cornerstone of duck hunting. the former one hen mallard limit was intended to allow hunters a \" mistake \" bird. while it is just one duck, the 2011 shift to two hen mallards in the bag is a symbolic step away from \u201c don \u2019 t shoot hens \u201d conservation ethic. some say the same about the decision to raise the wood duck bag limit from two to three, because not enough is known about how the hunting harvest affects the overall wood duck population. yesterday ' s waterfowl managers would also be uncomfortable with opening the hunting season in september. neither young - of - the - year nor post - molt adults are fully feathered then, which means they are slow - flying and difficult to identify. for those reasons and because they believed protecting local ducks was important, the old - timers thought it was best to hold off on hunting until october. that said, canadian hunting seasons open as early as sept. 1, though there is much less hunting pressure there. does relaxing duck hunting regulations mean the minnesota dnr has suddenly given up on ducks? no. in fact, many familiar with the agency would say wildlife division is strongly biased toward ducks and may even devote too much of its energy to waterfowl management. a cynic might say the continuing decline in duck abundance and interest in duck hunting threatens the continued existence of the dnr \u2019 s waterfowl management bureaucracy. in that context, relaxing the rules to make it easier to kill ducks could be partly construed a matter of bureaucratic self - preservation. far more likely, the dnr ' s decisions are motivated by a sincere desire to provide better hunting and a sincere belief that doing so won ' t hurt duck populations. after all, dnr commissioner tom landwehr is an avid duck hunter and once served as the agency \u2019 s wetlands program coordinator and worked for ducks unlimited as well. still, it is troubling to see the agency move away from long - standing hunting rules. present duck populations are healthy, but the habitat upon which they depend is increasingly threatened by development. political support for wildlife and hunting is on the wane. barely a century old, the conservation of wildlife is still a new and radical concept in america. as such, it retains a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40729824907399037, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.789526"} {"text": "most active stories - the louisiana coast : last call \u2014 the shape we ' re in now - the louisiana coast : last call \u2014 how we got this way : the mississippi river - bring your own presents : ' virginia ' - dirty diapers pile up in portland recycling bins : ' it ' s not pretty ' - as with dalai lama today, pope ' s visit to new orleans 25 years ago came amid violence wed january 4, 2012 feds to rein in use of some antibiotics on animals the food and drug administration is moving to stop the use of some antibiotics on animals. the agency wants to prevent overuse of these drugs so that bacteria don ' t develop resistance to them. the announcement affects antibiotics called cephalosporins, drugs used widely to treat things like pneumonia or skin infections in people. cephalosporins are especially useful for children with infections ; unlike other antibiotics, like fluoroquinolones and tetracyclines, there aren ' t any restrictions for for pediatric use of cephalosporins. they also are important for treating bacterial meningitis and bone, urinary tract, and upper respiratory system infections. but veterinarians use them, too. they treat dairy cattle that are sick with salmonella. and in the poultry industry, broiler and turkey chicks can get injected with these antibiotics before they ' re even hatched so they won ' t get sick from e. coli and other poultry diseases later. some 80 percent of antibiotic drugs in the united states were sold for use in food animals, according to the fda. many of those are used to help animals grow faster and prevent infections from breaking out on big farms. today ' s announcement on cephalosporins doesn ' t affect those antibiotics in feed. still, the more the cephalosporins are used, the greater the chances that they will stop working because bacteria can become resistant to them. that has long been a concern of many public health experts, including the pew health group. pew said in a press release today that while \" the fda has approved cephalosporins to treat some infections in food animals, the drugs often are administered in ways not specifically approved by the agency. \" this \" extralabel \" use of antibiotics by livestock producers is linked to the emergence of resistant bacteria, or superbugs, that have infected tens of thousands of people, according to david wallinga, a physician at the institute for agriculture and trade policy and a member of the keep antibiotics working coalition. today, the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.39920765416382, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.792300"} {"text": "( dailyrx news ) kids that live in homes where their parents use methamphetamines are often abused and neglected. foster care interventions can help place the child in a better environment. a recent study reported spikes in foster care admissions due to methamphetamine abuse in the us. researchers recommend a tailored plan for handling kids that have been removed from situations due to methamphetamine use in the home. scott cunningham, phd, assistant professor of economics, at the hankamer school of business at baylor university, and keith finlay, phd, assistant professor of economics, at tulane university, co - authored a study that looked into the foster care admission rates of children belonging to methamphetamine users. the research team said the reason they chose to investigate this topic is that foster care caseloads have nearly doubled over the last 30 years. from the 1986 to 2010, the us foster care population went from 280, 000 to 408, 000. social workers and police officers have claimed that parental methamphetamine use is a contributing factor in the increased caseload, but research was needed to prove this claim. researchers looked at the data from 1995 to 1999 for foster care admissions and treatment facility admissions for methamphetamine abuse. they discovered that for every 1 percent rise in methamphetamine use, there was a 1. 5 percent increase in foster care admissions. dr. cunningham said, \u201c our findings suggest strongly that the social costs of parental meth use include child maltreatment and growth in foster care placements. \u201d \u201c to address this, child welfare policies should be designed specifically for the children of meth - using parents. \u201d \u201c given the large social costs of meth use on child maltreatment, policymakers face a significant challenge to reduce its use. regions with intensive meth use should consider greater resources for meth treatment and child welfare services. \u201d when the methamphetamine ingredient, ephedrine, was made no longer available over the counter in 1995, there was a dip in methamphetamine usage for the following six months. later restriction of pseudoephedrine in 1997 resulted in another dip in methamphetamine usage. these restrictions caused a 4 percent decline in methamphetamine usage. neglect and abuse were generally reported in methamphetamine specific foster care admissions. these types of maltreatments need special plans for intake, treatment and placement to best serve the health and safety of the child", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4430077037866771, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.795021"} {"text": "- highest ratings quality : we ' ve got the awards to prove it! - fastest shipping - no - hassle returns - usa support techs - best value - our guarantee chevy s10 pickup blower motor resistor what is a blower motor resistor and where is it located? the blower motor resistor, also commonly referred to as an a / c blower motor resistor or a heater blower motor resistor, is an important component to your vehicle \u2019 s hvac ( heating, ventilation, air conditioning ) system. while a blower motor is what actually forces the hot or cold air through ducting and your car \u2019 s interior vents into the cabin, the resistor is what regulates the speed of the blower fan by reducing voltage going to the fan. it allows you to vary the settings of the blower motor so that you can lessen the amount of air that comes into the cabin, as opposed to only being able to have it blasted at you. the blower motor resistor works between a vehicle \u2019 s heater and a / c controls and the blower motor and is typically attached under the dash to the heater ducting near the blower motor to help keep it cool while in use. basically, there are two types of blower motor resistors \u2013 one that uses coil wires and one that uses transistors and a circuit board. the wire - type, which is more common in older cars, uses a different size coil of wire for each fan speed with different resistances, while the transistorized blower motor resistor, found in more modern cars, consists of a printed circuit board with a fully integrated circuit. blower motor resistor failure on most vehicles, the highest blower motor speed setting bypasses the blower motor resistor to give the fan full vehicle voltage ( typically between 12 and 14. 4 volts ). if the blower motor still works on high, but will not work on any other speed, it usually points to a bad blower motor resistor. since the part gets hot and draws a lot of power from the electrical system, a failed blower resistor may also melt part of the wiring harness when it fails. when a blower motor starts to go bad, it can draw more power than the resistor is rated for and cause it to fail. lastly, a malfunctioning heater core can leak coolant into the car and damage the blower motor and resistor as well. replacing a bad blower motor resist", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46744140327793016, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.798258"} {"text": "power than the resistor is rated for and cause it to fail. lastly, a malfunctioning heater core can leak coolant into the car and damage the blower motor and resistor as well. replacing a bad blower motor resistor replacing a bad blower resistor typically requires only a screwdriver or wrench to unbolt it from the hvac ducts. in the case of a burnt or melted connector, the replacement will be a bit more involved. while soldering and shrink wrapping the new connector is the best method, crimping the new pigtail in place will also suffice. need a blower motor resistor replacement? without a properly functioning hvac blower motor resistor, your car or truck will not be able to blow hot or cold air through the interior vents on lower settings, and will work only on one speed \u2013 high. this of course can get pretty annoying rather quickly and you will likely be itching to fix the problem immediately. luckily, if you are in need of a replacement blower motor resistor for your car, truck, suv or van, then you have come to the right place. at 1a auto, we carry a full line of high quality, aftermarket replacement blower motor resistors for many makes and models. at 1a auto, shopping for an aftermarket replacement blower motor resistor is easy - we ' re here to help you select the right part for your vehicle! call our customer service toll free at 888 - 844 - 3393 if you have any questions about our products, warranty, compatibility or to purchase, or you can buy online. bring your heating and a / c blower system back to good working order and purchase a replacement resistor from 1a auto today! welcome to 1a auto.... we employ usa based, knowledgeable support technicians. they ' ll help you through your project. we always make sure you get the right part. and we boast the industry ' s most generous returns policy. you won ' t find a company more passionate about auto parts than 1a auto.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.40169329991096625, "token_count": 426, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.799214"} {"text": "web guide - plants botany. com, the encyclopedia of plants botany. com \" provides information regarding the general description of the plants, the various methods of cultivation, such as indoor or outdoor planting, soil and temperature requirements, pruning, and other important details, the means of propagation ( seeds, cuttings, division, etc. ), and the different varieties and hybrids. \" searches the web for plant topics. texas threatened and endangered species texas parks and wildlife site : includes links to federal and state regulations, as well as pictures and fact sheets on many of the endangered species of texas. wildflowers in bloom this site is a cooperative project between wildseed farms and the texas horticulture program. it features pictures and growing information for dozens of texas wildflowers, as well as seed sources and links to other wildlflower sites on the internet. better homes and gardens - - gardening page learn the scientific and common names, the characteristics, and the planting and care suggestions for some of the more common annuals, bulbs, perennials, vegetables, and herbs. the site also includes articles, links to related resources, and a free email newsletter. this gardening site has articles, monthly regional gardening updates, and lots of gardening products for sale. the information is free, although the products are not. plantadvisor. com - southwestern deserts edition plantadvisor. com has lists of plants arranged by common or botanical name, by sun requirements, and by use. the site also features an advisor section in which you can find out which plants would suit your desired planting location. agriculture network information center ( agnic ) \" agnic is a distributed network that provides access to agriculture - related information, subject area experts, and other resources. it was established by an alliance of the national agricultural library, land - grant universities, and other organizations committed to facilitating public access to agricultural and related information. \" the agnic site includes links to agdb ( a database of 1000 + web - based agricultural resources ) and agricola ( a database of descriptions of millions of agricultural articles and books ). usda ' s agriculture fact book the agricultural fact book is a handy reference tool that offers information about us agriculture and describes all usda programs. it also provides useful information about food safety, nutrition, rural issues, research, education, and natural resources. it ceased publication in 2001 - 02, but is useful for historical research. for up - to - date statistics, see agricultural statistics below. agricultural statistics is published each year to meet", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4493431784666129, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.802877"} {"text": "- about aca - about chiropractic - member center - insurance resources - assistance by claim type - coding and billing - practice resource center - best practices / policies - for insurers - ethical practice - local liaison program - chiropractic networks action ctr. - patient resources - saca member center - saca programs - saca calendar - prospective students - saca leadership - meetings & education - contact us stroke : know what to do although most people who suffer strokes are older, stroke can occur at any age. especially prone to stroke are people with unhealthy lifestyles \u2014 those who smoke, stick to poor diets, and don \u2019 t exercise. stroke is also associated with people who suffer from obesity, high blood pressure, heart disease, alcohol abuse, diabetes, or have a family history of stroke or an abnormal heart rhythm. african - americans have a much higher incidence of stroke, as well. in the united states, strokes are the most common cause of disability and the third most common cause of death in adults. what is stroke? stroke is caused by a lack of blood supply to a portion of the brain, which causes that portion to die within just a few minutes. this lack of blood supply, also known as ischemia, results in long - term neurological effects because the cells in the brain do not regenerate. the outcome of stroke depends on the person \u2019 s age, general health, the region of the brain affected by the stroke, the type of stroke, and the extent of the brain damage. common long - term effects include difficulty speaking, poor memory, altered emotions, poor recognition of previously familiar objects and people, amnesia, deformities of the extremities, and difficulty with movement, including weakness and paralysis. the weakness and paralysis often affect one side of the body \u2014 usually opposite the stroke location. some of the effects can be permanent, while others may resolve with time and treatment. what are the warning signs of stroke? sometimes people experience a \u201c pre - stroke \u201d \u2014 a shortterm lack of blood supply to the brain, also called a transient ischemic attack. the loss of blood supply lasts from seconds to just a few minutes and does not result in permanent damage. this condition is often a precursor to a full - scale stroke, so any symptoms associated with it should be investigated immediately. warning signs of stroke include any of the following : sudden difficulty speaking ( slurred speech ) or understanding what people are saying sudden onset of confusion or altered mental", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4824882340466357, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.809857"} {"text": "to a full - scale stroke, so any symptoms associated with it should be investigated immediately. warning signs of stroke include any of the following : sudden difficulty speaking ( slurred speech ) or understanding what people are saying sudden onset of confusion or altered mental status, such as loss of consciousness, or not recognizing people who should be familiar sudden numbness or tingling on one side of the face or body, or both sudden onset of dizziness or unsteadiness, loss of balance or coordination, or both sudden difficulty walking or standing upright sudden severe headache sudden severe unexplained upper - neck pain sudden trouble with vision or sight. what should i do if i have any of the symptoms? if you, your friend, or a family member is having any symptoms, seek medical care immediately : dial 911 or have someone take you or your friend to the nearest emergency room. do not let the person with the symptoms drive or stay home. try to remember the time of onset of your symptoms and what symptoms you \u2019 re having. this information will help the treating doctors provide the best possible care for you. remember : the sooner you seek emergency medical assistance, the better the chances of minimizing the damage from a stroke. the person with the symptoms should seek medical care even if : not all symptoms are present. the symptoms go away after a short time. he or she has the symptoms with no real pain. he or she denies the symptoms. what is the treatment for stroke? there are generally three separate stages of treatment for stroke : prevention, therapy immediately after stroke, and post - stroke rehabilitation. stroke prevention is based on treating underlying risk factors ( see tips below ). acute stroke therapies try to stop a stroke while it is happening. these include anticoagulants that help break up or prevent further formation of blood clots and efforts to support the person \u2019 s vital functions, such as breathing. post - stroke rehabilitation helps overcome some of the disabilities that result from the brain damage. for most stroke patients, physical therapy, occupational therapy, and speech therapy form the base of a rehabilitation program. is there risk of stroke from neck manipulation? neck manipulation is a remarkably safe procedure. although some reports have associated upper highvelocity neck manipulation with a certain kind of stroke, or vertebral artery dissection, there is not yet a clear understanding of the connection. while we don \u2019 t know the actual incidence of stroke associated with highvelocity upper neck manipulation, the occurrence does appear to be rare, based upon", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4935354146834963, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.810846"} {"text": "##rtebral artery dissection, there is not yet a clear understanding of the connection. while we don \u2019 t know the actual incidence of stroke associated with highvelocity upper neck manipulation, the occurrence does appear to be rare, based upon the clinical reports and scientific studies to date. the chiropractic profession is actively researching stroke and neck manipulation and available safe alternative conservative therapies. it has also been suggested, for example, that sudden severe upper - neck pain and / or headache, which may indicate a pre - stroke condition, could cause someone to visit a doctor of chiropractic. in addition, some regular everyday activities, such as stargazing, rapidly turning the head while driving, and even having a shampoo in a hair salon may cause aneurysm \u2014 a widening of an artery resulting from the weakening of the artery walls \u2014 of the neck arteries, resulting in stroke. these events remain very difficult to predict. if you are visiting your doctor of chiropractic with upper - neck pain or headache, be very specific about your symptoms, so that he or she can provide the safest and most effective treatment, even if it involves referral to another health care provider. there are various head and neck positions and forms of joint movement. depending on your clinical condition, joint mobilization, therapeutic exercise, soft - tissue techniques, and other therapies can also be recommended. if the issue of stroke concerns you, do not hesitate to discuss it with your doctor of chiropractic.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47735461087597153, "token_count": 311, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.811516"} {"text": "new technologies make new ways of learning possible. with computational technologies, ideas of control, sensing, and feedback can be made accessible and exciting to learners as young as six or eight years old. this talk presents a brief history of the ideas, prototypes, and research that led to lego mindstorms, the immensely popular robot construction kit, launched just two years ago but easily thirty years in the making. lego mindstorms has its roots in the pioneering work on the logo programming language begun by dr. seymour papert in the 1960s. papert was perhaps the first to suggest that children should program computers, then an absurdly radical idea. this notion led to papert ' s theory of learning called \" constructionism \" which suggests both that ( 1 ) learning is an active process of building ideas which is unique and personal for each learner, and ( 2 ) this journey can be greatly facilitated when the learner builds things - in - the - world which become social and shared objects of reflection. papert ' s logo programming language, the later lego / logo system, and ultimately lego mindstorms all inherit from this set of ideas. the talk will conclude with a technological discussion of mit crickets, the latest in this line of design toys for learners. crickets are tiny programmable bricks that can interconnect in myriad ways, and employ an unusual virtual machine / compiler architecture that will be described in detail. - \" metacricket : a designer ' s kit for making computational devices, \" f. martin, b. mikhak, and b. silverman, ibm systems journal, volume 39 numbers 3 - 4, 2000. presents the mit cricket, a tiny embedded controller created for kids but valuable as a prototyping tool for professional designers who aren ' t necessarily engineers. full published paper available at - \" to mindstorms and beyond : evolution of a construction kit for magical machines, \" f. martin et. al, in \" robots for kids : exploring new technologies for learning, \" a. druin & j. hendler, editors, morgan kaufman, 2000. the paper from which this talk takes its name, describing the history of the ideas and prototypes which led to the lego mindstorms product, and our further work and motivations behind developing the crickets. a pre - publication draft is available from - \" design, story - telling, and robots in irish primary education, \" f. martin, d. butler, and w. gleason, presented at the ieee systems, man,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5893782151715654, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.814346"} {"text": "tue 11 aug 2009 when i hear people say something like \u201c i \u2019 ll try and do it better \u201d, i inwardly wince. when i hear people use a word like ironical ( instead of ironic ), i die a little death. however, in the latter case at least, it turns out that my annoyance could be misplaced, and in fact, the \u201c - ic \u201d versus \u201c - ical \u201d question is a bit of an unresolved mystery. in fact, it seems like it points to some weirdness going on in the english language. the problem arises because you can turn many nouns into adjectives by adding a various suffixes. some common ones are the \u201c - ic \u201d suffix ( e. g. history becomes historic ), the \u201c - ish \u201d suffix ( e. g. book becomes bookish ), the \u201c - al \u201d suffix ( e. g. nation becomes national ), and the \u201c - y \u201d suffix ( e. g. box becomes boxy ). however, suffixes can be added to other suffixes, and you can easily end up with abominations. why do we need words like ironical, symmetrical, or problematical, when ironic, symmetric and problematic are already doing a fine job? i admit that there are a few places where the \u201c - ic \u201d and \u201c - ical \u201d adjectives have different meanings, such as historic ( al ) or economic ( al ). however, it seems that solid differences are the exception, rather than the rule. i recently came across this study by stefan th gries, which takes a deep look into the literature on this matter and also draws new conclusions based on a statistical investigation of a large corpus of english texts. the conclusion that i came to, after reading it, was that differences between the \u201c - ic \u201d and \u201c - ical \u201d adjectives seem to vary between regions and across time. sometimes the variants of an adjective move further apart and then move closer together again. they are words that are pegged to the meaning of the underlying noun, but by dint of being separate words, have separate lives. it reminded me of the theory of genetic drift. at least, to the extent that as difference in utility between using the \u201c - ic \u201d or \u201c - ical \u201d variant is so slight, it may be essentially random population effects that could be driving the frequency of using a particular variant for a particular purpose. some variants happen to become sufficiently popular for a particular use, and that meaning becomes stuck", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48800341913029155, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.816917"} {"text": "pain relievers could be spiking your blood pressure tuesday, march 20, 2012 doctors and patients need to be aware of risks, tau researcher cautions diseases such as kidney failure and endocrine tumors are among the suspects causing high blood pressure \u2014 but could the common pain relievers in your medicine cabinet be the culprit? according to prof. ehud grossman of tel aviv university ' s sackler faculty of medicine and the sheba medical center, many common over - the - counter and prescription medications are underlying causes of hypertension, which is a major risk factor for stroke, heart attack, and aneurisms. the chemical components of the drugs can raise blood pressure or interfere with anti - hypertensive medications, he explains. and while many medications can cause this drug - induced hypertension, both patients and doctors remain dangerously uninformed. his recent research was published in the american journal of medicine. weighing the treatment options \" in diagnosing the causes of hypertension, over - the - counter drugs like ibuprofen are often overlooked, \" says prof. grossman. patients often assume that because a medication can be obtained without a prescription, it ' s relatively harmless. but that ' s not always the case. many of the medications that are linked with a rise in blood pressure are quite widely used, says prof. grossman, whose research provides an overview of which medications are related to high blood pressure. examples include contraceptive pills, various anti - depressants, anti - inflammatory pills to control pain. and bacterial antibiotics. though high blood pressure is a known side effect of many of these medications, doctors do not always account for them in their treatment plans, and they don ' t inform patients of the potential risks associated with these medications. it ' s ultimately the doctor ' s responsibility to weigh treatment options and present the best course for their patient should issues of hypertension arise, prof. grossman says. doctors may be advised to decrease the dosage of the drug, or add an anti - hypertensive drug to the treatment regime, he says. in any case, awareness on the part of both doctors and patients needs to be raised. \" many physicians don ' t account for this, and some don ' t even know about it. it ' s their responsibility to be informed and make sure that their patients are aware that this is a possibility. \" cost and benefit though much of the time a course of treatment can be altered to account for the dangers of hypertension, that isn ' t always", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4353738098349395, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.819631"} {"text": "health and fitness : your heart month action plan heart disease, sometimes called coronary artery disease, is the leading cause of death in the united states. it is responsible for nearly 600, 000 deaths each year, mostly from heart attacks. millions more are at increased risk because of certain biological and behavioral risk factors. some of these risk factors cannot be changed, such as age, sex, and family history, while others can be altered to reduce risk. these modifiable risk factors include smoking, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, obesity, and physical inactivity. since february is heart month, this is an ideal time to assess your own risk of heart disease and take steps to improve your health. here is a heart month action plan : 1. assess your risk. if you haven \u2019 t done so recently, you should see your doctor to have your risk factors evaluated. this includes tests for blood glucose and blood lipids ( including total, ldl, and hdl cholesterol and triglycerides ), measurement of your blood pressure and body weight, and an assessment of other health factors such as your family history, whether you smoke, and your level of physical activity. you may be able to find a health fair or other event in the community at which you can have many of these measurements made, but only your doctor can help you determine the best course of treatment given your personal risk profile. 2. be active everyday. the benefits of as little as 30 minutes per day physical activity are well - established and impact heart disease risk in a multitude of ways. physical activity helps with weight control, lowers blood pressure, improves blood lipids, and prevents and treats diabetes. think of this as a great health \u201c deal. \u201d by modifying one risk factor \u2013 inactivity \u2013 you can also promote beneficial changes in four others \u2013 obesity, hypertension, high cholesterol, and diabetes. there is no other treatment, drugs included, that can have such a broad impact on reducing heart disease risk! 3. improve your diet. if you are like most americans, your diet is too high in saturated fat, salt, and added sugar and lacking adequate whole grains, fruits and vegetables, and fiber. this type of diet is associated with obesity, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and diabetes. all of these conditions are risk factors for heart disease, so you may literally be eating your way to a heart attack. changing what you eat to include more whole grains, fruits, vegetables, and low - fat", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45914404029506983, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.824340"} {"text": "high cholesterol, and diabetes. all of these conditions are risk factors for heart disease, so you may literally be eating your way to a heart attack. changing what you eat to include more whole grains, fruits, vegetables, and low - fat meat and dairy and minimizing added sugars, fat, and processed foods can help you lose weight and prevent or treat high cholesterol, diabetes, and high blood pressure. 4. quit smoking. there is no way around this one \u2013 quit! ask your doctor about prescription medications that can make quitting easier. nicotine replacement therapy in the form of patches, gum, and lozengescan help manage cravings and are available over the counter. ultimately, though, quitting smoking is a behavior change that takes motivation, willpower, and time. but it is worth it \u2013 your risk of heart attack goes down within days and can drop 50 to 70 percent within five years after quitting. the potential impact of these steps is great. knowing which risk factors are most concerning can help you and your doctor make the most effective treatment decisions. even modest changes in diet and activity can lead to improvements in risk factors and reduced heart attack risk. the best news is that you can start today by putting down your next cigarette, going for a walk and eating a healthier dinner. your heart will be glad you did. brian parr, ph. d., is an associate professor in the department of exercise and sports science at usc aiken where he teaches courses in exercise physiology, nutrition and health behavior.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4335969199883234, "token_count": 315, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.824976"} {"text": "allergy to peanut and tree nuts is the most common food allergy in adults and children. however, since most children start eating other foods first, allergies to other foods such as egg and cows ' milk protein typically present before nut allergies. while children often grow out of other allergies, only around 20 % of children with nut allergies resolve. this means that 4 out of 5 children with nut allergies will continue to have these allergies as an adult. in some people, the allergy may become less severe with age, but in 20 %, it can become worse with time. peanut allergy is becoming ever more commonplace, with recent studies showing that the rate of peanut allergy has doubled over a 5 year period both here in europe and in the united states. peanut allergy is estimated now to affect 1 in 50 young infants, and tree nut allergy also seems more common. the reason for this increase is not fully understood, but is in line with the general increase in all forms of allergy including asthma, eczema and hayfever. the majority of allergic reactions to peanut and tree nuts are mild. hives ( nettle rash ), eczema and vomiting are the most common complaints in children. however, some allergic reactions to peanut or tree nuts can be severe, causing difficulty in breathing due to asthma or throat swelling, or a drop in blood pressure. this is known as anaphylaxis, and allergy to peanut or tree nuts is one of the most common triggers. in any case where an allergic reaction to a nut is suspected, the patient should be referred by their general practitioner to an nhs allergy clinic for testing to confirm the diagnosis. testing can be done by skin prick tests or blood tests. a food challenge test may be performed if the diagnosis of nut allergy is in doubt. this is a safe procedure provided it is undertaken in a specialist allergy centre with experienced medical staff. not only will this procedure confirm an allergic reaction, but it will also provide an opportunity to assess how severe an allergic reaction could occur if one accidentally came in contact with peanuts. peanut ( arachis hypogaea ) is a member of the legume ( bean ) family. other members of this family include soya beans, lentils and garden peas. it is rare for a peanut allergic person to react to soya or other beans and legumes, but many peanut allergic people will also be allergic to other tree nuts, for example brazil or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4326528416862119, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.835852"} {"text": "include soya beans, lentils and garden peas. it is rare for a peanut allergic person to react to soya or other beans and legumes, but many peanut allergic people will also be allergic to other tree nuts, for example brazil or hazel nuts, which are genetically unrelated. peanuts grow from the ground rather than on trees, and are sometimes referred to as ground nuts. many commonly used foods contain peanut extracts, but although hydrogenated vegetable oil may occasionally have a peanut source, it is unlikely to cause an allergic reaction. hydrogenated vegetable protein may rarely have a peanut source, and this may cause an allergic reaction in an extremely sensitive individual. tree nuts are actually a type of seed from plants, and come from a wide variety of different botanical families such as rosaceae ( almonds ), anacardiaceae ( cashews ), proteaceae ( macadamia nuts ) or lecythidaceae ( brazil nuts ). the distinction between tree nut and seed is not always clear. we often think of seeds as small seeds - like sesame seed, sunflower seed, poppy seed or pumpkin seed. in fact, coconut ( including the husk and inner white flesh that we eat ) is also a seed, albeit a very large one! this may explain why coconut is considered to be a tree nut in usa but a seed elsewhere. cross reactivity is a term used to describe when the protein allergen to which a person is sensitive is present in several foods, resulting in that person being allergic to those different foods. some people react only to one type of nut, for example peanut. others are known to react to different types of nuts. even though peanut and tree nuts may look and taste similar, the proteins present in peanuts are scientifically very different to those in tree nuts. that means that one can be allergic to peanut only, a tree nut only, several tree nuts or any combination of peanut and a few tree nuts. studies have shown that children allergic to peanut are more at risk of other food allergies, including to tree nuts. while certain cross reactivities are common ( for example, cashew nut and pistachio ), in general cross reactivity is difficult to understand and harder to predict. unless you know that you do not react to certain nuts, it is best to avoid all nuts, especially because foods containing one nut are more at risk of contamination with another nut. most people with peanut or tree nut allergies are able to eat seeds without problem. both coconut and pine nuts are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.456439900512995, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.836850"} {"text": "nuts, it is best to avoid all nuts, especially because foods containing one nut are more at risk of contamination with another nut. most people with peanut or tree nut allergies are able to eat seeds without problem. both coconut and pine nuts are seeds rather than nuts, and the majority of nut - allergic people can eat them. see our factsheet on sesame and seed allergy for more information. what about peanut oil ( arachis oil ) and other nut oils? the allergic component of the peanut is the protein, which the body identifies as an alien substance and thus overreacts to. on the other hand, oils contain fats rather than proteins. researchers have concluded that refined peanut oil will not cause allergic reactions for the overwhelming majority of peanut allergic individuals, and if anyone does suffer a reaction it is likely to be mild. refined peanut oil appears to carry a low or no risk. but it is up to individuals themselves or their parents to weigh the evidence and make up their own minds. unrefined ( crude ) peanut oil should be avoided by peanut allergic people, as the process by which the oil is made means that low levels of protein can contaminate the oil. most other nut oils are unrefined and should therefore be avoided by people allergic to tree nuts. some skin preparations may contain arachis ( peanut oil ). while some researchers have investigated whether there is a link between the use of these creams and the development of peanut allergy in some children, there is no actual evidence that this occurs. however, it seems reasonable for people allergic to peanut to avoid skin preparations and cosmetics known to contain arachis / peanut oil, if they choose to. there are 3 stages to managing a food allergy : - identify and avoid the cause ( if possible ) - recognize the symptoms of an allergic reaction - know what to do if it happens again all people identified as having ( or suspected of having ) food allergy should therefore be referred to an allergy specialist, in order to achieve this. many people with an allergy to peanut or tree nut will be prescribed an adrenaline auto - injector device. this is because nut allergy is the most common food to cause severe anaphylactic reactions ( although most reactions to nuts are not severe ). doctors usually prescribe the adrenaline pens for nut allergies because there is no test which can predict who is at risk of anaphylaxis. since adrenaline when giving for food allergy is very safe and effective, they are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43922798535092106, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.838920"} {"text": "severe ). doctors usually prescribe the adrenaline pens for nut allergies because there is no test which can predict who is at risk of anaphylaxis. since adrenaline when giving for food allergy is very safe and effective, they are used as a crucial step in management. always carry your auto - injector ( s ). if you have to use your adrenaline injection then you must go to hospital for observation. additional strategies include : - wear a ' medic alert ' or similar bracelet or medallion - inform work colleagues, catering staff, occupational health staff, teachers and first - aiders about your allergy. - avoid the foods that cause your allergy totally - do not risk testing for the presence of your allergen in food by eating a small amount - remember that tiny quantities of the allergen can cause a severe reaction. - make sure you have an allergy management plan, and tell others where it is. keep a copy of it with any medications you have been given for an allergic reaction. - take any medication prescribed for your reaction promptly if symptoms begin. then call an ambulance or go to hospital immediately ( do not travel alone ). reactions to peanuts or nuts can be life threatening. once diagnosed it is important that nuts and all sources of nuts are excluded from the diet at all times, unless an allergy specialist has told you otherwise. manufacturers are definitely improving labelling but you still have to find out a lot about the content of foods yourself. some foods obviously contain nuts while in others, nuts may be a hidden ingredient. peanut is a member of the legume family and is classified as a vegetable. your doctor may occasionally tell you to avoid foods such as peas, beans, lentils and other legumes. high risk foods should only be introduced with the supervision of a doctor or dietician. never reintroduce peanuts into the diet without medical supervision. peanuts are a very popular food and often included in confectionery, biscuits and indian / chinese / asian / thai food. even with the most strenuous efforts it may not be possible to avoid them. contaminations through the use of some production lines or the same utensils can occur. the food industry takes these issues seriously and many voluntarily label food as \u201c contains peanuts \u201d or \u201c may contain trace of peanuts \u201d. the second statement is not always very helpful. in restaurants and \u201c take - aways \u201d inclusion of peanuts is a potential hazard particularly where peanuts are a staple, but peanut butter has been found to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.41761013507916495, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.840732"} {"text": "peanuts \u201d or \u201c may contain trace of peanuts \u201d. the second statement is not always very helpful. in restaurants and \u201c take - aways \u201d inclusion of peanuts is a potential hazard particularly where peanuts are a staple, but peanut butter has been found to be the \u201c secret ingredient \u201d in some dishes. no one can guarantee complete avoidance of any food allergen. all food which you do not prepare yourself must be considered somewhat suspect, but with the correct medication ( adrenaline or antihistamines ), the risk incurred is minimal provided you use it immediately and then go straight to hospital. all of the major supermarket chains in this country provide \u201c free from \u201d lists. it is possible to get a list of own brand foods which do not contain peanuts, but companies do change the ingredients in processed foods, sometimes without stating that this has occurred. it is best to read the list of ingredients on processed foods, even if you have eaten it without problems before. if in doubt of the contents of any product, contact the manufacturer before trying it. what you can do? - write to your local supermarket for a list of products which they consider to be nut free. - keep to brands which are either labelled as nut free on the packet or are guaranteed as nut free by the manufacturers ' lists. - do not eat anything you are not sure about. check directly with the manufacturer. - make your own cakes & biscuits, using a known and safe source of oil or fat e. g., corn oil, sunflower oil or olive oil. - if you use adrenaline always take it with you. - take ' safe ' foods to parties. - give the people who will be providing your meals notice of the foods you can or cannot eat, i. e. restaurants, friends, relatives. - people cannot help prevent your allergic reaction if they are not aware you are allergic to nuts or peanuts. - never take a waitress ' s word that a food is safe, always talk directly to the chef, and ascertain what type of cooking oil has been used. - plain foods are safer. check no nut products have been used. - try and use the same restaurants so you can build up some trust with the staff. - always carry your rescue medication, antihistamines, adrenaline autoinjector pens with you. be prepared to be firm when discussing your allergy in restaurants / bars etc. this is called being aggressivelypolite! for many people an allergy just means a rash, not a potentially life threatening condition. use yourmed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4482324676547756, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.841732"} {"text": "##or pens with you. be prepared to be firm when discussing your allergy in restaurants / bars etc. this is called being aggressivelypolite! for many people an allergy just means a rash, not a potentially life threatening condition. use yourmedic alert emblem to get peoples attention if necessary. state that you wear this because your reaction canbe very severe. if you do have a reaction in a public place, you must inject yourself first and delegate someoneto call an ambulance. if you must go to the toilet because of vomiting or diarrhoea, do not go alone, takesomeone with you. do not go off quietly by yourself because you are embarrassed. blended oils, unrefined / gourmet peanut, arachis and groundnut oils. all biscuits, almonds, coconut biscuits, macaroons, or nut oils. peanut butter, chestnut puree, chocolate and hazel spread, praline spread, sweet mincemeat. christmas cake, fruit cake, stollen, marzipan containing cakes, carrot cake, passion cake, cakes bought in delicatessen, cakes containing vegetable oil. crunchy nut cornflakes, fruit & fibre, muesli, shreddies, fruitful, etc., dips & sauces pesto sauce, waldorf salad. nut loaf, vegeburgers, sausages. ( some products may be ok - check labels ). nut yoghurt, nut ice - creams, cakes, puddings containing nuts. nuts, nougat, nut brittle, halva, snickers, topic, fruit & nut, bounty, toblerone, liquorice allsorts, pralines, florentines. always check labels. some chinese foods e. g. satay. it is also advisable to avoid creams and shampoos containing nut extracts. always check the labels on all food purchased sunflower oil, olive oil, safflower oil home made biscuits made with known source of oil. jam, marmalade, honey. home made cakes containing known ingredients. cakes guaranteed to be nut free by manufacturers. weetabix, shredded wheat, wheat, cornflakes, rice, krispies etc. last updated : march 2012", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46262742959813563, "token_count": 465, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.842626"} {"text": "philosophies guiding research types of research research projects usually fit into one of four main categories of research : type 1 \u2013 positivist / postpositivist ; type 2 - social constructivist ; type 3 - pragmatic and type 4 - participatory ( which will be discussed in more detail in the following sections ). this is because researchers have different world views or belief systems which guide them in their research, influencing the decisions they make about how to conduct their studies, what counts as valid knowledge, what is the right way to obtain that knowledge, how it should be analysed ( e. g. using quantitative or qualitative - based methods ) and what their own role in the process is. the various approaches to research are sometimes called research paradigms. the whole issue of paradigms can be traced back to kuhn \u2019 s 1970 influential book \u201c the structure of scientific revolutions \u201d. for quite some time, the two main paradigms were the positivist / postpositivist paradigm ( linked to quantitative research ) and the constructivist paradigm ( usually associated with qualitative research ). a few decades ago, there were huge methodological debates as to which of the two paradigms was right. some researchers argued that only the positivist / postpositivist paradigm was \u201c real science \u201d. others argued that it was not suited to the study of complex human and social issues. this debate came to be known as the paradigm wars and there was an \u201c incompatibility theory \u201d which stated that the two approaches were irreconcilable due to their very different underlying philosophies. the postpositivist tradition emerged in the 19th century based on the work of writers such as compte, mill, durkheim, newton and locke. they challenged the positivist attempts to seek \u201c absolute truth \u201d arguing that this was not appropriate when studying the behaviour and actions of people. this led to an acceptance that absolute truth can never be found and that research evidence is not infallible or perfect. researchers attempt to look for and describe associations, as well as cause and effect relationships. this is an ongoing process, whereby positive findings form the basis for additional research. data which does not support their theory may result in necessary revisions followed by additional testing. according to the social constructivist paradigm, people try to make sense of the world they live in. through interaction with other people, they develop subjective understandings and meanings of their experience and they do this within a specific social,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5773580660619022, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.845749"} {"text": "this is a christmas hardback with tremendous sales potential. \" engines of war \" tells the dramatic story of how the birth of the railways shaped how wars were fought and won, facilitating conflict on a previously unimaginable scale. before the nineteenth century, armies had to rely on slow and unreliable methods of transportation to move soldiers and equipment during times of conflict. however, as christian wolmar demonstrates in this book, the birth of the railway in the early 1830s would transform the theatres of war. \" engines of war \" spans more than a century and takes in all the engagements in which railways played a part, including the crimean war, american civil war, both world wars, the korean war, and the cold war - with its mysterious missile trains. it shows that the ' iron road ' not only made armies far more mobile, but also greatly increased the scale and power of available weaponry. in doing so, wars were fought across wider fronts and over longer timescales, with far deadlier consequences. christian wolmar reveals how the extent and intensity of war increased during this period as a result of this fast and efficient transport and shows how the railways - a fantastic generator of wealth in peacetime - became a weapon of war exploited to the full by governments across the world, facilitating conflict on a scale that was previously unimaginable. from armoured engines with their swiveling guns to track sabotage by way of dynamite, railway lines constructed across frozen siberian lakes and a boer war ambush involving winston churchill, \" engines of war \" is christian wolmar ' s most ambitious and original book yet, confirming his reputation as our leading transport historian. it is suitable for fans of simon winchester, peter ackroyd, andrew roberts, anthony beevor, patrick bishop and christian wolmar ' s \" the subterranean railway \", \" fire and steam \" and \" blood, iron and gold \".", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48623231809634515, "token_count": 382, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.847962"} {"text": "| expand the learning library | there are 15 books to choose from, including favourite characters from thomas to toy story and winnie the pooh. each has a different theme and introduces different learning concepts and skills. see all tag junior books. | smart pen | connect the tag junior to a computer to download each book, then it detects tiny markings on the surface of each page to precisely read words, recognise characters and other elements. | full of surprises | as well as reading the story, the pen reacts to other elements on the page, helping kids identify and learn about different characters and objects. | a great way to start exploring books | touch the tag junior to the words on the page to hear the story read aloud, in lively character voices. | more ways to learn | each tag junior book introduces a different preschool skill \u2014 such as the alphabet, counting or social play \u2014 through 24 playful activities and more than 130 audio responses. open - ended questions and fun sound effects encourage children to take charge, as they touch any part of any page to bring words, pictures or activities to life! | designed with young children in mind | the tag junior book pal has been designed to allow children to grip with their palm, as children are still developing their fine motor skills and find this easier to use rather than a pen shape. you can even personalise tag junior book pal with your child ' s name or nickname. | connect and share achievements | connect the tag junior to leapfrog learning path to see specific play and learning information based on your child ' s use of the toy, including areas where they are making progress or need more support. email updates provide tailored learning tips, and you can share your child ' s progress and achievements with friends and family on facebook. | suitable for ages 2 - 4 | | requires 2 aaa batteries ( not included ) | | discover more at the leapfrog store | learn more about the other great learning toys in the leapfrog range at the leapfrog store. this product ' s forum active discussions in related forums search customer discussions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43862126729180717, "token_count": 416, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.850081"} {"text": "friday, june 27th 10 : 30am - 12 : 30pm russell senate office building room 253 what aspects of the gulf coast transportation infrastructure, and new york city water infrastructure, are most vulnerable to climate changes in progress and anticipated? what specific manifestations of climate change are anticipated along the gulf coast and in nyc? how will people and ecosystems be affected by the impacts of climatic change on the transportation infrastructure in the gulf region and on the water infrastructure in nyc? what are the ripple effects of these changes likely to be regionally? what options do people and governments have in coping with the suggested changes? how resilient are the gulf coast and nyc to anticipated climate changes? dr. anthony socci, senior science fellow, american meteorological society michael j. savonis, air quality team leader, federal highway administration ( fhwa ), washington, dc savonis powerpoint html version dr. cynthia rosenzweig, senior research scientist, nasa goddard institute for space studies, columbia university \u2019 s earth institute, new york city, ny rosenzweig powerpoint html version reports sited in presentation : \u201c the potential impacts of climate change and variability on transportation systems and infrastructure \u2013 the gulf coast study, phase i \u201d synthesis and assessment product 4. 7 climate change science program dot center for climate change and environmental forecasting gulf coast transportation : coping with the future climate affects the design, construction, safety, operations, and maintenance of transportation infrastructure and systems. the prospect of a changing climate raises critical questions regarding how alterations in temperature, precipitation, storm events, and other aspects of the climate could affect the nation \u2019 s roads, airports, rail, transit systems, pipelines, ports, and waterways in the region of the u. s. central gulf coast between galveston, texas and mobile, alabama. this region contains multimodal transportation infrastructure that is critical to regional and national transportation services. more broadly, what happens in the gulf region will no doubt, have ripple effects nationwide and internationally, as was evident in the aftermath of hurricane katrina. historical trends and future climate scenarios were used to establish a context for examining the potential effects of climate change on all major transportation modes within the region. climate changes anticipated during the next 50 to 100 years for the central gulf coast include warming temperatures, changes in precipitation patterns, and increased storm intensity. the warming of the oceans and decline of polar ice sheets is expected to accelerate the rate of sea level rise globally. the effects of sea level rise in most central gulf coast counties will be exacerbated by the sinking of the land", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4979110608200954, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.858943"} {"text": "storm intensity. the warming of the oceans and decline of polar ice sheets is expected to accelerate the rate of sea level rise globally. the effects of sea level rise in most central gulf coast counties will be exacerbated by the sinking of the land surface, which is accounted for in this assessment. warming temperatures are likely to increase the costs of transportation construction, maintenance, and operations. more frequent extreme precipitation events may disrupt transportation networks with flooding and visibility problems. relative sea level rise will make much of the existing infrastructure more prone to frequent or permanent inundation \u2013 27 percent of the major roads, 9 percent of the rail lines, and 72 percent of the ports are built on land at or below 122 cm ( 4 feet ) in elevation. increased storm intensity may lead to increased service disruption and infrastructure damage : more than half of the area \u2019 s major highways ( 64 percent of interstates ; 57 percent of arterials ), almost half of the rail miles, 29 airports, and virtually all of the ports are below 7 m ( 23 feet ) in elevation and subject to flooding and possible damage due to hurricane storm surge. consideration of these factors in today \u2019 s transportation decisions and planning processes should lead to a more robust, resilient, and cost - effective transportation network in the coming decades. new york city : preparing for climate change new york city ( nyc ) represents one of the \ufb01rst substantial efforts to undertake climate - change planning for infrastructure changes in a large urban area. notable characteristics of the nyc system are that it is a mature infrastructure system, that its managers are skilled at dealing with existing hydrologic variability, and that there are many potential adaptations to the risk of climate change in the nyc water supply, sewer, and wastewater treatment systems. capitalizing on this expertise and experience, the work of the climate change task force of the nyc department of environmental protection, has focused on the water supply, sewer, and wastewater treatment systems of nyc. the task force included representatives from all of the operating and planning bureaus in nycdep along with experts from columbia university \u2019 s center for climate systems research ( ccsr ) and other universities and engineering firms. a key element of the process was that it was agency - wide, allowing the development of an integrated climate change program throughout the entire organization. the agency - wide approach provides organizational benefits even beyond climate change planning in fostering communication among bureaus within the agency. as part of the task force, agency, private - sector partners, and climate scientists developed climate information and adaptation assessment frameworks. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47506762583944334, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.859992"} {"text": "agency - wide approach provides organizational benefits even beyond climate change planning in fostering communication among bureaus within the agency. as part of the task force, agency, private - sector partners, and climate scientists developed climate information and adaptation assessment frameworks. the climate information framework consists of current and historical climate observations, downscaled climate change scenarios from global and regional climate models, projections of how risks of extreme events ( including hurricanes, nor \u2019 - easters, heat waves, droughts, and floods may change ), and focused analyses of sea - level rise and storm surges, including recent ice - sheet melting. the major product of the nycdep task force is a climate change assessment and action plan for the agency. the agency will continue to work with climate scientists to improve regional climate change projections, enhance dep \u2019 s understanding of the potential impacts of climate change on the department \u2019 s operations, determine and implement appropriate adaptation to dep \u2019 s water systems, and inventory and manage greenhouse gas emissions. establishing climate indicators is important to provide mechanisms for tracking the dynamics of a changing climate. michael j. savonis has 25 years of experience in transportation policy, with extensive expertise in air quality and emerging environmental issues. he has served as air quality team leader at the federal highway administration ( fhwa ), since 1996. for the past 16 years, mr. savonis has overseen the congestion mitigation and air quality improvement program which invests more than $ 1. 5 billion annually to improve air quality. he directs fhwa \u2019 s transportation / air quality policy development, research program, and public education. he received dot \u2019 s silver medal in 1997 and fhwa \u2019 s superior achievement award in 2004. mr. savonis was instrumental to the creation of the dot center for climate change. he is co - chair of the transportation research board \u2019 s climate change subcommittee, was a member of the air quality committee 1999 - 2004, and served as chair of the subcommittee on transportation control measures, 2000 - 2004. he is author of several papers on climate / air quality, including : the gulf coast study, synthesis and assessment product 4. 7, climate change science program ; toward a strategic plan for transportation air quality research, 2000 - 2010, transportation research record ; and clean air through transportation : challenges in meeting the national ambient air quality standards, report to congress. mr. savonis holds a master \u2019 s degree in regional planning from cornell university and a bs in chemistry from the state university of new york at buffalo. dr. cynthia", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47680797057035906, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.860954"} {"text": ": challenges in meeting the national ambient air quality standards, report to congress. mr. savonis holds a master \u2019 s degree in regional planning from cornell university and a bs in chemistry from the state university of new york at buffalo. dr. cynthia rosenzweig is a senior research scientist at the goddard institute for space studies at columbia university. her primary research involves the development of interdisciplinary methodologies by which to assess the potential impacts of and adaptations to global environmental change. she has joined impact models with global and regional climate models to predict future outcomes of both land - based and urban systems under altered climate conditions. advances include the development of climate change scenarios for impact and adaptation analysis, and the application of impact models at relevant spatial and temporal scales for regional and national assessments. recognizing that the complex interactions engendered by global environmental change can best be understood by coordinated teams of experts, dr. rosenzweig has organized and led large - scale interdisciplinary, national, and international studies of climate change impacts and adaptation. she co - led the metropolitan east coast regional assessment of the u. s. national assessment of the potential consequences of climate variability and change, sponsored by the u. s. global change research program, and was the lead scientist on the new york city department of environmental protection climate change task force. for the intergovernmental panel on climate change fourth assessment report, she was a coordinating lead author on the assessment of observed changes and responses in natural and managed systems. the results of this assessment found that physical and biological systems on all continents and in most oceans are already being affected by recent human - caused climate changes, and that climatic effects on human systems are emerging. she is a recipient of the guggenheim fellowship and is a fellow of american association for the advancement of science. she leads the climate impacts research group at the goddard institute of space studies, whose mission is to investigate the interactions of climate ( both variability and change ) on systems and sectors important to human well - being. dr. rosenzweig received her ph. d. in plant, soil, and environmental sciences from the university of massachusetts in 1991. she earned an m. s. in soils and crops from rutgers university and a ba in agricultural sciences from cook college. she has authored or co - authored over 80 peer - reviewed scientific articles and authored or edited eight books. back to top", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5138189495349693, "token_count": 472, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.861861"} {"text": "jr. analytical grammar is a program intended to introduce the ideas of english grammar to younger students. it is designed to be taught in an eleven - week grammar \u201c season \u201d in either 4th or 5th grade. created in response to parent requests for grammar materials for younger students, it covers the same material found in the first ten units of analytical grammar, but the exercises are shorter and the reading level is lower. it is also more \" interactive \" as far as the parent is concerned. rather than the student reading notes, the \" notes \" are really a series of questions and activities designed to help the child understand the grammatical concepts. the program is divided into eleven units ; each taxes about a week to go through. each unit builds on the one before, so students use what they ' ve already learned to master the next concept. our junior version is a gentle, easy introduction to the concepts of english grammar. it is straightforward to teach and fun for both teacher and student. jr. analytical grammar covers : - all the parts of speech and parts of the sentence - classic sentence diagraming jr. analytical grammar includes : - teacher \u201c talking points \u201d for students - plenty of exercises to practice skills - short writing activities that reinforce concepts - tests to evaluate progress - complete answer keys and useful ( but brief! ) teacher notes you have no items in your shopping cart.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5096245928926918, "token_count": 271, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.864584"} {"text": "search through the catalogue of ancient history books : buy this book thank you for supporting us by purchasing your books through ancient history encyclopedia! the bronze age is the second part of the three - age system ( stone age, bronze age, and iron age ) for classifying and studying prehistoric societies, particularly the ancient societies of the mediterranean and near east. more broadly, the bronze age of any culture is the period during which the most advanced metalworking ( at least in systematic and widespread... [ continue reading ] the punic wars were a series of conflicts fought between the forces of ancient carthage and rome between 264 bce and 146 bce. the name punic comes from the word phoenician ( phoinix in the greek, poenus from punicus in latin ) as applied to the citizens of carthage, who were of phoenician ethnicity. as the history of the conflict was written by roman authors... [ continue reading ] bronze was significant to any culture that encountered it. it was one of the most innovative alloys of mankind. tools, weapons, armour, and various building materials like decorative tiles made of bronze were harder and more durable than their stone and copper ( \" chalcolithic \" ) predecessors. initially bronze was made out of copper and arsenic to... [ continue reading ] according to legend, ancient rome was founded by the two brothers, and demi - gods, romulus and remus, on 21 april 753. the legend claims that, in an argument over who would rule the city ( or, in another version, where the city would be located ) romulus killed remus and named the city after himself. this story of the founding of rome is the best known but it... [ continue reading ] the italian peninsula or apennine peninsula is one of the three peninsulas of southern europe ( the other two being the iberian peninsula and balkan peninsula ), spanning 1, 000 km from the po valley in the north to the central mediterranean sea in the south. the peninsula is bordered by the tyrrhenian sea on the west, the ionian sea on the south, and the adriatic... [ continue reading ]", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4744536966563699, "token_count": 438, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.866790"} {"text": "croy family history croy surname history croy family history has a complex evolution of which the particulars can be pieced together by croy family researchers. this croy research page contains the accumulated history of the croy surname made up of user - contributed content from other ancientfaces users. the croy family name is an old family line that has migrated all across the world for many generations, and as the name croy has migrated, it has evolved making its etymology a challenge to unearth. no content has been submitted here about croy. the following is speculative information about croy. you can submit your information by clicking edit. the evolution of croy begins at it ' s earliest origins. even in the earliest days of a name there have been changes in that name simply because last names were infrequently written down at that stage in history. as these families emigrated between countries and languages, the croy name may have changed with them. it was not unusual for a surname to change as it enters a new country or language. croy ancestors have travelled across various regions all throughout history. croy country of origin no content has been submitted about the croy country of origin. the following is speculative information about croy. you can submit your information by clicking edit. the nationality of croy is often complicated to determine because country boundaries change over time, making the nation of origin a mystery. the original ethnicity of croy may be in dispute as result of whether the name came about organically and independently in different locales ; e. g. in the case of surnames that come from a craft, which can come into being in multiple places independently ( such as the surname \" gardener \" which was given to people of that profession ). meaning of the last name croy no content has been submitted about the meaning of croy. the following is speculative information about croy. you can submit your information by clicking edit. the meaning of croy come may come from a profession, such as the name \" miller \" which referred to the profession of working in a mill. many of these profession - based family names may be a profession in some other language. this is why it is important to understand the nationality of a name, and the languages spoken by its progenitors. many names like croy originate from religious texts like the quran, the bhagavadgita, the bible, and so forth. commonly these family names are shortened versions of a religious phrase such as \" worthy of praise \".", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4395327788177756, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.875415"} {"text": "##itors. many names like croy originate from religious texts like the quran, the bhagavadgita, the bible, and so forth. commonly these family names are shortened versions of a religious phrase such as \" worthy of praise \". - princess kunigunde of croy - marie - chantal d ' erlanger de croy - isabel de croy croy - princess maria of croy - charlotte prinzessin von croy croy 1938 -? - isabelle de croy 1446 - 1486 - georgienne amalie de croy - jean ii de croy 1436 - 1505 - jeanne de croy 1442 - 1511 - princess sophie of croy - prince alexander of croy - philippe i de croy 1433 - 1511 - charles de croy 1438 -? - jacqueline de croy 1448 - 1486 - 3rd row ; - croy, - prince klemens of croy - marie de croy 1440 -? - guillaume seigneur de croy de croa \u00bf i, i 1315 - 1384 - princess eugenie of croy croy family tree famous people named croy no famous people named croy have been submitted. you can submit your information by clicking edit. nationality and ethnicity of croy no content has been submitted about the ethnicity of croy. the following is speculative information about croy. you can submit your information by clicking edit. we do not have a record of the primary ethnicity of the name croy. many surnames travel around the world throughout the ages, making their original nationality and ethnicity difficult to trace. more about the name croy fun facts about the croy family we have no fun facts about croy. you can submit your information by clicking edit. croy spelling variations no content has been submitted about alternate spellings of croy. the following is speculative information about croy. you can submit your information by clicking edit. understanding misspellings and alternate spellings of the croy last name are important to understanding the possible origins of the name. in times when literacy was uncommon, names such as croy were transcribed based on their pronunciation when people ' s names were recorded in public records. this could have resulted in misspellings of croy. family names like croy transform in how they ' re written as they travel across communities, family unions, and languages over time.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38808894623763, "token_count": 494, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.876293"} {"text": "yaroslav, undertook to take care of the devastated russian land. the tartars and mongols were not the only enemies russia had to face at the time. germans and swedes threatened it from the west. prince alexander was 20 years old when he clashed with them for the first time. be that time grand prince yaroslav, alexander \u2019 s father, made him prince of novgorod. taught martial arts since early childhood, alexander was a skilled warrior. he was a man of military bearing and rare beauty. a contemporary wrote about him : \u201c i traveled about many countries and saw many celebrities, but never did i meet a prince or king equal to prince alexander. \u201d prince alexander was a wise and just ruler, and had good manners which made him very popular and highly respected. a contemporary of his wrote : \u201c he treated priests and monks with love and respect ; he was considerate to the poor. and as for metropolitans and bishops, prince alexander honored them as he honored jesus christ. \u201d prince alexander \u2019 s subjects used to say : \u201c our prince is sinless. \u201d in 1240 prince birger of sweden sent his messengers to prince alexander with the following address. \u201c hey, prince alexander! you may resist if you can. but remember that i am already here ready to conquer your land. \u201d for a long time prince alexander prayed in the st. sofia cathedral of novgorod. he recalled the words of jesus christ : \u201c no love is greater than the love of a man who gives life for his friends \u201d. when he left the church, he addressed the army in these words : \u201c god is not force, god is truth. \u201d prince alexander entrusted his hopes to the holy trinity and made up his mind to fight. the two armies met on the banks of the neva river. one was the army of the proud invader, the other \u2013 of the russian combatants. our lord helped his hermit \u2014 prince alexander. the legend has it that a soldier named philip had a miraculous vision on the eve of the battle. he was on patrol on the neva river. at dawn he saw a boat with martyr princes boris and gleb, ancestors of prince alexander, in full combat gear. suddenly philip heard a voice from the boat : \u201c gleb, brother of mine! hurry up, we must help our relative, grand prince alexander. \u201d and the vision disappeared \u2026 encouraged by the miraculous vision, alexander rushed his men to the scene and gave the battle on the banks of the neva. the battle was great, says", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.39489172048048593, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.885855"} {"text": "hurry up, we must help our relative, grand prince alexander. \u201d and the vision disappeared \u2026 encouraged by the miraculous vision, alexander rushed his men to the scene and gave the battle on the banks of the neva. the battle was great, says the chronicle, and many people were killed, both russians and latins, and prince alexander left a scar on the face of their leader with a lance. at this point i must explain that in medieval russia all intruders from the west were called latins. after the glorious victory in the battle of the neva prince alexander was awarded the honorary title alexander nevsky or alexander of the neva. birger and his warriors were defeated. but another threat to russia already loomed in the west. the german crusaders ( or teutonic knights ) conquered the ancient russian fortress of koporye. in 1241 alexander nevsky regained it, but in a year the teutonic knights were back. they also seized the ancient russian towns pskov and izborsk. by the winter of 1242 prince alexander had gathered an army to defend russia from the german crusaders. and on april 5th russian warriors and teutonic knights met in a merciless battle on the ice of lake chudskoye, also known as lake peipus. prince alexander was praying : god and our savior jesus christ! help us defend our country, our mothers and fathers, our sons and daughters, as many years ago you helped moses. here \u2019 s how one chronicler described the battle on lake chudskoye : \u201c prince alexander arranged his men in battle formation and moved towards the enemy. alexander had many brave men, like king david in ancient times. it was a saturday. the troops clashed when the sun rose. it was a fierce battle. the crackle of breaking spears and the clanging swords sounded as though the ice began to move. the ice couldn \u2019 t be seen for blood \u2026 with god \u2019 s help the courageous russian warriors defeated the teutonic knights. many knights drowned, others were taken prisoner, and only few of them escaped. the contemporaries rejoiced over the victory in what would later be called \u201c the battle on the ice \u201d. entrance of alexander nevsky at pskov after the battle on the ice. artist : valentin serov having preserved russian land in the west, the grand prince alexander clearly realized he ought to maintain peace with the tartars, the \u201c golden horde \u201d. weak and devastated, russia was in no position to fight again. the tartar", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41474248295204214, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.886780"} {"text": "valentin serov having preserved russian land in the west, the grand prince alexander clearly realized he ought to maintain peace with the tartars, the \u201c golden horde \u201d. weak and devastated, russia was in no position to fight again. the tartar yoke was a heavy burden on the russian people. before he could become a real ruler of his domain any russian prince had to go to the \u201c golden horde \u201d where, after a long and humiliating procedure he might ( or might not ) get the so called \u201c yarlyk \u201d \u2013 a license to rule. for many russian princes, landlords and warriors the way to the \u201c golden horde \u201d was the last. alexander nevsky too, went to see batu khan, the king of the tartars. batu khan was amazed to see him ; he told his nobles : \u201c it \u2019 s true what they said, that there \u2019 s no one like him. \u201d he paid the prince all due honors and let him go safely. alexander nevsky had to go to sarai, the capital of the \u201c golden horde \u201d on three occasions. and every time he was not sure he would return. but he never lost heart, for he was sure that god would not leave him. in the \u201c golden horde \u201d prince alexander always remembered he was not only a prince but also a christian. he told pagans and muslims about the christian faith, about our lord and savior jesus christ and about the holy trinity. that was the beginning of christianization of oriental peoples. thousands of them turned their souls to jesus christ. owing to the efforts of alexander nevsky the russian orthodox episcopate was established in sarai in 1261. in 1252 alexander nevsky became the absolute ruler of the russian land. his responsibilities were enormous. he managed to protect southern, eastern and western boundaries of russia firmly enough. his wise rule breathed a new life into russia after the tartar invasion. churches, monasteries and towns were built all over the country. unfortunately, prince alexander \u2019 s farsighted policy was sometimes disapproved of by his fellow countrymen. in 1261 many russian towns rose in revolt. the tartar envoys who had come to collect tribute were killed. people waited for revenge with horror. prince alexander had to go to the tartar capital again in order to ward off devastating raids against russia. an excellent diplomat, the prince saved russia and coped with his duty to god and the country. however years of wars and the affairs of the state undermined alexander nevsky", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39518998870536937, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.888946"} {"text": "the tartar capital again in order to ward off devastating raids against russia. an excellent diplomat, the prince saved russia and coped with his duty to god and the country. however years of wars and the affairs of the state undermined alexander nevsky \u2019 s health. upon his return from sarai the grand prince fell ill and died in a small monastery of st. feodor in the town of gorodets, not far from the ancient city of vladimir, on november 14, 1263. just before his death alexander, in keeping with the ancient russian tradition, took monastic vows and was named alexi. the death of alexander nevsky in 1263. artist : m. v. nesterov \u201c brethren! the sun has set over russian land! our grand prince alexander has passes away. no one like him will be found in russian land. \u201d and there was so much weeping and groaning as had never been heard before ; the land trembled. nine days people carried grand prince alexander \u2019 s body to the city of vladimir where the burial service took place in the st. vladimir cathedral on november 23. during that service a miracle happened. when a priest about to pull a scroll with the last prayer in the late prince \u2019 s hand approached the body, the dead prince stretched out his hand, took the prayer and crossed his hands on his chest again. this episode caused awe and terror in the crowd present \u2026 in 120 years, shortly before a great battle with the tartars, a monk at the church where the grand prince alexander \u2019 s body was buried saw a vision during the night praying. the candles in front of prince alexander \u2019 s tomb suddenly lit up and two elders came up to the tomb and said : \u201c arise, our prince! hurry to help your relative, prince dmitry! \u201d and the saint prince arose and became invisible. after that vision the saint \u2019 s tomb was opened and the relics found undecayed. many sick people who came close to them are said to have been healed. the russian orthodox church canonized grand prince alexander. 1724 was the time of sweeping and rapid reforms of the russian emperor peter the great. those were the times of great changes in all spheres of life : spiritual, political, economic. the emperor and the holy synod began to play the leading role in the russian church, whereas before the patriarch was the most important figure. the emperor and the holy synod decided that the relics of alexander nevsky be transferred to st. petersburg, to the monastery built in his honor. on august 30 the capital", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.35641919777354514, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.890029"} {"text": "role in the russian church, whereas before the patriarch was the most important figure. the emperor and the holy synod decided that the relics of alexander nevsky be transferred to st. petersburg, to the monastery built in his honor. on august 30 the capital of the russian empire welcomed the boat carrying the holy relics. peter the great piloted the boat himself ; senior officials assisted him as sailors. a festive religious service for the grand prince took place at the monastery of his name. the commemoration of st. alexander took place shortly after russia \u2019 s victory in the northern war of 1700 - 1721 against sweden. almost for 200 years the relics of st. alexander were kept in the alexander nevsky monastery. after the bolshevik revolution of 1917 the relics were taken away and put on display at a museum of atheism. as for the alexander nevsky monastery, it was closed down. alexander nevsky remained a saint most revered by the russian people. people named in his honor are too numerous to count. in 1990 the relics of saint alexander nevsky were returned to the russian orthodox church to take their place in the alexander nevsky lavra in st. petersburg to the joy of all russian believers. and we know that owing to st. alexander \u2019 s prayers, our russian land will be revived and stand firm forever \u2026 watercolour of the alexander nevsky lavra in st. petersburg 7 december, 2012", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3963391748778481, "token_count": 282, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.890606"} {"text": "the history behind ancient musical instrument organ reaches back to approximately 270 b. c. when a greek engineer named ctesibius of alexandria invented water organ. in the middle ages, swell - organs were built in all the largest european cathedrals. nowadays, organ with its ranks of pipes of different tonalities possesses a unique ability to produce sounds, similar to trumpet, oboe, trombone, violoncello and even a human voice and the instrument itself has acquired the status of european cultural heritage. the mission of the netherlands - based organization stiching voor de wind is to make it familiar to wider audience. initiated and organized by stiching voor de wind, the festival connecting arts has set off in autumn 2011 and is based upon the success formula of the previously held wind art festival ( 2002 - 2010 ). it links the sound of organ to fine samples of other art disciplines, like choreography and acrobatic circus acts, spanning musical masterpieces from brahms ' requiem to famous compositions of bach and verdi. moreover, the interdisciplinary festival encourages usage of this ancient instrument in most various spheres of art. churches in denmark, sweden, france and netherlands acquire entirely different and surprising artistic settings during this festival, becoming a platform for audiovisual installations, dance improvisations, musical theatre productions, poetry readings and amazing interplays of jazz and organ music. for more detailed information and the festival event calendar, please visit the website : www. connectingarts. org keywords : copenhagen, festival, festivals", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4790121791695247, "token_count": 303, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.892138"} {"text": "created on day 6 december 28, 2011 since the cottonmouth spends much of its time in the water, it needs to bask in the sun throughout the day to maintain a constant body temperature. young cottonmouths flick their brightly - colored tail tips to attract frogs and small fish within their striking range. - the cottonmouth is normally dark green, brown, or black. it has patterns of darker and lighter shades especially along its sides. - the juvenile is brightly colored with reddish - brown crossbands on a brown background. - the cottonmouth is also known as the water moccasin. - the species name piscivorus actually means \u201c fish - eater. \u201d - the cottonmouth exposes its white mouth when threatened. this gives its predator warning. - the cottonmouth is a pit viper. it possesses a pair of heat - sensing pits between its eyes and nostrils. the pits are able to detect temperature differences of as little as 0. 05oc higher or lower than that of the background. this allows the snake to strike very accurately at the source of heat \u2014 its prey. created kind members class : reptilia ( reptiles ) order : squamata ( amphisbaenians, lizards, and snakes [ scaly ] ) family : viperidae ( pit vipers and vipers ) genus / species : agkistrodon piscivorus size : 20 \u2013 48 in ( 51 \u2013 121 cm ) weight : nearly 2 lbs ( 0. 9 kg ) original diet : plants present diet : fish and other aquatic life ; sometimes small mammals habitat : many varied aquatic regions of the southeastern u. s.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.38692073938799276, "token_count": 328, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.893648"} {"text": "in this issue... q : was christmas once a pagan holiday? a : this is a common, but good question \u2014 especially around this time of year \u2014 and the answer is much deeper than most realize. up front, the bible simply doesn \u2019 t give us the date of christ \u2019 s entrance into the world, so any estimates would only be inferences. but first, let \u2019 s discuss the pagan holiday. this celebration was the pagan holiday saturnalia, which was the roman festival for their god saturn. it ran from about december 17 \u2013 23. saturn is the roman god analogous to the greek god \u201c cronus \u201d or \u201c kronos. \u201d the land of greece was inhabited by the descendants of noah \u2019 s grandson javan. in fact, the hebrew name for greece is still javan. javan had 4 sons, and they were : in greece and the surrounding area, these names are still a reflection on the landscape. many of javan \u2019 s sons \u2019 names and variants have cities, islands, and other geographical features named for them. paul, the biblical author of two - thirds of the new testament came from \u201c tarsus, \u201d a variant of tarshish. there were also the \u201c taurus \u201d mountains in turkey, and the \u201c tanais \u201d is the old name for the don river flowing into the black sea. read our full answer to the question in our special holiday feedback, the origin of christmas. double your impact! there \u2019 s still time to double your donation through the incredible gift - matching opportunity made possible by a couple of aig supporters. the deadline is december 25, and the match ceiling has been raised to $ 150, 000. we \u2019 re just about halfway there ( keep track of the progress \u2014 updated live! ), and we need your help to enable aig to take advantage of some tremendous opportunities next year to share biblical truths. by investing in the lord \u2019 s work at answers in genesis, you are impacting lives in a way that will provide eternal returns for the kingdom of christ. thank you for helping us continue to reach the world with the vital message that god \u2019 s word can be trusted. read ken ham \u2019 s full exhortation in double your donation, and please go ahead and double your donation! we thank you for remembering us in your end - of - year giving. your donations help keep the ministry of answers in genesis alive \u2014 including free outreaches such as this weekly newsletter. news to note quick look a rat \u2019 s fifteen minutes of fame :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4563736614455216, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.897047"} {"text": "written by david bernstein, md, facp, facg friday, 16 october 2009 00 : 00 in our frenetic world of multi - tasking with its endless exposure to 15 - second snippets of useful and useless data, we have managed to create an environment of significant anxiety, short attention spans and poor personal communication skills. in no population are these behaviors as prevalent as in our youth. how many parents out there have been told by their children or have told their children, \u201c don \u2019 t call me, just send me a text. \u201d throughout this chaos, team athletics stands out as a way to foster many of the skills that our youth are losing. for decades, little league baseball, first available to only boys and now available to boys and girls, has been an excellent way of promoting communication skills as well as fostering a sense of community in our towns. i can still remember playing games against many teams filled with my friends from fourth grade. we competed, we tried to win and at the end of the game, some of us were happy, some were sad but we were all friends. we went to school the next day with bragging rights and we talked about playing again. our parents, although boisterous during the games, knew that it was just a game and that none of us were going to do this as a career. more than 40 years later, when we get together, we still fondly remember some of the hard - fought contests and we laugh together. as in years past, the guiding principles of little league are unchanged and are as follows. \u201c little league is a program of service to youth. it is geared to provide an outlet of healthful activity and training under good leadership in the atmosphere of wholesome community participation. the movement is dedicated to helping children become good and decent citizens. it strives to inspire them with a goal and to enrich their lives toward the day when they must take their places in the world. it establishes the values of teamwork, sportsmanship and fair play. \u201d the words stated above have important meaning. \u201c little league is geared to provide an outlet of healthful activity. \u201d this is a wonderful ideal. \u201c training under good leadership in the atmosphere of wholesome community participation. \u201d let \u2019 s emphasize the community participation and overall inclusive nature of this principle. \u201c dedicated to helping children become good and decent citizens. \u201d interesting, not dedicated to making the players professional baseball players. \u201c establish teamwork, sportsmanship and fair play. \u201d perhaps this is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49483731410033605, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.901804"} {"text": "the community participation and overall inclusive nature of this principle. \u201c dedicated to helping children become good and decent citizens. \u201d interesting, not dedicated to making the players professional baseball players. \u201c establish teamwork, sportsmanship and fair play. \u201d perhaps this is the most important principle and as stated, it is not based upon winning at all costs. can you imagine what would happen to little league baseball if the people entrusted to run the organization lost sight of these basic tenets? what if leadership forgot about wholesome community participation and decided that it was better to limit participation to only the good players and have them play not against other children in their own community but to have them travel to other towns to play people that they do not know. is that dedication to children and their community? what if those same leaders stratified these travel teams by skill and then had the self - labeled best team in town not play the best players from other towns so that they could have a winning record. does that sound like good sportsmanship or fair play? what if the same leaders had the number 2 team play the best teams from other towns knowing that they would be humiliated in every game? i am not sure that this has the best interest of our children at heart nor does it qualify as good sportsmanship or fair play. most readers and i would agree that the scenarios described above are so ludicrous that they could not occur. no parent in their right mind would either propagate such behavior or willingly expose their children to it. we are the role models that our children follow and we strive to set good examples for our children and for our communities. yet, despite all that, this behavior does exist in at least one of our long island communities. ( disclaimer : the views and opinions represented are those of the author and meant for informative purposes only. for your specific questions, consult your physician. )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5341978908095197, "token_count": 381, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.902629"} {"text": "hybrid poplars are the thoroughbreds of the tree world. their claim to fame is speed. growth of 5 to 8 feet per year is not uncommon, which makes this tree a good choice for quick shade on a vacant lot or for suburban firewood groves. a very fast - growing tree, up to 5 to 8 feet per year. has silvery - green leaves and broad shade - tree shape. usually planted for very fast shade, or can be harvested for firewood in 5 to 7 years. this is a cottonless hybrid. plant back from sidewalks. grows to 40 ' to 50 ', 30 ' spread. ( zones 3 - 9 ) hybrid poplar bark, twigs, and leaves eaten by rodents, rabbits, deer, beaver, and porcupines. it provides forage for browsing wildlife such as whitetail and mule deer up through the sapling stage. it also provides important nesting and roosting habitat for various species of birds. there are many crosses that go by the name hybrid poplar, but this one between eastern cottonwood from the united states and black poplar from europe and north africa has been a favorite for a very long time. botanists and hobbyists in colonial times are said to have exchanged the parent trees across the ocean, with both natural and artificial hybrids soon resulting. the oldest account of the tree was given by a scientist in 1785. wet soil preferred. the leaves are triangular, 3 - 6 inches long and 4 - 5 inches wide, with \" teeth \" all around the margin. often silver - green in color, but this is quite variable. stalks are frequently reddish.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40786291959218973, "token_count": 326, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.908245"} {"text": "giant guitarfish ( rhynchobatus djiddensis ) | also known as : | | whitespot guitarfish, whitespotted giant guitarfish, white - spotted guitarfish, whitespotted wedgefish | | size | | length : up to 310 cm ( 2 ) | | weight | | up to 227 kg ( 2 ) | classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list. however, the publication of a taxonomic revision is pending ( 1 ). its large, elongated, greyish - coloured body, two tall dorsal fins, and a large scythe - like tail give this fish its remarkable shark - like appearance ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ). large black eyespots occur at the base of each pectoral fin ; there is a distinctive black cross between the eyes and the upper body is marked by rows of small white spots. the snout is pointed and the mouth is small, with flattened, pavement - like teeth ( 2 ). widely distributed in the tropical indo - west pacific ( 6 ), ranging from south africa to the red sea, and from japan to new south wales, australia ( 7 ). however, this distribution is thought by many to in fact refer to several closely - related species that require taxonomic revision, with the true rhynchobatus djiddensis thought to be confined to the western indian ocean, and those ranging from the north - western indian ocean to the western pacific constituting separate species ( 1 ). this bottom - dwelling fish is found in muddy and sandy substrates in estuaries, lagoons and near coral and rocky reefs ( 5 ) ( 7 ), at intertidal depths to 50 metres ( 2 ) ( 8 ). the giant guitarfish swims onto reef flats at high tide to feed and find refuge ( 7 ). diet comprises crabs, lobsters, clams, small fish and squid ( 2 ). males mature at a length of around 156 centimetres, females at around 177 centimetres. reproduction is ovoviviparous, and litters of between four and ten live young are usual. in south african waters, birth takes place in summer ( 7 ). the fins of the giant guitarfish are among the most sought - after of any species in asian markets - used for making shark - fin soup - and consequently there are concerns about over - fishing ( 1 ) ( 6 ). its value makes this species an important fish to be directly targeted as well as retained as bycatch, and substantial declines in abundance have been recorded in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4242269971669219, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.911724"} {"text": "- fin soup - and consequently there are concerns about over - fishing ( 1 ) ( 6 ). its value makes this species an important fish to be directly targeted as well as retained as bycatch, and substantial declines in abundance have been recorded in indonesian fisheries, and are also thought likely to be occurring elsewhere ( 1 ). additionally, this unusual fish is highly prized by sport anglers in southern africa for its size and powerful fight when hooked ( 7 ). there are currently no conservation measures targeting this species. more research is certainly needed into current levels of harvesting and the direct impact this is having on population sizes ( 1 ). for further information on the conservation of sharks and rays see : authenticated ( 19 / 06 / 2006 ) by r. aidan martin, director of the reefquest centre for shark research. - bycatch : in the fishing industry, the part of the catch made up of non - target species. - dorsal fin : the unpaired fin found on the back of the body of fish, or the raised structure on the back of most cetaceans. - ovovivipary : method of reproduction whereby the egg shell is weakly formed and young hatch inside the female ; they are nourished by their yolk sac and then \u2018 born \u2019 live. - pectoral fins : in fish, the pair of fins that are found one on each side of the body just behind the gills. they are generally used for balancing and braking. iucn red list of threatened species ( april, 2006 ) fishbase ( april, 2006 ) marine themes ( april, 2006 ) sundive : the marine life of julian rocks and byron bay ( april, 2006 ) ministry of natural resources, environment and meteorology : samoa \u2019 s biodiversity ( april, 2006 ) reefquest centre for shark research ( april, 2006 ) the life and times of long dead sharks ( april, 2006 ) - martin, r. a. ( 2006 ) pers. comm.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46218891949416996, "token_count": 401, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.912533"} {"text": "perentie ( varanus giganteus ) | also known as : | | parenthie, perente, perenty | | size | | length : up to 2. 5 m ( 2 ) | | weight | | up to 6 kg ( 3 ) | - the perentie is the world \u2019 s second largest lizard. - reaching speeds of up to 40 kilometres per hour, the perentie runs at about the same speed as an olympic sprinter. - as well as running fast on all fours, the perentie is also able to run on just its two hind legs. - the skin pattern of the perentie is said to be the inspiration for a particular style of aboriginal woodcarving. the perentie has not yet been assessed by the iucn, but is listed on appendix ii of cites ( 4 ). also known as a monitor or a goanna ( 5 ), the perentie ( varanus giganteus ) is australia \u2019 s largest lizard ( 3 ). it has creamy colouration, becoming browner on the upperparts with age, occasionally with a reddish tinge ( 6 ). the body and tail are darkly speckled and have transverse bands of pale, dark - edged spots ( 7 ), occurring from the neck to two - thirds of the way down the tail ( 6 ). the perentie has black lines on the throat ( 7 ), and its long neck has unique spot patterns that can be used to identify individuals ( 3 ). the perentie \u2019 s snout is long and is flattened at the end ( 8 ), and this species has a forked tongue and sharp, slightly curved teeth. its powerful legs are dark brown ( 6 ) and end in five clawed toes ( 5 ), while the tail is laterally compressed ( 7 ) and extremely strong ( 5 ). the perentie occurs in the arid landscapes of central, southern, and western australia, as well as in the northern territory ( 7 ). it is also common on barrow island, off the coast of western australia, where it is an ecologically significant top predator ( 3 ). preferring arid habitats ( 7 ), the perentie digs its burrows in sandy ground ( 9 ). it also inhabits rocky ranges, flat - topped elevated land, semi - arid savanna, caves and rock crevices ( 7 ). the perentie is a carnivorous lizard, eating a wide variety of animals such as small mammals, birds, other lizards, turtle eggs and insects", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4187730750025785, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.917974"} {"text": "- topped elevated land, semi - arid savanna, caves and rock crevices ( 7 ). the perentie is a carnivorous lizard, eating a wide variety of animals such as small mammals, birds, other lizards, turtle eggs and insects ( 5 ). like all monitors of the varanus genus, it is able to effectively track its prey using its long tongue, which picks up chemical signals in the air. mates may also be located in this way ( 10 ). like other varanids, the perentie learns to recognise good locations for food and other resources, returning regularly to these sites when foraging ( 11 ). when prey is caught, it is shaken violently until dead, and then swallowed whole ( 5 ). monitor species are unique in their ability to run extremely fast over great distances ( 12 ). the perentie holds its legs underneath its body, walking erect like a mammal ( 13 ), and it is also able to run solely on its hind legs ( 6 ). it can reach speeds of up to 40 kilometres per hour, enabling it to catch fast - moving mammals such as rabbits. the perentie is able to do this due to its ability to expand and contract the sides of its neck, effectively making the throat behave like bellows, pumping air from the nostrils down to the lungs while it is running ( 12 ). in addition to this athletic ability, monitor lizards also have extremely good eyesight ( 2 ). perentie courtship resembles that of other monitors. the male perentie licks and nuzzles the female, and several copulations will take place over a few days ( 10 ). breeding in spring to early summer, the female perentie lays one clutch of 8 to 11 eggs per year ( 3 ). reptile eggs are vulnerable to damage due to their thin casing, and are not fully impervious to water, allowing them to be laid in the absence of open water. to protect its eggs and keep them at constant optimum temperature and humidity, the perentie lays its eggs inside a termite nest. termites maintain the temperature and humidity of their nests with the utmost vigilance, and the conditions are ideal for perentie eggs ( 12 ). in general, male monitor lizards are territorial and will fight other males for access to a female. during combat, males grasp each other with their forelegs while standing on their hind legs, trying to push their rival to the ground. defensive behaviour includes lashing the tail, claw", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.433299455409394, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.919100"} {"text": "are territorial and will fight other males for access to a female. during combat, males grasp each other with their forelegs while standing on their hind legs, trying to push their rival to the ground. defensive behaviour includes lashing the tail, clawing, and hissing ( 10 ). when threatened, the perentie will often rise on its hind legs, swell its throat and hiss ( 5 ). there are no known threats to the perentie at present. no specific conservation measures are currently known to be in place for the perentie. however, in some parts of its range, such as barrow island, all reptiles are under protection ( 3 ). this species is also listed on appendix ii of the convention on international trade in endangered species ( cites ) meaning that any international trade in the perentie should be carefully controlled and monitored ( 4 ). more on the perentie : perth zoo - perentie : find out more about reptiles : the reptile database : find out more about conservation in australia : australian wildlife conservancy : australian conservation foundation : this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. if you are able to help please contact : - carnivorous : feeding on flesh. - genus : a category used in taxonomy, which is below \u2018 family \u2019 and above \u2018 species \u2019. a genus tends to contain species that have characteristics in common. the genus forms the first part of a \u2018 binomial \u2019 latin species name ; the second part is the specific name. - territorial : describes an animal, a pair of animals or a group that occupies and defends an area. the reptile database ( november, 2012 ) - watharow, s. ( 2011 ) living with snakes and other reptiles. csiro publishing, collingwood, australia. moro, d. and macaulay, i. ( 2010 ) a guide to the reptiles and amphibians of barrow island. chevron australia, perth. available at : cites ( november, 2012 ) perth zoo - perentie species profile ( november, 2012 ) - pianka, e., king, d. and king, r. ( 2004 ) varanoid lizards of the world. indiana university press, bloomington, indiana. - wilson, s. ( 2005 ) a field guide to reptiles of queensland. reed new holland, sydney. - boulenger, g. ( 1885 ) catalogue of the lizards in the british museum ( natural history ). volume 2 : iguanidae, x", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45561009890643545, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.919982"} {"text": "born : october 25, 1864 ; moscow, russia died : january 4, 1956 ; new york, ny the long - lived alexander grechaninov was, until the latter twentieth century, a largely neglected figure seen as having written a few worthwhile liturgical works and some attractive children ' s music, but little more. then, his five symphonies and other orchestral compositions garnered some attention, while his many stage works awaited rediscovery. stylistically, he was very conservative, and as neo - classical, serial, and other progressiveread more techniques took hold in the twentieth century, his music was increasingly viewed as outdated. had it not been for the stubborn opposition of his uneducated father, who could barely read, grechaninov may have developed sooner. he began study on the piano at the relatively late age of 14, mainly owing to the urging of a caring sister - in - law. grechaninov enrolled at the moscow conservatory in 1881 over the objections of his father. there he studied piano first with nikolai kashkin, then later with vasily safonov. he also took instruction in composition from taneyev and arensky, the latter largely in fugal writing. he left moscow in 1890 for further study with rimsky - korsakov at the st. petersburg conservatory. his concert overture ( 1892 - 1893 ) gave grechaninov his first success, and his 1894 string quartet captured a prize at the belyayev chamber music competition. he supported himself and his wife ( whom he married in 1891 ) during this time as a piano teacher. perhaps his greatest success in the nineteenth century was the 1895 premiere of his symphony no. 1 ( led by rimsky - korsakov ). in 1896, he relocated to moscow once again, where he taught piano and worked on several compositions, chief among them his opera dobrinya nikitich ( 1895 - 1901 ) and the first of his four liturgies of st. john chrysostom ( 1897 ). he also wrote incidental music for plays during this time, such as his score for the death of ivan the terrible ( 1896 ). in the first decade of the twentieth century, grechaninov arranged many songs of ethnic origin for children, producing several popular numbers and giving him great prominence among russian composers. in 1906, he accepted teaching posts at the moscow conservatory and gnessin school of music. throughout his career, grechaninov composed many works in the sacred genre and in recognition of this continuing work, the tsar", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.3964062496165365, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.924439"} {"text": "great prominence among russian composers. in 1906, he accepted teaching posts at the moscow conservatory and gnessin school of music. throughout his career, grechaninov composed many works in the sacred genre and in recognition of this continuing work, the tsarist government granted him a yearly stipend of 2, 000 rubles. after the bolshevik revolution, he lost the stipend and ultimately his faith in his homeland, feeling his religious and political convictions were at odds with those of the communist regime. after several trips abroad, he emigrated to paris in 1925, where he established a career as a pianist and still managed to devote much time to composition. he completed his third st. john chrysostom liturgy there ( 1917 - 1926 ), as well as his suite for cello and orchestra ( 1919 - 1929 ). in 1929, he made the first of several trips to the united states, a country he felt increasingly drawn toward. in 1939, he emigrated to the united states, ultimately making new york his home ( 1940 ). he continued to compose in his adopted homeland, especially in the sacred realm, producing several important works, including et in terra pax, a roman catholic mass ( 1942 ). he also wrote chamber works, but his output steadily declined in the 1940s. he became a u. s. citizen in 1949, at the age of 85. his last composition came in 1950, the piano work lettres amicales. grechaninov was well enough to attend a 1954 concert in new york town hall, held to celebrate his 90th birthday. read less there are 17 alexander grechaninov recordings available.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4112164727735229, "token_count": 330, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.925080"} {"text": "would you like to become active, feel and become healthy? well, the solution to this question is obvious. all of us wish to be healthy but not all of us possess the determination and enthusiasm to pursue wellness. most people these days are not prepared to make the essential sacrifices to attain a greater degree of fitness and general well - being. if you are certainly one of them, then you might wish to rethink your priorities and discover a little about the little changes you could make to become healthier. you will find numerous methods that you could be healthy. probably the most obvious way is to physical exercise. by working out regularly, you will increase your metabolic rate that will help get rid of harmful toxins and dangerous substances in our body, to not mention burn excess calories. these individuals who don \u2019 t regularly exercise may have an increased risk in developing cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases, and other degenerative diseases. exercise will enhance the high quality of one \u2019 s lifestyle because it will make you \u2019 re feeling refreshed and energized. you will find of course other good spin - offs such as enhanced self image and appearance including six pack abs, flatter abdomen and less fat. an additional way to be healthy is to preserve your immune system. your immune system plays a big function in fighting off infections and diseases. you are able to enjoy a stronger immune system whenever you consume a balanced meal rich in vitamins and minerals. ensuring you get a sufficient quantity of rest each evening may also bolster your physical defenses. throughout rest, your body repairs damaged tissues and cells that will in turn enhance your natural body defenses. if you want to become healthy, steer clear of risky behaviors that may harm your body. adopting a healthy lifestyle is vitally needed if you want to stay away from diseases. much more frequently than not, the risk elements that might harm us are avoidable and you can do some thing about it. these risk elements can be vices such as too much alcohol, cigarette smoking, using illicit drugs, a habitual lack of rest, and numerous others. these destructive behaviors ought to be replaced by healthy choices. each choice you make will make an impact in your well being regardless of how little it is. ultimately, you will reap the compound effects of those little choices and you \u2019 ll be glad that you selected the proper choice. 1 more tip, it is a great idea to preserve great personal hygiene. not only does this restrict the bacteria and germs you \u2019 re exposed to however it also is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.455086615194116, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.927599"} {"text": "from the art and popular culture encyclopedia march starts on the same day of the week as november every year and february in common years only. march ends on the same day of the week as june every year. in leap years, march starts on the same day as september and december of the previous year. in common years, march starts on the same day as june of the previous year. the name of march comes from ancient rome, when march was the first month of the year and named martius after mars or ares, the greek god of war. in rome, where the climate is mediterranean, march was the first month of spring, a logical point for the beginning of the year as well as the start of the military campaign season. january became the first month of the calendar year either under king numa pompilius ( c. 713 bc ) or under the decemvirs about 450 bc ( roman writers differ ). the numbered year began on march 1 in russia until the end of the 15th century. great britain and its colonies continued to use march 25 until 1752, which was when they ultimately adopted the gregorian calendar. many other cultures and religions still celebrate the beginning of the new year in march. in finnish, the month is called maaliskuu, which is believed to originate from maallinen kuu, meaning earthy month, because during maaliskuu, earth finally becomes visible under the snow ( other etymological theories have however been put forward ). in ukrainian, the month is called \u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0435\u043d\u044c, meaning birch tree. historical names for march include the saxon lentmonat, named after the march equinox and gradual lengthening of days, and the eventual namesake of lent. saxons also called march rhed - monat or hreth - monath ( deriving from their goddess rhedam / hreth ), and angles called it hyld - monath. in slovene, the traditional name is susec, meaning the month when the earth becomes dry enough so that it is possible to cultivate it. the name was first written in 1466 in the skofja loka manuscript. other names were used too, for example brezen and breznik, \" the month of birches \". the turkish word mart is given after the name of mars the god.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4094548152281328, "token_count": 477, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.929997"} {"text": "an object of global historical and cultural significance, received by explorer captain james cook from a canadian first nation during his final voyage ( 1776 - 1779 ), is being donated to the university of british columbias museum of anthropology by a leading arts philanthropist. recently purchased through a private dealer in new york, and valued at $ 1. 2 million, the rare ceremonial club was the last remaining object from captain cooks personal collection not housed in a public museum. thanks to the audain foundation for the visual arts, the club returns to british columbia, where the famous explorer received it from the nuu - chah - nulth people of vancouver islands west coast in 1778, or 234 years ago. this ceremonial club has immense historical and cultural value. i am delighted to play a part in its return to canadas west coast, says michael audain, chairman of the audain foundation for the visual arts, and one of canadas most active arts supporters. while certain nuu - chah - nulth objects collected by cook exist in museums abroad for example, in london, berlin, and vienna this is the first and only in canada. with our foundations donation, i hope to encourage the repatriation of other northwest coast art works to public museums and cultural centres in british columbia. misattributed in some historical documents as a curious war instrument from the sandwich isles ( hawaii ), the club was carved by an aboriginal northwest coast artist as early as the mid - 1700s, placing it within the last generation of traditional objects created before european contact. considered the oldest known and most finely executed club of this style, it is carved from yew wood in the shape of a hand holding a sphere. it may have been both a ceremonial symbol of its owners high rank and a functional tool or weapon. on cooks final voyage, his third to the pacific, the explorer sailed the hms resolution to hawaii ( 17761777 ) and become the first european to set foot on the northwest coast when he arrived at b. c. s nootka sound on march 28, 1778. after sailing north in search of the northwest passage, cook returned to hawaii, where he was killed in 1779. like much of cooks personal collection, the club found its way from his family into the private leverian museum in london, where it was sold in 1806, passing through several private collections in britain and the united states until it was obtained by the audain foundation and returned to b. c. we welcome the homecoming of this great gift by the audai", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4761243954533288, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.933447"} {"text": "in london, where it was sold in 1806, passing through several private collections in britain and the united states until it was obtained by the audain foundation and returned to b. c. we welcome the homecoming of this great gift by the audain foundationa treasure once given by our people to captain james cook, and now returned to us to share with the people of canada and those who come to visit, says margarita james, president of the land of maquinna cultural society, speaking on behalf of mowachaht hereditary chief yah\u026cua, michael maquinna, and muchalaht hereditary chief norman george. the mowachaht - muchalaht first nation, one of 15 nations comprising the nuu - chah - nulth people, greeted and hosted captain james cook in 1778 at yuquot ( friendly cove ), nootka sound. as our council of chiefs said in 1997 : many of the early visitors were anxious to take home our gifts as souvenirs of their time among us. as part of our diplomacy, we presented carved images of our great ancestors to representatives of european governments visiting our territory. these ancestors are now living in your great treasure houses, which you call museums. they are our representatives in your cities and capitols. they are your acknowledgement of our diplomacy and the greatness of our nation. they are our boundary markers showing the extent of our influence throughout the world. thanks to the audain foundation and the mowachaht - muchalaht and nuu - chah - nulth first nations, this important artifact will be a catalyst for new research and thinking on both the object itself and its global journey, says anthony shelton, moa director. the club will be displayed at moa in its multiversity galleries, which house more than 10, 000 objects from around the world.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4503085688788651, "token_count": 376, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.934099"} {"text": "109. 0 x 48. 0 x 29. 5cm a bodhisattva is one who has achieved enlightenment but who chooses to stay on this earth to bring salvation to suffering mankind. bodhisattvas, usually bejewelled, are seen alone, or flanking a buddha figure. this figure stands in the classic ' tribhanga ' ( triple bend ) pose, the upper front part of his body naked except for the scarf and jewels around his neck, the lower half covered by a dhoti that clings to the thighs in concentric ridges. the right hand holds part of his scarf while the left, raised, is broken at the wrist. like many of these figures, this one has not survived intact, and his head and feet are also missing. a distinctive feature of this bodhisattva is the carved curls of hair on the shoulders. while the naturalism of this figure is derived from indian influences, never in chinese sculpture does one see anything of the unbridled sensuality typical of much indian sculpture. with both the buddhist writings and images, the chinese interpreted them in their own cultural terms. ( when buddhism first came to china and was being translated into terms the chinese could understand, the key daoist term ' dao ', \" the way \", was sometimes used to render the buddhist term ' dharma ', \" the teaching \" [ a. f. wright, ' buddhism in chinese history ', stanford university press, 1959. p36 ] ). for the first 200 years of the tang dynasty buddhism flourished as never before. it was imperial policy to patronize buddhist establishments and clergy and to build and support temples in the capital and provinces. buddhist temples and monasteries were tax - exempt and soon acquired great wealth. buddhist ritual was an integral part of state and imperial observances. most of the larger pieces that survive from this period are in stone or clay, wood having been destroyed in time and bronze figures melted down. the rebellion of an lushan from 755 - 763 weakened the tang empire. the suppression of buddhism between 842 and 845 brought empire - wide destruction of temples, and icons. this destruction, together with the increasing influence of the chan ( zen ) sect which paid little attention to statuary, and the revival of confucianism, marked the end of buddhism ' s influence among the literate. jackie menzies, ' early chinese art ', agnsw, 1983. cat. no. xxvii. jackie menzies (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4857932495556297, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.936830"} {"text": "growing independence & fluency by : seth clark fluent readers must read consistently, fluently, accurately, and with emotion. in order for the students to become fluent readers, we will work on reading speed. this lesson will help students increase their reading fluency through charting one - minute reads. stopwatch : 1 per pair of students a chart to record one - minute reads ( one for each child ) vast selection of decodable books in classroom ( color coded for different levels ) 1. introduce the fluency lesson by explaining what it means to be a fluent reader and the steps they will take while working with their groups this week to help students to become more fluent readers. \" the word fluency means that you have the ability to read words fast and automatically. \" \" it is a good idea to go back and re - read what you have read until it sounds like \" real \" talk between you and another person. \" 2. \" have you ever wanted to read your favorite books a little faster? well today we ' re going to learn how to practice reading so we can get a little bit faster. when we read books faster, we can also read with more expression. we can make parts happy, sad, suspenseful, or really exciting! i would like you to go to the shelf and pick a book with the colored dot that represents your own reading level. \" ( teacher needs to have a book ready so he / she can model next. ) 3. after students return to their seats, show them your book. \" when i first picked up this book, there were some words i did not know. first, i read the book once and had to read it slow to figure those words out. then, i read the book again. do you know why? because the more times we read a book, the easier it gets to read! \" 4. \" now i ' d like you to read the book you chose at your desk. keep reading until i say stop. when you finish reading it once, read it again so it will get easier. 5. after ten minutes stop the students and pair the students off with students with the same instructional level. 6. the student who is not reading should time the other with a stopwatch and record the time it took for their partner to read. switch accordingly. have each student read their text two times and record both times. 7. after all students have read to a partner, say, \" now let ' s chart our results and see how we read just a bit faster the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4944994090163533, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.942294"} {"text": "toilet training and autism toilet training a child with autism has nearly become an \" industry \". \" new and improved \" methods are bought and sold on the internet, at bookstores, parent meetings, conferences, and just about everywhere else. experts seem to crop up everywhere. of course, this is not a problem confined to the world of autism. before you begin, understand that a child on the autism spectrum may have a few extra obstacles between him or her and dry pants. all the the characteristics that identify the child as having autism, asperger ' s syndrome may well interfere with \" normal \" social interaction deficits? how much more intimate can you get with a child once you have toilet trained together? many children with autism will resist the idea just because it is your idea, or because it involves closeness, or because it involves imitation, etc. the things that are reinforcing to children without autism ( \" big boy \" or \" big girl \" ) may mean very little or nothing to a child with autism. be aware of possible communication issues are there communication deficits? does the child understand language? does he or she understand \" potty \", \" diaper \", \" dry pants \", \" toilet \", \" bathroom \", or any other words, signs, or pictures / symbols that get the idea of toileting across? children with autism may have difficulty understanding and associating words with actions and most will at least need more time to process what you say. can the child express the urge or need to use the toilet? expressive language is almost always a problem for children with an autistic disorder. it will be important to be able to read their cues and / or teach a way to express the need or urge to use the toilet. be aware of sensory problems many children with autism or asperger ' s syndrome may have unusual reactions to various sensory stimuli ( smells, tastes, textures, colors, temperature, sounds ) due to sensory problems. watch for signs of unusual reactions when a child is in or near the bathroom. bathrooms have been known to have an unusual smell or two attached to them - a child may react with fear or tantrum to perfumes, noxious smells, or other smells. bathrooms tend to be either hotter or colder than the rest of the house - make sure the temperature is similar throughout the house. bathrooms are usually tiled - some children may dislike or fear a cold tile, a fluffy rug, or the colors in a bathroom. the answer may be in wearing socks or slippers,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4596204364073975, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.953299"} {"text": "the house - make sure the temperature is similar throughout the house. bathrooms are usually tiled - some children may dislike or fear a cold tile, a fluffy rug, or the colors in a bathroom. the answer may be in wearing socks or slippers, etc. flushing the toilet may be fearful to a child, noisy pipes may startle a child, etc. - watch for signs and warn about noises and explain the reasons for the noises. the more you can predict changes for your child with autism and the more you explain the reasons for things, the better prepared the child will be for changes. along these lines, it probably is better to make the switch to training pants for toilet training. pull - ups are too similar to diapers and probably absorb too much liquid, etc. understand the stress of learning a new life skill insistence on routine, sameness, repetitive actions / interests? children with autism will probably find it distressing to include toileting in their already full schedule. repetitive behaviors, self - stimulation, and insistence on following their own routine will certainly interfere with your new idea ( toilet training ). of course, once toileting is established as part of the routine, this insistence on routine may work to your benefit. problems with organizing and sequencing actions may also interfere with learning a new and also before you begin : make sure your child does not have a medical problem which would interfere with toileting behavior. usually, this can be ruled out by the family physician after routine physicals, etc. however, if you notice any unusual signs of too much or too little urination or painful urination, contact your physician for a referral to a specialist. if you notice too much, or too little, or too loose, or too hard stools, contact your physician for a referral to a specialist. children with autism have a higher than expected rate of bowel problems ( constipation or loose stools or both ) and require extra care if this is the case. during toilet training make sure your child drinks plenty of fluids and eats a diet that includes roughage or fiber ( fruits are great ) to assure that the bowel movements will not be hard. one hard, painful bowel movement during toilet training may set the child back for a long time! consult your physician for all of this. aids to toilet training remember kids on the autism spectrum usually learn better with both visual and verbal information. try simple illustrations using stick figures, and show the step - by - step actions. try using these illustrations in a social story, a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4510506024976234, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.954398"} {"text": "of this. aids to toilet training remember kids on the autism spectrum usually learn better with both visual and verbal information. try simple illustrations using stick figures, and show the step - by - step actions. try using these illustrations in a social story, a powerful technique for learning new skills. there are commercial toilet training materials that may help, but won ' t be adapted for the communication issues that arise with autism and asperger ' s. with a bit of ingenuity, you may be able to use dolls, water and play dough to simulate the toileting process. toilet training is hard work but don ' t make it worse than it already is by stressing out on it. there is a saying among those who teach toilet training methods that goes like this : \" how many 20 year olds have you seen walking around in diapers? \" the saying is supposed to help us relax and not pressure kids into compliance with toilet training because it \" always \" happens. well, as one who has worked with many adults with developmental disabilities who still wear diapers, i would have to say : forget about that saying. but do relax. there is no urgency here. don ' t worry about what your family or others say. take your time, make sure the child is ready, and then begin with the idea of a marathon not a sprint. perhaps \" our \" toilet training book should be titled : toilet training in less than a year! that ' s probably closer to the time frame for some, but not all, children with autism. well, now it is time to work. look at this as a job and give it the priority you would to anything important in your life. the skill of toileting is very important in your child ' s life. it opens doors of independence and privilege that you will only be aware of as your child ages and remains in diapers. can your child move up into the next room at pre - school? not until he or she is toilet trained, probably! not being toilet trained limits your child ' s options for child care, school programs, and, if it goes on too long, may be one of the factors that leads to more - restrictive placements at school or residential programs in the future. make sure you have set aside a lot of time to devote to toilet training, especially in the beginning. azrin and foxx recommend taking a day off from work to devote to a full day of nothing but toilet training. for us, let ' s start with a week off from work. many parents", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4547008610783321, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.956631"} {"text": "devote to toilet training, especially in the beginning. azrin and foxx recommend taking a day off from work to devote to a full day of nothing but toilet training. for us, let ' s start with a week off from work. many parents opt to have the toilet training begin at pre - school or school. that ' s okay but make sure you are aware of the methods they are using and do the same at home. choose a method and stick with it they say a habit takes three weeks to become a habit. give any method at least this long to see if it works. check for readiness there are many checklists for toilet training readiness. for children on the autism spectrum, i would recommend looking for the following : awareness that he or she has wet or soiled and / or a desire to remove the wet or soiled diaper ( pulling at it, taking it off, digging in it, vocalizing displeasure, getting a clean diaper, taking you to the bathroom or changing area ) ; ability to imitate actions ( at least some actions ) ; responds favorably to some form of positive reinforcement ( a behavior increases after you reward it with something the child likes ) ; and stays dry / clean know your child ' s routine spend at least one week charting the times of day your child eats, drinks, wets, soils, gets changed ( with results ), and sleeps. use a day planner, chart ( some of the links below have good charts ) or simply write down each item and the time it occurs in a log. for example : 6 : 00am - change diaper - dry 6 : 15am - drink 1 cup juice 6 : 30am - ate cereal, toast - drink 1 cup milk 6 : 40am - change diaper - wet & soiled. at the end of the week look at the data ( or log ) and see if you see can pick out some general patterns of toileting. for example : he soils 30 minutes after every meal or he wets 10 minutes after drinking his juice, etc. these times can then be built into your toilet training procedures you are about to set up. find several reinforcers ( things your child would do anything reinforcers may be special food treats, special drinks ; special toys, or other items that your child loves. make a rule with everyone that has contact with your child that these special reinforcers will be used only for toilet training rewards. the items will forever be know as : \" potty candy \" or \" potty toys. \" this may", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4139807146322809, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.957581"} {"text": "child loves. make a rule with everyone that has contact with your child that these special reinforcers will be used only for toilet training rewards. the items will forever be know as : \" potty candy \" or \" potty toys. \" this may produce neurotic behavior in the future but we ' ll worry about that later - just kidding! make a rule with everyone that has contact with your child that that toilet accidents are not be be punished. instead, if a toilet accident occurs use it to associate the toilet with wetting or soiling. matter - of - factly, without anger or emotion say, \" you are wet ( or soiled, or had a boo - boo, or had a bm ). big boys ( or girls ) do that on the potty ( or toilet ). \" if you can, without a tantrum, lead the child to the toilet and sit him or her on the toilet or potty chair once the diaper or training pants ( my preference ) are off. immediately reward your child for sitting on the toilet or potty and say, \" good pottying! \" or \" big boy ( or girl )! sitting on the potty! \" ( or something similar that is reinforcing for your child ). if your child dislikes the toilet or sitting on the toilet, you will have to \" shape \" his or her behavior so he or she associates the toilet with the reinforcement. shaping is a step - by - step process that reinforces a child for getting closer and closer to the behavior goal. for example : reward the child for coming into the bathroom, then going near the toilet, then sitting on the closed toilet, then sitting on the open toilet, then sitting for five seconds, then for wetting on the toilet, and finally for the \" grand - daddy \" of them all : having a bowel movement on the toilet! use positive reinforcement for appropriate toileting behavior use the reinforcers you have identified and save them for toileting. make sure everyone who has contact with your child is aware of your method and means of reinforcement. if you were able to devote a week to toilet training your child, use a schedule ( based upon the information you gathered from charting his or her toileting activity ) to provide many opportunities for your child to use the toilet or potty chair. use positive reinforcement for each attempt at toileting by giving the reinforcer ( food or drink treat, time with a favorite toy, etc. ) after the child does what is expected of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43740979967262095, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.958577"} {"text": "opportunities for your child to use the toilet or potty chair. use positive reinforcement for each attempt at toileting by giving the reinforcer ( food or drink treat, time with a favorite toy, etc. ) after the child does what is expected of him or her. you may have to \" shape \" this behavior by reinforcing the child in steps that lead to the complete behavior. for example : at first the child is rewarded for going in the bathroom, then for pulling down pants, then for sitting, then for urinating, then for having a bowel movement, etc. once a child has mastered one step, move on to the next and do not reward the first step as much. always give verbal praise as you give the special treat or toy ( the verbal praise will begin to take on the reinforcing powers of the treat and, eventually, you can give verbal praise only ). continue with this method until the child has mastered the steps. by gary j. heffner, creator of the autism home page at msn groups. visit gary ' s page for a wide range of links concerning toilet training techniques click here for the full range of asperger ' s and autism fact sheets and personal stories visit http : / / groups. msn. com / theautismhomepage / environmental. msnw which is the autism home page of gary heffner, the author of this article. this fact sheet remains under his copyright and is used with his permission. you are encouraged to visit his site as it is one of the few autism websites offering free comprehensive information.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4113287033779426, "token_count": 324, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.959193"} {"text": "the truth behind humane slaughter law ; animal welfare institute report reveals lack of enforcement washington, d. c. - - \" the hog was lying in the cradle and all four feet had been removed. the hog was observed to be kicking and shaking its head. it exhibited skin twitching and irregular but rhythmic breathing with deep abdominal and thoracic movement. it appeared to be gasping for breath, \" a us department of agriculture ( usda ) inspector wrote about a still - conscious hog at a slaughter plant in frankenmuth, mo. with meat recalls due to bacterial contamination and the horrific handling and slaughtering of downer cows making headlines in recent months, consumers are increasingly aware of some of the problems occurring behind slaughterhouse doors. but new documentation reveals how dire the situation really is. the animal welfare institute ( awi ) has released the first report of its kind to analyze humane slaughter enforcement at state, federal and foreign slaughterhouses. drawing from over 1, 000 documents obtained from sources including 60 public records requests to federal and state agriculture departments from 2002 to 2007, the report exposes the lack of sound enforcement at plants throughout the united states and across the globe. \" this report shows that enforcement of humane slaughter law is a low priority of the us department of agriculture, state agriculture departments, and the u. s. animal agriculture industry as a whole, \" said author dena jones, a consultant to awi. \" legal and regulatory changes need to be made in the current inspection system to better protect the approximately 10 billion animals killed for food each year in the united states. \" currently, humane slaughter laws require that livestock be rendered insensible with one stunning attempt before they are killed. however, american meat institute guidelines consider an acceptable stunning effectiveness rating of 99 percent for pigs and 95 percent for cattle and sheep, while the national chicken council has set an acceptable stunning standard of 98 percent for chickens. even if every single slaughter plant was able to meet these voluntary industry goals, the report notes, 185 million chickens, 1. 8 million cattle and sheep and 1 million pigs would still be killed inhumanely each year in the united states. little time is actually spent by agriculture department inspectors observing the handling, stunning and slaughter of animals. nonetheless, the citations recorded by the usda are disturbing. at a plant in benton, ark., an inspector noted, \" at approximately 1 : 00 p. m. [ a holstein cow ] had a 1 cm hole in its forehead from a captive bolt stunner. at 1 : 10 p. m. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4270193460202093, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.962884"} {"text": "in benton, ark., an inspector noted, \" at approximately 1 : 00 p. m. [ a holstein cow ] had a 1 cm hole in its forehead from a captive bolt stunner. at 1 : 10 p. m. the cow had not been moved and was breathing regularly. an establishment employee tried to re - stun the animal twice but the hand held captive bolt stunner did not fire. \" between 2002 and 2005, only 42 enforcement actions beyond issuances of deficiency reports for noncompliances with humane slaughter laws were taken in the united states. but whistleblower accounts and undercover videotape documentation from inside slaughterhouses reviewed in the report suggest that the current low level of humane enforcement is not due to a lack of violations. instead, crimes are either not observed or recognized by inspection personnel, not reported through the proper channel, or the appropriate remedial measures are not being taken. \" usda inspectors must be present at plants to ensure adherence to basic standards of decency, said awi president cathy liss. \" at the very least, animals who are killed for food are entitled to a merciful death. \" for a pdf version ( 150 pgs, 1. 4mb ) of the report, click here. - animal welfare institute and humane farming association release video footage entitled \" scenes from usda inspected slaughterhouses \" - government report confirms slaughter is not humane - awi quarterly - groups say human oversight necessary at us slaughterhouses - awi press release cathy liss, ( 202 ) 446 - 2121 dena jones, ( 202 ) 446 - 2146 for over 57 years, awi has been the leading voice for animals across the country and on capitol hill. awi promotes humane farming practices and fights the growth of animal factories for the benefit of animals, consumers, farm families, rural communities and the environment. more information is available at www. awionline. org.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43188268580739747, "token_count": 394, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.963601"} {"text": "if your baby is shoving fists \u2014 or anything else \u2014 in his mouth, chances are you have a teether, says dr. ken haller, md, pediatrician at ssm cardinal glennon children ' s medical center and assistant professor of pediatrics at saint louis university. other telltale signs of teething include fussiness, crying, and needing something, anything, to chew on, adds dr. haller. teething is a trying time for parent and child alike. take a look at these most - asked teething questions and find helpful answers from pediatricians and pediatric dentists. 1. what can you expect? \" teething is a normal process of new teeth pushing through the gums \u2014 and this process takes time. while a baby is teething you may notice increased saliva, drooling, and a desire to chew, mild gum pain, slightly swollen gums over the cutting tooth, changes in appetite, and low - grade fever less than 100, \" says dr. vivian lennon, medical director of primary care at the children ' s hospital in atlanta. 2. why do kids drool when they are teething? \" the saliva helps cool off inflamed and tender gums, \" explains dr. haller. 3. are high fevers and runny noses related to teething? \" no. the temperature elevation during teething is very mild and rarely exceeds 100. 4. the most common symptom will be increased drooling, \" says dr. lennon. 4. is diarrhea a symptom of teething? \" an association between teething and diarrhea has never been scientifically proven \u2014 many unrelated illnesses are blamed on teething, \" points out dr. lennon. \" if your child is particularly miserable with excessive crying or fever greater than 100. 4, they may not be teething and you should contact your pediatrician. \" 5. is refusing solids common during teething? the answer is yes, according to dr. lennon. \" a child ' s gums will be sore for several days until the tooth breaks through the gum. they may show some decrease in appetite. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4070107222226121, "token_count": 437, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.965547"} {"text": "a brief introduction in traditional agricultural society, temple fair would include worshipping services as well as a variety of folklore shows. common people loved to attend such event, because it helps to express their sincere thanks to gods, also because of the festive atmosphere. traditionally, baoan temple \u2019 s baosheng emperor \u2019 s birthday is the major festivity for locals. in 1994 ( year 83 of roc ), baoan added some modern, humanistic spirits and cultural vigor to this traditional temple fair ; hence the \u201c baosheng cultural festival \u201d was launched. parading the neighorhood with the deity parading and inspecting the neighborhood streets, the spiritual powers will \u201c bring peace to the community. \u201d baoan temple \u2019 s parade is held on the 14th day of the 3rd moon \u2013 the eve of baosheng emperor \u2019 s birthday. in the morning, there is a contest of folklore sports on baoan \u2019 s grounds. at 1 pm, with point messengers, earth gods and flag wagonsheading the parade, bands from various temples, guardsmen and yi - zhen ( flower wagons and folklore performing squads ) performers would proceed one by one and begin to put up a performance for birthday celebration. the procession then departs from baoan \u2019 s front door ; the colorful, winding parade lineup looks very splendid. the routing of each year \u2019 s parade is similar and pretty much covers the entire dalongdong and dadaocheng neighborhood. when the procession passes by temples, the latter would give their welcome in the form of fire - crackers. when paying tributes to the parading deities, some temples would play bells and drums simultaneously. the parade team usually does not return to baoan until dusk. all baosheng deities are then sent back to their seats. this concludes the parade. what comes next is bound to cause more exciting moments \u2013 \u201c releasing fire lions. \u201d \u201c yi - zhen \u201d is the combination of yi - ge and zhen - tou, which are indispensable parts of folklore performances at temple fairs. \u201c yige \u201d is also called \u201c shiyi - ge ( poetic pavilion ) \u201d or \u201c flower wagon ; \u201d the carriage would carry a pavilion loaded with folklore figures. \u201c zhen - tou \u201d means folklore performing squads, which come in several genres \u2013 religion, music, amusement and skit. at temple - fair time, other worshipping groups and temple members also are invited to join the festivity. such set - up not only shows their gratitude toward gods, but also provides", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4844226683939117, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.976039"} {"text": "in several genres \u2013 religion, music, amusement and skit. at temple - fair time, other worshipping groups and temple members also are invited to join the festivity. such set - up not only shows their gratitude toward gods, but also provides opportunities for unofficial competitions. thanks to these activities, many customs and rituals get to be preserved and carried on. surname folk opera series by way of public participation, taiwan \u2019 s traditional folk operas have helped to express people \u2019 s passions and solidify sub - ethnic identities. baoan temple \u2019 s annual series of surname theater - opera performance has done just that for tung - an folks in dalongdong. however, due to the city \u2019 s rapid development, dalongdong has become an older neighborhood. due to a number of moving - out migrants and new - coming residents, the lineage organization was breaking apart gradually. therefore, the surname series no longer carries that time - honored cultural characteristic. nowadays, the bustling surname series at \u201c baosheng cultural festival \u201d has been given new, cultural appearance which belongs in this modern society. its expanded repertoire now includes taiwanese puppet show, kaoka show, taiwanese opera, peikuan ( the northern school of ancient chinese music of wind instrument ) opera, and peikuan - and - nankuan ( the southern school of ancient chinese music of wind instrument ) ensemble. participating groups come into three categories : professional troupes, baoan temple \u2019 s own clubs, and art - student groups. such diversity has definitely gone beyond the traditional \u201c surname \u201d make - up. baosheng emperor \u2019 s birthday ritual the 15th day of the 3rd moon is baosheng emperor \u2019 s sacred date of birth. baoan temple would celebrate the day by way of the traditional, three worshipping services. the ceremony is solemn and stately. its sequence is as follows : beating the first round of drum, welcoming the deities, singing the ode to baosheng emperor \u2019 s miracles, and gazing at the burner that burns the congratulatory messages. we always invite superiors and government officials to attend this ceremony and offer incense. guided tours of the historic site in order to promote the temple as a tourist attraction and arouse people \u2019 s interests in regional folk arts, baoan temple offers \u201c guided tour of the historic site \u201d during \u201c baosheng cultural festival. \u201d such activity has been widely welcomed. other than the guided tours on weekends and holidays, any organization ( e. g. government organizations, social communities, religious organizations, and schools )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48067667282312426, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.977074"} {"text": "of the historic site \u201d during \u201c baosheng cultural festival. \u201d such activity has been widely welcomed. other than the guided tours on weekends and holidays, any organization ( e. g. government organizations, social communities, religious organizations, and schools ) can make arrangement and visit baoan. through guided tours, visitors will find themselves being linked with the history as well as the forefathers ; they will also learn to appreciate and respect the precious values of religious arts. free chinese - medicine clinics to commemorate baosheng emperor the medicine god, baosheng cultural festival holds free chinese - medicine clinics and seminars, as well as exhibitions of related cultural items and medicinal herbs. this event very much hands down baosheng emperor \u2019 s spirit of curing people. with modern scientific attitude and methods, it not only presents the essence of baoan \u2019 s belief, but also preserves and glorifies traditional medicines. with the hope of showing more people the looks of baoan temple, we had sponsored photo contest that features baoan. we then asked experts to select the best photos and displayed them at baosheng cultural festival. this event was able to meet a number of goals such as promoting architectural arts and attracting photographers \u2019 attention. our working with the media also paid off in giving very good publicity to baoan temple and \u201c baosheng cultural festival. \u201d baosheng cultural festival has since seen several photo contests for the coming years. for the purpose of laying the foundation for folk - culture education, in 1994 \u2019 s ( year 83 of roc ) \u201c baosheng cultural festival \u201d we held the second drawing contest for children. with baosheng cultural festival \u2019 s activities as a theme, participating young artists depict their impression and imagination. children are encouraged to be concerned about folk culture ; they also get to improve their esthetic sense and ability in artistic appreciation, as well as enriching their leisure life. this event, so far, has been held in each and every \u201c baosheng cultural festival. \u201d the feast of music baoan temple has always paid much attention to music - related activities, and the performances of \u201c baosheng cultural festival \u201d usually include concerts, which we believe will help to cultivate our temple members \u2019 spiritual life. baoan does not hold fast to traditional music though. for the two birthday concerts of 2000 ( year 89 of roc ) we had invited taipei string quartet and taipei trombone quartet ; they performed many nice, popular, and admirable chinese / western pieces for all classes. graceful and lively music", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46341698090934064, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.978088"} {"text": "music though. for the two birthday concerts of 2000 ( year 89 of roc ) we had invited taipei string quartet and taipei trombone quartet ; they performed many nice, popular, and admirable chinese / western pieces for all classes. graceful and lively music notes float around the solemn temple grounds \u2013 this was quite a unique, ear - opening experience for us all. exhibition of cultural items in addition to the bustling parade, baoan temple also holds quiet event as seen in an antique show. the contents of our exhibition are mostly from baoan temple \u2019 s own collection, which includes items that were weeded out by the recent restoration project and all kinds of old, ritual objects. for example, a wood - carved dragon head dated back to ching dynasty \u2019 s chia - ching era, eaves holder with bird - flower pattern, double - dragon blue porcelain vase, wine jar, eight - diagram incense burner, baosheng emperor \u2019 s imperial robe, burner with dragon ears, square tripod, candle stand, old account books from the taisho period, etc. the fire - walking ritual the last yet best show of \u201c baosheng cultural festival \u201d is the \u201c fire - walking \u201d ritual on baosheng emperor \u2019 s sacred birthday. baoan temple \u2019 s fire - walking ritual has been around for many years ; it is about the only religious custom in the greater taipei area, having preserved the tung - an home - country characteristics. with no intention to make itself a tourist attraction, baoan temple changed nothing about the old way. actually, we have kept the flow of this 100 - year - old ritual when it comes to the spirit - possession and time - checking prior to the fire walking, parading of the grand procession, and arranging the firewood as the spirits would dictate. generally speaking, the roots of baoan temple \u2019 s \u201c baosheng cultural festival \u201d basically come from traditional beliefs and rituals. we have then added some new, cultural elements and converted the event into a festival that features religion, culture, sightseeing, and folklore. no wonder it has become a yearly blockbuster for the neighborhood and for northern taiwan.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4429198221252218, "token_count": 437, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.978940"} {"text": "rev. alban butler ( 171173 ). volume xii : december. the lives of the saints. 1866. st. servulus, confessor from st. gregory, hom. 25, in evangel. and dial. l. 4, c. 14. in this saint was exemplified what our divine redeemer has taught us of lazarus, the poor man full of sores, who lay before the gate of the rich mans house. servulus was a beggar, and had been afflicted with the palsy from his infancy ; so that he was never able to stand, sit upright, lift his hand to his mouth, or turn himself from one side to another. his mother and brother carried him into the porch of st. clements church at rome, where he lived on the alms of those that passed by. whatever he could spare from his own subsistence he distributed among other needy persons. the sufferings and humiliation of his condition were a means of which he made the most excellent use for the sanctification of his own soul, by the constant exercise of humility patience, meekness, resignation, and penance. he used to entreat devout persons to read the holy scriptures, and he heard them with such attention, as to learn them by heart. his time he consecrated by assiduously singing hymns of praise and thanksgiving to god, and his continual pains were so far from dejecting or distracting him, that they proved a most pressing motive for raising his mind to god with greater ardour. after several years thus spent, his distemper having seized his vitals, he perceived his end to draw near. in his last moments he desired the poor and pilgrims, who had often shared in his charity, to sing sacred hymns and psalms by him. whilst he joined his voice with theirs, he on a sudden cried out : silence ; do you not hear the sweet melody and praises which resound in the heavens! soon after he had spoken those words he expired, and his soul was carried by angels into everlasting bliss, about the year 590. the body of st. servulus was buried in st. clements church, and honoured with miracles, according to the roman martyrology. st. gregory the great concludes the account he gives of him in a sermon to his people, by observing that the whole behaviour of this poor sick beggar loudly condemns those who, when blessed with good health and a plentiful fortune, neither do good works, nor", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3558680286841395, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.981857"} {"text": "the worlds famous orations. greece ( 432 b. c. 324 b. c. ). 1906. ii. on being declared guilty socrates ( 469399 b. c. ) born about 470 b. c., died in 399 ; for a time followed his fathers art as a sculptor ; served in three campaigns ; president of the pyrtanes in 406 and opposed the thirty tyrants ; his philosophical precepts, as those of the wisest man of his time, known to us only in the writings of his disciple, plato. that1 i should not be grieved, o athenians, at what has happened, namely, that you have condemned me, as well as many other circumstances concur in bringing to pass, and moreover this, that what has happened has not happened contrary to my expectations ; but i much rather wonder at the number of votes on either side. for i did not expect that i should be condemned by so small a number, but by a large majority ; but now, as it seems, if only three more votes had changed sides i should have been acquitted. as far as miletus is concerned, as it appears to me, i have been already acquitted, and not only have i been acquitted, but it is clear to every one that had not anytus and lycon come forward to accuse me, he would have been fined a thousand drachmas, for not having obtained a fifth part of the votes. the man then awards me the penalty of death. well. but what shall i, on my part, o athenians, award myself? is it not clear that it will be such as i deserve? what then is that? do i deserve to suffer or to pay a fine, for that i have purposely during my life not remained quiet, but, neglecting what most men seek after, money - making, domestic concerns, military command, popular oratory, and moreover all the magistracies, conspiracies and cabals that are met with in the city, thinking that i was in reality too upright a man to be safe if i took part in such things, i therefore did not apply myself to those pursuits, by attending to which i should have been of no service either to you or to myself ; but in order to confer the greatest benefit on each of you privately, as i affirm, i thereupon applied myself to that object, endeavoring to persuade every one of you not to take any care of his", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4926832776190324, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.987517"} {"text": "you or to myself ; but in order to confer the greatest benefit on each of you privately, as i affirm, i thereupon applied myself to that object, endeavoring to persuade every one of you not to take any care of his own affairs, before he had taken care of himself, in what way he may become the best and wisest, nor of the affairs of the city before he took care of the city itself, and that he should attend to other things in the same manner. what treatment then do i deserve, seeing i am such a man? some reward, o athenians, if at least i am to be estimated according to my real deserts ; and moreover such a reward as would be suitable to me. what then is suitable to a poor man, a benefactor, and who has need of leisure in order to give you good advice? there is nothing so suitable, o athenians, as that such a man should be maintained in the prytaneum, and this much more than if one of you had been victorious at the olympic games in a horse race, or in the two or four - horsed chariot race ; for such a one makes you appear to be happy, but i, to be so : and he does not need support, but i do. if, therefore, i must award a sentence according to my just deserts, i award this, maintenance in the prytaneum. perhaps, however, in speaking to you thus, i appear to you to speak in the same presumptuous manner as i did respecting commiseration and entreaties : but such is not the ease, o athenians, it is rather this. i am persuaded that i never designedly injured any man, tho i can not persuade you of this, for we have conversed with each other but for a short time. for if there was the same law with you as with other men, that in capital cases the trial should last not only one day but many, i think you would be persuaded ; but it is not easy in a short time to do away with great calumnies. being persuaded then that i have injured no one, i am far from intending to injure myself, and of pronouncing against myself that i am deserving of punishment, and from awarding myself anything of the kind. through fear of what? lest i should suffer that which miletus awards me, of which i say i know not whether it be good or evil? instead of this, shall i choose what", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4802256228785451, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.989911"} {"text": "of punishment, and from awarding myself anything of the kind. through fear of what? lest i should suffer that which miletus awards me, of which i say i know not whether it be good or evil? instead of this, shall i choose what i well know to be evil, and award that? shall i choose imprisonment? and why should i live in prison, a slave to the established magistracy, the eleven? shall i choose a fine, and to be imprisoned until i have paid it? but this is the same as that which i just now mentioned, for i have not money to pay it. shall i then award myself exile? for perhaps you would consent to this award. i should indeed be very fond of life, o athenians, if i were so devoid of reason as not to be able to reflect that you, who are my fellow citizens, have been unable to endure my manner of life and discourses, but they have become so burdensome and odious to you, that you now seek to be rid of them ; others, however, will easily bear them ; far from it, o athenians. a fine life it would be for me at my age to go out wandering and driven from city to city, and so to live. for i well know that, wherever i may go, the youth will listen to me when i speak, as they do here. and if i repulse them they will themselves drive me out, persuading the elders ; and if i do not repulse them, their fathers and kindred will banish me on their account. perhaps, however, some one will say, can you not, socrates, when you have gone from us, live a silent and quiet life? this is the most difficult thing of all to persuade some of you. for if i say that that would be to disobey the deity, and that therefore it is impossible for me to live quietly, you would not believe me, thinking i spoke ironically. if, on the other hand, i say that this is the greatest good to man, to discourse daily on virtue, and other things which you have heard me discussing, examining both myself and others, but that a life without investigation is not worth living for, still less would you believe me if i said this. such, however, is the case, as i affirm, o athenians, tho it is not easy to persuade you. and at the same time i am not accustomed to think myself deserving of any", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4654219390767492, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:38.990917"} {"text": "blaise pascal ( 16231662 ). minor works. the harvard classics. 190914. of the geometrical spirit we may have three principal objects in the study of truth : one to discover it when it is sought ; another to demonstrate it when it is possessed ; and a third, to discriminate it from the false when it is examined. i do not speak of the first ; i treat particularly of the second, and it includes the third. for if we know the method of proving the truth, we shall have, at the same time, that of discriminating it, since, in examining whether the proof that is given of it is in conformity with the rules that are understood, we shall know whether it is exactly demonstrated. geometry, which excels in these three methods, has explained the art of discovering unknown truths ; this it is which is called analysis, and of which it would be useless to discourse after the many excellent works that have been written on it. that of demonstrating truths already found, and of elucidating them in such a manner that the proof of them shall be irresistible, is the only one that i wish to give ; and for this i have only to explain the method which geometry observes in it ; for she teaches it perfectly by her examples, although she may produce no discourse on it. and since this art consists in two principal things, the one in proving each proposition by itself, the other in disposing all the propositions in the best order, i shall make of it two sections, of which the one will contain the rules for the conduct of geometrical, that is, methodical and perfect demonstrations ; and the second will comprehend that of geometrical, that is, methodical and complete order : so that the two together will include all that will be necessary to direct reasoning, in proving and discriminating truths, which i design to give entire. but it is first necessary that i should give the idea of a method still more eminent and more complete, but which mankind could never attain ; for what exceeds geometry sur - passes us ; and, nevertheless, something must be said of it, although it is impossible to practise it. 1 this true method, which would form demonstrations in the highest excellence, if it were possible to arrive at it, would consist in two principal things : the one, in employing no term the meaning of which had not first been clearly explained ; the other, in never advancing any proposition which could not be demonstrated by truths already known ; that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.6045862579038073, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.017191"} {"text": "possible to arrive at it, would consist in two principal things : the one, in employing no term the meaning of which had not first been clearly explained ; the other, in never advancing any proposition which could not be demonstrated by truths already known ; that is, in a word, in defining every term, and in proving every proposition. but to follow the same order that i am explaining, it is necessary that i should state what i mean by definition. the only definitions recognized in geometry are what the logicians call definitions of name, that is, the arbitrary application of names to things which are clearly designated by terms perfectly known ; and it is of these alone that i speak. their utility and use is to elucidate and abbreviate discourse, in expressing by the single name that has been imposed what could otherwise be only expressed by several terms ; so that nevertheless the name imposed remains divested of all other meaning, if it has any, having no longer any than that for which it is alone designed. here is an example : if we are under the necessity of discriminating numbers that are divisible equally by two from those which are not, in order to avoid the frequent repetition of this condition, a name is given to it in this manner : i call every number divisible equally by two, an even number. this is a geometrical definition ; because after having clearly designated a thing, namely, every member divisible equally by two, we give it a name divested of every other meaning, if it has any, in order to give it that of the thing designated. hence it appears that definitions are very arbitrary, and that they are never subject to contradiction ; for nothing is more permissible than to give to a thing which has been clearly designated, whatever name we choose. it is only necessary to take care not to abuse the liberty that we possess of imposing names, by giving the same to two different things. but if we fall into this error, we can oppose to it a sure and infallible remedy : that of mentally substituting the definition in the place of the thing defined, and of having the definition always so present, that every time we speak, for example, of an even number, we mean precisely that which is divisible into two equal parts, and that these two things should be in such a degree joined and inseparable in thought, that as soon as the discourse expresses the one, the mind attaches it immediately to the other. for geometricians, and all", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6752205071075897, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.018195"} {"text": "into two equal parts, and that these two things should be in such a degree joined and inseparable in thought, that as soon as the discourse expresses the one, the mind attaches it immediately to the other. for geometricians, and all those who proceed methodically, only impose names on things to abbreviate discourse, and not to diminish or change the idea of the things of which they are discoursing. and they pretend that the mind always supplies the full definition to the concise terms, which they only employ to avoid the confusion occasioned by the multitude of words. nothing more promptly and more effectually removes the captious cavils of sophists than this method, which it is necessary to have always present, and which alone suffices to banish all kinds of difficulties and equivocations. this method would certainly be beautiful, but it is abso - lutely impossible ; for it is evident that the first terms that we wished to define would imply precedents to serve for their explanation, and that in the same manner, the first propositions that we wished to prove would imply others which had preceded them ; and thus it is clear that we should never reach the first. thus, in pushing our researches further and further, we arrive necessarily at primitive words which can no longer be defined, and at principles so clear that we can find no others that can serve as a proof of them. for there is one, and it is that of geometry, which is in truth inferior in that it is less convincing, but not in that it less is certain. it does not define every thing and does not prove every thing, and it is in this that it is inferior ; but it assumes nothing but things clear and constant by natural enlightenment, and this is why it is perfectly true, nature sustaining it in default of discourse. this order, the most perfect of any among men, consists not at all in defining every thing or in demonstrating every thing, nor in defining nothing or in demonstrating nothing, but in adhering to this middle course of not defining things clear and understood by all mankind, and of defining the rest ; of not proving all the things known to mankind, and of proving all the rest. against this order those sin alike who undertake to define everything and to prove every thing, and who neglect to do it in those things which are not evident of themselves. this is what is perfectly taught by geometry. she does not define any of these things, space, time, motion,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6463991102243133, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.019179"} {"text": "undertake to define everything and to prove every thing, and who neglect to do it in those things which are not evident of themselves. this is what is perfectly taught by geometry. she does not define any of these things, space, time, motion, number, equality, and similar things which exist in great number, because these terms so naturally designate the things that they mean, to those who understand the language, that their elucidation would afford more obscurity than instruction. for there is nothing more feeble than the discourse of those who wish to define these primitive words. what neces - sity is there, for example, of explaining what is understood by the word man? do we not know well enough what the thing is that we wish to designate by this term? and what advantage did plato think to procure us in saying that he was a two - legged animal without feathers? as though the idea that i have of him naturally, and which i cannot express, were not clearer and surer than that which he gives me by his useless and even ridiculous explanation ; since a man does not lose humanity by losing the two legs, nor does a capon acquire it by losing his feathers. there are those who are absurd enough to explain a word by the word itself. i know some who have defined light in this wise : light is a luminary movement of luminous bodies, as though we could understand the words luminary and luminous without the word light. 2 we cannot undertake to define being without falling into the same absurdity : for we cannot define a word without beginning with the word it is, either expressed or understood. to define being therefore, it is necessary to say it is, and thus to employ the word defined in the definition. we see clearly enough from this that there are some words incapable of being defined ; and, if nature had not supplied this defect by a corresponding idea which she has given to all mankind, all our expressions would be confused ; whilst we use them with the same assurance and the same certainty as though they were explained in a manner perfectly exempt from ambiguities : because nature herself has given us, without words, a clearer knowledge of them than art could acquire by our explanations. for, for example, time is of this sort. who can define it? and why undertake it, since all men conceive what is meant in speaking of a time, without any further definition? nevertheless there are many different opinions touching the essence of time. some say that it is the movement of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.65140137349504, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.020262"} {"text": "who can define it? and why undertake it, since all men conceive what is meant in speaking of a time, without any further definition? nevertheless there are many different opinions touching the essence of time. some say that it is the movement of created thing ; others, the measure of the movement, etc. thus it is not the nature of these things that i say is known to all ; it is simply the relation between the name and the thing ; so that at the expression time, all direct their thoughts towards the same object ; which suffices to cause this term to have no need of being defined, though afterwards, in examining what time is, we come to differ in sentiment after having been led to think of it ; for definitions are only made to designate the things that are named, and not to show the nature of them. but after this definition there will be two things that will be called by the name of time : the one is what the whole world understands naturally by this word and what all those who speak our language call by this term ; the other will be the movement of a created thing, for this will also called by his name, according to this new definition. it is necessary therefore to shun ambiguities and not to confound consequences. for it will not follow from this that the thing that is naturally understood by the word time is in fact the movement of a created thing. it has been allowable to name these two things the same ; but it will not be to make them agree in nature as well as in name. thus, if we advance this propositiontime is the movement of a created thing, it is necessary to ask what is meant by this word time, that is, whether the usual and generally received meaning is left to it, or whether it is divested of this meaning in order to give to it on this occasion that of the movement of a created thing. for if it be stripped of all other meaning, it cannot be contradicted, and it will become an arbitrary definition, in consequence of which, as i have said, there will be two things that will have the same name. but if its ordinary meaning be left to it, and it be pretended nevertheless that what is meant by this word is the movement of a created thing, it can be contradicted. it is no longer an arbitrary definition, but a proposition that must be proved, if it is not evident of itself ; and this will then be a principle or an axiom, but never a definition", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6444801939950404, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.021473"} {"text": "created thing, it can be contradicted. it is no longer an arbitrary definition, but a proposition that must be proved, if it is not evident of itself ; and this will then be a principle or an axiom, but never a definition, since in this enunciation it is not understood that the word time signifies the same thing as the movement of a created thing, but it is understood that what is conceived by the term time is this supposed movement. if i did not know how necessary it is to understand this perfectly, and how continually occasions like this, of which i give the example, happen both in familiar and scientific discourses, i should not dwell upon it. but it seems to me, by the experience that i have had from the confusion of controversies, that we cannot too fully enter into this spirit of precision, for the sake of which i write this treatise rather than the subject of which i treat in it. for how many persons are there who fancy that they have defined time, when they have said that it is the measure of movement, leaving it, however, its ordinary meaning! and nevertheless they have made a proposition and not a definition. how many are there, in the like manner, who fancy that they have defined movement, when they have said : motus nec simpliciter motus, non mera potentia est, sed actus entis in potentia! and nevertheless, if they leave to the word movement its ordinary meaning as they do, it is not a definition but a proposition ; and confounding thus the definitions which they call definitions of name, which are the true arbitrary definitions permissible and geometrical, with those which they call definitions of thing, which, properly speaking, are not at all arbitrary definitions but are subject to contradiction, they hold themselves at liberty to make these as well as others ; and each defining the same things in his own way, by a liberty which is as unjustifiable in this kind of definitions as it is permissible in the former, they perplex every thing, and losing all order and all light, become lost themselves and wander into inextricable embarrassments. we shall never fall into such in following the order of geometry. this judicious science is far from defining such primitive words as space, time motion, equality, majority, diminution, whole, and others which every one understands. but apart from these, the rest of the terms that this science employs are to such a degree elucidated and defined", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6804649828153801, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.025263"} {"text": "primitive words as space, time motion, equality, majority, diminution, whole, and others which every one understands. but apart from these, the rest of the terms that this science employs are to such a degree elucidated and defined that we have no need of a dictionary to understand any of them ; so that in a word all these terms are perfectly intelligible, either by natural enlightenment or by the definitions that it gives of them. this is the manner in which it avoids all the errors that may be encountered upon the first point, which consists in defining only the things that have need of it. it makes use of it in the same manner in respect to the other point, which consists in proving the propositions that are not evident. for, when it has arrived at the first known truths, it pauses there and asks whether they are admitted, having nothing clearer whereby to prove them ; so that all that is proposed by geometry is perfectly demonstrated, either by natural enlightenment or by proofs. it will perhaps be found strange that geometry does not define any of the things that it has for its principal objects ; for it can neither define motion, numbers, nor space ; and nevertheless these three things are those of which it treats in particular, and according to the investigation of which it takes the three different names of mechanics, arithmetic, and geometry, this last name belonging to the genus and species. but this will not surprise us if we remark that, this admirable science only attaching itself to the simplest things, this same quality which renders them worthy of being its objects renders them incapable of being defined ; so that the lack of definition is a perfection rather than a defect, since it does not come from their obscurity, but on the contrary from their extreme obviousness, which is such that though it may not have the conviction of demonstrations, it has all their certainty. it supposes therefore that we know what is the thing that is understood by the words motion, number, space ; and without stopping to define them to no purpose, it penetrates their nature and discovers their marvellous properties. these three things which comprehend the whole universe, according to the words : deus fecit omnia in pondere, in numero, et mensura, 4 have a reciprocal and necessary connection. for we cannot imagine motion without something that moves ; and this thing being one, this unity is the origin of all numbers ; and lastly, motion not being able to exist without space, we see these three", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.668227352493967, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.026316"} {"text": ", 4 have a reciprocal and necessary connection. for we cannot imagine motion without something that moves ; and this thing being one, this unity is the origin of all numbers ; and lastly, motion not being able to exist without space, we see these three things included within the first. for however quick a movement may be, we can conceive of one still more so ; and so on ad infinitum, without ever reaching one that would be swift to such a degree that nothing more could be added to it. and, on the contrary, however slow a movement may be, it can be retarded still more ; and thus ad infinitum, without ever reaching such a degree of slowness that we could not thence descend into an infinite number of others, without falling into rest. in the same manner, however great a number may be, we can conceive of a greater ; and thus ad infinitum, without ever reaching one that can no longer be increased. and on the contrary, however small a number may be as, the hundredth or ten thousandth part, we can still conceive of a less ; and so on ad infinitum, without ever arriving at zero or nothingness. however a great space may be, we can conceive of a greater ; and thus ad infinitum, without ever arriving at one which can no longer be increased. and, on the contrary, however, small a space may be, we can still imagine a smaller ; and so on ad infinitum, without ever arriving at one indivisible, which has no longer any extent. that is, in a word, whatever movement, whatever number, whatever space, whatever time there may be, there is always a greater and a less than these : so that they all stand betwixt nothingness and the infinite, being always infinitely distant from these extremes. all these truths cannot be demonstrated ; and yet they are the foundations and principles of geometry. but as the cause that renders them incapable of demonstration is not their obscurity, but on the contrary their extreme obviousness, this lack of proof is not a defect, but rather a perfection. from which we see that geometry can neither define objects nor prove principles ; but for this single and advantageous reason that both are in an extreme natural clearness, which convinces reason more powerfully than discourse. for what is more evident than this truth, that a number, whatever it may be, can be increasedcan", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6395375286570563, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.027271"} {"text": "; but for this single and advantageous reason that both are in an extreme natural clearness, which convinces reason more powerfully than discourse. for what is more evident than this truth, that a number, whatever it may be, can be increasedcan be doubled? again, may not the speed of a movement be doubled, and may not a space be doubled in the same manner? and who too can doubt that a number, whatever it may be, may not be divided into a half, and its half again into another half? for would this half be a nothingness? and would these two halves, which would be two zeros, compose a number? in the same manner, may not a movement, however slow it may be, be reduced in speed by a half, so that it will pass over the same space in double the time, and this last movement again? for would this be a perfect rest? and would these two halves of velocity, which would be two rests, compose again the first velocity? lastly, may not a space, however small it may be, be divided into two, and these halves again? and how could these two halves become indivisible without extent, which joined together made the former extent? there is no natural knowledge in mankind that precedes this, and surpasses it in clearness. nevertheless, in order that there may be examples for every thing, we find minds excellent in all things else, that are shocked by these infinities and can in no wise assent to them. i have never known any person who thought that a space could not be increased. but i have seen some, very capable in other respects, who affirmed that a space could be divided into two indivisible parts, however absurd the idea may seem. i have applied myself to investigating what could be the cause of this obscurity, and have found that it chiefly consisted in this, that they could not conceive of a continuity divisible ad infinitum, whence they concluded that it was not divisible. it is an infirmity natural to man to believe that he possesses truth directly ; and thence it comes that he is always disposed to deny every thing that is incomprehensible to him ; whilst in fact he knows naturally nothing but falsehood, and whilst he ought to receive as true only those things the contrary of which appear to him as false. and hence, whenever a proposition is inconceivable, it is necessary to suspend the judgment", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.6382921127813175, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.028299"} {"text": "fact he knows naturally nothing but falsehood, and whilst he ought to receive as true only those things the contrary of which appear to him as false. and hence, whenever a proposition is inconceivable, it is necessary to suspend the judgment on it and not to deny it from this indication, but to examine its opposite ; and if this is found to be manifestly false, we can boldly affirm the former, however incomprehensible it may be. let us apply this rule to our subject. there is no geometrician that does not believe space divisible ad infinitum. he can no more be such without this principle than man can exist without a soul. and nevertheless there is none who comprehends an infinite division ; and he only assures himself of this truth by this one, but certainly sufficient reason, that he perfectly comprehends that it is false that by dividing a space we can reach an indivisible part, that, is, one that has no extent. for what is there more absurd than to pretend that by continually dividing a space, we shall finally arrive at such a division that on dividing it into two, each of the halves shall remain indivisible and without any extent, and that thus these two negations of extensions will together compose an extent? for i would ask those who hold this idea, whether they conceive clearly two indivisibles being brought into contact ; if this is throughout, they are only the same thing, and consequently the two together are indivisible ; and if it is not throughout, it is then but in a part ; then they have parts, therefore they are not indivisible. if they confess, as in fact they admit when pressed, that their proposition is as inconceivable as the other, they acknowledge that it is not by our capacity for conceiving these things that we should judge of their truth, since these two contraries being both inconceivable, it is nevertheless necessarily certain that one of the two is true. but as to these chimerical difficulties, which have relation only to our weakness, they oppose this natural clearness and these solid truths : if it were true that space was composed of a certain finite number of indivisibles, it would follow that two spaces, each of which should be square, that is, equal and similar on every side, being the one the double of the other, the one would contain a number of these indivisi", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6133493193754469, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.029254"} {"text": "of indivisibles, it would follow that two spaces, each of which should be square, that is, equal and similar on every side, being the one the double of the other, the one would contain a number of these indivisibles double the number of the indivisibles of the other. let them bear this consequence well in mind, and let them then apply themselves to ranging points in squares until they shall have formed two, the one of which shall have double the points of the other ; and then i will make every geometrician in the world yield to them. but if the thing is naturally impossible, that is, if it is an insuperable impossibility to range squares of points, the one of which shall have double the number of the other, as i would demonstrate on the spot did the thing merit that we should dwell on it, let them draw therefrom the consequence. and to console them for the trouble they would have in certain junctures, as in conceiving that a space may have an infinity of divisibles, seeing that these are run over in so little time during which this infinity of divisibles would be run over, we must admonish them that they should not compare things so disproportionate as is the infinity of divisibles with the little time in which they are run over : but let them compare the entire space with the entire time, and the infinite divisibles of the space with the infinite moments of the time ; and thus they will find that we pass over an infinity of divisibles in an infinity of moments, and a little space in a little time ; in which there is no longer the disproportion that astonished them. lastly, if they find it surprising that a small space has as many parts as a great one, let them understand also that they are smaller in measure, and let them look at the firmament through a diminishing glass, to familiarize themselves with this knowledge, by seeing every part of the sky in every part of the glass. but if they cannot comprehend that parts so small that to us they are imperceptible, can be divided as often as the firmament, there is no better remedy than to make them look through glasses that magnify this delicate point to a prodigious mass ; whence they will easily conceive that by the aid of another glass still more artistically cut, they could be magnified", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6114419545822587, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.030192"} {"text": "better remedy than to make them look through glasses that magnify this delicate point to a prodigious mass ; whence they will easily conceive that by the aid of another glass still more artistically cut, they could be magnified so as to equal that firmament the extent of which they admire. and thus these objects appearing to them now easily divisible, let them remember that nature can do infinitely more than art. for, in fine, who has assured them that these glasses change the natural magnitude of these objects, instead of re - establishing, on the contrary, the true magnitude which the shape of our eye may change and contract like glasses that diminish? it suffices to say to minds clear on this matter that two negations of extension cannot make an extension. but as there are some who pretend to elude this light by this marvellous answer, that two negations of extension can as well make an extension as two units, neither of which it is a number, can make a number by their combination ; it is necessary to reply to them that they might in the same manner deny that twenty thousand men make an army, although no single one of them is an army ; that a thousand houses make a town, although no single one is a town ; or that the parts make the whole, although no single one is the whole ; or, to remain in the comparison of numbers, that two binaries make a quaternary, and ten tens a hundred, although no single one is such. but it is not to have an accurate mind to confound by such unequal comparisons the immutable nature of things with their arbitrary and voluntary names, names dependent upon the caprice of the men who invented them. for it is clear that to facilitate discourse the name of army has been given to twenty thousand men, that of town to several houses, that of ten to ten units ; and that from this liberty spring the names of unity, binary, quaternary, ten, hundred, different through our caprices, although these things may be in fact of the same kind by their unchangeable nature, and are all proportionate to each other and differ only in being greater or less, and although, as a result of these names, binary may not be a quaternary, nor the house a town, any more than the town is a house. but again, although a house is not a town, it is not however a negation of a town ; there", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6306032074702491, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.031112"} {"text": "these names, binary may not be a quaternary, nor the house a town, any more than the town is a house. but again, although a house is not a town, it is not however a negation of a town ; there is a great difference between not being a thing, and being a negation of it. for, in order to understand the thing to the bottom, it is necessary to know that the only reason why unity is not in the ranks of numbers, is that euclid and the earliest authors who treated of arithmetic, having several properties to give that were applicable to all the numbers except unity, in order to avoid often repeating that in all numbers except unity this condition is found, have excluded unity from the signification of the word number, by the liberty which we have already said can be taken at will with definitions. thus, if they had wished, they could in the same manner have excluded the binary and ternary, and all else that it pleased them ; for we are master of these terms, provided we give notice of it ; as on the contrary we may place unity when we like in the rank of numbers, and fractions in the same manner. and, in fact, we are obliged to do it in general propositions, to avoid saying constantly, that in all numbers, as well as in unity and in fractions, such a property is found ; and it is in this indefinite sense that i have taken it in all that i have written on it. but the same euclid who has taken away from unity the name of number, which it was permissible for him to do, in order to make it understood nevertheless that it is not a negation, but is on the contrary of the same species, thus defines homogeneous magnitudes : magnitudes are said to be of the same kind, when one being multiplied several times may exceed the other ; and consequently, since unity can, be - ing multiplied several times, exceed any number whatsoever, it is precisely of the same kind with numbers through its essence and its immutable nature, in the meaning of the same euclid who would not have it called a number. it is not the same thing with an indivisible in respect to an extension. for it not only differs in name, which is voluntary, but it differs in kind, by the same definition ; since an indivisible, multiplied as many times as we like, is so far from being able to exceed an extension, that it can never", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.6068200582768508, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.032028"} {"text": "only differs in name, which is voluntary, but it differs in kind, by the same definition ; since an indivisible, multiplied as many times as we like, is so far from being able to exceed an extension, that it can never form any thing else than a single and exclusive indivisible ; which is natural and necessary, as has been already shown. and as this last proof is founded upon the definition of these two things, indivisible and extension, we will proceed to finish and perfect the demonstration. for when they are united, they touch each other in some part ; and thus the parts whereby they come in contact are not separate, since otherwise they would not touch each other. now, by their definition, they have no other parts ; therefore they have no separate parts ; therefore they are not an extension by the definition of extension which involves the separation of parts. the same thing will be shown of all the other indivisibles that may be brought into junction, for the same reason. and consequently an indivisible, multiplied as many times as we like, will not make an extension. therefore it is not of the same kind as extension, by the definition of things of the same kind. it is in this manner that we demonstrate that indivisibles are not of the same species as numbers. hence it arises that two units may indeed make a number, because they are of the same kind ; and that two indivisibles do not make an extension, because they are not of the same kind. but if we wish to take in numbers a comparison that rep - resents with accuracy what we are considering in extension, this must be the relation of zero to numbers ; for zero is not of the same kind as numbers, since, being multiplied, it cannot exceed them : so that it is the true indivisibility of number, as indivisibility is the true zero of extension. and a like one will be found between rest and motion, and between an instant and time ; for all these things are heterogeneous in their magnitudes, since being infinitely multiplied, they can never make any thing else than indivisibles, any more than the indivisibles of extension, and for the same reason. and then we shall find a perfect correspondence between these things ; for all these magnitudes are divisible ad infinitum, without ever falling into their indivisibles, so that they all hold a middle place between infinity and nothingness", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6049490518706255, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.033113"} {"text": "and then we shall find a perfect correspondence between these things ; for all these magnitudes are divisible ad infinitum, without ever falling into their indivisibles, so that they all hold a middle place between infinity and nothingness. such is the admirable relation that nature has established between these things, and the two marvellous infinities which she has proposed to mankind, not to comprehend, but to admire ; and to finish the consideration of this by a last remark, i will add that these two infinites, although infinitely different, are notwithstanding relative to each other, in such a manner that the knowledge of the one leads necessarily to the knowledge of the other. for in numbers, inasmuch as they can be continually augmented, it absolutely follows that they can be continually diminished, and this clearly ; for if a number can be multiplied to 100, 000, for example, 100, 000th part can also be taken from it, by dividing it by the same number by which it is multiplied ; and thus every term of augmentation will become a term of division, by changing the whole into a fraction. so that infinite augmentation also includes necessarily infinite division. and in space the same relation is seen between these two contrary infinites ; that is, that inasmuch as a space can be infinitely prolonged, it follows that it may be infinitely diminished, as appears in this example : if we look through a glass at a vessel that recedes continually in a straight line, it is evident that any point of the vessel observed will continually advance by a perpetual flow in proportion as the ship recedes. therefore if the course of the vessel is extended ad infinitum, this point will continually recede ; and yet it will never reach that point in which the horizontal ray carried from the eye to the glass shall fall, so that it will constantly approach it without ever reaching it, unceasingly dividing the space which will remain under this horizontal point without ever arriving at it. from which is seen the necessary conclusion that is drawn from the infinity of the extension of the course of the vessel to the infinite and infinitely minute division of this little space remaining beneath this horizontal point. those who will not be satisfied with these reasons, and will persist in the belief that space is not divisible ad infinitum, can make no pretensions to geometrical demonstrations, and although they may be enlightened in other things, they will be very little in this ; for one can easily be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6195028774249103, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.034089"} {"text": "belief that space is not divisible ad infinitum, can make no pretensions to geometrical demonstrations, and although they may be enlightened in other things, they will be very little in this ; for one can easily be a very capable man and a bad geometrician. but those who clearly perceive these truths will be able to admire the grandeur and power of nature in this double infinity that surrounds us on all sides, and to learn by this marvellous consideration to know themselves, in regarding themselves thus placed between infinitude and a negation of extension, between an infinitude and a negation of number, between an infinitude and a negation of movement, between an infinitude and a negation of time. from which we may learn to estimate ourselves at our true value, and to form reflections which will be worth more than all the rest of geometry itself. i have thought myself obliged to enter into this long discussion for the benefit of those who, not comprehending at first this double infinity, are capable of being persuaded of it. and although there may be many who have sufficient enlightenment to dispense with it, it may nevertheless happen that this discourse which will be necessary to the one will not be entirely useless to the other. note 1. after this paragraph occur in the ms. the following lines, written in a finer hand, and inclosed in parenthesis : is much more to succeed in the one than the other, and i have chosen this science to attain it only because it alone knows the true rules of reasoning, and, without stopping at the rules of syllogisms which are so natural that we cannot be ignorant of them, stops and establishes itself upon the true method of conducting reasoning in all things, which almost every one is ignorant of, and which it is so advantageous to know, that we see by experience that among equal minds and like circumstances, he who possesses geometry bears it away, and acquires a new vigor. i wish, therefore, to explain what demonstrations are by the example of those of geometry, which is almost the only one of the human sciences that produces infallible ones, because she alone observes the true method, whilst all the others are, through a natural necessity, in a sort of confusion, which the geometricians alone know exceedingly well how to comprehend. on the margin of this fragment is in the ms. the following note : that which is in small characters was hidden under a paper, the edges of which were glued,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.634907335881659, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.035142"} {"text": "of confusion, which the geometricians alone know exceedingly well how to comprehend. on the margin of this fragment is in the ms. the following note : that which is in small characters was hidden under a paper, the edges of which were glued, and upon which was written the article beginning : i cannot better explain, etc. faugere. [ back ] note 2. pascal alludes here to father noel, a jesuit, with whom he had had a warm discussion on the subject of his experiences touchant le vide. in a letter that he wrote to father noel in 1647, he said : the sentence which precedes your closing compliments defines light in these terms : light is a luminous motion of rays composed of lucid, that is, luminous bodies ; upon which, i have to tell you that it seems to me that you ought first to have defined what luminous is, and what a lucid or luminous body is, for till then, i cannot understand what light is. and as we never make use in definitions of the term of the thing defined, i should have difficulty in conforming to yours which says : light is a luminary motion of a luminous body. faugere. [ back ] note 3. here the ms. adds in parenthesis : ( but as nature punishes all that science does not bestow, its order in truth does not give a superhuman perfection, but it has all that man can attain. it has seemed to me proper to give from the beginning of this discourse this, etc. ). faugere. [ back ] note 4. god has made all things in weight, number and proportion. [ back ]", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6020889383718901, "token_count": 340, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.035776"} {"text": "the global conversation the global conversation course seeks to explore ways in which humans have been living on the planet and assess the consequences of our actions on the environment. at the same time, the course provides knowledge that helps us to act as global citizens concerned with sustainable ways of living. the course, taken as a re - entry course for bca study abroad students, is meant to help students develop a better understanding of the environmental problems associated with economic globalisation and thus to prepare them for active participation as citizens engaged in a \" global conversation \" in a civil society that is also global in its scope. increasing numbers of experts agree that the problems we face as a species are massive and only by understanding them within a global context, will we be able to find the solutions necessary for viable human habitation of the planet to continue. the course attempts to make a step toward these goals through traditional pedagogical techniques modified for online delivery, including video lectures from leading experts from around the world provided by university of california tv and others. in addition, the \" classroom \" is global, as well, because it connects students throughout the world in online discussions of course issues and in collaborative projects developed through organized exchanges on the internet. how is the global conversation organized? the global conversation was developed by bca study abroad and dr. james skelly, and is an optional offering for all students after completion of their semesters or years studying abroad through bca. it is formally a part of the curriculum in international politics at the magee campus of the university of ulster in northern ireland. in addition to normal classroom work at magee, students can access all of the course materials online and are therefore able to take the course as part of the curriculum at various other institutions including : the institute for social & european studies in koszeg, hungary ; the burren college of art in ballyvaughan, ireland ; and the universidad veracruzana in veracruz, mexico ; in addition, other students are able to take the course as an independent study under the supervision of the course \u2019 s adjunct faculty and the course coordinator at several institutions in the united states and abroad. topics in the course at a very basic level of analysis, the global conversation is about how we live on the planet both individually and collectively, and it poses the two fundamental questions \u2013 \" is our way of living on the earth sustainable? \", and, \" how ought we to live? \" the unsustainable manner in which humans are living on our planet therefore requires that we try to \" connect", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4953419366433568, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.041801"} {"text": "the two fundamental questions \u2013 \" is our way of living on the earth sustainable? \", and, \" how ought we to live? \" the unsustainable manner in which humans are living on our planet therefore requires that we try to \" connect the dots. \" we explore the increase in toxic substances in the human body while also analyzing the manner in which many products are produced. we also look at the fundamental assumptions informing our global economic system, built around consumerism and growth even though the planet has finite limits. with this as a foundation, we address other problems, most notably climate change, energy issues, concerns with water, food, and population - linked phenomena which can only be addressed effectively by understanding the broader context within which they have developed. we conclude the course, with a look at \" reasons for hope \" and explore various concrete initiatives, as well as the importance of developing a culture in which empathy for all life is central. what is a learning circle? one of the key aspects of the course are the online learning circles, each established with a small number of students studying in various parts of the world working on a common problem by assessing both its local and global aspects. the learning circles work towards completion of a collective project that looks at how specific environmental problems might be addressed given their political, economic, and social impacts. us colleges & universities with students enrolled in the global conversation 2007 - 2010 - austin college - baker university - bethel college - bridgewater college - california state university, east bay - capital university - chapman university - eastern mennonite university - eastern university - elizabethtown college - franklin college - hastings college - haverford college - houghton college - juniata college - king \u2019 s college - manchester college - mansfield university - mcpherson college - messiah college - montserrat college of art - peace college - regis university - roanoke college - saint lawrence university - school of the art institute of chicago - simpson college - soka university of america - stonehill college - swarthmore college - university of california, berkeley - university of texas, austin - university of scranton - university of vermont - ursinus college - virginia commonwealth university - western carolina university - western washington university - westmont college - winthrop university - whitworth college who teaches the global conversation course? dr. james skelly, bca \u2019 s coordinator for peace & justice programming, as well as visiting professor of peace studies at magee college where he is based, is the academic coordinator for the overall course and is also responsible for the academic assessment of bca", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5259122312408693, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.042917"} {"text": "##elly, bca \u2019 s coordinator for peace & justice programming, as well as visiting professor of peace studies at magee college where he is based, is the academic coordinator for the overall course and is also responsible for the academic assessment of bca and university of ulster students enrolled. - becki bowman ( mcpherson college ) - don kelly ( university of san diego ) - judith liu ( university of san diego ) - bud mehan ( university of california, san diego ) - j. d. mininger ( lcc international university ) - byron plumley ( regis university ) - alex ascherson ( london ) - christine cutting ( boston ) - jenna goodhand ( koszeg ) - chris kjonaas ( san diego ) - samantha martin ( new paltz ) - angelia shugarts ( denver ) - emma taylor ( derry ) how are students be assessed in the global conversation course? the following guidelines for assessment is used for students enrolled at bca sites and the university of ulster, and may be modified as needed by local course coordinators. the components of the assessment process include : general online participation ; a midterm essay ; a final essay ; and collective online presentations by learning circles ; as well as, a final write - up of the learning circle project with individual student \u2019 s contributions highlighted. suggested percentages for each activity are : - online participation : 10 % - midterm essay : 25 % - final essay : 40 % - online presentation of learning circle project : 10 % - final written version of learning circle project : 15 % what credits will students earn for the global conversation? if students choose to take the global conversation course for credit, it is worth 3 credits. students also have the choice to audit the course. by participating as an auditor a student will develop a better understanding of how the issues connect to specific facets of their host country \u2019 s politics, culture and economy.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45349617212389615, "token_count": 389, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.043832"} {"text": "world population grew by almost 300 % during the twentieth century ; over the same time period, world per capita incomes grew by about 400 %. this association of sizable increases in world population with large increases in per capita incomes should continue to the end of this century. forecasts of the world \u2019 s population only a few years in the future are generally quite accurate because the number of births and deaths during the next few years are largely determined by the existing distribution of the number of people at different ages. at the same time, forecasts of the population 50 or more years into the future are notoriously inaccurate because of difficulties in predicting changes over a long time period in birth rates, and to a much lesser extent, also in death rates. in particular, one cannot take seriously the un \u2019 s median forecast of 10 billion persons by the end of the century. for this forecast assumes that birth rates in high fertility countries will not decline during the next half - century. since it is highly likely that these countries will raise significantly their per capita incomes and education of their women, their fertility rates will fall, probably drastically. if so, world population in 2100 would be well below 10 billion people. however, for the sake of this discussion, i assume that the un forecast is approximately correct, so that about 10 billion people will inhabit the earth by the end of this century. posner mentions various likely benefits of a much larger population, such as greater demand for and supply of innovations in the medical and other sectors, and greater world specialization by skill. few countries have experienced sustained declines in their populations since the beginning of the 19th century. the substantial world growth in per capita incomes during the past 150 years has been associated with growing world populations. i believe that declining populations are bad for long run economic welfare. if i am correct, countries such as russia, japan, and germany, with fertility rates that are far below replacement levels are likely to face an unattractive economic future unless either they take in enough immigrants to make up for their low fertility levels, or they have large increases in fertility rates. given the sharp rise in food prices during this first decade of the 21st century, it would appear difficult to feed adequately a much larger and richer world population. yet, unlike say the production of copper, no natural limits sharply curtail the amounts of food that can be produced. food output will expand with a growth in the amount of land devoted to food production - currently agriculture takes a small fraction of the world \u2019 s arable land. also, the world can invest", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4907526476731303, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.047511"} {"text": "sharply curtail the amounts of food that can be produced. food output will expand with a growth in the amount of land devoted to food production - currently agriculture takes a small fraction of the world \u2019 s arable land. also, the world can invest much more in fertilizers and in improving food technology, so that greater output can be squeezed out of each acre used to grow corn, wheat, soy, dairy, meats, and other foods. greater demand for water due to larger populations and greater wealth would make clean water scarcer. this could produce a water shortage unless countries began to price more efficiently the water used in agriculture and industry, by far the largest water users. with sensible prices, the available water should be sufficient to satisfy all essential water needs of a much larger world population. an increase from 7 to 10 billion people on the planet will significantly raise population density in many parts of the world, and thereby increase the potential for severe outbreaks of communicable diseases. however, cities like hong kong show that it is possible even with current knowledge to control the spread of disease in densely populated communities. as knowledge of how to track and combat diseases greatly improves over time, the medical challenges created by densely populated areas should be reduced even further. a larger population combined with growing per capita incomes would increase global warming and worldwide pollution. although the severity of the global warming problem by the end of this century is not fully established by climate science, the world should be prepared to meet various worst - case climate scenarios. this would require the development of mitigation techniques that can be rather quickly ramped up in case global warming turns out to be a severe problem ( see the analysis in becker, murphy, and topel, \u201c on the economics of climate policy \u201d, the b. e. journal of economic analysis and policy, volume 10, number 2 ). such technologies are certainly achievable by the end of the century with substantial private and public investments in developing new methods to capture and store various harmful gases emitted by fossil fuels. if world population grew to 10 billion by the end of the century - an unlikely outcome - that would present considerable challenges. however, greater population would add real benefits as well, and i am inclined toward the view that the benefits will exceed the harm.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48216992702982137, "token_count": 463, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.048543"} {"text": "guest author - connie krochmal some may know this plant by its other common name, the century plant ( agave americana ). native to sub - tropical areas of north america, this plant is found in arid and semi - arid regions. it is also cultivated in mexico as the source of an alcoholic drink and as a source of fiber. though the plant does take a long time to bloom, it doesn \u2019 t really deserve to be called the century plant. it produces a flower stalk when it is about ten years old, not a hundred. but common names do tend to stick. this plant is hardy to about - 5 degrees fahrenheit. it thrives in both extreme heat and drought. preferring a limestone - rich soil, american aloe requires full sun. so far as soils are concerned, it may exhibit some degree of salt tolerance. it thrives on poor, sandy soils that are common in the southwest. this plant is considered an herbaceous perennial. it can reach feet in height before it develops a flower stalk. the gray, rigid, tough leaves are around 3 - 6 feet in length and about 8 inches wide. there are spines along the edges. the foliage can have purple dots. once the plant finishes blooming, it will die. however, pups or baby offsets will be produced around the base of the plant just as hen - and - chicks do. normally, it is best to remove these before the flowers actually open. now for the flower stalks. this develops very quickly, and reaches its mature height in no time. because these stalks can be 25 - 40 feet tall, this isn \u2019 t a plant for small properties. it would simply overwhelm small gardens. the flower stalk is loaded with yellowish - white to greenish - yellow densely crowded blooms, inches across. these are composed of six segments that are fused in the shape of bells. particularly fragrant at night, these attract night pollinators. normally these blossoms open during the summer months. in addition to the ordinary century plant, several varieties of this are available. these are especially suitable for landscape purposes because of their smaller size. agave americana medio - picta is the yellow form. this has a large yellow stripe running through the center of the foliage. younger plants may have red teeth along the edges of the foliage. agave americana medio - picta alba is the white form. it features a white stripe instead of yellow. these attractive plants are used for foundation plantings, ground covers, flower borders,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39378412542838437, "token_count": 510, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.051064"} {"text": "hardy geraniums have gorgeous flowers and are very easy to grow. there are many types of geraniums - not to be confused with the greenhouse sort - these are the deciduous hardy ones that grow to 24 - 26 inches ( 60 - 75cm ) and are a common sight in english gardens. to get the best flowers you need to grow them in a sunny spot but they will grow in partial shade as long as they get the sun for part of the day. they are very good natured and very low maintenance and will grow in most soils, except for waterlogged ones when they will turn up their toes and die! cranesbills or geraniums come in a range of colors - whites, blues, pinks and purples and they will give you a wealth of blooms over a long period. they will spread to make glorious clumps. plant them under shrubs or in your borders - they can look very good planted as path edging although you will need to trim them back each year. they can also be grown in pots - give them plenty of root space and they will make a delightful display. they go well with many english garden plants and are often used with spring flowering bulbs. this is because as the spring flowers die back the cranesbills come to life and as their green foliage grows it covers the dying bulbs and then you get an explosion of flowers in early june! here is my selection of the best ones for an english garden - they are all hardy. - ann folkard has bright magenta petals and black middles which often flowers from june to october, the foliage is a pronounced yellowy green. do try some. - geranium psilostemon - armenum has magenta flowers and foliage that goes a lovely shade of orangey / red in the autumn. - geranium sylvaticum, mayflower has delicate violet blue flowers that have paler middles. - for white flowers try geranium clarkei kashmir white, which is white with a lilac tinge to its petals and flowers all summer. - geranium magnificum has violet blue flowers with delicate darker veining. - johnson ' s blue pictured above has dark lavender blue petals. - geranium cinereum ballerina is smaller only growing to 6 inches or 15cm but has pale pink flowers with darker centers and silvery green leaves and does well planted in pots. enjoy your garden!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3543613198298423, "token_count": 491, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.053310"} {"text": "blackberry health benefits : - antioxidant : being rich in antioxidants, blackberries help the body in fighting free radicals and thus, avoid various types of cancer and provide longevity. - antiseptic activity : the high tannin content, and the resultant antiseptic properties, of blackberries makes them good for tightening tissues as well as treating minor bleeding, their anti - bacterial properties and can even help cleanse blood. - diarrhea : consumption of blackberry has been found to be beneficial for those suffering from diarrhea and intestinal inflammation. - infections : mild infections, like sore throats and mouth irritations, can be treated with the help of blackberries. - hemorrhoid : blackberries have been used to alleviate hemorrhoids also. blueberry health benefits : from research labs all across the country and the world, there is growing evidence that blueberries are an important part of a healthy diet. blueberries and antioxidant activity antioxidants are thought to help protect the body against the damaging effects of free radicals and the chronic diseases associated with the aging process. fresh fruits, including blueberries, and vegetables contain many of these naturally occurring antioxidants such as vitamins c and e. blueberries contain 14 mg of vitamin c and 0. 8 mg vitamin e per 1 cup of blueberries. in addition, blueberries contain and that can also act as antioxidants. blueberries are among the fruits with the highest antioxidant activity. using a test called orac ( oxygen radical absorbance capacity ), researchers have shown that a serving of fresh blueberries provides more antioxidant activity than many other fresh fruits and vegetables. blueberries and aging laboratory in the usda, human nutrition research center ( hnrc ), fed blueberry extractions \u2014 the equivalent of a human eating one cup of blueberries a day \u2014 to mice and then ran them through a series of motor skills tests. they found out that the blueberry - fed mice performed better than their control group counterparts in motor behavioral learning and memory, and he noticed an increase in exploratory behavior. when the scientists examined their brains, they found a marked decrease in oxidative stress in two regions of the brain and better retention of signal - transmitting neurons compared with the control mice. the compound that appears responsible for this neuron protection, anthocyanin, also gives blueberries their color and might be the key component of the blueberry \u2019 s antioxidant", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4400742558690466, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.060507"} {"text": "of signal - transmitting neurons compared with the control mice. the compound that appears responsible for this neuron protection, anthocyanin, also gives blueberries their color and might be the key component of the blueberry \u2019 s antioxidant and anti - inflammatory properties. blueberries, along with other colorful fruits and vegetables, test high in their ability to subdue free radicals. these free radicals, which can damage cell membranes and dna through a process known as oxidative stress, are blamed for many of the dysfunctions and diseases associated with aging. these findings could become increasingly important as the u. s. population ages. it is projected that by 2050, more than 30 % of americans will be over 65 and will have the decreased cognitive and motor function that accompanies advanced age. joseph is currently testing the effects of blueberries on humans. preliminary results show that people who ate a cup of blueberries a day have performed 5 \u2013 6 % better on motor skills tests than the control group. blueberries and nutrition though blueberries themselves are not a cure - all, they contain a number of substances that are thought to have health benefits. these substances include, but are not limited to fructose, fiber, vitamins and antioxidants. antioxidants thus far, seem to have the most conclusive role in the prevention / delaying of such diseases as cancer, heart disease and the aging process however, a limited number of studies, especially long term and on human beings, are not available at this time. one cup of blueberries contains 14 % dv of fiber 2. 41 g per 100g. blueberries are a source of vitamins, minerals, dietary fiber, phenolics, and flavonoids. they are very low in fat and sodium honeyberry health benefits : one of its many advantages is the high content of vitamins that are found in the honeyberry varieties. thus, the amount of ascorbic acid up to 170 mg per 100 g of berries, i. e. more than strawberries, raspberries, gooseberries, approaching black currant. in terms of r - active compounds ( catechins, rutin, anthocyanins, leykoantotsiany etc. ) honeysuckle is second only to black chokeberry. vitamins b1, b2, b9 found in much smaller quantities. honeyberries contain a rich set of macro - and micronutrients. they accumulate a lot of iron, calcium, and phosphorus", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5045815146656285, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.061361"} {"text": ". don ' t go for raspberries which show signs of mold or mushy spots, but those which are ripe, firm, and colorful raspberries. they can be either fresh, canned or frozen. but take note. when frozen raspberries thaw, they may not be as firm as the fresh ones. they however remain sweet and delicious. to get the freshest raspberries, visit markets where farmers have stocked the berry, which has just been harvested. this offers the best berries to boost your health. here are some of the health benefits to be enjoyed by anyone who eat raspberries in its many forms. strengthened immune system minerals such as vitamin c are thought to help the body to develop strong connective tissues and an immune system able to ward off the attack of microorganisms. raspberries like other berries such as blueberries, cranberries, and strawberries contain a lot of vitamin c in its structure. nutritionists have said that one cup of raspberries offer humans beings vitamin c as well as potassium for 64 calories. though raspberries themselves are not a cure - all berry, they contain a number of other substances that are thought to prevent many diseases. these substances include, but are not limited to, flavonoids and phytochemicals. raspberries, along with berries such as blueberries, cranberries, and strawberries, also contain a substance thought to prevent bladder infections. the substance does this by preventing bacteria from adhering to the cells, which line the walls of the urinary tract. raspberries are also thought to contain compounds that are important towards having a healthy vision. the substance that appears to be responsible for this is called lutein. researchers have identified a lot of compounds in berries such as raspberries, blueberries, cranberries, blackberries, and strawberries, which may help in the reduction of the risk of being affected by several types of cancers and heart diseases. though a definitive study hasn ' t been conducted on this, researchers counsel that a diet rich in berries can help to reduce or delay several types of cancers. raspberries have a pigment, which is thought to be responsible for their blue and red hue. the pigments are also believed to contain compounds which are the key components of the ability of raspberries to prevent the development of many types of diseases in humans. raspberry leaves have a healing action to sore mouths, sore throats ( soothing ), nausea, apht", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43785068754439993, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.063160"} {"text": "antibodies play a central role in the adaptive immune defense of all vertebrates. thereby, the specific recognition of antigen structures by antibody molecules determines the success of the immune response. therefore, the repertoire of antigen binding sites within the immune system of an individuum, but also, within a population, has been a mean focus of immunological research within the last 3 decades. the first tool to analyse the dna sequence of the antigen binding site of an antibody was dnaplot http : / / www. dnaplot. de webcite. associated with the vbase database, the dnaplot search page was the first of its kind which allowed the analysis of the modular composition of of these binding sites, the immunoglobulin gene rearrangements. the focus of this site was to identify and mark the genetics elements that are used for these rearrangements. in the meantime, several similar tools are available, including the current dnaplot version at the vbase2 database http : / / www. vbase2. org webcite. we have now introduced a major extension to the functionality of dnaplot. the new features allow the systematic analysis and visualization of the expressed immune repertoire of an organism. thus, dnaplot is now able to demonstrate the dynamics of the expressed repertoire, e. g., during the time course of the antibody response against a certain pathogen. looking at antibody structures, it is well known that mainly the so called complementary determining regions ( cdrs ) contain the information of the interface between a given antibody and its antigen. the adjacent regions, the so called framework regions ( frs ), build the antibody structure and provide a frame to expose the 3 cdr regions of each variable domain of the antibody. the new extended dnaplot version loads a list of variable domain dna sequences, extracts the cdr regions and presents them as a color - coded string of amino acids. in this way, the essential information on the docking sites of a given antibody population is easily visible. thus, by removing redundant information on the frs, essential information about the antigen binding sites is displayed, and critical amino acids can be viewed at a glance. the new dnaplot extension is not only applicable for the analysis of naturally occuring immune repertoires but also for the analysis of artificial antibody populations isolated from phage display libraries. the program dnaplot provides the base for systematic analyses of expressed immune repertiores and aids to detect patterns of changes in the cdr regions of a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.549486695771211, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.065831"} {"text": "| location | | jamaica, saint elizabeth | | central coordinates | | 77o 56. 41 ' west 18o 2. 47 ' north | | iba criteria | | a1, a2, a4i, b4i | | year of iba assessment | | 2010 | ornithological information this iba is significant for supporting 19 ( of the 36 ) jamaica eba restricted - range birds. sixty - one percent ( 17 of 28 ) of jamaican endemic birds have been recorded in the iba. more than 50 vulnerable west indian whistling - duck dendrocygna arborea breed in the wetlands, and there is presence of the near threatened white - crowned pigeon patagioenas leucocephala and masked duck nomonyx dominicus. other wetland and coastal bird species breeding or wintering in the area include gulls, terns, grebes, herons, egrets and gallinules. at least 35 ( of the 72 ) species of neotropical migratory birds recorded use the iba in winter, such as the swainson ' s warbler limnothlypis swainsonii, which is found regularly along the mangrove margins at the font hill site, but is infrequent elsewhere in jamaica. the wetlands comprise more than 10 fresh to brackish ( mangrove - fringed ) ponds and sloughs that tend to dry out during the dry season ( january - march ), but retain at least some water in the deepest ponds every year, and thus provide one of the only sources of fresh water within tens of km of the site. these ponds provide a focus of activity ( feeding, bathing, nesting ) for many birds, both aquatic and terrestrial species, especially in the driest years. site description font hill iba is located 13 km west of black river morass iba ( jm007 ) in st. elizabeth parish, on the south coast of south - western jamaica. it includes 1 km offshore of marine habitat. | species | | season | | period | | population estimate | | quality of estimate | | iba criteria | | iucn category | | west indian whistling - duck dendrocygna arborea | | resident | | 2010 | | 50 - 75 breeding pairs | | medium | | a1, a4i | | vulnerable | | least tern sterna antillarum | | breeding | | 2010 | | 45 - 55 breeding pairs | | poor | | b4i | | least concern | | jamaican owl pseudoscops grammic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3996845889941732, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.075462"} {"text": "a4i | | vulnerable | | least tern sterna antillarum | | breeding | | 2010 | | 45 - 55 breeding pairs | | poor | | b4i | | least concern | | jamaican owl pseudoscops grammicus | | resident | | 2010 | | present [ units unknown ] | | - | | a2 | | least concern | | jamaican mango anthracothorax mango | | resident | | 2010 | | present [ units unknown ] | | - | | a2 | | least concern | | red - billed streamertail trochilus polytmus | | resident | | 2010 | | present [ units unknown ] | | - | | a2 | | least concern | | vervain hummingbird mellisuga minima | | resident | | 2010 | | present [ units unknown ] | | - | | a2 | | least concern | | jamaican tody todus todus | | resident | | 2010 | | present [ units unknown ] | | - | | a2 | | least concern | | jamaican woodpecker melanerpes radiolatus | | resident | | 2010 | | present [ units unknown ] | | - | | a2 | | least concern | | jamaican becard pachyramphus niger | | resident | | 2010 | | present [ units unknown ] | | - | | a2 | | least concern | | jamaican elaenia myiopagis cotta | | resident | | 2010 | | present [ units unknown ] | | - | | a2 | | least concern | | sad flycatcher myiarchus barbirostris | | resident | | 2010 | | present [ units unknown ] | | - | | a2 | | least concern | | rufous - tailed flycatcher myiarchus validus | | resident | | 2010 | | present [ units unknown ] | | - | | a2 | | least concern | | stolid flycatcher myiarchus stolidus | | resident | | 2010 | | present [ units unknown ] | | - | | a2 | | least concern | | jamaican vireo vireo modestus | | resident | | 2010 | | present [ units unknown ] | | - | | a2 | | least concern | | white - chinned thrush turdus aurantius | | resident | | 2010 | | present [ units unknown ] | | - | | a2 | | least concern | | arrowhead warbler dendroica phare", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.39325474972816893, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.076325"} {"text": "least concern | | white - chinned thrush turdus aurantius | | resident | | 2010 | | present [ units unknown ] | | - | | a2 | | least concern | | arrowhead warbler dendroica pharetra | | resident | | 2010 | | present [ units unknown ] | | - | | a2 | | least concern | | jamaican oriole icterus leucopteryx | | resident | | 2010 | | present [ units unknown ] | | - | | a2 | | least concern | | yellow - shouldered grassquit loxipasser anoxanthus | | resident | | 2010 | | present [ units unknown ] | | - | | a2 | | least concern | | orangequit euneornis campestris | | resident | | 2010 | | present [ units unknown ] | | - | | a2 | | least concern | | jamaican spindalis spindalis nigricephala | | resident | | 2010 | | present [ units unknown ] | | - | | a2 | | least concern | | jamaican euphonia euphonia jamaica | | resident | | 2010 | | present [ units unknown ] | | - | | a2 | | least concern | | iucn habitat | | habitat detail | | extent ( % of site ) | | coastline | | intertidal mud, sand & salt flats ; lagoons ; salt & brackish marshes ; sand dunes & beaches ; shallow marine areas, coral reefs & keys | | - | land ownership private property | land - use | | extent ( % of site ) | | notes : a popular beach park borders the entrance to the natural area and is a popular destination for local jamaicans. | | notes : the coastal areas and the freshwater ponds receive some pressure from local fishing. | | notes : a large portion of font hill is used for agricultural purposes including experimental plantings of trees for the development of coal to cashew and mango plantations to squash and yam fields | other biodiversity the vulnerable west indian manatee trichechus manatus occurs, and the coast is a nesting area for sea turtles such as the critically endangered hawksbill eretmochelys imbricata, endangered green turtle chelonia mydas and loggerhead caretta caretta. font hill iba along with black river great morass iba have been identified as the most important american crocodile crocodylus acutus habitats in jamaica. management considerations a potential touristic development, including possible nearby", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3995992341324136, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.077494"} {"text": "effects of food abundance on the condition of ovenbirds wintering in jamaica. journal of animal ecology 69 : 883 - 895. 5 ) marra, p. p., and r. t. holmes. 2001. consequences of dominance - mediated habitat segregation in a migrant passerine bird during the non - breeding season. auk 118 : 94 - 106. 6 ) studds, c. e. and marra, p. p. 2005. non - breeding habitat occupancy and population processes : an upgrade experiment with a migratory bird. ecology 86 : 2380 - 2385. 7 ) brown, d. r., t. w. sherry. 2006. food supply controls physical condition of a long distance migrant bird wintering in the tropics. oecologia 149 : 22 - 32. 8 ) johnson, m. d., t. w. sherry, r. t. holmes, and p. p. marra. 2006. assessing habitat quality for a migratory songbird wintering in natural and agricultural habitats. conservation biology 20 : 1433 - 1444. 9 ) studds c., k. kyser and p. p. marra. 2008. natal dispersal driven by environmental conditions interacting across the annual cycle of a migratory songbird. 2008. proceedings of the national academy of science 105 : 2929 - 2933. 10 ) studds c. and p. p. marra. 2007. linking fluctuations in rainfall to non - breeding season performance in a long - distance migratory bird. climate research 35 : 115 \u2013 122 contribute please click here to help birdlife conserve the world ' s birds - your data for this iba and others are vital for helping protect the environment. recommended citation birdlife international ( 2013 ) important bird areas factsheet : font hill. downloaded from http : / / www. birdlife. org on 20 / 05 / 2013 to provide new information to update this factsheet or to correct any errors, please email birdlife", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47119712403320424, "token_count": 408, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.079462"} {"text": "unesco international literacy day 2012 theme literacy is important for then growth and development of society. the society can become healthy and wealthy with literacy. unesco ( united nations educational scientific and cultural organization ) has initiated for the observance of international literacy day. date of international literacy day : the first international literacy day was observed in the year 1965. every year international literacy day shall be observed on the 8th day september. unesco is taking up then initiation of celebration of international literacy day across the globe. need for literacy and observation of international literacy day : nearly one in every six people is still illiterate. among these two thirds are women. nearly 80 crore adults are still illiterate in the world. there are so many children are out of school during their young age. it is observed that poverty and ill health is related to illiteracy in then world. literacy can improve the quality of life among the human beings. one can have better sanitation and health with literacy. educating adult illiterate and bringing the children to schools at the young age are the main agenda for organizing the international literacy day. literate adults can know the need of education and can send their children in pursuing education. literacy can uplift people from poverty. unesco supports its member states in planning and implementation of program for the improvement of literacy rates in the respective sites.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4225269357326485, "token_count": 267, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.081816"} {"text": "spindelegger : \" worldwide protection of human rights is a cornerstone of austrian foreign policy \" foreign minister on the international human rights day vienna, 9 december 2009 \u2013 \" committed men and women in many parts of the world are still persecuted when they stand up against despotism, for the rights of the weakest in society, or for the protection of minorities. their courage and their readiness to risk their lives to protect the rights of others deserves recognition and requires our full support \", said foreign minister michael spindelegger in connection with tomorrow \u2019 s international human rights day. \" the consistent advocacy for the worldwide respect and protection of human rights is a cornerstone of austrian foreign policy. we place our particular focus on the rights of women and children, persecuted minorities, and human rights defenders. to effectively protect their rights, we are using all available forums such as the eu, the united nations, the council of europe, or the osce \", said the foreign minister. austria, for instance, pointedly used its membership in the un security council to promote human rights causes on an international level : \" resolution 1894 on the protection of civilians in armed conflicts, adopted under my presidency, was an important step toward the effective enforcement of human rights. the fight against impunity for human rights violations in times of war is essential in restoring the victims \u2019 confidence in judicial institutions and to allow for a sustainable peace process \", said spindelegger. \" to improve compliance with human rights, it must also be guaranteed that people around the world are better informed on their rights and basic freedoms. only then will they be able to actively defend their own rights and those of their fellow humans \", said spindelegger. therefore, the human rights manual, co - authored by austria and translated in 15 languages so far, is an important contribution to the worldwide awareness - building on human rights.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44525258080301044, "token_count": 377, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.083823"} {"text": "chapter 7 review \u2014 safe boat operation \u2014 continued carbon monoxide can collect within, alongside, or behind a boat in minutes and in a variety of ways. carbon monoxide is a potentially deadly gas produced any time a carbon - based fuel, such as gasoline, propane, charcoal, or oil, burns. sources on your boat include gasoline engines, generators, cooking ranges, and space and water heaters. carbon monoxide is colorless, odorless, and tasteless, and it mixes evenly with the air. it enters your bloodstream through the lungs and displaces the oxygen your body needs. early symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning \u2014 irritated eyes, headache, nausea, weakness and dizziness \u2014 are often confused with seasickness or intoxication. prolonged exposure to low concentrations or very short exposure to high concentrations can be fatal. activities such as teak surfing, dragging, and water skiing within 20 feet of a moving watercraft can be fatal, as the risk of carbon monoxide poisoning is high. exhaust from another vessel that is docked, beached, or anchored alongside your boat can emit poisonous carbon monoxide gas into the cabin and cockpit of your boat. even with properly vented exhaust, your boat should be a minimum of 20 feet from the nearest boat that is running a generator or engine. be sure to schedule regular vessel ( engine and exhaust system ) maintenance and inspections by experienced and trained technicians. regular maintenance along with proper boat operation can reduce the risk of injury from carbon monoxide. the best precaution against carbon monoxide poisoning is to keep air flowing through the vessel. propeller intervention and awareness since the boat ' s propeller is located below the waterline and may be difficult to see, it is important that people are aware of it at all times. as a precaution, operators should shut off the engine whenever a person is in the water within close proximity to their vessel. safety equipment is available and when used properly can significantly decrease the probability of a propeller strike. a couple of examples of equipment are : ladder interlock kill switches", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4997397818044235, "token_count": 418, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.086879"} {"text": "coins and power in late iron age britain ( hardback ) $ 125. 80 - save $ 6. 62 ( 4 % ) - rrp $ 132. 42 free delivery worldwide ( to united states and all these other countries ) usually dispatched within 48 hours - also available in... - paperback $ 37. 26 short description for coins and power in late iron age britain this book examines the background to the first individuals in british history. - published : 06 july 2000 - format : hardback 266 pages - isbn 13 : 9780521772075 isbn 10 : 0521772079 $ 57. 30 - save $ 32. 70 36 % off - rrp $ 90. 00 $ 37. 26 - save $ 0. 11 - rrp $ 37. 37 17 days to go $ 11. 67 - save $ 3. 89 25 % off - rrp $ 15. 56 $ 31. 94 - save $ 1. 55 ( 4 % ) - rrp $ 33. 49 full description for coins and power in late iron age britain cunobelin, shakespeare ' s cymbeline, ruled much of south - east britain in the years before claudius ' legions arrived, creating the roman province of britannia. but what do we know of him and his rule, and that of competing dynasties in south - east britain? this book examines the background to these, the first individuals in british history. it explores the way in which rulers bolstered their power through the use of imagery on coins, myths, language and material culture. after the visit of caesar in 55 and 54 bc, the shadow of rome played a fundamental role in this process. combining the archaeological, literary and numismatic evidence, john creighton paints a vivid picture of how people in late iron age britain reacted to the changing world around them.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.435454162092219, "token_count": 371, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.088533"} {"text": "cars avoid crashes by talking to each other washington ( ap ) \u2014 as a safety demonstration, it was a heart - stopper : a ford taurus was seconds away from cruising through an intersection when suddenly a row of red lights pulsed on the lower windshield and a warning blared that another car was approaching fast on the cross street. braking quickly, the driver stopped just as the second car, previously unseen behind a large parked truck, barreled through a red light and across the ford \u2019 s path. the display at a recent transportation conference was a peek into the future of automotive safety : cars that to talk to each other and warn drivers of impending collisions. later this summer, the government is launching a yearlong, real - world test involving nearly 3, 000 cars, trucks and buses using volunteer drivers in ann arbor, mich. the vehicles will be equipped to continuously communicate over wireless networks, exchanging information on location, direction and speed 10 times a second with other similarly equipped cars within about 1, 000 feet. a computer analyzes the information and issues danger warnings to drivers, often before they can see the other vehicle. on roadways today, the taurus in the demonstration likely would have been \u2018 \u2018 t - boned \u2019 \u2019 \u2014 slammed in the side by the other car. there were more than 7, 800 fatal intersection accidents on u. s. roadways in 2010. called vehicle - to - vehicle communication, or v2v, more advanced versions of the systems can take control of a car to prevent an accident by applying brakes when the driver reacts too slowly to a warning. v2v \u2018 \u2018 is our next evolutionary step... to make sure the crash never happens in the first place, which is, frankly, the best safety scenario we can all hope for, \u2019 \u2019 said david strickland, administrator of the national highway traffic safety administration. v2v technology holds the potential to help in most crashes that aren \u2019 t alcohol or drug related, strickland said. but a lot will depend on how drivers respond to the warnings, and that \u2019 s one reason for the ann arbor test. overall, more than 32, 000 people were killed in traffic accidents last year. in addition to warning of cars running red lights or stop signs, \u2018 \u2018 connected cars \u2019 \u2019 can let drivers know if they don \u2019 t have time to make a left turn because of oncoming traffic. when driving on a two - lane road, the systems warn when passing is unsafe because of oncoming cars \u2014 even vehicles around a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.48145995290879595, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.097640"} {"text": "\u2019 \u2019 can let drivers know if they don \u2019 t have time to make a left turn because of oncoming traffic. when driving on a two - lane road, the systems warn when passing is unsafe because of oncoming cars \u2014 even vehicles around a curve that the driver can \u2019 t see yet. in a line of heavy traffic, the systems issue an alert if a car several vehicles ahead brakes hard even before the vehicle directly in front brakes. and the systems alert drivers when they \u2019 re at risk of rear - ending a slower - moving car. it \u2019 s also possible for connected cars to exchange information with traffic lights, signs and roadways if states and communities decide to equip their transportation infrastructure with similar technology. the information would be relayed to traffic management centers, tipping them off to congestion, accidents or obstructions. if cars are reported to be swerving in one spot on a roadway, for example, that could indicate a large pothole or obstruction. the constant stream of vehicle - to - infrastructure, or v2i, information could give traffic managers a better picture of traffic flows than they have today, enabling better timing of traffic signals to keep cars moving, for example. correspondingly, cars could receive warnings on traffic tie - ups ahead and rerouting directions. nhtsa has been working on the technology for the past decade along with eight automakers : ford, general motors, honda, hyundai - kia, mercedes - benz, nissan, toyota and volkswagen. \u2018 \u2018 we think this is really the future of transportation safety, and it \u2019 s going to make a huge difference in the way we live our lives, \u2019 \u2019 said scott belcher, president of the intelligent transportation society of america, which promotes technology solutions to transportation problems. the technology is already available, said rob strassburger, vice president for safety of the alliance of automobile manufacturers. he said what \u2019 s needed is for the government to set standards so that all automakers use compatible technology. since v2v relies on wireless technology, ensuring that the safety systems are reliable and can \u2019 t be hacked is another concern, nhtsa officials said. the safety benefits of v2v won \u2019 t be fully realized until there is a critical mass of cars on the road that can talk to each other, and just where that point lies isn \u2019 t known. by the time the government sets standards and automakers are able to respond, it may be 10 years before the technology is widely available on new cars. it takes about 30 years for a new technology to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.475138642711388, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.098842"} {"text": "just where that point lies isn \u2019 t known. by the time the government sets standards and automakers are able to respond, it may be 10 years before the technology is widely available on new cars. it takes about 30 years for a new technology to work its way into the entire population of cars. creating consumer demand for the technology could speed up its introduction, strassburger said. there \u2019 s already demand for information on traffic tie - ups and rerouting that drivers can download to their smartphones, he said. automakers dislike government mandates requiring them to add technology to cars, but that \u2019 s probably what \u2019 s needed, said clarence ditlow, executive director of the center for auto safety, a consumer group. \u2018 \u2018 if you have the technology, and the price has gone down so much, use it, \u2019 \u2019 he said. \u2018 \u2018 you aren \u2019 t going to get it into the marketplace as fast as you could and save as many lives as you could unless you mandate it. \u2019 \u2019 some of the safety technologies for v2v are already available in cars, although they tend to be offered primarily on higher - end models. lane departure systems, for example, warn drivers when their vehicle unintentionally wanders from its lane, and some can automatically steer the car back. blind spot systems warn drivers of vehicles in adjacent lanes, and some can also steer away from hazards. forward collision warning systems alert drivers to impending crashes, and some can automatically brake if the driver doesn \u2019 t respond. adaptive cruise control automatically adjusts vehicle speed to maintain a set distance from the car ahead in the same lane. adaptive headlights change their aim in conjunction with the steering wheel. parking sensors and rear - mounted cameras help a driver parallel park without scraping paint, bumping fenders or hitting pedestrians. a key difference is that most of the current technologies rely on radar or laser sensors to \u2018 \u2018 see \u2019 \u2019 other nearby vehicles. they can \u2019 t warn drivers about cars they can \u2019 t see, such as the car that ran the red light in the intersection demonstration, or an oncoming car around a curve in the road. together, the currently available technologies and the future v2v systems may effectively form a kind of autopilot for the road. said strassburger : \u2018 \u2018 the long - term trajectory for these technologies is the vehicle that drives itself \u2014 the driverless car. \u2019 \u2019 follow joan lowy at http : / / www. twitter. com / ap _ joan _ lowy national highway", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4473876290078118, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.099834"} {"text": "hermitarticle free pass hermit, also called eremite, one who retires from society, primarily for religious reasons, and lives in solitude. in christianity the word ( from greek eremites, \u201c living in the desert \u201d ) is used interchangeably with anchorite, although the two were originally distinguished on the basis of location : an anchorite selected a cell attached to a church or near a populous centre, while a hermit retired to the wilderness. the first christian hermits appeared by the end of the 3rd century in egypt, where one reaction to the persecution of christians by the roman emperor decius was flight into the desert to preserve the faith and to lead a life of prayer and penance. paul of thebes, who fled to the desert about 250, has been considered the first hermit. the excessive austerity and other extremes of the early hermits \u2019 lives were tempered by the establishment of cenobite ( common life ) communities. the foundation was thus laid in the 4th century for the institution of monasticism ( i. e., monks living a common life according to an established rule ). the eremitic life eventually died out in western christianity, but it has continued in eastern christianity. see also monasticism. what made you want to look up \" hermit \"? please share what surprised you most...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4806964369703729, "token_count": 270, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.101127"} {"text": "later ly dynastyarticle free pass later ly dynasty, vietnamese nha hau ly, ( 1009 \u2013 1225 ), first of the three great dynasties of vietnam. the kingdom, known later as dai viet, was established by ly thai to in the red river delta area of present northern vietnam. its capital was thang long ( hanoi ). ( it is \u201c later \u201d with respect to the earlier ly dynasty, founded by ly bon and lasting from 544 to 602 / 603. ) the later ly was the first stable vietnamese dynasty and helped establish many of the characteristics of the modern vietnamese state. a chinese style of administration was one of the more significant changes wrought by the later ly. through this system the local lords were replaced by a nine - tiered hierarchy of civil servants and state officials. an institution for the training of civil administrators was established, as was an academy of learning. this centralized form of government enabled the ly to establish universal military service, which kept the invading chinese and champa at bay for two centuries. more importantly, the administrative system enabled the ly to develop the great red river delta system of dikes and canals that prevented summer flooding and winter drought and made the region one of the most fertile rice - growing areas in the world. the ly promoted literature and art, and during their reign, knowledge of classical chinese literature was widespread. under the ly, vietnamese influence spread southward into the area controlled by the indianized kingdom of champa. what made you want to look up \" later ly dynasty \"? please share what surprised you most...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3658388969259756, "token_count": 332, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.102690"} {"text": "martyrs of ugandaarticle free pass martyrs of uganda, group of 45 anglican and roman catholic martyrs who were executed during the persecution of christians under mwanga, kabaka ( ruler ) of buganda ( now part of uganda ), from 1885 to 1887. the 22 african roman catholic martyrs were collectively beatified by pope benedict xv in 1920 and canonized by pope paul vi on october 18, 1964. their feast day is june 3. the first roman catholic missions to bantu - speaking africa were established by the white fathers mission in 1879. christians were tolerated by the kabaka mutesa i, but his successor, mwanga, launched a campaign against them. mwanga massacred the anglican missionary bishop james hannington and his colleagues in october 1885. st. joseph mukasa, an important member of the royal household, reproached the kabaka for the massacre, and, on november 15 of that year, mwanga had joseph beheaded. the christian pages under joseph \u2019 s guidance became the next victims. mwanga, having learned that they had received religious instruction from the page st. denis ssebuggwawo, ordered that all the youths be arrested. st. charles lwanga, mukasa \u2019 s successor, then secretly baptized those boys who had only been catechumens. the following day they were herded away to the village of namugongo. three of them were murdered en route ( st. pontian ngondwe, a soldier, and the royal servants athanasius bazzekuketta and gonzaga gonza ). all the survivors, as recorded by father lourdel, superior of the roman catholic mission to uganda, were imprisoned for a week. with the exception of st. mbaga - tuzinde, who was bludgeoned by his own father, the pages were burned alive on june 3, 1886 : saints ambrose kibuka, anatole kiriggwajjo, achilles kiwanuka, mugagga, mukasa kiriwawanvu, adolphus mukasa ludigo, gyavira, and kizito. the soldiers and officials saints bruno serunkuma, james buzabaliawo, and luke banabakintu were martyred with them. mwanga continued his persecution, destroying protestant and roman catholic missionaries alike. subsequent victims included saints matthias mulumba, assistant judge to a provincial chief ; andrew kaggwa, chief of kigowa ; and noe mawaggali,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3553311522355079, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.105451"} {"text": "camelarticle free pass camel ( genus camelus ), either of two species of large ruminating hoofed mammals of arid africa and asia known for their ability to go for long periods without drinking. the arabian camel, or dromedary ( camelus dromedarius ), has one back hump ; the bactrian camel ( c. bactrianus ) has two. these \u201c ships of the desert \u201d have long been valued as pack or saddle animals, and they are also exploited for milk, meat, wool, and hides. the dromedary was domesticated about 2000 \u2013 1300 bce in arabia, the bactrian camel by 2500 bce in northern iran and northeast afghanistan. most of today \u2019 s 13 million domesticated dromedaries are in india and the horn of africa. wild dromedaries are extinct, although there is a large feral population in interior australia descended from pack animals imported in the 19th century. about one million domesticated bactrian camels live from the middle east to china and mongolia. wild bactrian camels are endangered. the largest population \u2014 1, 000 \u2014 lives in the gobi desert. camels have an unmistakable silhouette, with their humped back, short tail, long slim legs, and long neck that dips downward and rises to a small narrow head. the upper lip is split into two sections that move independently. both species are about 3 metres ( 10 feet ) long and 2 metres high at the hump ( itself 20 cm [ 8 inches ] ). males weigh 400 to 650 kg ( 900 to 1, 400 pounds ) ; the female is about 10 percent smaller. colour is usually light brown but can be grayish. domesticated bactrian camels are darker, stockier, and woollier than the wild form. heavy eyelashes protect eyes from blowing sand, and the nostrils can be squeezed shut. the dromedary has horny pads on the chest and knees that protect it from searing desert sand when it lies down ; the bactrian camel lacks these callosities. camels are generally docile, but they will bite or kick when annoyed. when excited, camels huff so sharply that spit is incidentally expelled. camels do not walk on their hoofs. weight is borne on the conjoined pads of the third and fourth toes ; the other toes have been lost. dromedaries have a soft, wide - spreading pad for walking on sand ; bactrian camels have a firm", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43179175384492985, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.111069"} {"text": "be fatal for most mammals. camels have also adapted to desert conditions by being able to endure protein deficiency and eat items other livestock avoid, such as thorns, dry leaves, and saltbush. when food is plentiful, camels \u201c overeat, \u201d storing fat in one area on the back and forming a hump. when the fat is depleted, the hump sags to the side or disappears. storing fat in one place also increases the body \u2019 s ability to dissipate heat everywhere else. when not corralled, camels form stable groups of females accompanied by one mature male. females breed by three to four years of age ; males begin to manufacture sperm at age three but do not compete for females until they are six to eight years old. males compete for dominance by circling each other with the head held low and biting the feet or head of the opponent and attempting to topple it. after one camel withdraws from the bout, the winner may roll and rub secretions onto the ground from a gland on the back of its head. the dominant male breeds with all the females in each stable group. after a gestation of 13 or 14 months, one calf weighing up to 37 kg ( 81 pounds ) is born, usually during the rainy season. milk yields of 35 kg per day are achieved in some breeds ( e. g., the \u201c milch dromedary \u201d of pakistan ), though normal yield is about 4 kg per day. pastoralists typically divert most milk to their own use during the calf \u2019 s first 9 to 11 months, then force weaning and take the rest. the calf is otherwise suckled 12 to 18 months. females and males reproduce until about 20 years old. longevity is 40 years. camels are classified in the family camelidae, which first appeared in north america 40 million years ago. south american camelids are the llama, alpaca, guanaco, and vicuna. the genera camelus and lama diverged 11 million years ago. by 2 million years ago ( the early pleistocene epoch ), camelus representatives had crossed back to asia and were present in africa ( tanzania ). during the pleistocene ( 2, 600, 000 to 11, 700 years ago ), camelids reached south america ; north american camelid stock became extinct 10, 000 years ago. the family camelidae belongs to the order artiodactyla, a large group of hoofed mammals. what made you want to look up \" camel \"? please", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45027246453517467, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.113101"} {"text": "july 18, 2002 calvin prof / alum release results a cooperative research project between calvin college and the spectrum health flow cytometry laboratory has confirmed the benefits of a drug used to treat osteoarthritis, a degenerative disease that affects 90 % of people over the age of 65. calvin biology professor david deheer and 2001 calvin graduate kyle sheehan have spent the last three years researching the reasons why a substance called hyaluronic acid helps relieve the pain of osteoarthritis in people who are not helped by such typical anti - inflammatories as ibuprofen. hyaluronic acid is injected right into the joint, typically the knee joint, in a physician ' s office and usually given once a week for five weeks. its benefits, reduced pain and inflamation, last anywhere from six to nine months. but some physicians and researchers have doubted the worth of hyaluronic acid, which has been used in europe to treat osteoarthritis since 1987. it ' s been called \" goo, \" in not all - together flattering terms by some researchers. and deheer himself admits : \" it ' s a long, simple, rather unexciting molecule. it ' s basically repeating sugar units. \" but, despite its simplicity, what deheer and sheehan discovered over the last three years is that hyaluronic acid, a natural chemical found in the body in particularly high amounts in joint tissue, is an incredibly effective anti - inflammatory agent in and around the human knee joint ( and non - human joints too as evidenced by years of use on race horses ). this summer they are reporting their findings in papers for three different medical journals, including the journal of biological chemistry and the journal of orthopaedic research. what they ' ll describe in those papers is their conclusion and how they got to it. their conclusion is simple : hyaluronic acid works. but there ' s more to how it works than meets the eye. the drug is injected into the synovial sac, which protects the joint and also secretes the synovial fluid, which oils the joint. but the half life of the acid is 24 hours, so after about a week the typical injection of two millilitres has disappeared. yet it continues to work. what deheer and sheehan hoped to figure out was how. what they discovered is that the acid, before it disappears, interacts with a cell called a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48462588170974996, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.118390"} {"text": "the typical injection of two millilitres has disappeared. yet it continues to work. what deheer and sheehan hoped to figure out was how. what they discovered is that the acid, before it disappears, interacts with a cell called a macrophage. macrophages produce inflammation. \" hyaluronic acid, \" says sheehan, \" basically tells the macrophages to be quiet, calm down, to die. fewer macrophages means less inflammation. \" in fact sheehan and deheer found that hyaluronic acid will eliminate about 99 % of the macrophage cells. in patients this could contribute to a significant reduction in inflammation and pain. their work was done, says deheer, at a very basic scientific level. they grew macrophage cell cultures. and they studied the impact of clinical preparations of hyaluronic acid, which they purchased from the two major manufacturers, on those cell cultures, using a sophisticated piece of equipment at spectrum health called a flow cytometer. the results, they say, were dramatic. macrophage cell cultures treated with the acid were decimated. those not treated thrived. \" the result, \" says deheer, \" is that macrophage cells behave like they do in a person without osteoarthritis. there are lots of big molecules of hyaluronic acid, but hardly any macrophage cells. thus a reduction in inflammation and a reduction in pain. this ' unexciting ' molecule has a very exciting role in the knee joint. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47150263788903424, "token_count": 320, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.118962"} {"text": "every day, we encourage our children to brush their teeth. but little did we know just how hazardous this could be. since 2007, health canada has required the following warning on all fluoride - containing toothpastes : \u201c do not swallow. keep out of reach of children under six years of age. if more than used for brushing is accidentally swallowed, get medical help or contact a poison control centre right away. \u201d considering the amount of toothpaste that health canada recommends those over three years of age use is only the size of a green pea, that \u2019 s a pretty serious warning. unfortunately, most tubes of fluoridated toothpaste still do not carry this warning. when i questioned health canada early last year about these missing warnings, i was told that, due to an oversight, health canada failed to notify manufacturers that this warning must appear on fluoridated toothpaste labels. health canada said that would be corrected by notifying manufacturers, but almost a year has passed and nothing has changed. while health canada requires this acute toxicity warning, it doesn \u2019 t seem to be in any hurry to ensure manufacturers comply. in the meantime, how many children are being harmed? what \u2019 s truly baffling is that health canada finds it necessary to issue these very serious warnings about swallowing tiny amounts of fluoride in toothpaste, but it doesn \u2019 t issue any warning when the same amount of fluoride is swallowed in our drinking water. a pea - sized amount of fluoridated toothpaste contains the same amount of fluoride found in one - and - a - half glasses of tap water in sydney, new waterford, glace bay and the northside, where fluoridation chemicals are intentionally added. it \u2019 s time that health canada got its message straight : it \u2019 s not safe to swallow fluoride in our toothpaste, so it \u2019 s definitely not safe to swallow fluoride in our drinking water. what \u2019 s worse is that when fluoride is intentionally added to our drinking water, there is no control over how much each person swallows. we are also ingesting fluoride when we eat or drink anything processed in an artificially fluoridated community. fluoride accumulates in our bones and soft tissues. most disturbing is that infants drinking formula mixed with fluoridated water are swallowing the highest level of fluoride per kilogram of body weight. they are receiving up to 200 times more fluoride than a breastfed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4163344229443662, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.123073"} {"text": "blame it on the pax americana and the rule of law thomas w. mcshane from parameters, summer 2002, pp. 57 - 72. you may fly over a land forever ; you may bomb it, atomize it, pulverize it and wipe it clean of lifebut if you desire to defend it, protect it, and keep it for civilization, you must do this on the ground, the way the roman legions did, by putting your young men into the mud. t. r. fehrenbach, this kind of war in the third century before christ, roman legions gained control of the region around rome. over the next two centuries they conquered the italian peninsula, defeated the carthaginians and greeks for regional domination, and extended their hegemony throughout the mediterranean. in the end they created the pax romana. the romans were efficient conquerors and superb administrators. more important, their legions set the conditions for centuries of peace and prosperity. roman roads sped commerce as well as armies. arts, literature, and education flourished from england to mesopotamia, and from germany to north africa. they built magnificent cities and elevated the quality of life throughout their empire, for romans and non - romans alike. they had no peer competitor. and they left us records of their achievements. romes legacy of a unified, stable world at peace within secure borders proved far more enduring than its empire. the idea, if not the reality, of a holy roman empire lasted well into the modern era. in the 19th century the british empire established political and military control over a large portion of the planet and amassed both wealth and power. it is no coincidence that this period is remembered as the pax britannia. since the end of world war ii in 1945, america and the west generally have enjoyed peace and prosperity. despite the cold war, occasional regional wars, and a variety of local conflicts and revolutions, this era is often referred to as the pax americana in view of the protection and stability provided by american military and economic power. that power rebuilt europe and caused the collapse of the soviet union. 1 the pax americana today, america stands unchallenged as a global power, projecting its economic and military strength throughout the world. american values and ideals form the basis for international discourse. there are those who do not share these values, and others who openly and violently struggle against them. nonetheless, the pax americana is a reality. the question is, where do we go from here? finding themselves inheritors of the mantle of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41414826308358244, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.158015"} {"text": ". there are those who do not share these values, and others who openly and violently struggle against them. nonetheless, the pax americana is a reality. the question is, where do we go from here? finding themselves inheritors of the mantle of empire, americans evince little enthusiasm for the burdens it entails. despite american reticence, international efforts at peacekeeping and peacemaking led by the united states enjoyed considerable success in the last decade, along with notable failures and a great deal of frustration. the world remains a dangerous place, even more so since the terrorist attacks of 11 september 2001. 2 universal peace remains a goal beyond the reach of human nature, but the pursuit reflects favorably on mans nobler ideals. the subject of this article is the use of military power, particularly american power, to establish and enforce global peace. the focus is on legal considerations of peace enforcement, 3 particularly complicated questions of international law. 4 critical to this analysis is how the united states and the international community apply evolving concepts of international humanitarian law. recent experiences with operations other than war, including peace enforcement, will serve to illustrate the challenges confronting international peacekeepers. lawyers representing the united nations, nongovernmental organizations, and military forces are frequently found on the front lines of modern contingency operations. no operation takes place without extensive legal review. ironically, the legal community, both military and civilian, is often regarded as an obstacle on the road of progress by military colleagues and by the general public. as one respected scholar described it, the debate between the proponents of nonintervention and the supporters of intervention in defense of human rights is sometimes presented as a struggle between a cadre of reactionary lawyers and au - thoritarian rulers on the one hand, and a community of enlightened humanitarians on the other. 5 the reader can determine whether there is any truth in this observation. unlike their television counterparts, military lawyers6 have few opportunities to personally participate in intrigue, adventure, or aerial combat. determining the state of the law with respect to peace enforcement is more important and equally fraught with danger. negotiating peace and helping to keep the peace when hostilities end is one thing, but enforcing peace and intervening in the affairs of sovereign, independent states is something altogether different. consequences involve not only human rights but human life as well. the task is difficult, but not hopeless. well - established legal standards and precedents help shape and define the proper course of action. this article will address three important issues encountered in peace enforcement operations. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5148541287991574, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.159121"} {"text": "only human rights but human life as well. the task is difficult, but not hopeless. well - established legal standards and precedents help shape and define the proper course of action. this article will address three important issues encountered in peace enforcement operations. the first involves when the use of armed force is legal under international law. second, what limits does sovereignty impose on those considering intervention? the third and final issue surrounds the proper application of military power, whether and when it is appropriate to use military force or the threat of force to compel peace. when does international law permit armed force? the basic principle is easy. war is legal. always has been. this is not to say, to paraphrase michael douglass character gordon gekko in the movie wall street, that war is good. nor does it imply that war need always be right or just. most states believe that all their wars are just wars, but reality often differs. a long and detailed body of international law consisting of treaty law and customary international law prescribes the legal, if not moral, justifications for war or armed conflict. 7 a brief look at traditional and modern notions regarding war follows. historically, states resorted to war to acquire territory, to increase populations, to uphold the sovereigns or the states honor, to gain economic or political advantage, and to defend themselves from aggression. wars over religion were once common, though the treaty of westphalia in 1648 largely eliminated the practice in western europe. the worlds reaction to the devastation of the two world wars of the 20th century put an end to certain long - held rights of states to wage war. the united nations charter publicly renounces the aggressive use of force, and by implication ( with apologies to clausewitz ) any use of force by states to achieve political ends : all members shall settle their international disputes by peaceful means in such a manner that international peace and security, and justice, are not endangered. 8 states may engage in armed conflict to defend their territory, their citizens abroad in certain circumstances, their allies by treaty, when directed to do so by the united nations security council, and in other limited circumstances amounting to individual or collective self - defense, including anticipatory self - defense. 9 the creation of the united nations in 1945 and the proceedings of the nuremberg tribunal immediately following were watershed events. they per - manently altered the nature and terms of the debate regarding a states right to wage war and its treatment of its citizens. together, they announce to the world that aggressive war will no longer be tolerated by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48977658204545765, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.160375"} {"text": "tribunal immediately following were watershed events. they per - manently altered the nature and terms of the debate regarding a states right to wage war and its treatment of its citizens. together, they announce to the world that aggressive war will no longer be tolerated by the international community, and that individuals who commit crimes against peace or crimes against humanity, however defined, may be held criminally responsible and accountable for their acts. the coming establishment of an international criminal court pursuant to the rome statute10 promises further reinforcement of these principles, and signals that international criminals will be unable to hide behind state borders. these unprecedented developments cannot be overlooked. they reshape our reference points and cause us to think in new ways. they do not, however, vitiate established international law regarding the use of force. its extremely important to distinguish between internal and international armed conflict. the united nations charter, the geneva conventions, their protocols, and other international agreements regulate international armed conflict between states. the united nations charter, for example, restricts only armed conflict involving signatory states. true, the 1977 protocols11 to the geneva conventions, in particular protocol ii, attempt to regulate internal armed conflicts, that is, those occurring within the borders of states. but all these agreements, including the 1977 protocols, 12 prohibit outside signatory parties from intervening in internal, or civil, wars. with the limited humanitarian exceptions of common article 3 of the geneva conventions13 and the 1977 protocols, international law does not forbid or constrain civil war. the cold war in its many forms stretched the principle of nonintervention, one can argue, to the breaking point. from korea to vietnam, from angola to ethiopia to nicaragua, the western powers and the soviet bloc in effect chose sides in what might otherwise be termed civil wars, internal rebellions, or wars of national liberation. fortunately for civilization, none of these conflicts, with the possible exception of the cuban missile crisis, pushed the world to the abyss of global thermonuclear war. yet despite these precedents, the principle of nonintervention remains firmly embedded in international law and international institutions. states ignore this principle at their peril. 14 what has dramatically changed since world war ii and the creation of the united nations, with its emphasis on peaceful resolution of disputes, is the willingness of any state to declare war on another. states display a marked unwillingness to characterize their hostile acts as war, and little inclination to offer a clear statement of their purpose in going to war. its hard for us today", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5402392464768757, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.161385"} {"text": "disputes, is the willingness of any state to declare war on another. states display a marked unwillingness to characterize their hostile acts as war, and little inclination to offer a clear statement of their purpose in going to war. its hard for us today to comprehend the diplomatic formalities of august 1914 and the exchanges of notes between king and czar, premier and kaiser, preceding formal declarations of war by the great powers of europe. 15 international dialogue and terms of reference at the start of the 21st century are so different as to be unrecognizable to any statesman of 1914. wars have become police actions, or interventions undertaken in opposition to external aggression. even our terminology is less bellicose. war is not politi - cally correct, and this has led to some rather bizarre exchanges. in supporting the us bombing of iraq in 1998 before a college audience, secretary of state madeleine albright was questioned about the possibility of the united states being trapped in a prolonged conflict. she replied that critics didnt understand : we are talking about using military force, but we are not talking about a war, she snapped. 16 unfortunately, while professing politically acceptable goals and objectives, states have exercised little restraint in the means and amount of force they have employed against one another or, for that matter, against their own citizens. one sobering statistic worth reflecting upon is the number of deaths attributed to nondemocratic regimes against their own citizens, a figure estimated at approximately 170 million people over the course of the 20th century. this figure is two to four times the number of total war dead over the same period. 17 in light of the holocaust, the soviet gulags, the slaughter in cambodia, and similar dictatorial excesses, the recent temptation to intervene, given appropriate circumstances, is difficult to resist. self - defense, on the other hand, appears to be a growth industry. there is no shortage of victims of aggression, but, remarkably, no trace of an aggressor. when we recall the claims of nazi germany that it invaded poland in self - defense in 1939, this occurrence doesnt seem so unusual. as previously noted, states may legally use force in self - defense both under the un charter and in accord with generally accepted principles of international law. any attempt to chronicle the application of self - defense and the variations on this theme over the past 50 years would require an anthology. advocates of aggressive humanitarian intervention regularly invoke self - defense of neighboring states, or collective or regional self - defense,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5285120002714516, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.162324"} {"text": "any attempt to chronicle the application of self - defense and the variations on this theme over the past 50 years would require an anthology. advocates of aggressive humanitarian intervention regularly invoke self - defense of neighboring states, or collective or regional self - defense, as justification for forcing peace within another states sovereign territory. this raises the question whether self - defense trumps the principle of nonintervention, and if so, under what circumstances? the international community has been less than successful in preventing or resolving armed conflict. blame it on the cold war and un security council gridlock if you wish, but the cold war is over and the problem remains. the causes of unrest, chaos, and conflict are complicated, and they will not go away. ethnic and religious differences have led to the proliferation of more culturally - homogeneous but less economically - viable states. in other cases, particularly in somalia, ethnic war has resulted in states that exist only in name, the so - called failed state phenomenon. despite well - intentioned efforts, the international community has thus far been unable to outlaw either war or internal armed conflict, and has little prospect of doing so in the future. some even argue that intrastate conflict must be left to run its course, that it is an internal matter of no concern to others, unless the fighting crosses international borders. in fact, some advocate, civil war may prove beneficial in the long run. 18 this presents powerful states and international organizations with difficult challenges, as witnessed over the past decade in locations as geographically dispersed as bosnia, somalia, and east timor. in all three cases, internal armed conflict, exposed to the world by a high - tech, omnipresent global media, captured the attention of the international community. pressure from these sources and from key players such as the united states, the united nations, nato, and nongovernmental organizations led to international intervention in all three locations, albeit under un security council auspices. 19 its important to emphasize that each of these cases differed in significant respects. somalia represented a complete collapse of government and descent into chaos and tribal warfare, a true failed state. bosnia - herzegovina more resembled a classic civil - war power struggle fueled by long - suppressed ethnic hostilities, with the added element of outside agitation and participation by serbia. east timor represented another form of civil war, the attempted secession by an isolated province of indonesia. more complicated was the situation facing nato in kosovo in 1999. ethnic differences between eastern orthodox serbians and muslims of the yugoslavian province of kosovo presented issues similar to those found", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5278711311270187, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.163297"} {"text": "another form of civil war, the attempted secession by an isolated province of indonesia. more complicated was the situation facing nato in kosovo in 1999. ethnic differences between eastern orthodox serbians and muslims of the yugoslavian province of kosovo presented issues similar to those found in bosnia, while the kosovo liberation armys efforts at secession resembled the situation in east timor. yet throughout the crisis, the established government of the federal republic of yugoslavia, a recognized sovereign state of which serbia, montenegro, and kosovo are integral parts, remained firmly in control. all efforts to persuade or coerce yugoslavian president slobodan milosevic to reduce pressure on the kosovars met with failure. fears that the serbs were replicating a pattern of ethnic cleansing, atrocities, and refugee flows observed previously in bosnia drove the international community in general, and nato in particular, to seek other solutions. general wesley clark, former nato commander, writes in his book waging modern war : the western nations, and even the united states, had come to recognize that a nato force on the ground was essential in precluding a renewed outbreak of fighting in kosovo, but they also knew that it would require serb permission to place such a force there. the diplomats once again adopted a carrot - and - stick approach, warning the serbs that if they didnt negotiate and accept the proposed agreement, and the nato - led force along with it, then they would be hit by nato airstrikes. 20 the next portion of this article examines current international law with respect to sovereignty and whether evolving notions of international humanitarian law permit intervention in circumstances previously regarded as an act of war. what restrictions does sovereignty impose on intervention? the peace of augsburg of 1555 and the treaty of westphalia of 1648 serve as important reference points when discussing sovereignty. these peace treaties, marking major demarcation lines in the religious wars of the reformation, enunciated the basic international state system that exists today. the basic building block of that system was the sovereignty of the ruler and by implication the sovereignty of the territorial state. this principle holds that no power can compel a sovereign state to take any action that it does not wish to take within its territorial boundaries. historically, each sovereign state exercised supreme power within its recognized borders, to include the right to regulate commerce, coin money, control the movement of its citizens and non - citizens found within its borders, to wage war, and to defend itself. unless a state of war existed, no other state or states had any legal authority to send their armed forces across its international borders unless", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5342859193810953, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.164258"} {"text": "control the movement of its citizens and non - citizens found within its borders, to wage war, and to defend itself. unless a state of war existed, no other state or states had any legal authority to send their armed forces across its international borders unless invited to do so. the united nations charter is predicated upon this traditional concept of sovereignty. article 2, section 1, of the charter reminds us that the organization is based on the principle of the sovereign equality of all its members. 21 the traditional view of international law respecting international agreements holds that states cede portions of their sovereign rights for the limited purposes of, and strictly in accordance with the terms of, a treaty, convention, or agreement. no less and no more. in the case of the united nations itself, the organization enjoys only those rights and powers which the sovereign states in their collective wisdom have chosen to give to it. as the permanent court of international justice, precursor of the international court of justice, stated in the s. s. lotus case in 1927 : international law governs relations between independent states. the rules of law binding upon states therefore emanate from their own free will as expressed in conventions or by usages generally accepted as expressing principles of law... with a view to the achievement of common aims. restrictions upon the independence of states cannot therefore be presumed. 22 some would argue that the positivist approach to sovereignty described above is an outmoded concept, that international law has evolved beyond this point. this approach, they claim, enabled the soviets and the nazis to slaughter millions of their own citizens and pursue aggressive expansion by force. surely the creation of the united nations, the nuremberg principles, and more than 50 years of subsequent treaty development render obsolete pre - 1945 concepts. 23 this line of reasoning stems from a series of international conventions emphasizing the pri - macy of human rights. they include the united nations universal declaration of human rights, 24 the genocide convention, 25 the ottawa convention on land mines, 26 and the rome statute creating the international criminal court. 27 taking these developments and recent instances of humanitarian intervention together, it is argued, reflects an emerging consensus regarding the nature and purpose of international law. this consensus is best described as one emphasizing individual rights over the sovereign rights of states, and requires the international community to enforce legal and humanitarian violations wherever and whenever found. put another way, states must affirmatively act to enforce human rights whether they like it or not. these basic human rights are universal, the argument continues, and exist independently of states. states can neither", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5657685149942551, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.165462"} {"text": "enforce legal and humanitarian violations wherever and whenever found. put another way, states must affirmatively act to enforce human rights whether they like it or not. these basic human rights are universal, the argument continues, and exist independently of states. states can neither grant nor deny these fundamental rights. any state or groups of states may act to protect and enforce these rights at any time and at any place. it is therefore immaterial whether states have agreed to be bound by agreement to enforce them. consider this natural law with an attitude! interpreting international law in this manner casts established notions of jus ad bellum28 and, to a lesser extent, jus in bello, 29 in an entirely new light. it purports to authorize intervention in the affairs of sovereign states, including the use of force, to either correct or prevent violations of human rights. it serves to support military action taken in kosovo or elsewhere to coerce or enforce the desired result, even against a sovereign state in apparent violation of the un charter and international law as we have known it. the ends justify the means. one problem with this interventionist school of thought is that it runs counter to the majority view of the international legal community ( those reactionary lawyers again ). a closer look at the un charter and other international agreements discloses no mechanism for enforcement of human rights or of the peace except through the united nations or the international court of justice ( title ix of the genocide convention provides a mechanism for compulsory jurisdiction in the international court of justice in certain instances ). dr. yoram dinstein, international law expert, former president of tel aviv university, and currently a fellow at the max planck institute in heidelberg, germany, stated in a recent article critical of nato intervention in kosovo : nowhere does the [ genocide ] convention imply that there exists a third choice of a unilateral air campaign. 30 what then was the legal justification, the jus ad bellum, for natos military campaign launched against serbia and kosovo in april 1999? nato leaders and legal advisors articulated a number of very appealing reasons for intervention, including collective self - defense and regional security under articles 51, 52, and 53 of the un charter. in practical terms, nato member states envisioned a recurrence of events witnessed years earlier in bosnia - herzegovina. they believed milosevic planned to ethnically cleanse the province, to kill and terrorize enough kosovars to persuade the majority to leave kosovo and yugoslavia. if true, this would have turned loose a million or more refugees on the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4459475329040469, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.166531"} {"text": "- herzegovina. they believed milosevic planned to ethnically cleanse the province, to kill and terrorize enough kosovars to persuade the majority to leave kosovo and yugoslavia. if true, this would have turned loose a million or more refugees on the poorest and least stable region in europe. the potential effects were devastating, and they wouldnt have spared the nato countries. self - defense seemed at least a plausible argument. some nato members determined that intervention was justified based solely on international humanitarian concerns, citing the risks of even greater atrocities if the serbians were not stopped. 31 while this argument ventured into relatively uncharted legal waters, from a humanitarian point of view it held great appeal. nato political leaders and lawyers examined the problem from every conceivable angle. american military commanders and their judge advocates at supreme headquarters allied powers europe, the us european command, and us army europe pondered the legal basis for and effects of possible military intervention. neither they nor their counterparts at the joint chiefs of staff, the department of defense, or the civilian political leadership articulated a unified american position regarding the legal basis for intervention. 32 the decision to bomb kosovo and serbia became the ultimate decision by committee. natos political leadership at the north atlantic council made the decision to intervene. many of the individual nato nations articulated reasons for their support of intervention, but no overarching consensus as to why intervention should be pursued was ever reached. 33 the action by nato is commonly justified on the basis of humanitarian intervention, but the legal rationale is best described as, it seemed like a good idea at the time. when is it appropriate to use or threaten use of military force? the third and final issue to be examined starts with the proposition that the military element of national power is a rather blunt instrument, not a precision tool. it doesnt work in every case, and in fact can make things worse, which compels us to carefully consider other options before applying it. many in the american military express strongly held views on the use of american soldiers as peacekeepers or peacemakers. their views are usually expressed as follows : the army exists to defend the nation and its vital interests ; soldiers are trained to fight wars and must be kept ready and available to defend vital american interests if and when called upon. peacekeeping and humanitarian intervention missions do not advance american security or vital interests, the argument continues, and can in fact have a serious, detrimental effect on the ability of military units to fulfill their basic mission of fighting and winning the nations wars. this argument has particular relevance to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47917983761602473, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.167743"} {"text": "intervention missions do not advance american security or vital interests, the argument continues, and can in fact have a serious, detrimental effect on the ability of military units to fulfill their basic mission of fighting and winning the nations wars. this argument has particular relevance to the current war on terrorism. the counterargument is best expressed by a remark that former secretary of state albright is said to have made to then - chairman of the joint chiefs of staff colin powell : whats the point of having this superb military of yours that youre always talking about if we cant use it? 34 one can debate the issue at length. both arguments are compelling and have merit. to choose one course of action over another entails risk ; to do both simultaneously, as the united states has attempted to do over the last decade, also has distinct disadvantages. in short, the lively debate reflects the conflict these two positions create. its not just a choice between doing good and doing nothing. peace, it would appear, comes with a steep price tag. peacekeeping detracts from combat readiness. units engaged in peacekeeping are largely unavailable for combat deployment six months before and six months after their peacekeeping employment, which usually last six months. hence for 18 months, the unit is considered unavailable. on the other hand, most observers would agree that american soldiers have been extremely successful at peacemaking, peacekeeping, humanitarian assistance, and other variants of military operations other than war. reports from the balkans, haiti, and elsewhere indicate that commanders and soldiers alike feel they are doing something important, and that they have made a difference. reenlistment rates in these units tend to run above average. but lets examine the issue again, this time from a lawyers perspective. thespians have an old cliche : acting is easy ; comedy is hard. rephrasing it in legal terms : war is easy ; peace enforcement is hard. it is more than the siphoning off of trained combat units. it reflects an environment that is not well - defined and that changes constantly. it isnt war, but it isnt peace either ; its often difficult to tell who the enemy is, if anyone. rules of engagement become complicated, and even small actions can have international repercussions. all in all, its a risky business. its time to reexamine how to go about creating peace where none exists, because intervention may not be the best answer. the international community uses coercive diplomacy to signal its resolve and to place pressure upon warring factions to restore order ; specific methods", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46297527681642026, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.168762"} {"text": "its time to reexamine how to go about creating peace where none exists, because intervention may not be the best answer. the international community uses coercive diplomacy to signal its resolve and to place pressure upon warring factions to restore order ; specific methods include embargoes of arms and war materiel, trade sanctions, financial sanctions, and diplomatic sanctions. these measures have been applied with varying success in recent decades. for example, the un and nato first imposed arms embargoes to minimize violence in the war - torn bosnia - herzegovina in the early 1990s, then found arming the bosnians and their croatian allies more effective in bringing the parties to the dayton peace talks. the united states joined the international community in enforcing trade and economic sanctions against south africa in the 1980s, and the apartheid regime eventually surrendered power. we currently employ diplomatic and economic sanctions against cuba, north korea, and iraq, though with questionable effect. on the positive side, sanctions generally preclude direct application of military force ( occasional sanction enforcement may be required, however, as has been the case with iraq ). on the negative side, sanctions take a long time to work, and dont appear to work very well against dictators, who have no qualms about passing on the burden to their people. technology now provides potentially better and less - intrusive methods of coercing state conduct short of military intervention, such as satellite surveillance and information operations using the internet and digital technology. military force was used as an alternative means of coercing or forcing peace in korea, bosnia, kosovo, somalia, haiti, and iraq, among others. as is true of sanctions, military force does not guarantee success. saddam hussein remains in power and remains dangerous despite his military defeat in the gulf war a decade ago. international peacekeepers will be in bosnia and kosovo for years or decades to come. after an initial attempt, the international community ceased efforts to force peace in somalia, which remains a failed state. haiti appears little better off today as a result of american intervention in the 1990s. this analysis indicates that there is a choice to make between two distinct courses of action, neither of which guarantees success. given the choice, the decision to apply military force adds an element of risk without a commensurate guarantee of peace and stability. it therefore seems logical to apply other elements of national power initially. military force, if used it all, should be reserved as a last resort when other means have failed. in his book, general clark argues that despite natos", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5323409094901421, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.169777"} {"text": "of peace and stability. it therefore seems logical to apply other elements of national power initially. military force, if used it all, should be reserved as a last resort when other means have failed. in his book, general clark argues that despite natos initial hesitation and lack of preparation to apply military force in kosovo, the operation must be considered a success. but he calls it a painful success, with painful lessons, and acknowledges that many were questioning what had been accomplished. 35 its appropriate to reconsider now the point raised earlier in another context : assuming for purposes of argument that international law permits intervention in the affairs of a sovereign state, and considering the kosovo precedent, when is it advisable to employ military force? experience teaches that it depends on the circumstances. examining recent american interventions in the western hemisphere, notably grenada, panama, and haiti, cited justifications for use of american military force include defense of american citizens ( grenada ) and protection of vital national interests. other jus ad bellum justifications include the monroe doctrine, restoration of democratically elected governments ( panama, haiti ), and international mandates ( e. g.. resolutions by the organization of american states [ oas ] or the united nations ). excepting oas and un mandates, since those organizations didnt then exist, the same arguments were used to justify american interventions in haiti from 1915 to 1934 and in nicaragua from 1927 to 1933. examining overseas interventions in places as diverse as kuwait, somalia, and kosovo, cited justifications include chapter vii ( threats to the peace, breaches, aggression ) and chapter viii ( regional arrangements ) of the united nations charter, resolutions of the un security council, and concepts such as collective security, regional stability, and humanitarian intervention. the world honors sovereignty at the discussion table, but in practice has often acted as if might makes right. this contradiction ought to stimulate at least a modicum of concern. one issue to consider is americas reputation in the world, how others perceive us. this topic enjoys current popularity as a result of 11 september and the cultural and religious overtones of the war against terrorism. without addressing the clash of cultures between the west and islam, american efforts at peacekeeping in its own backyard have done little to eliminate the stereotype of the ugly american, the gringo bully from the north. the jury is probably still out on recent efforts in the balkans, but it may be prudent not to expect too much. suffice it to say that good intentions do not guarantee good results. the real question may not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5171354651043192, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.171454"} {"text": "from the north. the jury is probably still out on recent efforts in the balkans, but it may be prudent not to expect too much. suffice it to say that good intentions do not guarantee good results. the real question may not be whether intervention is legal, but rather what it is that we hope to accomplish by the use of force that we cannot accomplish by other means. in this regard, soldiers make good peacemakers and good peacekeepers, but lousy nation - builders once peace is restored. international forces struggle with this problem today in bosnia and in kosovo. other skills may be better suited for the task of building a stable society and an enduring peace, although even un and international experts face stiff challenges in restoring civil society in bosnia and kosovo. with regard to the current war on terrorism, many will carefully observe international efforts to rebuild afghanistan in the post - taliban era. at the same time, we must anticipate that military actions may have unintended consequences. kosovo is a case in point. nato bombed serbia and kosovo to relieve the suffering kosovars of serbian oppression and to prevent the possible destabilization of macedonia, albania, and even bosnia. the air war, however, forced serbian ground troops in kosovo to disperse and indirectly made it easier for them to drive kosovars from their homes ( there is some debate on the numbers and the timing of this ). inadvertently, the air war may have helped to create the very refugee flow it was designed to prevent. most sources reporting on conditions in kosovo after the entry of nato and russian forces indicate that the reports of death and destruction which triggered the intervention in the first place had been exaggerated. 36 nonetheless, nato forces now occupying that part of yugoslavia must protect serbs living there from the revenge of the kosovars. an end state remains elusive. it is beyond the scope of this article to speculate whether nato could have resolved the kosovo crisis differently. to be fair, nato succeeded in evicting the serbian army from kosovo under terms of the military technical agreement facilitating natos and russias entry into kosovo. lives were saved and fighting ceased. but short of establishing a un protectorate within yugoslavia, or coercing them to grant kosovo independence ( even assuming kosovo could survive as an independent entity ), its hard to envision a satisfactory endgame. in military terms, we need to do a better job of risk analysis before committing military forces to establish peace. this entails weighing the expected benefits to be gained against the costs involved. the cost of military intervention", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4826125879180732, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.172581"} {"text": "to envision a satisfactory endgame. in military terms, we need to do a better job of risk analysis before committing military forces to establish peace. this entails weighing the expected benefits to be gained against the costs involved. the cost of military intervention can be high : proponents must establish a legal basis, a jus ad bellum for action ; they must apply force consistent with the laws of armed conflict and possible mandates of the un security council ; the fighting must be controlled both in time and in space ; fallout and political reactions must be anticipated ; and, lastly, those advocating intervention must expect the unexpected. murphys law applies to all endeavors, especially military ones. obviously, when the benefits to be gained are human lives and freedoms, some degree of risk is appropriate. recent events indicate, however, that proponents of intervention habitually overestimate the benefits and underestimate the costs. pax americana, international law, and the new world order in practical terms, the foregoing discussion provides several useful lessons for future intervention in pursuit of pax americana. the first is that multilateral intervention is the preferred course of action in most cases. america lacks the political and military strength to go it alone in every instance. us economic and military power can provide the mobility to go anywhere, but coalitions provide additional resources and political support. the second lesson would be to apply diplomatic, informational, and economic elements of national power in the first instance, reserving military force until absolutely necessary. these measures can be extremely effective in many circumstances, and will show the world that all possible courses of action have been exhausted before resorting to military force if that becomes necessary. finally, every outbreak does not cry out for international intervention. some problems will resolve themselves ; other problems may be resolved by regional powers or regional organizations. unless international stability is seriously threatened, mobilizing the international community and its resources might be counterproductive. analyzing peace enforcement in these terms is not comforting. it leaves the matter largely unresolvedwhich is as it should be. wielding force is not easy, and it shouldnt be made easy. legal and political considerations cannot be ignored. the united states and it allies have learned some harsh lessons since the heady days of 1990 and 1991, of the great coalition forged by president bush to expel the iraqis from kuwait. the new world order promised by the collapse of the soviet union and the end of the cold war has not yet come to pass. on the other hand, the general prosperity of the last decade and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5231544031485316, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.173700"} {"text": "president bush to expel the iraqis from kuwait. the new world order promised by the collapse of the soviet union and the end of the cold war has not yet come to pass. on the other hand, the general prosperity of the last decade and successful multilateral efforts at humanitarian relief, peacekeeping, and peace enforcement offer hope for the future. globalization is here to stay. 37 ironically, the new global coalition to fight terrorism is the best evidence that while universal peace remains elusive, the world is more united than ever in defeating and eliminating international aggression. perhaps it is unrealistic to expect more. it may be more precise to say that the problems with peace enforcement lie more with the means than with the ends. few states considering themselves influential players on the world stage would publicly renounce peacekeeping. this particularly applies to the chinese and to the russians. one problem frequently encountered is determining when and how to intervene. the united states wrestled with this problem in rwanda and later in bosnia. no nation, even the united states, can afford to intervene militarily everywhere. thus the clinton administration struggled with the humanitarian concerns in rwanda, balancing the need to do something against military capabilities and political concerns at home and abroad. for several years prior to the dayton agreements, the united states and nato appeared at odds over a course of action in bosnia - herzegovina. the same arguments resurfaced with respect to kosovo. lacking a un security council resolution authorizing intervention38 because of anticipated chinese and russian veto, nato struggled to resolve the conflict without military force. diplomatic efforts at rambouillet came close but eventually collapsed. 39 when this coercive diplomacy failed, nato was forced to justify military intervention where no clear precedent existed. the danger here lies in that precedent. although one action does not necessarily establish customary international law, it makes it more difficult the next time around. if nato acts to force peace in kosovo, why not in chechnya? why not in tibet? if the chinese assert human rights violations against ethnic chinese minorities in southeast asia, does kosovo justify chinese military intervention? using military force without a clear basis in international law weakens the force and the effect of international law, and encourages states to interpret it as they wish, ignoring the united nations, international agreements, and customary international law in the process. ample basis exists under international law for peace enforcement in appropriate circumstances, as this article has pointed out. almost any armed conflict that spills over international borders will trigger an international response. a wide range of tools is available to contain violence and associated human", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.521111682757526, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.174685"} {"text": ". ample basis exists under international law for peace enforcement in appropriate circumstances, as this article has pointed out. almost any armed conflict that spills over international borders will trigger an international response. a wide range of tools is available to contain violence and associated human rights violations without launching air strikes. in isolated instances nothing short of military force will work, and in many of them international law will support intervention. in other instances, stretching the rule of law to justify intervention is like trying to fit a square peg into a round holeit may go in, but it isnt designed to. international law resembles in many respects a slow - moving iceberg with 90 percent of its volume below water. but icebergs move and icebergs melt, and international law does change. there is growing recognition of a conditional right to intervene in internal armed conflicts to enforce peace, to aid in self - determination of peoples, to stop human rights violations, and in other circumstances not expressly authorized by international law. un authorization is helpful but not essential. multilateral and regional intervention by coalitions and organizations such as oas, the economic community of west african states, and nato are scenarios likely to repeat themselves. individual rights will con - tinue to compete with state sovereignty as a fundamental operating principle of international law. we cant impose criminal sanctions against individuals for war crimes and crimes against humanity without at least considering why we cannot impose similar sanctions against states that deliberately and systematically violate the human rights of their citizens. 40 international organizations, for legal and political reasons, often lack the necessary tools to enforce peace. peace enforcement is greatly dependent upon american leadership ; if the united states renounces the pax americana and reverts to an isolationist philosophy, significant momentum will be lost. this possibility appears unlikely at present. recent history and all objective factors indicate a strong international bias toward intervention, with american wealth and arms providing the overarching structure. were not there yet, and we may never arrive at the destination. but were a long way down a path that looks suspiciously like a roman road. 1. see eliot a. cohen, military power and international order, in managing global chaos, ed. chester a. crocker & fen osler hampson with pamela aall ( washington : united states institute of peace press, 1996 ), p. 223. 2. while some reference to the current war on terrorism is inevitable, the subject exceeds the scope of this article. operations against terrorists rest on clearly defined legal grounds of self - defense and international piracy. peace enforcement is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49808683109525126, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.175731"} {"text": "1996 ), p. 223. 2. while some reference to the current war on terrorism is inevitable, the subject exceeds the scope of this article. operations against terrorists rest on clearly defined legal grounds of self - defense and international piracy. peace enforcement is, in essence, much more complicated and controversial. 3. peace enforcement as used in this article refers to the concept outlined in chapter vii of the united nations charter. 4. international law is established by international agreement and by practice. agreements take various forms, and may be referred to as treaties, conventions, protocols, and statutes, among others. practice of states, both internally and externally, may form a basis of international law. customary international law is behavior by states reflecting their belief that a certain course of action is required by the international community or by practice among states. it may be based on agreement, but need not be. 5. draft paper by dr. douglas t. stuart, reconciling non - intervention and human rights, presented for discussion at an informal colloquium at dickinson college, carlisle, pa., on 24 april 2001. 6. judge advocate refers to the uniformed attorneys of the army, navy, air force, and coast guard. the senior lawyer of each service is the judge advocate general ( jag ), hence the term jag corps. the marine corps employs the term marine lawyer. 7. the term law of armed conflict is used interchangeably with the term law of war. 8. united nations charter, chapter i, article 2, para. 3. 9. ibid., chapter vii, article 51 : nothing in the present charter shall impair the inherent right of individual or collective self - defence if an armed attack occurs against a member of the united nations. 10. rome statute of the international criminal court, u. n. doc. a / conf. 183 / 9 ( 1998 ) ( united nations diplomatic conference of plenipotentiaries on the establishment of an international criminal court, 17 july 1998 ). hereinafter rome statute. the treaty enters into force on 1 july 2002. as of this writing, 139 nations have signed, and 66 have ratified. president clinton signed the rome statute on behalf of the united states on 31 december 2000. while reservations against certain procedural aspects of the courts exercise of jurisdiction threaten to delay senate ratification indefinitely, the united states has supported the creation of an international criminal tribunal as a necessary adjunct to the international rule of law since the versailles negotiations following world war i. how the international criminal court", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5445802816442664, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.177031"} {"text": "aspects of the courts exercise of jurisdiction threaten to delay senate ratification indefinitely, the united states has supported the creation of an international criminal tribunal as a necessary adjunct to the international rule of law since the versailles negotiations following world war i. how the international criminal court may affect peace operations is a legitimate question but outside the scope of this article. 11. protocol additional to the geneva conventions of 12 august 1949, and relating to the protection of victims of non - international armed conflicts ( protocol ii ), 12 december 1977, 16 i. l. m. 1391. 12. ibid. article 3, paragraph 2 of protocol ii states : nothing in this protocol shall be invoked as a justification for intervening, directly or indirectly, for any reason whatever, in the armed conflict or in the internal or external affairs of the high contracting party in the territory of which that conflict occurs. 13. geneva convention ( i ) for the amelioration of the condition of the wounded and sick in armed forces in the field, 1949, 75 u. s. t. s. 31, 32 - 34 ; geneva convention ( ii ) for the amelioration of the condition of wounded, sick and shipwrecked members of armed forces at sea, 1949, id. at 85, 86 - 88 ; geneva convention ( iii ) relative to the treatment of prisoners of war, 1949, id. at 135, 136 - 38 ; geneva convention ( iv ) relative to the protection of civilian persons in time of war, 1949, id. at 287, 288 - 90. 14. see, for example, the international court of justices decision in the case of nicaragua v. united states, 1986 icj 1 ( judgment of the court of june 27 ), which supports the principle of nonintervention in ruling against us support of the contra rebels. the case is a cold war relic and differs factually from the situation in kosovo. 15. see john g. stoessinger, why nations go to war ( boston : bedford / st. martins press, 1998 ), ch. 1. 16. quoted in andrew j. bacevich, policing utopia : the military imperatives of globalization, national interest, no. 56 ( summer 1999 ), p. 7. 17. see john norton moore, opening comments, 149 mil. l. rev. 7 at 10 ( 1995 ). professor moore, director of the center for national security law at the university of virginia school of law, made these opening remarks at a symposium on nuremberg and the rule of law :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4661305612784102, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.178051"} {"text": ", 149 mil. l. rev. 7 at 10 ( 1995 ). professor moore, director of the center for national security law at the university of virginia school of law, made these opening remarks at a symposium on nuremberg and the rule of law : a fifty year verdict at the us army judge advocate generals school, 17 november 1995. 18. see edward n. luttwak, give war a chance, foreign affairs, 78 ( july / august 1999 ), 36 - 44. 19. in the case of bosnia, the general framework agreement for peace in bosnia and herzegovina ( gfap ) ( initialed in dayton, ohio on 21 november 1995 and signed in paris, france on 14 december 1995 ), commonly referred to as the dayton agreement, provided the actual basis for a peace settlement predicated on subsequent employment of united nations peacekeeping forces. 20. wesley k. clark, waging modern war ( new york : public affairs press, 2001 ), p. 162. 21. united nations charter, chapter i, article 2, section 1. 22. ss lotus, ( fr. v. turk. ), 1927, p. c. i. j., ( ser. a ), no. 10, at 18 - 19 ( 7 september ). 23. see kofi a. annan, two concepts of sovereignty, the economist, 18 september 1999, p. 49. annan, secretary - general of the united nations, wrote : state sovereignty, in its most basic sense, is being redefinednot least by the forces of globalization and international cooperation. states are now widely understood to be instruments at the service of their peoples, and not vice versa. 24. universal declaration of human rights, united nations general assembly, 10 december 1948. 25. convention on the prevention and punishment of the crime of genocide, 9 december 1948, 78 u. n. t. s. 277, art. vi. 26. convention on the prohibition of the use, stockpiling, production, and transfer of anti - personnel mines ( apl ) and on their destruction, ottawa, canada, december 1997. 27. rome statute. 28. from the latin meaning justice toward war. often used in discussing reasons for going to war, and often related to discussions of just war. see martin j. cook, ethical issues in war : an overview, us army war college selected readings, academic year 2001 ( carlisle barracks, pa. : usawc, 2000 ), p. 230. 29. from the latin meaning justice in war", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5304283690866655, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.179122"} {"text": "see martin j. cook, ethical issues in war : an overview, us army war college selected readings, academic year 2001 ( carlisle barracks, pa. : usawc, 2000 ), p. 230. 29. from the latin meaning justice in war. this is usually associated with discussions regarding the laws of war, use of force, treatment of prisoners of war, noncombatants, lawful targets, etc. 30. the thirteenth waldemar a. solf lecture in international law, 166 mil. l. rev. 93 at 101 ( 2000 ). 31. for example, the united kingdom supported intervention as an exceptional measure under international law to avert a humanitarian disaster. remarks by christopher greenwood, qc, professor of international law, london school of economics and political science at the united states naval war college, newport, rhode island, 8 august 2001. 32. personal discussions by the author with colleagues and legal advisors for various american and nato headquarters, april 1999. 33. ibid. for a detailed analysis of legal arguments for intervention, see michael e. smith, nato, the kosovo liberation army, and the war for an independent kosovo : unlawful aggression or legitimate exercise of self - determination? the army lawyer, february 2001, p. 1. 34. andrew j. bacevich, policing utopia : the military imperatives of globalization, national interest, no. 56 ( summer 1999 ). 35. see clark, p. 417. 36. personal discussion with american judge advocates entering kosovo immediately after the military technical agreement between yugoslavia and nato entered into effect. 37. see thomas l. friedman, the lexus and the olive tree ( new york : anchor house, 2000 ). 38. un security council resolution 1244 ( 10 june 1999 ) was passed only after the bombing campaign was successful. it focused on the occupation and rebuilding of kosovo. 39. see clark, p. 162. 40. see the rome statute. the international criminal court will, like the international criminal tribunal for former yugoslavia ( icty ), have jurisdiction over individuals for crimes against humanity, genocide, and war crimes. jurisdiction is universal, and any state may arrest suspected violators. ironically, no similar provision permits states to take unilateral action against governments which commit the same crimes. colonel thomas w. mcshane is director of national security legal studies at the us army war college. he previously served as staff judge advocate for the us army southern european task force in italy during the kosovo campaign, as deputy staff judge advocate for the 101st airborne division", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5006617513868042, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.180508"} {"text": "annual observance world aids day will be commemorated on december 1, 2012. world aids day aims to increase awareness of the magnitude of the hiv / aids epidemic globally and in the us. world aids day is about increasing awareness, fighting prejudice and improving education. the world aids day theme for 2012 is \" getting to zero. \" the theme is about reducing new hiv infections, discrimination and aids related deaths to zero through increased advances and equal access to hiv prevention, testing, treatment and care. one hundred ninety - one countries around the world are observing this day to draw attention to the according to unaids estimates, there are now 34 million people living with hiv, including 2. 1 million children. over 25 million people have died from aids. during 2010 some 2. 7 million people became newly infected with raeann tucker - marshall, health department director of public information adds, \" to give people a more national perspective, according to the most recent cdc data, approximately 50, 000 americans become newly infected with hiv each year and more than 14, 000 people with aids die each year in the us. yet, studies show that some of the populations with the highest rates of infection either do not recognize their risk or believe that hiv is no longer a serious health threat. and research indicates that individuals who are complacent about the threat of hiv are more likely to practice risky for more information on the department ' s confidential aids / hiv testing and counseling, educational materials, and aids prevention services call the health department at ( 309 ) 852 - 0197 or 792 - 4011 ( henry ) or 852 - 3115 ( stark ) or visit our website at www. henrystarkhealth. com or find us on facebook at henry and stark county health departments.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44889359252571137, "token_count": 356, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.183128"} {"text": "cloister, museum and church to a quiet and reflective place. a part of all of our history. a holy place, where you will at once feel at home, regardless of your religious beliefs, or the shade of your skin. here, there are many places where you can rest comfortably, and think - while you are surrounded by the nearness of your distant past. pause and reflect, in the cloister court yard under huge trees, shading the well where saint peter claver baptized tens of thousands of black slaves. for many who know the history of saint peter claver, their repeated visits are to an historic and sacred place of national and international pilgrimage. and, for those who may not be familiar with the work and life of the priest known as the : \" slave to the slaves \", it is a chance to learn human rights history, and to appreciate the reality that this has been a fight involving the dedication of many, over a period of millenniums. judge solely by deeds, for there is no other way. for almost forty years, this jesuit priest worked in cartgena de indias, defending, protecting and nursing newly arrived african slaves. in the americas they would cultivate the open country, work in the mines, and serve as personal attendants. the cloister where pedro claver lived and died has become a special place of silence, and reflection - a shrine to the life ' s work of this extraordinary man. here, visitors will find examples of pre colombian ceramics, and an extensive museum rich with objects of religious art. many of the period paintings and sculptures were done by spanish and american artists of the 17th. century. adjoining the monastery is the beautiful baroque church, designed by german and dutch architects. here, at the high alter, within a glass encasement, are the remains of saint pedro claver - slave to the slaves. you may tour the sanctuary, museum and church on your own. if you require more information relating to the colonial era of america, or information about the total dedication reflected in the daily life of saint san pedro claver, there are professional guides who can be of further help. there are many drawings and paintings of peter claver. however, the word passed down through the centuries, by those who saw both the images of the man, and the man himself, are that this painting is the most accurate presentation of his true likeness. important dates of peter claver in verdu, spain on june 26, 1580 the slave market between the 16th and 19th centuries", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43954534849114907, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.209716"} {"text": "images of the man, and the man himself, are that this painting is the most accurate presentation of his true likeness. important dates of peter claver in verdu, spain on june 26, 1580 the slave market between the 16th and 19th centuries more than 14, 000, 000 black people were forcefully brought to the americas. hunted down like animals, they were chained together and loaded aboard the dark, damp, stinking holds of ships bound for the new world. shipboard conditions were sickening, and beyond human description. one third of the \" cargo \" was \" spared \", for they died en route. most thought they would be killed when they reached land, and their blood used to paint ship bottoms. in port cities in both north and south america they would be sold in the \" ebony market \". a market of human flesh. in many of these \" markets \" were people who would try to lighten the burden of the slaves, offering some spark of hope that someday they would gain a small portion of human dignity. peter claver was one of these people - \" a slave to the slaves \". leo xiii wrote, \" no life, except the life of christ, the slave trade travel back in time during the 1, 600\u00b4s, to new world seaport cities such as : havana, new orleans, savanna, martinique, veracruz or cartagena. new \" merchandise \" has just arrived from africa. they are chained through the holes in the stone columns of the slaves plaza at the public market. in chains rattle as they shake in terror. their sad tearful eyes wet the dusty dirty sand below. an advertisement appears in havana : \" exchanging mulatto boy, 30 years old, good cook, healthy, some bad habits except thief, for negro, a mule, horses or a wheel. \" in a martinique newspaper : \" good occasion - mulatto girl, 18 years old, newly arrived from the farm ; no bad habits, obedient - she is sold for 500 pesos. \" another : \" 26 year old mulatto woman with 5 month old baby \". the auctioneer yells : \" come in senores, 200 piastras, for the pretty negress, nice figure, good laundress, 200 piastras senores \u2026 look at her. she is young \u2026.. who said 150?.. she is yours. \" \u2026. as the new master pushed the girl into following him. her head lowered, buried in her hands, an 18 year girl awaits", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4178293758100612, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.210655"} {"text": "\u2026 look at her. she is young \u2026.. who said 150?.. she is yours. \" \u2026. as the new master pushed the girl into following him. her head lowered, buried in her hands, an 18 year girl awaits being sold. buyers ask her : \" negro, are you good? \" she whispers. \" open your mouth, idiot. i want to hear what you say \". she obeys. when sold the auctioneer tells the girl : \" this is your master \". the time of his life ( 1580 - 1654 ) was during a brilliant period of discovery. columbus, cortes, pizarro, and quesada cast an adventuresome spell over the people. it was an exciting time of heroic acts by bold and daring men conquering the new world. claver\u00b4s birthplace was verdu, spain, a old town with 2, 000 people, a medieval castle, located in the flat lands with vines and olives. in 1, 149, james the conqueror had honored the town with many favors. columbus was said to have been born there, and many with the same name remain. claver\u00b4s godfather was a columbus. his baptism certificate reads : on the 26th of june of such year, 1580, in the said church of verdu, was baptized juan pedro, son of peter claver of main street and ana his wife. acting as godparents were juan borrel and magdalena flavian colon\u00b4s wife, stocking shop ' s owner, all of them from verdu. may god make of him a good christian \". there are few details about claver\u00b4s childhood, however two sad events influenced his future orientation : on january 17, 1593, at the age of 13, he lost his mother. shortly after, in february, his brother, james, died at the age of 20 years and 7 months. for a man who lived such a long life, there are few examples of his writings. this letter to his parents, written while on the island of mallorca, in the catalan language, shows his humanism : after recommending his parents to give charity and to have confidence in god, he adds : \" if you want to give me good news, please write to me how you are, such news will make me happy. to my sister - in - law to whom i kiss her hand as thanks and whom i love very much please give my regards. to my sister and to my uncle corbero, to magin, sebastian", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41747722200153436, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.211553"} {"text": ", such news will make me happy. to my sister - in - law to whom i kiss her hand as thanks and whom i love very much please give my regards. to my sister and to my uncle corbero, to magin, sebastian, catalina and the rest of my friends, my regards. jesus our lord, keep you free from sin and give you the grace for accomplishing what. i have told you \". at age 26, he entered the society of jesus ' in tarragona, on august 8, 1604. at that time he vowed in his diary : \" until death i consecrate myself to god ' s service, doing it, as if i were a slave \". this shows his complete dedication and formed the foundation for his life to follow. in his first vows : slave of god. in his last vows : slave of slaves for god ' s love. the new world on april 15, 1610 claver boarded the \" galeon san pedro \". arriving in cartagena, he kissed the earth, and set out for santa fe via the magdalena river where he studied briefly. then he went to tunja. a year later, he left the interior and returned to cartagena, where on march 19, 1616 he was ordained priest at cartagena\u00b4s cathedral, and said his first mass. he was 35, and he had become a priest forever. that day he began his career as an apostle to father sandoval. slave of slaves father sandoval was a notable man of the new world, both as an apostle and as a writer. sandoval ' s book \" on salvation and catechizing of negroes \" is a remarkable work. it became the mission handbook of peter claver. sandoval took peter claver to two places where thousands of slaves were piled up, waiting to be sold. with saddened eyes, and from the depth of his heart, claver made a resolution : he would also be a slave - spiritually. on april 3, 1622, on an ordinary piece of paper, claver wrote these words : \" love to jesus, mary, joseph, ignacio, alonso, tome, bartolome, my saints, my teachers, my patrons and lawyers as well as of my dear negroes, please, listen to me. he followed this with a commitment to his god forever, and signed with the immortal sentence : \" petrus claver, aethiopum semer servus \". pedro claver esclav", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.38180705721391583, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.212542"} {"text": "dear negroes, please, listen to me. he followed this with a commitment to his god forever, and signed with the immortal sentence : \" petrus claver, aethiopum semer servus \". pedro claver esclavo de los esclavos negros para siempre \". for the forty years of his remaining life, he would never live for himself. he was now a slave of slaves. nobody loved this enslaved race more. the first apostle for the negro race was father sandoval who worked in cartagena de indias and was the \" teacher \" of peter claver. following, are his words : \" the ship has gone through the fort of pastelillo and port movement can be heard. inside the galleon there is a murmur. screams of fright, anxious looks. the slaves traders show their softest faces. only one third of the merchandise has arrived : there is an interest of giving a good impression \u2026. smile slaves \u2026 smile \u2026 when these negroes are enslaved, they are put in dirty prisons from where they only come out at the port of cartagena. sometimes in one year, 12 to 14 ships come to cartagena with the repulsive shipment of sad and melancholic negroes. they have the idea that once in cartagena they will be killed. one third of the shipment usually dies during the long journey. the slave traders bring these slaves in bunches of six, necks and feet chained. they make the trip in the bottom of the ship where they never can see the sun light, the place is so dirty that anyone could get sick with only getting in. they are fed every 24 hours, half plate of corn meal or raw \" mijo \" and small cup water. they received bad words and chastisements. because of this treatment, the slaves are like skeletons when they arrive. then they are brought to, and kept in a corral, or large patio, where many people go to see them, some only by curiosity, others guided by their covetousness, and still there are some who come out for compassion : in this last group are the missionaries, they usually go running when the shipment arrives, but very often they find many dead \". sometimes when a ship came, claver didn ' t wait, but took a canoe to reach the place where the slaves were off loaded. the spectacle was always sad. a nauseating smell, a kind of fish and garbage mixture filled in the atmosphere as the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4012772679269101, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.213535"} {"text": "a ship came, claver didn ' t wait, but took a canoe to reach the place where the slaves were off loaded. the spectacle was always sad. a nauseating smell, a kind of fish and garbage mixture filled in the atmosphere as the group of naked human beings came out of the ship. their gaze revealed increasing terror, as they thought they would be killed once on land. when will the killing take place, they asked over and over? \" the interpreters tried to calm them down, saying : \" this is father claver. he loves you \". without knowing the language, claver would use the language of compassion, and embrace them. first, he approached the dying children \u2026 \" i baptize you \" \u2026. then he came to the sick. claver was a simple man with a supreme love \u2026 \" lord i love you very much, very much \". he had a strong will. when his body rebelled against the sight of an open wound or a leper, his pale olive face, like his town ' s olives, kindled and \u2026. taking an iron whip, which he carried beneath his cloak, he would punish himself saying : \" this way, this way, i will teach you \". then, his face became serene, and bending over the sick, he would kiss their sores with his own lips. brother nicolas, the long time companion of caver recalls : \" i went with him and the sick woman was in a dark room, where the heat was terrible and the smell worse. i got sick and fell down. father caver said to me : \" go away brother \" and \u2026 his lips kissed the sore of the poor negro woman. in some occasions, a woman couldn ' t stand this humility and screamed : \" no, no father don ' t do it \". a ship with slaves, arrives on an ordinary day, between 1622 and 1650. the scene was very familiar at san ignacio ' s college, located very close to the walls, and only a few steps from the slave dock. a messenger would come to claver\u00b4s room in a hurry. claver had promised special prayers for those who would bring him the news first. his room was very poor : a rickety chair, a bed with a mat and funnily in a corner. there was a food storage with lemons, oranges, tobacco, \" aguardiente \". at the first announcement of the ship arrival, agitation started in claver\u00b4s room. the negro interpreters", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4010074910415082, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.214407"} {"text": "and funnily in a corner. there was a food storage with lemons, oranges, tobacco, \" aguardiente \". at the first announcement of the ship arrival, agitation started in claver\u00b4s room. the negro interpreters were \" his other hand \". one of them named calepino, spoke 12 african languages. the others were : andres sacabunche, and ignacio aluanil from angola. solfo and yolofo from guinea ; biafara, manual, juan manolio and finally nicolas gonzalex. each one had his own assignment. claver\u00b4s appearance was singular : a leather bag hanging from his left arm, carrying an ecclesiastical handbook, holy oil, a cross, tobacco, clothes, etc. etc. for forty years claver was more than a slave to the slaves \u2026 he taught catechism 5 to 8 hours a day. baptized hundreds of thousands of slaves. visited the hospitals regularly, and the huts of the dying poor throughout the city and countryside. the ladies of cartagena : dona isabel de urbina or dona mariana delgado, had to wait long hours among the negro slaves when they wanted to go for confession with the father. he had a great compassion for the negroes who didn ' t have anybody. the other ladies could find many other confessors.. medical doctor adan lobo tells the following : it was 1645, i was visiting don francisco manuel\u00b4s house in getsemani. suddenly, i heard s woman screaming within a closed room : \" no, no father, let me alone, don ' t do that \u2026 \". a bad thought, crossed my mind. the man inside the room was claver \". as dr. lobo kept thinking, he started to tremble, but he was curious. he went inside the room, and something like thunder shook his soul as he saw peter claver, cleaning with his tongue, the filthy sores of a negro woman. she couldn ' t endure such humility, so \u2026 she had screamed! doctor lobo added that he never saw anybody so determined to dominate his own nature as claver. the doctor had such admiration and respect for claver that he never gave up on a sick patient, until he first looked for peter claver\u00b4s aid and advice. he knew that if claver suggested to continue, his patient wouldn ' t die. there are numerous documented accounts, offered by many direct witnesses, taking place over a long period of time, attesting to the work and saint", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42430044536292766, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.215303"} {"text": "aid and advice. he knew that if claver suggested to continue, his patient wouldn ' t die. there are numerous documented accounts, offered by many direct witnesses, taking place over a long period of time, attesting to the work and saintly dedication of peter claver. more can be found in the fine booklet : peter claver - human rights pioneer. by : angel valtierra s. j. it is from this source, that most of these pages were compiled. the 27 pg. booklet, in english, is available at the entrance counter to the museum for about $ 1. 00. u. s. toward the end one day after mission work he returned to the monastery very weak, and with a pale face. he was failing. for 4 more years he remained alive in the same small room. his dynamic personality lay motionless. the city ' s idol had been abandoned. all had left, except for manuel, a new slave, who was mean to claver. sometimes he left claver without food for the entire day. when helping dress the old man, he would often push him. once, he noticed claver, with his paralyzed arm, try to make the sign of the cross - a sign of pardon for manuel. on september 6, 1654, a strong murmur could be heard throughout cartagena de indias. claver was dying, while the hearts and minds of his brothers were remembering. the next day he lost his speech, and the following morning, between one and two a. m., without making any movement, peaceful, and serene, he died. brother nicolas, later wrote : \" his face was the same as when he was alive. i knew that he had died because suddenly, his pale face became enlightened, and got an extraordinary beauty. then i knew that his soul was enjoying his god. i knelt down and kissed his white feet \". as did the other priests and spaniards who were present. three centuries have passed, and with each new day, there are more and more who learn of his work and his mission as the slave to the slaves. today, he is alive in all his virtues and his love. his relic ' s were taken throughout the country. his shrine at cartagena is a holy place where you will at once feel at home, regardless of your religious beliefs, or the shade of your skin. saint peter claver, helped make it so! click here to locate this attraction home page complements of the staff - cartagenainfo", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41191623448554665, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.216274"} {"text": "the sun is shining, the birds are singing and there \u2019 s not a cloud in the sky. it \u2019 s a good day to dust off the boom box and go outside to pull a few weeds and just enjoy being alive except... the radio keeps asking me if my home has radon. well, does it? and what is radon, anyway? radon is a radioactive gas that seeps up and out from the earth into the ambient air nearly everywhere, nearly all the time. it is created by the natural decaying process of uranium found in nearly all soils. radon rises from cracks in a basement or holes in a slab or comes into a home through water from wells or even from building materials. some agencies contend as many as 1 in 15 homes has a sufficient concentration of this odorless, tasteless and otherwise unnoticed gas built up to eventually cause lung cancer, making radon second only to cigarette smoking as a leading cause of the disease. the u. s. environmental protection agency estimates 21, 000 people in the u. s. may die every year from lung cancer caused by inhaling particles emitted by radon as it decays. the estimate has an uncertainty range of 8, 000 to 45, 000. cigarette smokers who live in homes infiltrated by high levels of radon are doubly at risk. radon is classified as the no. 1 cause of lung cancer among non - smokers. how did we discover the threat of radon? the case of a pennsylvania nuclear power plant worker was one story that caught the attention of the u. s. government in 1984. stanley watras, a construction engineer who was helping build the limerick nuclear power plant in pottsville, set off the radiation alarms on his way in to work one morning. this was doubly curious as watras was entering rather than exiting the plant and because the facility was still under construction and no radioactive material had yet been brought in to the plant. in searching for an explantation, his cohorts tested his home. radon measurements are expressed as the amount of picocuries per liter. the average concentration of radon in outdoor air is. 4 pci / l, and a level of 4 pci / l is considered a health risk and is actionable. the amount of radon measured in watras \u2019 home averaged 2, 700 pci / l. the reading was simply massive, so much so that he set off alarms just showing up for work. this discovery also set", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5196685905118896, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.221326"} {"text": "risk and is actionable. the amount of radon measured in watras \u2019 home averaged 2, 700 pci / l. the reading was simply massive, so much so that he set off alarms just showing up for work. this discovery also set off alarms in washington, d. c. epa vs. nature the environmental protection agency was established dec. 2, 1970, to address five environmental hazards : pesticides, water pollution, air pollution, solid waste disposal and radiation. after watras, radon became a concern of the epa. from the federal level, the epa breaks down efforts into regions with kentucky in region 4. states receive support via their region, and this passes through to counties that, in kentucky, serve their population ultimately through county health departments. the epa website has background information and links to resources and publications of initiatives such as the \u201c federal radon action plan, \u201d a one - year initiative that began in june 2011 with a directive to drive demand for services : \u201c with this plan as a catalyst, industry and nonprofit ally organizations will be ready to build on and increase the impact of the ideas for action contained in the federal strategy. these complementary efforts will create the demand needed for thousands of new jobs in the housing sector for radon testing, mitigation and new construction. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4591550091653558, "token_count": 262, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.221863"} {"text": "mold prevention and control mold is a common occurrence in homes, but it can potentially cause health problems as well as damage to structures and surfaces if it is not controlled. mold begins growing indoors when spores come in contact with wet surfaces or substances. once established, mold can be very difficult to remove successfully - so prevention is the key. mold cannot grow in the absence of moisture. moisture can take the form of leaks, spills, condensation, and humidity, so controlling sources of moisture is the most important step in mold prevention. here are some ways to avoid creating conditions in which mold will thrive : - look for signs of leaks in supply and waste lines for bathrooms, kitchens, utility sinks, and laundry areas. have any leaks fixed and dry the area thoroughly. - check the condition of grout and tile on shower walls, floors, and around bathtubs. repair damaged grout, and seal it to prevent mold from being absorbed. - increase ventilation to the outside by using exhaust fans, attic ventilation. - regularly empty and clean drain pans and hoses for air conditioning units and dehumidifiers. - check for roof leaks that allow water to enter attic spaces or build up under roof shingles. - if possible, lower the overall humidity in the home to decrease condensation and create a less mold - friendly environment. places that tend to stay damp, such as showers, may be more difficult to keep entirely free of mold but it can be minimized. diligent cleaning, opening a window or using a ventilation fan are often enough to keep mold at bay. once mold has become established in the home it can be difficult to eradicate. depending on the location and severity of the mold problem, a homeowner may need to engage a professional certified in mold remediation to remove it. a qualified professional will also take preventive measures to lessen the likelihood of recurrences. angela slager is with century 21 heritage house ltd. in woodstock, on. posted by angela slager on january 13, 2012", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48260145826163964, "token_count": 414, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.224144"} {"text": "soil is the foundation upon which all agricultural activities are built. and therefore, it is the crux of the environmental movement to make sure our most precious resource is preserved ( and created ) sustainably. the first step to doing so, however, is understanding its ecology. take it away, experts! the first step toward effective ecological soil management is an appreciation of the complex, living system known as soil. and to understand soil is to be aware of how everything affects and is affected by it. we are all part of the soil ecosystem. soil fertility can be described as its capacity to nurture healthy plants. sustainable agriculture aims to protect the soil \u2019 s ability to regenerate nutrients lost when crops are harvested \u2014 without dependence on \u201c off - farm \u201d fertilizers. this regenerative capacity, in turn, depends on the diversity, health, and vitality of the organisms that live, grow, reproduce, and die in the soil. through the activities of soil microbes \u2014 which can number in the billions in every gram of healthy topsoil \u2014 the basic raw materials needed by plants are made available at the right time, and in the right form and amount. the basic aim of ecological soil management is to provide hospitable conditions for life within the soil. your farm is both the product and producer of soil. consider your farm to be a living organism that achieves its greatest long - term productivity when its natural cycles and processes are enhanced. shortcutting these cycles for short - term control or economic gain will eventually bear out the ecological maxim, \u201c the creature that wins against its environment destroys itself. \u201d the place to start is where you are. thousands of soil types have been named, classified, and described. knowing their names can tell you a lot about their general characteristics ; but, like any living creature, each individual is unique. find out what soils live in your area, how they are classified and described by soil scientists, and how that compares with what you observe about them yourself. soil classification schemes organize soils according to their different qualities, based on the kinds of minerals they contain, how they were formed, and various physical characteristics. the individual character of any soil arises from a combination of factors inherent to its particular geographic region ( see table 1 ). environmental influences on soil climate. temperature and precipitation affect the rate of organic matter accumulation and the presence of soluble soil minerals. for example, more organic matter accumulates where decomposition is slow due to cooler temperatures, while high rainfall leaches mineral nutrients from topsoil", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49294899407932663, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.234706"} {"text": "on soil climate. temperature and precipitation affect the rate of organic matter accumulation and the presence of soluble soil minerals. for example, more organic matter accumulates where decomposition is slow due to cooler temperatures, while high rainfall leaches mineral nutrients from topsoil. native vegetation. grasslands, forests, and transition zones each affect soil development in a different way. leaf litter from pine forests, for example, increases soil acidity. soil particles developed under grasslands are usually bound into stable aggregates by the activity of the plentiful microorganisms and roots found there. parent material. underlying rock types from which it was formed determine a soil \u2019 s mineral content and basic textural qualities. limestone bedrock, for instance, helps counteract soil acidity. red soils indicate that the parent material and derived soil is rich in iron. volcanic ash eventually produces soils heavy in amorphous clays. topography. soil may be eroded from slopes and deposited in lowlands. the legendary fertility of river valleys such as the nile resulted from deposits of rich sediment carried from the highlands, while mountain farmers all over the world have problems holding onto precious topsoil. time. the availability of minerals and the extent of humus development in soil is also influenced by how long the native rock has been subject to weathering. young soils, such as those in hawaii and other areas of volcanic activity, may be low in clay, which is produced by the chemical effects of weathering on parent rocks. glaciation and geologic activity. in the north - temperate region, the advance and retreat of glaciers, most recently a mere 12, 000 years ago, has had a significant effect on soil formation and quality. volcanic activity has left nutrient - rich lava deposits in many areas. soils worldwide have been classified into ten major orders ( see table 2 ). in humid temperate regions such as the northeastern united states, where forests are the predominant natural vegetation, the soil order of spodosols is most common. these soils are generally formed from coarse - textured parent material, and tend to be quite acidic and low in mineral nutrients. prairie soils, which have developed under flat, grass - covered areas with modest rainfall, are classified as mollisols. they are among the most naturally productive soils, with high native organic matter and mineral content. in tropical regions with very high seasonal rainfalls, the heavily leached ultisol soils also tend to acidity. the sahara, gobi, and turkestan deserts, as well as south and central australia and the american southwest are largely comprised", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4769052881146352, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.236579"} {"text": "in tropical regions with very high seasonal rainfalls, the heavily leached ultisol soils also tend to acidity. the sahara, gobi, and turkestan deserts, as well as south and central australia and the american southwest are largely comprised of aridisols. if irrigated they can be productive, but great care must be taken to prevent toxic accumulations of soluble salts. each order is further broken down into suborders, great groups, and subgroups. beyond this, soils are described in terms of families, associations, and series, which provide more information about their plant growth characteristics, organic and mineral content, structure, drainage, and color. series are often named after the places \u2014 towns, rivers, or counties \u2014 where they are located. your local extension or soil conservation service office can probably give you a soil map for your land. they can also show you your county \u2019 s soil survey, which provides detailed information on local soils and their best uses, as well as helpful climatological data. the ten major soil orders entisols : recently formed mineral soils with little evidence of horizon formation. found in a wide range of climate zones, including the rocky mountains, the sahara desert, siberia, and tibet. may be highly productive, but most are relatively barren. vertisols : mineral soils with a high content of swelling - type clays, which in dry seasons cause the soils to develop deep cracks. found in some areas of the southern u. s., india, sudan, and eastern australia. their physical properties make them difficult to till and cultivate. inceptisols : young soils with limited horizon formation. may be very productive, as those formed from volcanic ash. found in the pacific northwest ( u. s. ), along the amazon and ganges rivers, north africa, and eastern aridisols : mineral soils found mostly in dry climates. productive only if irrigated, and may become saline. found in the southwestern u. s., africa, australia, and the middle east. mollisols : characterized by a thick, dark surface horizon, they are among the world \u2019 s most productive soils, with high natural fertility and tilth. generally found under prairie vegetation, such as the great plains ( u. s. ), ukraine, parts of mongolia, northern china, and southern latin america. spodosols : mineral soils characterized by distinct horizons, including subsurface organic matter, and aluminum and sometimes iron oxides. coarsetextured, readily leach", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4497875118498329, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.240178"} {"text": ". ), ukraine, parts of mongolia, northern china, and southern latin america. spodosols : mineral soils characterized by distinct horizons, including subsurface organic matter, and aluminum and sometimes iron oxides. coarsetextured, readily leached, and tending to be acid, they occur mostly in humid, cold temperate climates, generally under forests. can be very productive if properly fertilized. alfisols : moist mineral soils with high base status and presence of silicate clays. found mostly in humid regions under deciduous forest or grass including parts of the u. s. midwest, northern europe, southern africa, and southeast asia. highly productive, good nutrient levels and texture. ultisols : moist soils that develop under warm to tropical climates. highly weathered, acidic, with red or yellow subsurface horizons. found in the humid southeastern u. s., southeast asia, and southern brazil. can be highly productive, with good workability. oxisols : the most highly weathered soils, with a deep subsurface horizon of iron and aluminum oxides. high in clay, commonly deficient in phospho - surfaces. not well adapted to mechanized farming, they have been poorly researched. histosols : organic soils that have developed in a water - saturated environment, with at least 20 percent organic content. can be very productive if drained, especially for vegetable crops. source : adapted from nyle brady, the nature and properties of soils, 10th ed.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4697759175479328, "token_count": 302, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.241126"} {"text": "27 - 10 - 2008 : an international team of scientists has performed the ultimate miniaturisation of computer memory : storing information inside the nucleus of an atom. this breakthrough is a key step in bringing to life a quantum computer - a device based on the fundamental theory of quantum mechanics which could crack problems unsolvable by current technology. in the quantum world, objects such as atoms are allowed to exist in multiple states simultaneously - that is, they could literally be in two places at once or possess a number of other seemingly mutually exclusive properties. quantum computing is seen as the holy grail of computing because each individual piece of information, or \u2018 bit \u2019, can have more than one value at once, as opposed to current technology which is limited to either 1s or 0s. this yields unprecedented processing power and thus dramatically widens the scope of what computers can do. the problem : how do you isolate a quantum bit from a noisy environment to protect the delicate quantum information, while at the same time allowing it to interact with the outside world so that it can be manipulated and measured? the team, with scientists and engineers from oxford and princeton universities and lawrence berkeley national laboratory, reported a solution to this problem in nature. the team \u2019 s plan was to devise a hybrid system using both the electron and nucleus of an atom of phosphorous embedded in a silicon crystal. each behaves as a tiny quantum magnet capable of storing quantum information, but inside the crystal the electron is more than a million times bigger than the nucleus, with a magnetic field that is a thousand times stronger. this makes the electron well - suited for manipulation and measurement, but not so good for storing information, which can become rapidly corrupted. this is where the nucleus comes in : when the information in the electron is ready for storage, it is moved into the nucleus where it can survive for much longer times. the experiments were made possible by the use of silicon enriched with the single 28si iso - tope, painstakingly grown by the berkeley team into large crystals while keeping the material ultra - pure and free from contaminants. \u201c the electron acts as a middle - man between the nucleus and the outside world. it gives us a way to have our cake and eat it - fast processing speeds from the electron, and long memory times from the nucleus, \u201d said john morton, a research fellow at st. john \u2019 s college, oxford and lead author of the letter to nature. crucially, the information stored in the nucleus had a lifetime of about 1 and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.6950243436219418, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.245463"} {"text": "and long memory times from the nucleus, \u201d said john morton, a research fellow at st. john \u2019 s college, oxford and lead author of the letter to nature. crucially, the information stored in the nucleus had a lifetime of about 1 and 3 / 4 seconds, exceeding a recently calculated target for quantum computing in silicon beyond which known error correction techniques could then protect the data for an arbitrarily long period of time. without this technique the longest researchers had been able to preserve quantum information in silicon was a few tens of milliseconds. \u201c nobody really knew how long a nucleus might hold quantum information in this system. with the crystals from lawrence berkeley and very careful measurements we were delighted to see memory times exceeding the threshold, \u201d said steve lyon, leader of the princeton team. many different approaches to building a quantum computer are being studied, however one great advantage of the model used here is that it is based on silicon technology, which makes it more compatible with today \u2019 s computers. this is where you can add this news to your personal favourites for nature and chemists alike, making atmospheric nitrogen available for the formation of more complex nitrogen compounds is both essential and difficult. paul chirik and scott semproni at princeton university, usa, report the first examples of the use of group 4 metallocene complexes for b... more us and german scientists have used laser light to guide micro - particles through a solution towards a target. the technique could be applied to transport the particles to specific locations inside living cells, they say. these so - called \u2018 micro - swimmers \u2019 consist of a polystyrene sphere with o... more the max planck society is strengthening its commitment to the development of a sustainable energy supply and has joined forces with internationally renowned princeton university to establish the max planck princeton research center for plasma physics. shirley m. tilghman, the president of p... more researchers with the u. s. department of energy ( doe ) \u2019 s lawrence berkeley national laboratory ( berkeley lab ) have once again demonstrated the incredible capabilities of metamaterials \u2013 artificial nanoconstructs whose optical properties arise from their physical structure rather than their ch... more exactly how a crystal forms from solution is a problem that has occupied scientists for decades. researchers at eindhoven university of technology ( tu / e ), together with researchers from germany and the usa, are now presenting the missing piece. this classical theory of crystal formation, wh... more the phenomenon in ferromagne", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.6221561498309232, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.246644"} {"text": "- cigna medicare - individual & family plans - international plans - offered cigna through work? - find a doctor - informed on reform - health and wellness \u00bb - cigna home delivery pharmacy broken collarbone ( clavicle ) what is the collarbone? the collarbone ( clavicle ) is one of the main bones of the shoulder joint. it holds the shoulder up and, along with the shoulder blade ( scapula ) and acromioclavicular ( ac ) joint, provides stability and strength to the shoulder. the collarbone also protects nerves and blood vessels from the neck to the shoulder. what causes a broken collarbone? a broken collarbone is usually caused by direct contact to the collarbone or to the shoulder. this often occurs when playing sports such as football, wrestling, or ice hockey. the collarbone is one of the most commonly broken ( fractured ) bones. young men ages 13 to 20 break it most often. younger children have greater chances of a broken collarbone during play. what are the symptoms? symptoms of a broken collarbone include : - immediate pain after falling or being hit on the collarbone or in the shoulder area. - inability to raise the affected arm because of pain. - a grinding feeling when trying to lift the affected arm. the affected shoulder does not always appear out of position. but if a deformity is present, it appears as a bump or swelling along the collarbone or at the ac joint. the bone rarely breaks through the skin. but it may push the skin out, causing it to have a tent - shaped look. a broken collarbone usually is not a serious injury. in rare cases, a broken collarbone can injure a lung or rib or pinch nerves or blood vessels. this may cause the arm to turn pale, tingle, and feel cool or numb. how is a broken collarbone diagnosed? your doctor can usually diagnose a broken collarbone by asking you questions and examining you. your doctor will check : - the affected area and look for a lump or bump. - blood flow, by taking your pulse and checking your skin color and temperature. - for damage to your nerves and blood vessels. - how well you can move your shoulder and other joints. - the muscle strength of your shoulder. your doctor will usually do an x - ray to pinpoint the location and severity of the break. how is it treated? many broken collarbones heal on their own. if you don ' t need surgery, you will use a sling to keep your arm and shoulder from moving while the bone heals. an adult wears a sling", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47545954365213433, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.251931"} {"text": "of the break. how is it treated? many broken collarbones heal on their own. if you don ' t need surgery, you will use a sling to keep your arm and shoulder from moving while the bone heals. an adult wears a sling for a few days or up to a week. a child may need one for 3 to 4 weeks. you can begin simple exercises immediately and move on to strengthening exercises when they don ' t cause pain. ask your doctor when it is safe to begin to exercise. if you start too soon, the broken collarbone may not heal well. if you are active, do not play sports or other activities until you can move your shoulder easily and it feels strong. to help relieve pain, try acetaminophen or a nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory drug, such as ibuprofen or naproxen. surgery may be recommended for severe breaks. when the ends of the broken bone do not line up with each other ( displaced ), surgery is more likely. many experts believe surgery is especially important in young, active people. after surgery, you will use a sling for up to 6 weeks. your doctor or physical therapist will teach you gentle exercises to keep your shoulder moving for about 6 weeks, until you can start exercises to get your strength back. most people have returned to all their activities by 3 months after surgery. 1 other places to get help | american academy of orthopaedic surgeons ( aaos ) | | 6300 north river road | | rosemont, il 60018 - 4262 | the american academy of orthopaedic surgeons ( aaos ) provides information and education to raise the public ' s awareness of musculoskeletal conditions, with an emphasis on preventive measures. the aaos website contains information on orthopedic conditions and treatments, injury prevention, and wellness and exercise. | american physical therapy association | | 1111 north fairfax street | | alexandria, va 22314 - 1488 | the american physical therapy association is a national organization representing nearly 70, 000 physical therapists, physical therapist assistants, and students. its goal is to foster advancements in physical therapist education, practice, and research. the apta also provides information and education to the public about physical therapy and how it is used to treat certain conditions. | national institute of arthritis and musculoskeletal and skin diseases ( niams ), national institutes of health | | 1 ams circle | | bethesda, md 20892", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.37857363105289876, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.253046"} {"text": "and how it is used to treat certain conditions. | national institute of arthritis and musculoskeletal and skin diseases ( niams ), national institutes of health | | 1 ams circle | | bethesda, md 20892 - 3675 | | phone : | | 1 - 877 - 22 - niams ( 1 - 877 - 226 - 4267 ) toll - free | the national institute of arthritis and musculoskeletal and skin diseases ( niams ) is a governmental institute that serves the public and health professionals by providing information, locating other information sources, and participating in a national federal database of health information. niams supports research into the causes, treatment, and prevention of arthritis and musculoskeletal and skin diseases and supports the training of scientists to carry out this research. the niams website provides health information referrals to the niams clearinghouse, which has information packages about diseases. other works consulted mcmahon pj, kaplan ld ( 2006 ). clavicular fracture section of sports medicine. in hb skinner, ed., current diagnosis and treatment in orthopedics, 4th ed, pp. 210 \u2013 211. new york : mcgraw - hill. mercier lr ( 2008 ). fractures of the clavicle section of the shoulder. in practical orthopedics, 6th ed, p. 79. philadelphia : mosby elsevier. | primary medical reviewer | | william h. blahd, jr., md, facep - emergency medicine | | specialist medical reviewer | | patrick j. mcmahon, md - orthopedic surgery | | last revised | | august 29, 2011 | | by : | | healthwise staff | | last revised : august 29, 2011 | | medical review : | | william h. blahd, jr., md, facep - emergency medicine | patrick j. mcmahon, md - orthopedic surgery \u00a9 1995 -, healthwise, incorporated. healthwise, healthwise for every health decision, and the healthwise logo are trademarks of healthwise, incorporated.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5151687838075037, "token_count": 428, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.255872"} {"text": "colon cancer, a malignant tumor of the large intestine, affects both men and women. it affects 2 - 6 % of all men and women in their lifetime. the vast majority of colon cancer cases are not hereditary. however, approximately 5 percent of individuals with colon cancer have a hereditary form. in those families, the chance of developing colon cancer is significantly higher than in the average person. identifying those individuals and families that might be at - risk for hereditary colon and associated cancers can dramatically reduce the number of cancer diagnoses in these families. colon cancer genes several genes have been identified which contribute to a susceptibility to colon cancer. the two most common inherited colon cancer conditions include fap and hnpcc. - fap ( familial adenomatous polyposis ) individuals with this syndrome develop many polyps in their colon ( often over 100 ). people who inherit mutations in the apc gene have a nearly 100 percent chance of developing colon cancer by age 40. in addition, having fap increases the risk of developing hepatoblastoma, dermoids, fibromas, and other cancers. if a patient has more than 10 adenomatous polyps in their lifetime a cancer risk assessment is appropriate. - hnpcc ( hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer ) individuals with an hnpcc gene mutation have an estimated 80 percent lifetime risk of developing colon or rectal cancer. there is also a 40 - 60 percent chance for endometrial cancer. other cancer risks are increased as well. patients with the following characteristics should be referred for a cancer risk assessment : - patient diagnosed with colon cancer younger than age 50 years. - patient has multiple colon cancers or more than one hnpcc related cancer. * - patient has colon cancer and one relative with an hnpcc related tumor * under age 50 years. - patient has colon cancer and two or more first or second degree ( parents, siblings, aunts, uncles, grandparents ) relatives with hnpcc related * cancers at any age. * colon, endometrial, ovarian, stomach, small bowel, biliary tract or transitional cell of the renal pelvis.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4772488980684391, "token_count": 450, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.258616"} {"text": "cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death and disability in the united states. cell transplantation using the patients \u2019 own cells ( autologous cells ) to repair the heart is a promising new approach with the potential to treat the millions of patients with debilitating heart conditions. current therapies do not restore the function of the scarred area after myocardial infarct. through stem cell research, it has been shown that the heart itself contains a repository of stem and progenitor cells that have the unique ability to give rise to cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells, all of which collectively contribute to repairing damaged heart tissue. these cells have gained considerable interest because recent studies have shown that other autologous sources, such as the bone marrow, have not been as effective as originally hoped for regeneration of the heart in early clinical trials. in order to determine the best way to harness this population of resident cells to help patients with heart disease, the methodology to reproducibly isolate and expand the cells must be developed in the laboratory and they must be shown to be both effective in the long term and safe for clinical use. our research group is a highly interactive team of surgeons, clinicians and basic scientists who are working together to identify new ways to help both children and adults with heart disease by developing methods to use the patients \u2019 own cells to identify new therapies that are both effective and safe. we have recently identified markers that can be used to sort the progenitor cells that are needed for cardiac repair and now propose to optimize the conditions that will allow us to expand these cells to sufficient numbers for transplantation and carefully test long term function in preclinical models. statement of benefit to california : heart attacks are one of the leading causes of death in california. the california office of statewide health planning recently estimated that approximately 40, 000 heart attack patients are admitted to california hospitals annually. these statistics are further supported by a study from the california health care foundation which concluded that heart disease and hypertension ( leading to heart disease and stroke ) represent two of the four most common chronic health conditions in this state. heart disease and the associated costs of treating these patients are unquestionably a significant public health challenge. the most recent estimates suggest that costs of annual health care for california residents with heart disease are about $ 12, 900 per capita, over five times the health care costs of the general adult population. it would benefit the residents of this state, and the general population, if scientists could", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.49052802264347584, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.264297"} {"text": "costs of annual health care for california residents with heart disease are about $ 12, 900 per capita, over five times the health care costs of the general adult population. it would benefit the residents of this state, and the general population, if scientists could develop new and cost - efficient treatments for patients with heart disease. recent advances in the field of stem cell research have led to the identification of progenitor cells that can be expanded from the patients \u2019 own cells. our research team of surgeons, cardiologists and basic scientists have identified a population of progenitor cells that can be isolated from autologous heart tissue and / or from re - programmed differentiated human cells. the research that we propose to do will identify new and improved ways to expand these cells for transplantation into the heart and optimize the conditions that promote cardiac regeneration in a safe and effective manner. the benefit of these proposed studies includes improved quality of life for patients and their families. improved patient outcome will be translated into reduced costs of medical care. the technology associated with developing new methods for expansion and use of these cells, in partnership with industry, has the potential to bring new revenue to the state and to research institutions. this will enhance the opportunities for the education and training of new scientists and the recruitment of established investigators to educational centers of higher learning in the state of california. this developmental candidate proposal focuses on utilizing autologous cardiovascular progenitor cells for myocardial repair. the investigators have identified a candidate surface marker profile to isolate a population enriched for cardiac progenitors. two candidate cell sources expressing this marker profile will be compared for their ability to regenerate infarcted rat heart : cells isolated from pediatric cardiac biopsies and cells generated from human induced pluripotent stem cells ( hipsc ). human embryonic stem cell ( hesc ) derived progenitors isolated using the same marker profile will be transplanted as a control. ventricular function and histology of these three cell treatment groups will be assessed at various times post transplant. based on these results, a progenitor source will be selected for further study. investigators will also screen libraries for small molecules that promote expansion or survival of autologous progenitor cells, and study the in vivo effects of these small molecules on cardiac progenitors using nanofibers as a delivery system. finally, investigators will determine whether biopsy derived vs hesc derived cardiac progenitors achieve repair, functionally integrate, or induce arrhythmia in an animal model. to date", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.48269634989895727, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.265297"} {"text": "progenitors using nanofibers as a delivery system. finally, investigators will determine whether biopsy derived vs hesc derived cardiac progenitors achieve repair, functionally integrate, or induce arrhythmia in an animal model. to date, heart transplant is the only curative treatment for cardiac disease, and donor hearts remain limited. reviewers felt that this application addresses an unmet medical need, and the rationale for the use of autologous human cardiac progenitors is well described. overall, reviewers appreciated the well written, clear research plan and the investigators \u2019 general approach. however, the application would benefit from stronger preliminary data and further development of several sections of the research plan. the plan addresses the limitation of short - term small animal studies for the assessment of arrhythmogenesis and efficacy, and illustrates the need for large animal models, in which the pi has expertise. preliminary data in the proposed animal model and further description of how arrhythmia will be monitored therein ( e. g., spontaneous or induced ) would strengthen the proposal. action potential studies, gap junction studies, and the chemical library screen to identify factors that promote expansion of cardiac progenitors and metrics for success should be further described. reviewers noted some conceptual issues regarding the cell populations selected for study. the pediatric cardiac biopsies encompass multiple tissues that may require incompatible disaggregation and preparation procedures. also, potential differences between adult and pediatric stem cell populations are not addressed and could limit the utility of results obtained with this material. evidence that marker positive cells are enriched for cardiac progenitors appear preliminary ; investigators provided limited data in the feasibility section and have not yet published this work. given the variable cardiomyogenic potential between hesc lines, investigators should study multiple hesc lines rather than a single line as proposed. finally, a discussion of how the data from the specific aims would be integrated towards a translational end was warranted. this team has several good co - investigators and the expertise necessary to complete all of the proposed studies. however, multiple investigators are expected to provide significant percent effort without salary support and the budget is not adequately justified. the group should have access to the required reagents and biopsies and the research environment is excellent. concern was expressed that the pi has not yet demonstrated the ability to lead a program of this magnitude. overall, the proposal had good elements and received a favorable response. human cardiac progenitors are an appropriate cell type for cardiac regeneration and better models are required for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5275167452670446, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.266387"} {"text": "thaddeus lowe in his balloon \" intrepid \" 3 - d photos from the civil war thaddeus lowe, one of the first and best known aeronauts for the union army, rises from the ground in intrepid, the largest balloon in the federal inventory. this photograph, taken on may 31, 1862, near fair oaks, virginia, shows lowe standing in the basket beneath his inflated balloon. union soldiers below are holding onto the tethers that keep lowe ' s balloon from drifting away. photo : library of congress, 3d anaglyph by garry adelman thaddeus lowe was reportedly quite the self - promoter. he regularly invited photographers and journalists to visit his camp and to see his balloons in action. it didn ' t hurt that lowe ensured that his camp was stocked with the best food and ample forage for visiting horses. nevertheless, information gathered from union balloons during the seven days campaign was sought after by army of the potomac generals. reaching altitudes of 1, 000 feet, aeronauts in balloons like the intrepid could see all the way into richmond itself, more than seven miles from this position. when placed into a special viewer, popular during the civil war, viewers could see images like this famous fair oaks balloon image in 3d. photo : library of congress to see more 3 - d photos please visit our civil war in 3 - d page.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.3990828252002512, "token_count": 280, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.267893"} {"text": "[ series note \u2013 the rule of zhen guan refers to the enlightened administration of emperor tai zong of the tang dynasty, whose reign lasted from 627 to 649 a. d. the rule of zhen guan has been praised by many generations of chinese people as being the peak of chinese culture, economics and literature. the administration of the virtuous emperor tai zong contributed much to the rule of zhen guan, as illustrated by many historical records, such as the ones that follow. ] emperor tai zong once asked his imperial court subjects, \u201c i was confused after i read the biography of emperor yang of the sui dynasty. emperor yang praised the two sage kings, yao and shun, and he condemned the two tyrant kings, jie of the xia dynasty and zhou of the shang dynasty. apparently he could tell right from wrong, but how did he end up being a tyrant? \u201d his counsellor wei zheng replied, \u201c even if a ruler is a saint to begin with, he must remain humble and be receptive to feedback so that wise men will be willing to present their ideas and brave men will be willing to sacrifice their lives to realise his visions. emperor yang of the sui dynasty was arrogant and shut himself off from feedback because he knew he was very smart and talented. he talked like a sage king but he behaved like a tyrant. yet he did not even realise it because he refused to listen to feedback, which led to his ruin. \u201d emperor tai zong said, \u201c emperor sui \u2019 s time was but two decades before us. ( sui was the dynasty before tang dynasty. ) we must learn from his lesson. \u201d one day, emperor tai zong said to his imperial court subjects, \u201c a man sees himself in front of a mirror. an emperor sees his flaws when his loyal subjects present their honest opinions to him. if an emperor refuses to be receptive to his subjects \u2019 feedback and believes that he is always right, his subjects will exploit his loophole by flattering the emperor. in this way the emperor will eventually lose his reign and his country, and his subjects will also be ruined! yu shiji, one of emperor sui \u2019 s imperial subjects, tried to secure his wealth and power by flattering emperor yang. in the end, both of them were killed. you must remember this important lesson. whenever i make a mistake, you must put a mirror in front of me and point out my mistakes. \u201d emperor tai zong said, \u201c each time i go", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42598063086939886, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.274271"} {"text": "in the end, both of them were killed. you must remember this important lesson. whenever i make a mistake, you must put a mirror in front of me and point out my mistakes. \u201d emperor tai zong said, \u201c each time i go to the imperial court for a imperial meeting, i think for a long time before i open my mouth. i am very conscious of the consequences of my speech upon my subjects, so i try to be terse and reticent. \u201d the imperial court subject responsible for recording the emperor \u2019 s speech said, \u201c my job is to record your majesty \u2019 s speech. even when you say something wrong, i will record it. if your majesty says something wrong, it will not only have a negative effect on your people, but also become a laughing matter for future generations. \u201d emperor tai zong was very pleased with the official \u2019 s responsible attitude, so he rewarded him with two hundred yards of fabric. emperor tai zong also told his imperial subjects, \u201c many people believe that the emperor is fearless because he is above everyone, but i don \u2019 t believe so. i fear god \u2019 s judgement. i fear my subjects will emulate my bad speech and behaviour so i have to be cautious at all times. i also fear that i might violate the mandate of heaven and the expectations of my people. \u201d emperor tai zong also said, \u201c i respect only the rules of yao, shun, king wen of the zhou dynasty, and confucius. they are as essential to me as the wings are essential to the birds and the water to the fish. i cannot live without the wisdom they have left behind at any time. \u201d comprehensive mirror to aid in government ( or zi zhi tong jian, a comprehensive history by sima quang in the song dynasty ), vol 192 and 193. the mandate of heaven : http : / / en. wikipedia. org / wiki / mandate _ of _ heaven you are welcome to print and circulate all articles published on clearharmony and their content, but please quote the source.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.45116525144162456, "token_count": 422, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.277375"} {"text": "collaborative study of neurofeedback training of 6 - 18 year olds with autism neurofeedback, a neuro - cognitive training method based on operant conditioning, will be employed with 90 children with the autistic spectrum disorders ( asd ) over a 60 session training period to improve the limiting behavioral and sensory symptoms autism presents ( with each collaborative site working with 45 of the 90 participants ). this study seeks to demonstrate that neurofeedback training, a non - invasive approach based on learning theory, will mitigate presenting symptoms of autism, and ultimately render the person with autism significantly more able to interact with his / her environment successfully, independently function on a day - to - day basis, and improve overall mental health. | study design : | | endpoint classification : efficacy study intervention model : crossover assignment masking : open label primary purpose : treatment | official title : | | collaborative study of neurofeedback training of 6 - 18year olds with autism | - level of normalization of brainwaves based upon qeeg [ time frame : pre - training, 20 and 40 session interims, and post - training ] [ designated as safety issue : no ] after completion of all neurofeedback sessions, post - training evaluation will include cognitive testing, completion of asrs and atec forms and a post - qeeg. interviews with parents will also be conducted to identify progress and changes in symptom presentation. | study start date : | | july 2011 | | estimated study completion date : | | december 2016 | | estimated primary completion date : | | june 2016 ( final data collection date for primary outcome measure ) | behavioral : neurofeedback training the specific objective is to demonstrate quantitative and qualitative improvements in functional and behavioral parameters in individuals affected by autism spectrum disorders when 60 neurofeedback training sessions are applied. the long term objectives for these individuals include improvement of quality of daily functioning, better ability to integrate and navigate within society, and overall to decrease the limitations caused by the disability. additionally, increasing awareness by the public, as well as healthcare providers and legislation, that neurofeedback is a viable intervention which may contribute not only to a significant reduction of the level of disability for affected individuals, but also in reducing required lifetime costs of healthcare. hopefully in the future neurofeedback training would be incorporated as a standard of care for asd. as of today, there are around 1000 trained neurofeedback practitioners in the us who", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5275504220123924, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.280791"} {"text": "also in reducing required lifetime costs of healthcare. hopefully in the future neurofeedback training would be incorporated as a standard of care for asd. as of today, there are around 1000 trained neurofeedback practitioners in the us who are offering this intervention to a very limited number of individuals due to lack of recognition of nfb benefits. | contact : magdalena m wojdynska, m. d. | | firstname. lastname @ example. org | | contact : lisa ellis | | 919 - 786 - 9700 ext email @ example. com | | united states, north carolina | | institute for personal excellence, p. a. | | not yet recruiting | | raleigh, north carolina, united states, 27607 | | principal investigator : magdalena m. gebska - wojdynska, m. d. | | life quality resources | | not yet recruiting | | raleigh, north carolina, united states, 27612 | | principal investigator : lucy chartier, ph. d., np | | principal investigator : | | magdalena m gebska - wojdynska, m. d. | | institute for personal excellence, p. a. | | principal investigator : | | lucy chartier, ph. d., np | | life quality resources |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5063180676538416, "token_count": 272, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.281286"} {"text": "once you start to optimize your code, read about patterns, and so on, you realize it is an interesting idea using static data members to keep a single copy of something you may use in all the instances of your class ( instead of having a copy in each object ). sometimes those static data members are very simple, like constants or others, but when that information gets more and more complex, then you realize on the limitations of the c + + language : - static data members must be initialized outside the class body, generally in *. cpp files, except const integral - type static data members. it is a great inconvenience for inline classes and templates defined in one *. h file. - c + + doesn ' t have static constructors, as java or c # does, so you usually have to initialize the static data members one by one ( independently ). this is a limitation because you may want to initialize several static data members in the same loop or algorithm, for example. i decided to workaround both limitations, and here is the result. i previously discoursed the first limitation in this topic at stack overflow : static constructors in c + +? need to initialize private static objects. about the second limitation, it is interesting to read this other topic : what is the rationale for not having static constructors in c + +?. here is my point of view on this : - although c + + was not intended to have static constructors in the beginning, it is still interesting to have the possibility to extend the language to work in the same way as java and c #, as it is the free will of the programmer to use that or not. - c + + is an older language than java and c #, static constructors were invented later, but there is no technical reason why they cannot be implemented now. - there are ways to call functions to initialize static data members one by one, but it is not the same as initializing several static data members at the same time in the same algorithm ( in a static constructor for example ). that can also be done in a static init ( ) function member... just name it staticconstructor ( ) and create a mechanism to call it automatically at startup and you got it! - java and c # are managed languages, so they do not need static destructors. but native c + + is different. as a non - managed language, it should have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48438925687899625, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.288018"} {"text": "a mechanism to call it automatically at startup and you got it! - java and c # are managed languages, so they do not need static destructors. but native c + + is different. as a non - managed language, it should have a destructor for each constructor, as there is no garbage collector in native c + +. if the programmer calls new at the constructor, we should be able to call delete at the destructor. that is the reason i also implemented the static destructor. using the code the way of using the code is very simple : - include the provided staticconstructor. h. staticdestructor as static function members of your class. - invoke them with the macro outside of the class body. static void staticconstructor ( ) static void staticdestructor ( ) you may also use the macros static _ destructor ( ) as an alias for static void staticconstructor ( ) and static void staticdestructor ( ) respectively, but this only works for inline classes ( usually declared only in. h files ) or the header declaration. to declare the implementation in a. cpp file, you should use the full expressions static void myclass : : staticconstructor ( ) static void myclass : : staticdestructor ( ). the idea is also to invoke the static constructor in only one. cpp file ( whenever possible ) to avoid several invokes to it. you may download the source and examples of all these. apart from that, i also implemented macros for a fast static start - up code ( without the need to declare a static constructor in a dummy class ) : std : : cout < < \" starting up... \" < < std : : endl ; std : : cout < < \" finishing up... \" < < std : : endl ; using this kind of static constructor in templates is possible, but it is important to invoke separately the static constructor of each template instance in this way : typedef mytemplate < int > mytemplateint ; typedef mytemplate < double > mytemplatedouble ; this is usually done in a different. cpp file from the template definition, which is usually in a. h file. if you also need to initialize some data members for the template, you may do it in the same. cpp", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3997122820154632, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.290072"} {"text": "; this is usually done in a different. cpp file from the template definition, which is usually in a. h file. if you also need to initialize some data members for the template, you may do it in the same. cpp file, also for each template instance... but this could be a great inconvenience. you may prefer to encapsulate the initialization inside the template code, because : - you keep together the template code and its initialization. - you do not need to repeat the initialization code for each instance of the template. - you may not want to put that code in a. cpp file. but this cannot be done in c + +, so i tried a workaround. instead of using a data member, i used a function member to store data. i called this : \" data function member \" ( df member ), whose implementation is : static typename & dfmembername ( ) static typename dfmembername ( initvalue ) ; in the examples, i use the macro static _ df _ member ( typename, dfmembername, initvalue ) to declare them in an easier way. you can declare the df members in the class or template header declaration, and access them in the static constructor and the static destructor. you may use them as a reference to your data members ( in fact, they are function members that return references to your data ), so this kind of code is valid : dfmembername ( ) = value2 ;. the df members are initialized the first time you access them, not when you declare them ( they are not normal data members ), so you may want to access them at the static constructor to ensure they are initialized at the beginning of the execution. points of interest implementation : i used a trick in the macro that invokes the static constructor - i declare a global variable ( that would be constructed at startup ) to put some code in its default constructor ( a call to the static constructor of your class ). the destructor of that class would call the static destructor of your class. order problem : the compiler will process the calls to the data member initialization and the static constructors in a particular order that could be compiler - dependant. be very careful with that, otherwise the data members may not be initialized the way you want. in microsoft visual studio, the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46748662716616757, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.291419"} {"text": "this article explains a simple way of implementing digest protocol in c #. a sample application is provided which shows how it is calculated in a step by step manner. in http protocol for authentication, we use different types of protocols : basic, digest and kerberos. 1. basic authentication this is most unsecured because it uses plain text transfer of both userid and password to the server. 2. digest authentication this method provides safety up to a certain level. the password is not passed by the client, instead server and client generate a 32 bit key with that password is hashed by a defined algorithm. the communication is attribute value strings and lots of parameters are optional. due to this, it is vulnerable for middle level hackers who can hack the string and alter it with basic authentication or remove some of the digest optional values. this is considered one of the most secured ways. authentication is not done in one or two steps. the challenge and response is a process of few steps with tickets for each stage. if the communication breaks for some reason, it has to start from the first stage. due to this, vulnerability is less. but the process is a long one. in this article, we talk about digest protocol and how we implement it using. net framework 3. 5. here we talk about server side handling of protocol only. first the request is sent by the server with these parameters. realm = name of the realm nonce = generated every time a 32 bit hexadecimal representation of character stale = true / false ( is it repeated call or 1 < sup > st < / sup > time call ) qop = auth ( another method is auth - integer ) the client receives the information and it will prompt user for userid and password. user will be giving her / his user id and password. then the user will press login. when the user presses login, the application will do hashing with the given and some additional parameters. it will send the hashed information and parameter back to the server. the password will not be sent back by the client, instead it will md5 hash the password with given parameters and the generated parameters. now the server has to use the data sent by the client. in addition to that, we have to get the password for the userid from the sql database. it is quite simple to get the password from database using the userid. the method name is implementation specific, in my case it \u2019 s \u201c now you have client given parameters including userid", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5906055007249202, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.295230"} {"text": "get the password for the userid from the sql database. it is quite simple to get the password from database using the userid. the method name is implementation specific, in my case it \u2019 s \u201c now you have client given parameters including userid and we retrieved the password from the database. now we have to apply the algorithm. separate the parameters sent by the client and store it into named variables. in the sample, we are doing that with : private void splitresponse ( string strresponse, out string strusername, out string strsplresponse, out string strrealm, out string struri, out string strnonce, out string strcnonce, out string strnoncecount, out string strqop have a hashing function that follows md5 hashing : private string gethash ( string strin ) now we do algorithm implementation. format the strings one by one. to get a1 : username + \u201c : \u201d + realm + \u201c : \u201d + password a1hash = hash the a1 value to get a2 : commandname + \u201c : \u201d + uri a2hash = a2 md5 has it. now calculate the response : a1hash + \u201c : \u201d + cnonce + \u201c : \u201d + noncecount + \u201c : \u201d + qop + \u201c : \u201d + a2hash now hash this response value and check with client return response, it should be equal means the user has entered the proper password and we can allow a token. otherwise authentication is denied. sample data send by client server code which will retrieve ( using sql server / any database ) : - password : testpass - method : describe the result response must be equal to \u201c 47aa3643329845a954a2d091422eb35f \u201d. i have attached a sample program which demonstrates how to implement md5 hashing and digest authentication. the sample solution can be used as a sample calculator when you want to implement it in another language or another technology. we can use this article as a step by step checking tool. - 24th october, 2008 : initial post", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5525112446678289, "token_count": 445, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.296138"} {"text": "a color space is a way of representing colors and how they relate to one another. among the color spaces currently in use, the rgb and cmyk spaces are encountered very frequently : rgb, because it is used in color monitors ; and cmyk, because it is used for printing. there are different reasons for using different color spaces, and any google search will produce many results for further study. in the computer industry, rgb has become the de facto standard for both desktop applications and web - based systems. rgb is an additive color space - that is, its three primary colors ( red, green, and blue ) combine additively to produce any desired colors. each of the component colors is represented by a number from 0 to 255. this representation lends itself to easy manipulation by computer systems in a hex notation. it also means that 255 x 255 x 255, or 16, 777, 216 different colors may be represented in the rgb color space. the rgb color space may be shown as : this shows that when you have an rgb value of ( 255, 255, 255 ), you will get white. cmyk by contrast is a subtractive color space. it is the complement of the rgb color space - cyan, magenta, and yellow are the complements of red, green, and blue, respectively. cmyk is called subtractive because its primary colors are subtracted from white light to produce the resulting color : cyan absorbs red, magenta absorbs green, and yellow absorbs blue. so you could increase the red either by increasing the magenta and yellow, or by decreasing the cyan. in the cmyk color space, the values for each of the colors are typically shown as percentages, from 0 to 100. so up to 100 x 100 x 100, or 1, 000, 000 different colors may be represented in the cmyk color space ( black is used to lighten or darken the color ). the fourth color ( black ) was added to the cmyk color space because in printing it gives a purer form of black than the other three colors. black ink is also cheaper than the other three inks, so that printers will adjust the colors until the lowest - cost combination is achieved. black was added to the cmyk color space as \" k \" to avoid confusing a \" b \" with blue or brown. rgb to cmyk often a company will want to match its web site layout and colors to its corporate logo,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5584721313454077, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.301377"} {"text": "achieved. black was added to the cmyk color space as \" k \" to avoid confusing a \" b \" with blue or brown. rgb to cmyk often a company will want to match its web site layout and colors to its corporate logo, and to its use of colors in printed material. one standard equation that is used to convert rgb to cmyk is : black = minimum ( 1 - red, 1 - green, 1 - blue ) cyan = ( 1 - red - black ) / ( 1 - black ) magenta = ( 1 - green - black ) / ( 1 - black ) yellow = ( 1 - blue - black ) / ( 1 - black ) note that this equation assumes that the rgb values have been normalized - i. e., that they are between 0 and 1. 0. with this equation, you are able to approximate the rgb color you see on your screen with what the color will look like when it is printed. i say \" approximate \" because there are several factors to consider when going from screen to printed material. the first is that computer monitors usually have poor color calibration. imaging professionals use very high - end monitors and a variety of calibration tools to try to minimize this factor. another major factor : colors will simply look different when printed, often due to the type of paper being used - matte, semi - gloss, high gloss, etc. also, color inks are not opaque, so if the paper is not white, the color will be tinted by the paper. textured paper will also affect the appearance of the color. imaging professionals must deal with all these things, and compensate for them. one tool you will see imaging professionals use quite often is something called a process color guide. this is simply a small booklet - usually fan - fold - with a large number of colors and their cmyk values printed on white paper. a process color guide usually consists of several of these booklets, for matte paper, semi - gloss paper, and so on. the xcmyktest. exe demo shows how to use the conversion routines in xcmyk. cpp : note that as you turn one of the rgb or cmy knobs in one direction, the corresponding knob in the other color space will turn in the opposite direction. cknobcontrolst uses gdiplus. dll, which is included with windows xp. gdi + is available as a redistributable for windows nt 4. 0", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4445532543226193, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.302284"} {"text": "useful tool for managing chores has lots of shopping. student - created flashcards are a mixed bag. save the planet with these terrific learning activities. news site for kids has access to adult articles and topics. mediocre design buries useful ozone layer facts. interactive space map needs an update. fun, games, and guidance for kids ' first book club. kids teach other kids how to control their financial and entrepreneurial futures on this upbeat site. articles, word games, and activities to inform and inspire. detailed math videos and practice - - from simple to complex. kids of all ages can indulge their sea and space curiosity. complex math concepts presented as real - world examples. games and videos make exploring the brain fun. money - managing site has shopping, strong parental controls. fun games on pro - nutrition site, needs some updates. site shows kids the fun in learning about science and tech. kid - friendly definitions make site a great reference. lively math, science site caters to various learning styles. site based on pbs show is online learning at its best. reading is fun... pass it on! info - packed, interactive look at pilgrim life. with fun lessons and instructions for fun activities and experiments, this science site encourages learning by doing. this downloadable programming language lets kids create everything from games to greeting cards. educational hub is a solid resource for learning. terrific news / info resource boosts brain power.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48904013792739276, "token_count": 288, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.303928"} {"text": "today is the second day of kwanzaa and marks part 3 in my ongoing kwanzaa series. you can read part 1 here and part 2 here. as i have already established, i believe kwanzaa is antithetical to traditional american values. moreover i believe kwanzaa \u2019 s creator, dr. ron karenga meant it to be that way as he sees american values as destructive to \u201c africans in america \u201d. you can refer back to part 1 to read about the roots of kwanzaa and why it is based in marxist theory, but today we are here to explore the second of the seven principles of kwanzaa \u2013 kujichagulia. as a teenager celebrating kwanzaa, i hated this day the most because we could never pronounce it! kujichagulia is swahili for self - determination and the purpose of this principle under the kwanzaa model is to \u201c define ourselves, name ourselves, create for ourselves and speak for ourselves \u201d. at first blush, this seems like a an honorable and admirable principle. don \u2019 t we tell our children often not to let others define them and to stick up for themselves? however, you must remember that we are looking at this through the eyes of a man who still carries much disdain for the america in which he has enriched himself and for white people in general. karenga is also a purveyor of marxist theory, and that is reflected in every principle of the celebration. on this day families are meant to light the red candle ( although the order and number of colors can be flexible based on personal choice ). according to kwanzaaguide. com : the red candle is symbolic of the effort a person, family, school or community makes. the lesson is that we light the red candle to reinforce the value of work and effort. frederick douglass reminds us that \u201c if there is no struggle there is no progress. \u201d again, on the surface this idea is not controversial, but as a christian american who understands the history and intent of kwanzaa i do find it antithetical to the american spirit and culture. the point of kujichagulia is not just promote self - esteem, it is to separate oneself from the larger american culture. i \u2019 m all for cultural pride, but once again karenga has determined that cultural pride can only be achieved by separatism, removing ourselves from our american communities. indeed, any time in this country where we have seen communities engage in separatism it has", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5157422780005906, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.310220"} {"text": "all for cultural pride, but once again karenga has determined that cultural pride can only be achieved by separatism, removing ourselves from our american communities. indeed, any time in this country where we have seen communities engage in separatism it has become a disaster. indian reservations across america are rife with poverty, drugs, alcoholism and abuse. jim crow laws led to a very sick society that eventually erupted in protests and violence. even some cults who choose to wall themselves off from general american society have suffered great tragedies ( jim jones, etc. ). we are not meant to live separately from each other as cultures. oh yes, culture is important and influential \u2013 that \u2019 s god \u2019 s flavoring! but cultures need not separate in order to thrive. as a matter of fact, american culture is so unique precisely because of all the other cultures it incorporates. it is a melting pot that takes the flavors of so many people who come here to find freedom and combines them to make one unique, diverse dish called america. kujichagulia would have us breaking off from that american heritage, denouncing it, and declaring our african heritage ( which is sometimes questionable this far into the history of america, as i mentioned in part 1 ) as the only culture / heritage worth our pride our recognition. i also take issue with the secular idea of defining ourselves, naming ourselves. god is removed from this equation under kwanzaa. dr. karenga has been very clear that he does not wish for kwanzaa to be religious in any way and that individuals can incorporate their own beliefs if they wish. fine and dandy until you realize that marxist / socialist theory calls for god to be removed from community life, and our founding fathers understood that belief in god was integral to a free society. we are defined by so much more than how we see ourselves. as a christian, i believe i am defined by the creator ; a god who has a purpose and a plan for my life and my community. i am a sinner. if i am left to define myself in totality, i am left with sin and a broken plan, for i do not see the larger picture. it is extremely valuable to understand that where you are and who you are with are all part of a bigger picture. removing yourself and your community from that picture does not create prosperity, but division and hardship. we are meant to live intertwining lives. our journey in america as black people may have began in tragedy, but it has developed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47132095681522307, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.311956"} {"text": "age and nutrition women start losing calcium from their bones at the ripe old age of 30, and significant mineral loss begins after 50. seniors and exercise go to our nutrition & fitness center index for more nutrition advice. over 50 and fabulous! by frances largeman, r. d. much attention is paid to the nutritional needs of teenage girls and women in their childbearing years, but what about women over 50? turns out, they have some special needs of their own. calcium \u2014 bone up women start losing calcium from their bones at the ripe old age of 30, and significant mineral loss begins after 50. in fact, the recommended daily calcium intake actually increases from 1, 000 milligrams or women ages 19 - 50 to 1, 200 milligrams for women over 50. most women know that they need calcium to keep their bones strong, yet nine out of 10 women over 30 consume only half the recommended amount of calcium each day. if you ' re over 50 and you don ' t think you ' re getting 1, 200 milligrams of calcium each day from low - fat dairy products and calcium - fortified foods, you should consider taking a supplement. weight - bearing exercise should also be part of your active lifestyle. along with actual weight training, weight - bearing exercise includes walking, running, yoga and tennis. fiber \u2014 add bulk adding bulk to your diet can help prevent you from adding it to your hips! a diet high in fiber helps keep you regular, and foods high in fiber provide a feeling of fullness, which can prevent you from overeating at meals. additionally, fiber aids in lowering total cholesterol levels and has been shown to help prevent colon cancer. recently, 10 grams of daily fiber ( in the form of three apples a day ) was found to cut the risk of heart disease, the no. 1 killer of both men and women in the united states. keep calories in mind like bone mass, energy needs start to drop after the age of 30 due to lower activity levels. most women don ' t take this into consideration, and therefore, the much maligned \" middle - age spread \" starts to pack on the pounds. even active women over 50 should keep their calories to approximately 1, 900 per day. regular exercise, as with any age in life, will help keep you fit, trim, flexible and feeling younger. even if you ' re over 50, you ' re certainly not old. haven ' t you heard? fifty is the new 30, so take care of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4167541912459449, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.314408"} {"text": "ask control engineering the ask control engineering blog covers all aspects of automation, including motors, drives, sensors, motion control, machine control and embedded systems. control engineering answers questions from readers of control engineering ' s print and online magazines, newsletters and other publications. to comment on any blog posting, click on the post ' s highlighted question and scroll to the \" post a comment \" box at the bottom. submit questions as comments to any existing post. raising the pressure : supercritical boilers november 11, 2011 dear control engineering : looking at the article about new ultra - supercritical power plants, i have to ask what supercritical means, and why it matters. if you think of what water looks like in a boiling pot, steam forms in bubbles in the water and rise to the surface. if the pressure in the boiler is higher than 3, 200 psi, bubbles cannot form in the water, so the water converts directly to steam without conventional boiling. ultra - supercritical boilers use pressures in the 4, 500 psi range. typically these are used in coal - fired power plants where the whole idea of using such high pressures is to gain efficiency. the higher the pressure, the higher the efficiency. however, there are limits. given the temperatures and pressures involved, the stress on the boiler is enormous. practical deployments of supercritical plants capable of base loading have been relatively recent since boilers require materials and construction methods that are still being developed. the process of forcing feedwater into a boiler is also a challenge and requires proportionally larger turbines. regulating steam production requires more sophisticated control systems which are also improving along with the construction methods. ( read an article about controlling such plants. ) nonetheless, the desire for greater efficiency, here measured as kilowatt hours per ton of coal, is a worthwhile goal. - - peter welander, pwelander ( at ) cfemedia. com", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5587401082804274, "token_count": 384, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.316947"} {"text": "what is fecal incontinence? fecal incontinence is the loss of normal control of the bowels. this leads to stool leaking from the rectum at unexpected times. many people, of all ages, suffer from fecal incontinence. it may be a result of spina bifida, operations on the anus or rectum, spinal injuries, or trauma. fecal incontinence is often treated by emptying the bowels with a rectal enema. this treatment is effective, but it can also be messy, time - consuming, inconvenient, and difficult ( or impossible ) for some patients to do by themselves. what is a cecostomy catheter ( c - tube )? the c - tube is a non - latex, flexible tube that is inserted into the patient ' s cecum through the skin in the lower right part of the abdomen. ( figures 1a, 1b ) the c - tube remains in the cecum and provides a comfortable, convenient way to cleanse the bowels with an irrigation of enema solution. the irrigation ( enema ) is given through the c - tube and exits the body through the anal opening. emptying the colon in this regular, predictable way can prevent unexpected soiling. after c - tube insertion, some patients are able to give their own irrigations for the first time. due to the location of the tube, even people who are wheelchair - dependent can perform the irrigation by themselves.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4534974597273117, "token_count": 307, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.318311"} {"text": "a guide to canning a primer for getting started with preserving your own foods. there are only a few necessities for canning. the usda recommends using tempered - glass jars free of cracks, nicks, or other defects that have a two - piece vacuum cap consisting of a flat, rubber - lined metal lid and a metal screw band. ( note : the flat metal lid is not reusable. ) you will also need a boiling - water canner or a large pot that is at least 2 inches taller than the largest jar you plan on processing and is outfitted with a rack and lid. use a jar lifter or tongs to safely lower and remove jars. lastly, you will need a long, thin, nonmetallic skewer to insert into the length of the jar to remove trapped air bubbles. home canning kits include everything you ' ll need. quality counts! using the freshest produce yields the freshest - tasting results. always wash produce thoroughly to remove any microorganisms that may be present and that could contribute to spoilage. and always follow a recipe from a trusted source to the letter - - these recipes have been tested to ensure that acid levels safely preserve the contents and that processing times are long enough to create a vacuum seal. your work area, produce, and all equipment must be meticulously clean and free of defects. set up the boiling - water canner according to manufacturer ' s instructions. any preserve that processes in a boiling - water canner for less than 10 minutes will require that jars be sterilized - - submerge them in boiling water for 10 minutes and keep in hot water until ready to fill. lids should not be sterilized but hey must be hot : submerge them in simmering water for 10 minutes. reduce the risk of bacterial growth by inserting the long skewer into filled jars to remove air bubbles and wiping each rim dry. firmly secure lids and process all jars in the canner for the time specified. test to see if jars have sealed properly by pressing on the center of the lid, which should be slightly depressed. any jar that isn ' t sealed should be stored in the refrigerator and contents should be eaten in 2 to 3 days. see our canning and pickling recipes.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4205386845756828, "token_count": 463, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.323494"} {"text": "japanese dodder ( cuscuta japonica ) discovered in lompoc august 23, 2011 contact : david chang, ( 805 ) 681 - 5600 agricultural commissioner ' s office county of santa barbara japanese dodder has been found in the city of lompoc, california. a sample was confirmed by the california department of agriculture ' s botany lab as cuscuta cf. japonica, also known as japanese dodder. this is the first detection of the weed in santa barbara county. currently, in santa barbara county, the weed is known to occur only in lompoc. japanese dodder could become a significant pest of agriculture, natural areas, parks and home gardens if it were to become established. it is a high priority regulated pest ( \" a \" rated noxious weed ) for federal, state and local departments of agriculture. the county agricultural commissioner ' s office will be searching for additional infestations in the neighborhood and working on eradicating the infestation. local citizens are encouraged to report other infestations, to not disturb the current infestation and to not intentionally plant this serious pest. confirmed detections in santa barbara county are indicated in the map link below. japanese dodder cannot be controlled with herbicides, alone. be especially careful to avoid spreading this serious pest. japanese dodder can be spread by improper disposal of infested plant materials, by intentional plantings, by composting, or by birds or other animals who use the dodder for nesting material. japanese dodder, cuscuta japonica, is an aggressive non - native parasitic plant that has the ability to kill its host by robbing the host of food and water. japanese dodder is able to infect a broad range of plant types, including oak, willow, ivy, blackberry, plum, citrus, stone fruits, apple, laurel, clematis, fennel, coyote brush, and other woody and herbaceous plants, commercial crops, ornamentals, and wild plants. japanese dodder is able to spread plant diseases like tristeza, citrus greening and other phytoplasma organisms. japanese dodder looks like a tangled, yellow - to - orange mass of spaghetti on a host plant. the spaghetti - - sized stems differentiates the species from the thinner stems typical of native dodder species. japanese dodder may also appear more yellow - green in color, especially when stressed, than the orange color typical of native dodders. healthy japanese dodder, however, may also", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4462286314847274, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.327499"} {"text": "obesity might lower teens ' thinking skills, study suggests monday, sept. 3 ( healthday news ) - - as the childhood obesity epidemic continues in the united states, more kids are developing an array of heart risk factors linked to obesity known as the \" metabolic syndrome. \" now, a study suggests that these obesity - linked changes may be affecting kids ' minds as well as their bodies. the new study finds that adolescents with these conditions - - which include abdominal obesity, unhealthy cholesterol / trigylceride levels and high blood pressure - - are more likely to perform more poorly on tests of mental ability compared to their healthy peers. mri scans also showed certain worrisome differences in brain structure among children with the metabolic syndrome, the researchers said. according to study lead author dr. antonio convit, until recently it ' s been thought that \" the bad things that can happen among kids with metabolic syndrome are 20 years in the future. but, this work demonstrates that these health issues are having a deleterious impact on a kid ' s brain now. today. \" convit is a professor of psychiatry and medicine at the nyu langone school of medicine. he and his team published the findings online sept. 3 and in the october print issue of pediatrics. the finding stems from u. s. national institutes of health - funded research that involved roughly 110 teens. a little under half of them had been diagnosed with at least three or more of the five specific health conditions that characterize metabolic syndrome : abdominal obesity, low good ( hdl ) cholesterol, high triglycerides, high blood pressure, and / or pre - diabetic levels of insulin resistance. previous research has shown such an association among adults, but this latest report suggests the effect on intellect from metabolic syndrome may occur more rapidly and at a much younger age than thought. \" it ' s also important to note that this was really a real - world study with a very conservative approach, \" added convit, who is also a member of the new york state office of mental health ' s nathan kline research institute. \" we didn ' t compare kids with metabolic syndrome against kids who were squeaky clean, but against healthier kids who still might have had one or two of the things that make up metabolic syndrome rather than the three or more minimum [ needed ] for a metabolic syndrome diagnosis, \" he explained. \" and with that, what we found was that those with metabolic syndrome performed about 10 percent less well, on average,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47205025783860394, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.332948"} {"text": "things that make up metabolic syndrome rather than the three or more minimum [ needed ] for a metabolic syndrome diagnosis, \" he explained. \" and with that, what we found was that those with metabolic syndrome performed about 10 percent less well, on average, on a series of cognitive [ intellectual ] tests that look at things like spelling and math. they were still performing within the normal range, but significantly less well on skills that are very relevant for predicting school performance, \" convit said. \" and who would want their kids to perform 10 percent less than their potential, even if they ' re performing within the normal range? \" convit also pointed out that 54 percent of american teens are now either overweight or obese. and an estimated 30 percent to 40 percent of those weight - challenged adolescents struggle with metabolic syndrome. \" so the numbers, \" he stressed, \" are huge. \" in the study, the scientists focused on 49 teens diagnosed with metabolic syndrome and 62 who were not, making sure that both groups were similar in terms of age, school grade, gender, ethnicity and socio - economic background. all the children underwent a battery of 17 tests that probed, among other things, abilities in the realm of attention, mental flexibility, reading, writing and arithmetic. those with metabolic syndrome performed more poorly on all of the tests than those without the condition. seven of those tests reached what the team deemed to be \" statistical significance. \" adding to what the authors described as \" alarming results \" on the tests, mri scans revealed that the group with metabolic syndrome had experienced a relative 10 percent reduction in the volume of the hippocampus region of their brains. what ' s more, brain atrophy was also found to be more prevalent among these teens in the parts of the brain that make connections between different neurological regions. \" so, what this means is that even though the hippocampus reductions were not so severe as to be in the abnormal range, the brains of [ these ] kids are not working on all pistons, \" convit said. \" which means there is probably a good reason that those who are obese often tend to drop out of school more often than those who are not. they probably are more frustrated because they can ' t learn as readily. that 10 percent drop probably does make a difference. \" so what should be done? \" we should be doing more than simply looking at blood pressure when children visit the doctor, \" convit said. \" we should be looking at a wide range", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4526368373902154, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.333931"} {"text": "that 10 percent drop probably does make a difference. \" so what should be done? \" we should be doing more than simply looking at blood pressure when children visit the doctor, \" convit said. \" we should be looking at a wide range of health measures, and looking out for how these kids ' brains are working. and parents should be made aware that lifestyle changes at home, where it really needs to begin, may be critical to keeping their kids healthy and ensuring that they can perform to their potential. \" lona sandon, an assistant professor of clinical nutrition at the university of texas southwestern medical center at dallas, agreed that \" this study just further supports the need to find ways to prevent childhood obesity in the first place. \" she noted that \" a lot of this does start at home. pediatricians need to work to encourage parents to help their children adopt good diets and nutritional patterns and activity patterns, so they can stay lean and physically fit. because the problems kids experience from being overweight or obese aren ' t just about looks or self - esteem. and they ' re not just about heart disease issues that can develop 20 or 30 years from now. we ' re talking about cognitive ability impairment that can affect school performance pretty immediately. it ' s a here - and - now problem that needs to be tackled head on. \" while the study found an association between poor test scores and metabolic syndrome in kids, it didn ' t prove a cause - and - effect relationship. for more on metabolic syndrome, visit the u. s. national library of medicine. sources : antonio convit, m. d., professor, psychiatry and medicine, nyu school of medicine, and member, nathan kline research institute, new york state office of mental health, new york city ; lona sandon, r. d., registered dietician and assistant professor, clinical nutrition, university of texas southwestern medical center at dallas ; sept. 3, 2012, pediatrics, online", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.42613081244232615, "token_count": 402, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.334699"} {"text": "the example of fissile metamorphic slate illustrated here came from along curve # 149 on track # 2 of the sierra grade where it had fallen from the excavated face of cape horn. originally formed under the sea over 200, 000, 000 years ago during the mesozoic era as sedimentary rock, it was eventually lifted up and slowly changed into its present form over millions of years by heat and pressure exerted on it from below by pools of molten magma rising through the earth ' s crust. when this underlying magma finally cooled it became one of the some 200 granite plutons which now make up the sierra nevada batholith. the original cape horn grade, as located by resident engineer lewis m. clement, was a narrow ledge just barely wide enough to support the single track it carried. constructed in 1865 - 66 by the cprr ' s industrious crews of chinese workers, it was literally \" carved \" out of the rock using hand drills and black powder, and by filling in a number of deep gullies between the outcrops. ( the sp finally widened the grade to its present contour in 1929. ) unlike the extremely hard granite underlying the mountain, the surface metamorphic rock is relatively soft and fractures easily. for that reason pieces large and small tend to continuously slough off the wall above the track. this is especially the case along curve # 149 on the west side of cape horn where the excavated wall is the highest and steepest. to help avoid damage to passing trains and prevent potential derailments caused by falling rock, the inside of curve # 149 is protected by an electric rock slide detector fence to warn the crews of approaching trains of debris on the track. to help minimize major delays caused by larger falls, maintenance of way crews from the uprr also periodically trim rock off from above the grade which has been loosened by weathering. ( click on the images below to see at full size. ) usgs geology topographic maps of cape horn \u2013 cape horn formation ( fissile clay slates ) 1892 : economic geology ; areal geology ; map legends cape horn aerial photo", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49027197308146997, "token_count": 424, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.336790"} {"text": "the creation wiki is now operating on a new and improved server. from creationwiki, the encyclopedia of creation science teleology is the position that there is design, purpose, directive principle, or finality in the works and processes of nature, and the philosophical study of that purpose. teleology is from the greek word telos which means the end or goal of a thing. teleology stands in contrast to philosophical naturalism, and both ask questions separate from the questions of science. while science investigates natural laws and phenomena, philosophical naturalism and teleology address and investigate the existence or non - existence of an organizing principle behind those natural laws and phenonema. philosophical naturalism asserts that there are no such principles. teleology asserts that there are. for example, the view of philosophical naturalism is that man sees because he has eyes. teleology, on the other hand, holds both that man sees because he has eyes and has eyes so that he can see. as aristotle wrote in support of teleology, \" nature adapts the organ to the function, and not the function to the organ \" ( de partib., animal., iv, xii, 694b ; 13 ). lucretius replied in support of philosophical naturalism : \" nothing in the body is made in order that we may use it. what happens to exist is the cause of its use. \" ( de nat. rerum, iv, 833 ; cf. 822 - 56 ) contemporary creationists have taken a more subtle approach to the question of teleology. giuseppe sermonti wrote : | \u201c | | what, then, is the answer to our question ' is there a purpose in nature? ' to be sure, an answer to this kind of question is not something that can come out of a conference in which each participant is expected to represent and maintain his position. there were several different answers and reference has been made to these above. meanwhile, what is important is that the question was put forth in scientific circles, and the fact that it was put forth in the heart of europe which is itself seeking a connection, a meaning, a purpose. when all is said and done, what else is purpose if not a self - questioning as to where one is going \u2013 what else, if not the posing of a question to oneself that expects a reply? | | \u201d | in the view of giuseppe and many other creationists, scientists should neither make dogmatic assertions about purpose nor deny the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5752235190464501, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.346597"} {"text": "where one is going \u2013 what else, if not the posing of a question to oneself that expects a reply? | | \u201d | in the view of giuseppe and many other creationists, scientists should neither make dogmatic assertions about purpose nor deny the possibility of its existence. instead, the project of science should above all be seeking to understand the purpose of the universe by fearlessly asking the hardest questions. teleology and the philosophy of science while teleology and philosophical naturalism ask different questions than those asked by science, they play an extremely important role in the philosophy of science. for if one begins with the philosophical belief that there is no design or purpose in the universe, then one naturally concludes that creation science is nonsense, before evaluating its facts and conclusions, because it seeks purpose where none exists. if, on the other hand, one begins with the philosophical belief that there is design or purpose in the universe, then one may naturally conclude that creationism is true, even without considering the alternative of evolution. both of these philosophical assumptions are dangerous to the progress of science, because they both eliminate a realm of possibilities before even evaluating the evidence. a philosophical naturalist cannot even permit creationism as a possibility, because he has already assumed that there is no design or purpose in the universe. the same traps lay open to creationists who start with the assumption that god created the universe in a particular way, without even - handedly evaluating the evidence. for that reason, a sophisticated philosophy of science must be initially neutral on the question of teleology and philosophical naturalism. it must allow for the possibility of design and the possibility of naturalistic explanations. once both possibilities are allowed, then the scientific evidence can and should lead to the correct position. many creationists, of course, believe that the evidence for creation is so overwhelming as to be absolutely obvious to an open mind. as the apostle paul wrote in romans ; for since the creation of the world god ' s invisible qualities \u2014 his eternal power and divine nature \u2014 have been clearly seen, being understood from what has been made, so that men are without excuse. romans 1 : 19 classical greek teleology | \u201c | | imagine not being able to distinguish the real cause from that without which the cause would not be able to act as a cause. it is what the majority appear to do, like people groping in the dark ; they call it a cause, thus giving it a name that does not belong to it. that is why one man surrounds the earth with a vortex to make the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5201552499579646, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.347632"} {"text": ". it is what the majority appear to do, like people groping in the dark ; they call it a cause, thus giving it a name that does not belong to it. that is why one man surrounds the earth with a vortex to make the heavens keep it in place, another makes the air support it like a wide lid. as for their capacity of being in the best place they could possibly be put, this they do not look for, nor do they believe it to have any divine force, but they believe that they will some time discover a stronger and more immortal atlas to hold everything together more, and they do not believe that the truly good and \" binding \" binds and holds them together. ( plato, phaedo 99bc ) | | \u201d | thus, it is argued, those who attempt to explain nature in terms of nature alone are forced to deny the ultimate binding good in the universe, and hope that they will someday discover a \" stronger and more immortal atlas \" to hold their universe together. similarly, aristotle argued that it is error to attempt to reduce all things to mere necessity, because such thinking neglects the purpose, order, and final cause that causes the apparent necessity. he wrote : | \u201c | | democritus, however, neglecting the final cause, reduces to necessity all the operations of nature. now they are necessary, it is true, but yet they are for a final cause and for the sake of what is best in each case. thus nothing prevents the teeth from being formed and being shed in this way ; but it is not on account of these causes but on account of the end ; these are causes in the sense of being the moving and efficient instruments and the material. \u2026 to say that necessity is the cause is much as if we should think that the water has been drawn off from a dropsical patient on account of the lancet alone, not on account of health, for the sake of which the lancet made the incision. ( aristotle, generation of animals v. 8, 789a8 - b15 ) | | \u201d | in aristotelian - thomistic philosophy the traditional term for teleology is final cause and deals with purpose built into nature, built into matter as its very nature. final cause is contrasted with efficient cause. efficient causes generate things, so that if you were to throw a tennis ball to the ground, the action of your arm forcing the tennis ball down is the efficient cause. there is another level of cause however, and the final cause", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5865191093626837, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.348776"} {"text": "with efficient cause. efficient causes generate things, so that if you were to throw a tennis ball to the ground, the action of your arm forcing the tennis ball down is the efficient cause. there is another level of cause however, and the final cause or purpose for doing so is different from the efficient cause. for instance, the final cause may have been you being able to prepare yourself to serve first to an opponent to then begin a tennis match. extrinsic and intrinsic finality teleology depends on the concept of a final cause or purpose inherent in all beings. there are two types of such causes, intrinsic finality and extrinsic finality. - extrinsic finality consists of a being realizing a purpose outside the being realizing it, for the utility and welfare of other beings. for instance, minerals are designed to be used by plants which are in turn designed to be used by animals. - intrinsic finality consists of a being realizing a purpose by means of a natural tendency directed toward the perfection of its own nature. in essence, it is what is good for a being. for example, physical masses obey universal gravitational tendencies that did not evolve, but are simply a cosmic given. similarly, life is intended to behave in certain ways so as to preserve itself from death, disease, and pain. | \u201c | | if i hadn \u2019 t been at the store today, i wouldn \u2019 t have found that $ 100 on the ground. god must have intended for me to go to the store so i would find that money. | | \u201d | such abuses were criticized by francis bacon ( \" de dignitate et augmentis scientiarum, \" iii, iv ), descartes ( \" principia philosophi\u00e6 \", i, 28 ; iii, 2, 3 ; \" meditationes \", iii, iv ), and spinoza ( ethica, i, prop. 36 app. ). intrinsic finality, while more subtle, provides the basis for the teleological argument for the existence of god, and its modern counterpart, intelligent design. proponents of teleology argue that it resolves a fundamental defect in philosophical naturalism. they argue that naturalism focuses exclusively on the immediate causes and mechanisms of events, and forgets to look for the reason for their synthesis. thus, it is argued, if we take a clock apart, we discover in it nothing but springs, wheels, pivots, levers etc. but having explained the mechanism which", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5769871426132182, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.349734"} {"text": "1. an organization of countries formed in 1961 to agree on a common policy for the sale of petroleum. 5. tropical american tree producing cacao beans. 10. the airforce of great britain. 13. tree bearing large brown nuts containing e. g. caffeine. 14. in a murderous frenzy as if possessed by a demon. 15. 100 avos equal 1 pataca. 16. rotary motion of an object around its own axis. 17. have confidence or faith in. 19. ( babylonian ) a demigod or first man. 21. being ten more than one hundred eighty. 22. concerning those not members of the clergy. 23. being the one previously mentioned or spoken of. 25. unknown god. 29. leaf or strip from a leaf of the talipot palm used in india for writing paper. 32. a flat - bottomed volcanic crater that was formed by an explosion. 36. an employee who mixes and serves alcoholic drinks at a bar. 38. a river in southeastern france. 40. an oscan - speaking member of an ancient people of campania. 43. a woman hired to suckle a child of someone else. 44. avatar of vishnu. 45. a silvery ductile metallic element found primarily in bauxite. 47. of high moral or intellectual value. 51. cubes of meat marinated and cooked on a skewer usually with vegetables. 55. a chadic language spoken south of lake chad. 56. thigh of a hog ( usually smoked ). 57. a college town in central new york on lake cayuga. 60. an ancient hebrew unit of capacity equal to 10 baths or 10 ephahs. 61. the month following march and preceding may. 62. african tree having an exceedingly thick trunk and fruit that resembles a gourd and has an edible pulp called monkey bread. 63. used of a single unit or thing. 1. long green edible beaked pods of the okra plant. 2. a russian unit of weight equal to approximately 36 pounds. 3. a republic in southeastern europe on the southern part of the balkan peninsula. 4. a high - crowned black cap ( usually made of felt or sheepskin ) worn by men in turkey and iran and the caucasus. 5. 4 - wheeled motor vehicle. 6. a stock exchange in new york. 7. includes some plants usually placed in e. g. genus dicksonia. 8. any group or radical of the form rco - where r is an organic group.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5342287580435972, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.353424"} {"text": "4 - wheeled motor vehicle. 6. a stock exchange in new york. 7. includes some plants usually placed in e. g. genus dicksonia. 8. any group or radical of the form rco - where r is an organic group. 9. ( informal ) being satisfactory or in satisfactory condition. 10. the seventh month of the moslem calendar. 11. a means of serving. 12. a unit that is part of some military service. 18. ( botany ) of or relating to the axil. 20. the branch of computer science that deal with writing computer programs that can solve problems creatively. 24. type genus of the cariamidae comprising only the crested cariama. 26. by bad luck. 27. the basic unit of electric current adopted under the system international d ' unites. 28. ( astronomy ) the angular distance of a celestial point measured westward along the celestial equator from the zenith crossing. 30. type genus of the family arcidae. 31. the battle in 1806 in which napoleon decisively defeated the prussians. 33. a fixed charge for a privilege or for professional services. 34. a constellation in the southern hemisphere near telescopium and norma. 35. any of numerous hairy - bodied insects including social and solitary species. 37. a bantu language spoken by the kamba people in kenya. 39. a burn cause by hot liquid or steam. 41. manufactured in standard sizes to be shipped and assembled elsewhere. 42. a city of southeastern mexico. 46. a light springing movement upwards or forwards. 47. a very poisonous metallic element that has three allotropic forms. 48. the basic unit of money in bangladesh. 49. very dark black. 50. a challenge to do something dangerous or foolhardy. 52. the rate at which heat is produced by an individual in a resting state. 53. top part of an apron. 54. a unit of conductance equal to the reciprocal of an ohm. 58. a hard gray lustrous metallic element that is highly corrosion - resistant. 59. the blood group whose red cells carry both the a and b antigens.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5900350136556557, "token_count": 438, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.354594"} {"text": "san francisco, 15 june 2008 dear earthtalk : the 2008 summer olympics in china are drawing a lot of attention right now reasons. i ' ve heard, though, that one ray of light is china ' s effort to make the event as green as possible. what ' s going on in that regard? josh rogers, concord, nh it ' s true that china is using the upcoming beijing olympics as a sustainability showcase, going so far as to dub the event the \" green olympics. \" through a partnership with the u. s. government and the maryland - based international center for sustainable development, china is giving beijing a green makeover to make the city a model for net zero pollution, green building and sustainable community development. according to china ' s technology minister wan gang, the beijing olympics are expected to generate some 1. 2 million tons of carbon dioxide, in large part because of the flying the world ' s athletes will do to get to and from the games. to offset these potent greenhouse gases, china will take a series of measures, wan says, including planting trees, closing 1, 000 small coal mines before and during the games and banning up to a million cars from city streets. beijing ' s olympic village, where the chinese government has been busy erecting dozens of stadiums and other structures according to rigorous green standards, is emerging as quite an example of sustainable community development. the steel - looped beijing national stadium, for instance, includes a rainwater collection arrangement, a natural ventilation system and a clear roof with inflatable cushions made from etfe ( ethylene tetrafluoroethylene ), a kind of plastic that increases light and heat penetration. the \" birdcage, \" one of seven olympic stadiums being built in beijing for the upcoming 2008 summer olympics equipped with solar generators. photo : beijing 2008 olympic another example is the \" water cube, \" a spectacular - looking structure that looks like a building made of bubble - wrap. officially known as the national aquatics center, it is completely surrounded with etfe pillows and is expected to cut energy use by 30 percent. and when it has finished serving its purpose as an olympic venue, it has been built to be converted to a shopping area and leisure center with tennis courts, retail outlets, nightclubs and restaurants. all seven main olympic stadiums are equipped with solar generators capable of outputting 480 kilowatts of energy at any given moment. ninety percent of the lighting outside the stadiums, as well as the entire hot water supply for the olympic village will be powered by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5093796778423829, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.361668"} {"text": "seven main olympic stadiums are equipped with solar generators capable of outputting 480 kilowatts of energy at any given moment. ninety percent of the lighting outside the stadiums, as well as the entire hot water supply for the olympic village will be powered by solar energy. also, the main stadiums will receive power from beijing ' s first wind farm. while the olympic games will only last for two weeks, environmentalists hope the greening of beijing will indeed continue beyond the summer ' 08. some proposals include building 14 wastewater treatment facilities to achieve 90 percent treatment rate in beijing, and extending potable water to the also, the municipal government of beijing has invested in expensive energy - efficient heating and transportation equipment that will greatly improve environmental quality for decades hence. beijing, where 1, 000 new cars roll onto the streets every day, also plans to source clean energy from other parts of china and through the purchase of pollution offsets on a quickly expanding international market. contacts : icsd beijing 2008 green olympics initiative, www. solarcities. org / beijingolympics. htm ; beijing 2008 olympic got an environmental question? send it to : earthtalk, c / o e / the environmental magazine, p. o. box 5098, westport, ct 06881 ; submit it at : www. emagazine. com / earthtalk / thisweek /, or e - mail : firstname. lastname @ example. org. read past columns at : www. emagazine. com / earthtalk / archives. php. related culturekiosque archives darfur : sudan genocide subject of new dvd, book children in china gao brothers : photographs and safety : the field guide to seafood gilded splendor : treasures of china ' s liao empire ( 907 - 1125 ) yue minjun and the symbolic capturing the face of asia chi peng : the monkey king national ballet of china : raise the red lantern film review : once upon a time in the mood for love : wong kar - wai ' s stylish reflection on regret different animal : why ' iron monkey ' isn ' t the next ' crouching film review : crouching tiger hidden", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5256215484616863, "token_count": 440, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.362650"} {"text": "webmd medical news laura j. martin, md may 23, 2011 - - researchers in europe say a fermented dairy product containing a specific bacterium known as a probiotic did not relieve constipation in children more than a dairy product without a probiotic. the finding is significant, the researchers say, because probiotics have helped some adults with constipation. it seemed logical that probiotics, live microorganisms that are often called \u201c friendly \u201d or \u201c good \u201d bacteria, might work for children. but in a new study the kids who consumed the fermented dairy product did no better, based on number of stools produced, than youngsters in a comparison group. the study examined 159 children with constipation for at least two months with a defecation rate of less than three times per week. about half were given the probiotic product twice daily for three weeks ; children in the comparison group were given a dairy product without the probiotic. in the study, the fermented dairy product that contained b lactis strain dn - 173 010 increased stool frequency, but not significantly more than the dairy product without a probiotic given to the comparison group, according to researchers in the netherlands and poland. even though it is common practice to give probiotics to children to help them with constipation problems, study researcher merit m. tabbers, md, phd, a pediatric gastroenterologist at emma \u2019 s children \u2019 s hospital academic medical center in amsterdam, the netherlands, tells webmd that there is not yet enough evidence to \u201c support a general recommendation about the use of probiotics in the treatment of functional childhood constipation. \u201d but because constipation is a common problem in young children, more research is in the works. \u201c probiotics are indeed also given in the netherlands and elsewhere by caregivers because constipation is in the majority of patients difficult to treat and a long - lasting problem, \u201d tabbers tells webmd via email. \u201c approximately 50 % of all children followed for six to 12 months are found to recover and were successfully taken off laxatives. \u201d tabbers says a study in another hospital \u201c even showed that despite intensive medical and behavioral therapy, 30 % of patients who developed constipation before the age of 5 years continued to have severe complaints of constipation ; infrequent, painful defecation ; and fecal incontinence beyond puberty. \u201d sandra fry", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4164697437184869, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.367734"} {"text": "% of patients who developed constipation before the age of 5 years continued to have severe complaints of constipation ; infrequent, painful defecation ; and fecal incontinence beyond puberty. \u201d sandra fryhofer, md, an internal medicine specialist in atlanta who was not involved in the study, says constipation can be uncomfortable for children, and for that reason, \u201c it is not unreasonable that parents seeking a safe and natural remedy might turn to probiotics for relief. \u201d for children who are constipated, \u201c the first step of treatment consists of education, dietary advice, and behavioral modifications, \u201d tabbers tells webmd. \u201c if not effective, laxatives are prescribed. \u201d tabbers says although there is a lack of placebo - controlled research showing the effectiveness of probiotics over placebo, \u201c their use in clinical practice is widely accepted. \u201d the researchers say that studies on adults have shown that the same fermented dairy product that contains b lactis dn - 173 010 seems to have some effect in improving constipation. they conclude that \u201c constipation in children differs considerably from that in constipated adults with regard to its prevalence, onset, etiology, symptoms, treatment, and prognosis. \u201d the researchers say that future studies \u201c should focus on whether the consumption of this probiotic product could be more effective in children with a short history of constipation. \u201d two of the researchers, catherine perrin, phd, and nolwenn crastes, are employees of danone research, which supplied products used in the study. no other potential conflicts were reported. the study is published in the may 23 issue of pediatrics. sources : news release, american academy of pediatrics. tabbers, m. pediatrics, june 2011 ; vol 127 : pp 1391 - 1399. merit m. tabbers, md, phd, department of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition, emma \u2019 s children \u2019 s hospital academic medical center, amsterdam, netherlands, email exchange. sandra fryhofer, md, internal medicine specialist, atlanta. here are the most recent story comments. view all the views expressed here do not necessarily represent those of cw arkansas the health news section does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. see additional information.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3995008072768685, "token_count": 482, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.368695"} {"text": "few have made the kind of difference to the world as the scientific and humanitarian contributions of norman borlaug, who died on sept. 13, at the age of 95. as the father of the \" green revolution, \" borlaug dedicated his life to advancing science and bringing monumental change to agriculture. his contributions, and the green revolution, has increased agricultural production such that it is recognized as having saved hundreds of millions of lives worldwide by alleviating hunger. among his accomplishments, borlaug ' s innovative plant breeding techniques developed disease - resistant wheat. for his humanitarian efforts, borlaug received the nobel peace prize in 1970, presidential medal of freedom in 1977 and the congressional gold medal in 2006. \" the passing of dr borlaug is truly a loss for the plant breeding industry, \" said andy lavigne, president and chief executive officer of the american seed trade association. \" he was the giant that all of us looked up to, \" agriculture has lost an amazing person, but his soul will continue to inspire us in the seed industry. \" borlaug ' s contributions went far beyond his scientific accomplishments. he leveraged his international recognition to advance investment in agricultural sciences and the people needed to find solutions for the agricultural challenges that plague the world. he supported many causes that helped build scientists in developing countries, and he gained support of governments and industry toward programs and policies to advance agriculture in order to continue an abundant supply of food, feed, fiber and fuel for a growing population with fewer resources. \" dr. borlaug not only drove the green revolution, he challenged today ' s crop of plant breeders to rise to a new level that would benefit growers globally, \" said jerry monk, of warner seeds and asta chairman. \" while he will be sorely missed, he will not be forgotten. \" born norman ernest borlaug on march 24, 1914, outside of cresco, iowa, to henry and clara borlaug, he grew up on a farm and attended a one - room school house through the eighth grade. borlaug remained close to his roots, and was always willing to talk to aspiring students, researchers and policy makers about the tremendous impact innovation can have on agricultural production. he attended the university of minnesota where he earned his bachelor ' s degree in 1937 in forestry, later returning for his master ' s degree in 1940 and a doctorate in 1942 in plant genetics. in october 1944, he began his formidable work on wheat in mexico at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4530044479605865, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.373260"} {"text": "biography : cesare pugni was an italian composer of ballet music, a pianist and a virtuoso violinist. in his early career he composed operas, symphonies, and various other forms of orchestral music. pugni is most noted for the ballets he composed while serving as composer of the ballet music to her majesty ' s theatre in london ( 1843 \u2013 1850 ), and as ballet composer of the st. petersburg imperial theatres and to the court of his imperial majesty in st. petersburg, russian empire ( 1850 \u2013 1870 ). pugni was among the first composers of ballet music to employ the technique of leitmotif, which he utilized for his score for the ballet elerz e zulmida cesare pugni is the most prolific composer of the genre of ballet music that has ever lived by the end of his life he had composed close to 100 known original scores for the ballet and adapted or supplemented many other works by other composers. he composed a myriad of incidental dances such as divertissements and variations, many of which were added to countless other works. a great deal of cesare pugni ' s complete scores and incidental dances, etc. were published in piano reduction, and sold very well, while other dances were sold as \" traditional \" by publishers such as t. boosey or jullien after the copyright expired with no credit given to the composer. of pugni ' s original scores for the ballet, he is perhaps best - known today for ondine, ou la naiade, ( also known as la naiade et le pecheur ) ( 1843 ) ; la esmeralda ( 1844 ) ; eoline, ou la dryade ( 1845 ), catarina, ou la fille du bandit ( 1846 ) ; the pharaoh ' s daughter ( 1862 ) ; the little humpbacked horse ( 1864 ) ; and le roi candaule ( 1868 ). of his incidental dances, etc., he is most noted for the pas de six from la vivandiere ( also known as markitenka ) ( 1844 ) ; the pas de quatre ( 1845 ) ; la carnival de venise pas de deux ( also known as satanella pas de deux ) ( 1859 ) ; the diane and acteon pas de deux ( 1868 ) ; and his additional music for the ballet le corsaire ( 1863 and 1868 ). pugni ' s works were written for the most influential ballet masters of the 19th century, among them arthur saint - leon, paul taglioni, marius", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41680402798307337, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.375874"} {"text": "from the april 2008 conservationist by barbara nuffer the white blossom of the bloodroot is one of the first flowers to greet us when we walk in the woods in early spring. bloodroot is a native wildflower that blooms in mid - april in new york ' s rich, acidic woodlands. as it emerges through the forest ' s leaf litter, the single flower stem is surrounded by the developing leaf. this beautiful flower has 8 to 12 white petals with a bright yellow center and can measure up to two inches across. unfortunately, the flower is very short - lived, lasting for several days at most. however, rainy weather can cause the petals to drop off in a single day. like other ephemeral wildflowers, bloodroot blooms, attracts pollinators, and sets its seed before the deciduous trees have leafed out. by late spring, bloodroot plants are dormant and disappear entirely until the following spring. the seed is produced in an oblong seed pod that ripens in late spring. the pod opens up and the seeds spring out below the plant. the fleshy coating surrounding the seed attracts ants, which carry the seeds into their nest to feed their larvae. the seeds germinate in the nutrient - rich debris of the ant nest. this process serves to disperse the seeds away from the mother plant. bloodroot is a member of the poppy family. like all poppies, the rhizome ( a horizontal underground stem ) contains powerful and potentially dangerous compounds. the rhizome produces a red juice that was used by native americans as a body paint and dye. native americans also used bloodroot as a treatment for various ailments, ranging from fevers and bronchitis to warts. it was valued as a love charm by the bachelors of nebraska ' s ponca tribe. the men would apply the red juice to their palms and shake hands with the woman they wanted to marry. according to legend, the girl would be a willing partner within a week. there is a beautiful garden selection of this native plant, known as the double bloodroot. it blooms a few days later than the single - flowered bloodroot and the flowers last about twice as long. although expensive and hard to find, these plants are very long - lived and can be divided every three to four years. the bloodroot ' s solitary leaf bud emerging from the ground is distinctively shaped and serves as your first hint that the flower will soon make an appearance. remember, you must", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46430780413408845, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.379594"} {"text": "two sample test determines if two groups differ in distribution. the grouping factor is put in the factor list. the statistical tests will determine if there is a differences between the groups on any of the variables in the ' outcomes ' list. the groups can be specified using the split button. test options can be altered with the options button. if the factor variable has two levels, the groups do not need to be defined, however, if the variable is continuous or has more than two levels, the two groups must be specified. the plots dialog can be used to specify a plot summary. - show box plot - indicated the display of the box plot. - show points - should jittered points be displayed. - scale variables - should variables be standardized to mean 0 and variance 1. - alpha - the level of transparency equality of means the t - test tests whether two means are different from one another. details of the procedure can be found here. by default the welch t - test is performed, which doesn ' t require the assumption of equal variance. clicking the test options allows one to change to the student ' s t - test, which does rely on the equal variance assumption. the welch test requires that the sample sizes are sufficiently large, while the student ' s test requires that either the data be normally distributed, or the sample size is sufficiently large. practically speaking, the welch test performs well even at very small sample sizes when the data is normally distributed. both tests are sensitive to outliers. like the t - test, the permutation test compares the means of two samples. unlike the t - test, the permutation test does not require that the samples be large, so long as the exchangeability assumption holds, which is a similar assumption to the equal variance assumption. if this assumption does not hold, the default permutation test, which permutes the t - statistic, still still be valid if the samples are large enough. unlike the t - test, which measures the difference between two groups as the difference between their means, tests of central tendency use a different measure called the area under the curve, or auc. the auc is defined as the probability that a random observation drawn from one group has a higher value than one drawn from the other group ( plus 1 / 2 the probability they have exactly the same value ). so, if the auc = 1 / 2, then an observation in one group is not more likely to be above the other group, and visa versa, implying that the two groups", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5146395357959817, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.383669"} {"text": "a beautiful bay the call for permanent protection continues in alaska \u2019 s bristol bay, where offshore drilling threatens wildlife and a way of life. by dan strickland \u00a9 william h. mullins / accent alaska the sockeye salmon breaking the surface in flashes of silver look like giant popping kernels of corn. it \u2019 s july and the fish are leaping upstream in the millions to spawn in the bering sea \u2019 s bristol bay, off the coast of southwest alaska. with the run at its peak, anyone wading in hip boots here can feel the fish hitting and careening off both legs. these sockeye \u2014 along with chinook, halibut, pollock, cod and crab \u2014 make bristol bay one of the most productive, unspoiled wild fisheries on earth. almost half of the seafood harvested in u. s. waters comes from here, generating more than $ 2 billion a year and supporting fishermen throughout alaska and down the west coast. bristol bay also provides vital habitat for hundreds of other fish species, dozens of marine mammal species \u2014 including threatened northern sea otters, walruses and several species of imperiled whales \u2014 and is home to one of the world \u2019 s largest concentrations of seabird colonies. \u201c there are certain assets in our national heritage that are simply too spectacular and too valuable to be put at risk. bristol bay is one such place. \u201d on shore, four national wildlife refuges attest to the area \u2019 s magnificence and its abundant variety of life. bears roam in impressive numbers. caribou prance across the hills in delightful counterpoint to the moose that stand quietly chewing willow and alder scrub. wolves, lynx, hares and other animals play out scenarios little changed throughout the ages. birds darken the skies in mind - numbing, inconceivable numbers. \u201c this area is one of nature \u2019 s more wonderful gifts \u2014 rich almost beyond words, \u201d says karla dutton, director of defenders \u2019 alaska office. \u201c there are certain assets in our national heritage that are simply too spectacular and too valuable to be put at risk. bristol bay is one such place. \u201d yet despite being one of the country \u2019 s most sustainable and spectacular remaining marine ecosystems, 5. 6 million acres in bristol bay \u2014 dubbed the north aleutian basin \u2014 is at risk from oil and gas companies eager to drill. alaska \u2019 s northern coast, bordered by the beaufort and chukchi seas, has also seen high interest from oil companies, with shell actively pursuing new drilling options for 2012", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.41134950699105854, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.394340"} {"text": "relatively calm seas and within reach of some of the industry \u2019 s best technology. even then, crews only managed to clean up 3 percent of the oil spilled. in the arctic, responders could be dealing with near darkness, freezing temperatures, rough seas and the nearest coast guard station 1, 000 miles away. in the winter months, when the seas are completely frozen, cleanup would simply be impossible. q : can defenders do anything to stop drilling in the arctic? a : defenders is working hard to keep big oil out of our arctic ocean. we recently joined with alaska native and conservation groups to challenge in court the bureau of ocean energy management, regulation and enforcement \u2019 s decision to allow shell oil to drill in the beaufort sea as early as summer. one of the most aggressive arctic drilling proposals in the history of the country, the plan lacks a realistic spill response plan and fails to acknowledge the gaping holes in our understanding of the region \u2019 s marine environment. until we know more about the true implications oil and gas exploration have for fragile arctic waters and the life it supports, they must remain drilling - free. defenders is committed to keeping them that way. despite assurances from the oil industry \u2014 shell oil has long claimed it can operate safely in the arctic ocean without threatening wildlife and the environment \u2014 a catastrophic oil well blowout like the one that happened in the gulf of mexico in 2010 could trap oil for months under sea ice, where it would be nearly impossible for cleanup crews to reach. the oil could also collect around the edges of ice sheets and breathing holes used by seals, bowhead whales and other marine mammals. in 2008, two years before the gulf oil disaster, the national marine fisheries service \u2014 one of the federal agencies that reviewed plans for the deepwater horizon rig in the gulf \u2014 recommended removing bristol bay from the offshore leasing program, calling plans to drill there \u201c unrealistically ambitious. \u201d federal studies predict at least one major spill as well as a number of smaller spills if drilling is allowed in bristol bay. the sea ice, high tides and strong currents that occur in this area would make any spill \u2014 whether small or large \u2014 difficult, if not impossible to contain and clean up. dramatic images from the discovery channel tv reality series \u201c deadliest catch, \u201d which chronicles the lives of fishermen in the bering sea, reveal black winter nights, immense waves ripped by 100 - knot winds and fishermen battling icy crab pots in frigid waters. it \u2019 s not hard to imagine that an oil spill response would be extremely difficult here. when", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4676603974807013, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.396731"} {"text": "in the bering sea, reveal black winter nights, immense waves ripped by 100 - knot winds and fishermen battling icy crab pots in frigid waters. it \u2019 s not hard to imagine that an oil spill response would be extremely difficult here. when the cargo vessel selendang ayu ran aground near the aleutian islands off alaska in december 2004, months passed before any real response could take place, and oil still remains on beaches. one of the refuges closest to the north aleutian basin leasing area, izembeck national wildlife refuge, contains some of the world \u2019 s largest eel grass beds. \u201c they provide the largest migratory staging area for waterfowl and shorebirds on the continent, \u201d says terry hoefferle with the alaska marine conservation council in anchorage. \u201c there is evidence that salmon smolts from bristol bay rivers also use the beds for cover and food as they adapt to a saltwater environment. this habitat could not be recovered from an oil spill. \u201d even without a spill, research has shown that oil exploration could cause whales to abandon prime feeding areas. whales are particularly sensitive to the noise associated with drilling operations and the seismic waves from air - gun explosions that the industry uses to detect oil and gas deposits. one of the most endangered whales on earth, the north pacific right whale, uses the southeast bering sea as an important summering ground. fewer than 50 of these whales remain. bristol bay landed on the radar of conservationists in 1986, when the reagan administration first leased the north aleutian basin to a consortium of oil companies. industry and government estimates put the oil and gas potential at 1 percent and 2 percent, respectively, of anticipated u. s. outer continental shelf resources, and projected that $ 7. 7 billion might be generated over the 25 - to 40 - year life of any oil and gas field that might be found. but bristol bay communities, the seafood industry and conservationists cried foul, citing the damage to fish and crab caused by the seismic blasts that precede drilling. oil spills would be devastating to both larval and adult stages of fish and shellfish, to marine mammals and to land animals as well, since miles of sensitive shoreline would be exposed. the projected 200 production rigs would dump some 10, 000 tons of toxic wastes into the sea, including heavy metals such as cadmium, chromium and mercury \u2014 a sludge cocktail potentially lethal to marine life. and the infrastructure associated with tanker traffic, the anticipated 150 miles of offshore pipeline,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4463814263670214, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.397998"} {"text": "000 tons of toxic wastes into the sea, including heavy metals such as cadmium, chromium and mercury \u2014 a sludge cocktail potentially lethal to marine life. and the infrastructure associated with tanker traffic, the anticipated 150 miles of offshore pipeline, 50 miles of onshore pipeline, and the proposed liquefied natural gas production facility, would intrude upon critical habitat and staging areas for huge populations of shorebirds and migrating waterfowl. three years later, without any development in bristol bay yet taking place, the oil supertanker exxon valdez grounded itself on bligh reef in alaska \u2019 s prince william sound. the oil spill killed tens of thousands of birds. \u201c if oil came ashore in izembek lagoon from a spill in bristol bay during the breeding season, that level of avian mortality could be eclipsed virtually overnight, \u201d says richard charter, a former defenders of wildlife spokesperson who is now a senior fellow with the ocean foundation. \u201c it takes decades before toxic oil compounds break down. after years of study, we know that the oil still persists in the mussel beds \u2014 where otters and shorebirds feed heavily \u2014 more than two decades later. \u201d federal studies predict at least one major spill as well as a number of smaller spills if drilling is allowed in bristol bay. following the exxon valdez disaster, congress slapped a moratorium on much of the federal government \u2019 s planned offshore drilling, including within bristol bay. the locals in southwest alaska regrouped and with congress and the courts initiated a buyback program that resulted in oil companies relinquishing their offshore leases in 1995 for $ 100 million. but in 2003 congress yielded to relentless pressure from the oil industry to ease protections put in place with the moratorium. additional protections by presidents george bush, sr. and bill clinton in 1990 and 1998 were removed by president george w. bush in 2007, and the drilling debate boiled to the surface again. \u201c we \u2019 re seeing a well - funded oil industry \u2018 disinformation campaign \u2019 focused on promoting the false premise that by sacrificing america \u2019 s coastal natural heritage and our best fishing grounds, we can somehow make a significant dent in our need to import oil, \u201d says charter. \u201c to the contrary, offshore drilling in bristol bay would instead put at risk one of america \u2019 s premier fisheries and the substantial export value it provides in fish products, while doing virtually nothing to move us toward energy independence. \u201d though it may be difficult to assign a dollar value to the aesthetic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.402037094370841, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.399030"} {"text": "bristol bay would instead put at risk one of america \u2019 s premier fisheries and the substantial export value it provides in fish products, while doing virtually nothing to move us toward energy independence. \u201d though it may be difficult to assign a dollar value to the aesthetic assets of the wildlife found here, a recent ecotrust study reveals that when the indirect costs and benefits of the fishing industry are calculated, crab, pollock, herring, salmon and other fisheries amount to more than $ 5 billion each year. over 25 to 40 years, that equals $ 125 billion to $ 200 billion versus the potential $ 7. 7 billion that oil and gas might generate over the same time period. \u201c the long - term value of the renewable fisheries that operate in bristol bay far outweighs the short - term value of nonrenewable fossil fuel extraction in the area, \u201d says weaver. \u201c risking this ecological and economic powerhouse for short - term gain \u2014 and with potentially devastating results \u2014 is unwise and should be reconsidered. \u201d the consensus among the local communities, tribal organizations, seafood industry associations and conservation groups that are working together to secure permanent protection for bristol bay and the southeast bering sea, is that there is a promising political window of opportunity right now. but it \u2019 s a narrow opening that could be closing fast as the next presidential election approaches. \u201c we lost this place once, \u201d says charter. \u201c then we got it back with a great deal of blood, sweat and tears. if we make the same tragic mistake again and open bristol bay to oil and gas exploration, this truly unique ecosystem will be gone forever. the interior department needs to protect bristol bay once and for all. these waters are a rare gift from the earth, and the legacy we should leave to future generations is that we had the wisdom to protect them. \u201d dan strickland is a fisherman and writer living with his family in palmer, alaska.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4093452875882814, "token_count": 385, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.399874"} {"text": "- breastfeeding : new hampshire 2011 is a data brief. it summarizes breastfeeding rates ; baby - friendly practices in hospitals ; the risk of not breastfeeding ; and the role of policy. - childhood obesity report reviews the key finding of the nh third grade healthy growth survey and national trends, summarizes the effects of childhood overweight and obesity, and suggests relevant policies. - nh municipal survey, 2011 : assessment of municipal policies regarding healthy eating and physical activity provides baseline data on city and town policies that support physical activity and healthy eating. municipal survey report : obesity prevention in new hampshire communities is an easy - to - read version with resources and sample policies. - nh obesity data book, nh obesity data book faq and - nh third grade healthy growth survey and graphs - overweight and obesity in new hampshire : 2011 brfss update compares adult weight status with risk factors and chronic diseases such as type - 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, heart attack, and stroke. - physical activity among new hampshire adults reports findings of the nh behavioral risk factor surveillance survey and the state indicator report on physical activity 2010. - report of the commission on the prevention of childhood obesity outlines 13 prevention strategies for the state and outlines current data and economic consequences of childhood obesity. - weight status and chronic disease reviews findings from the nh behavioral risk factor surveillance survey. cdc - developed reports on new hampshire and the nation - behavioral risk factor surveillance system ( brfss ) is the world ' s largest telephone survey. it tracks adult health risks in the united states and includes data on overweight, obesity, and related topics such as exercise, physical activity, and fruit and vegetable consumption. - breastfeeding report card looks at five behavioral indicators and nine policy indicators that assess breastfeeding - friendly communities in each state. - census tract level state maps of the modified retail food environment states and communities can use the data table to create their own maps using gis software or link the data to other census - tract data. - overweight and obesity trends in the united states looks at children, teens, and adults. - school health profile assesses school health policies and practices. profiles are conducted every two years by middle and high school principals and health education teachers. - school health program report card assesses school health policies and practices at the national, state, district, school, and classroom levels. view the 2006 nh report next survey will be in 2012. - the state indicator report on children ' s food environment, 2011 provides state data", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4653521642870827, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.411123"} {"text": "card assesses school health policies and practices at the national, state, district, school, and classroom levels. view the 2006 nh report next survey will be in 2012. - the state indicator report on children ' s food environment, 2011 provides state data on child and adolescent sugar drink consumption, television viewing, and family meal time, as well as policy and environmental indicators for schools, communities, and child care settings. the national action guide suggests potential actions to create places that support healthy choices. - state indicator report on fruits and vegetables, 2009 reports on six behavioral indicators and ten policy and environmental indicators. - state indicator report on physical activity, 2010 tracks physical activity behavior, policy, and environmental supports in each state. - youth risk behavior surveillance system ( yrbss ) is a paper - and - pencil survey of high school students. view new hampshire \u2019 s 2011 yrbss data on the nh department of education website. other national reports with new hampshire and national data - accelerating progress in obesity prevention is a 2012 consensus study from the institute of medicine. - cost of recommended daily servings of fresh produce provides the facts on what it costs to buy the recommended daily fruits and vegetables, possible cost savings if you shop sales, and variations by region and season. - f as in fat : how obesity threatens america ' s future 2012 looks at obesity data and related standards, legislation, and strategies. this year \u2019 s annual report forecasts 2030 adult obesity rates for each state. view the new hampshire report. - food desert locator identifies low - income census tracts where a substantial number of residents have low access to a supermarket or large grocery store. - your food environment atlas is a rich source of county - level data on obesity, physical activity, community access to healthy food, utilization of usda programs ( e. g. snap ( food stamps ) wic, free and reduced lunch, etc. ) and number of food outlets ( convenience stores, restaurants, super centers, etc. ) adobe acrobat reader format. you can download a free reader from adobe.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44862877024973835, "token_count": 416, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.411900"} {"text": "what asian and pacific islander americans need to know on this page : - what is hepatitis b? - what is chronic hepatitis b? - why are asian and pacific islander americans at higher risk? - what are the symptoms of chronic hepatitis b? - who is at risk for hepatitis b? - how can i protect myself and others from hepatitis b? - how can i protect my baby from hepatitis b? - where can i get more information about hepatitis b? did you know that asian and pacific islander americans and other foreign - born americans are at higher risk for chronic hepatitis b, which can lead to liver failure and liver cancer? what is hepatitis b? hepatitis b is a liver disease spread through contact with blood, semen, or other body fluids from a person infected with the hepatitis b virus. the disease is most commonly spread from an infected mother to her infant at birth. hepatitis b is also spread through sex, wound - to - wound contact, and contact with items that may have blood on them, such as shaving razors, toothbrushes, syringes, and tattoo and body piercing needles. hepatitis b is not spread through casual contact such as shaking hands or hugging ; nor is it spread by sharing food or beverages, by sneezing and coughing, or through breastfeeding. what is chronic hepatitis b? hepatitis b may start as a brief, fl ulike illness. most healthy adults and children older than 5 completely recover after the body \u2019 s immune system gets rid of the virus. hepatitis b becomes chronic when the body \u2019 s immune system can \u2019 t get rid of the virus. over time, having the virus can lead to inflammation of the liver ; scar tissue in the liver, called cirrhosis ; or liver cancer. inflammation is the painful red swelling that results when tissues of the body become infected. young children and people with weakened immune systems are especially at risk. people who were infected as infants have a 90 percent chance of developing chronic hepatitis b. 1 1weinbaum cm, williams i, mast ee et al. recommendations for identification and public health management of persons with chronic hepatitis b virus infection. morbidity and mortality weekly report recommendations and reports. 2008 september 19 ; 57 ( rr \u2013 8 ) : 1 \u2013 20. why are asian and pacific islander americans at higher risk? since 1986, a hepatitis b vaccine has been available and should be given to newborns and children in the united states. the vaccine, however, is unavailable \u2014 or has only recently become available \u2014 in many parts of the world", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44810285333543987, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.417611"} {"text": "americans at higher risk? since 1986, a hepatitis b vaccine has been available and should be given to newborns and children in the united states. the vaccine, however, is unavailable \u2014 or has only recently become available \u2014 in many parts of the world. you are at higher risk for hepatitis b if you or your mother was born in a region of the world where hepatitis b is common, meaning 2 percent or more of the population is chronically infected with the hepatitis b virus. 1 in most asian and pacific island nations, 8 to 16 percent of the population is chronically infected. 2 2 custer b, sullivan sd, hazlet tk, iloeje u, veenstra dl, kowdley kv. global epidemiology of hepatitis b virus. journal of clinical gastroenterology. 2004 november ; 38 ( 10 suppl 3 ) : s158 \u2013 s168. what are the symptoms of chronic hepatitis b? hepatitis b is called a \u201c silent killer \u201d because many people have no symptoms, so the disease often progresses unnoticed for years. unfortunately, many people first learn they have chronic hepatitis b when they develop symptoms of severe liver damage, which include - yellowish eyes and skin, called jaundice - a swollen stomach or ankles - loss of appetite - weight loss - spiderlike blood vessels, called spider angiomas, that develop on the skin who is at risk for hepatitis b? anyone can get hepatitis b, but some people are at higher risk, including - people who were born to a mother with hepatitis b - people who have close household contact with someone infected with the hepatitis b virus - people who have lived in parts of the world where hepatitis b is common, including most asian and pacific island nations - people who are exposed to blood or body fluids at work - people on hemodialysis - people whose sex partner ( s ) has hepatitis b - people who have had more than one sex partner in the last 6 months or have a history of sexually transmitted disease - injection drug users - men who have sex with men how can i protect myself and others from hepatitis b? get tested if you are from an asian or pacific island nation or other region where the hepatitis b virus is common. the sooner you get tested, the sooner you can take steps to protect yourself and others. a health care provider can test your blood to see if you are currently infected or were infected in the past. if you test positive, your doctor may measure virus and liver enzyme levels in your blood to determine if the virus", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4243159458408373, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.418566"} {"text": "to protect yourself and others. a health care provider can test your blood to see if you are currently infected or were infected in the past. if you test positive, your doctor may measure virus and liver enzyme levels in your blood to determine if the virus is active or causing liver injury. the doctor may use ultrasound \u2014 a procedure that uses sound waves to create images of the body ' s internal tissues and organs \u2014 to screen for liver cancer, also called hepatocellular carcinoma. you may not need treatment right away, but you will need periodic tests to monitor the health of your liver. encourage your family members and other close personal contacts to get tested. hepatitis b is preventable. get vaccinated if you have not been infected. the hepatitis b vaccine is given in three shots over 6 months. you must get all three shots to be fully protected. the vaccine is safe for people of all ages, including pregnant women and infants. if you think you have been recently exposed to the hepatitis b virus, see your doctor right away. the first dose of hepatitis b vaccine combined with hepatitis b immune globulin \u2014 an injection of antibodies that temporarily protects against hepatitis b infection \u2014 may prevent infection. no cure exists for hepatitis b, but several medicines are approved for treating chronic hepatitis b. the goal of treatment is to reduce the risk of liver damage, liver cirrhosis, and liver cancer by decreasing liver inflammation and the amount of virus in the body. current medicines do not completely get rid of the virus, so treatment is often lifelong. people with chronic hepatitis b should avoid alcohol, drugs, supplements, and herbal medicines that may harm the liver. how can i protect my baby from hepatitis b? getting tested for hepatitis b is especially important for pregnant women. if you are not infected, get the vaccine. if you have hepatitis b, make sure the doctor and staff that deliver your baby know so they can minimize your baby \u2019 s risk of infection. the hepatitis b vaccine and hepatitis b immune globulin should be given to your baby immediately after birth, greatly reducing the chance of infection. where can i get more information about hepatitis b? centers for disease control and prevention national center for hiv / aids, viral hepatitis, std, and tb prevention division of viral hepatitis 1600 clifton road, mailstop g \u2013 37 atlanta, ga 30333 2 information way bethesda, md 20892 \u2013 3570 the national digestive diseases information clearinghouse is a service of the national institute of diabetes and digestive and kidney diseases", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4279467498329017, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.419593"} {"text": "in the field of extractive metallurgy, mineral processing, also known as mineral dressing or ore dressing, is the process of separating commercially valuable minerals from their ores. valuable minerals in the ore body is usually locked, extracted using different mining methods. these methods depends on the deposit characteristics and safety, technical, environmental and economic constraints. such as shape and intensity of rock geology has played a key role in selection methods. mining units to extract the basic steps of operation of the valuable minerals. they are divided into two categories : rock mining and material handling. the first two basic unit operations : drilling, blasting, and material handling, including loading or excavation and transport ( horizontal transport ). general heterogeneous brittle rock materials, this heterogeneity is a mineral composition, particle size, particle shape, particle strength, porosity and micro - cracks from blasting and other factors. the last few decades have seen major advances in instrumentation and technology, and simplifications and modifications of new flotation plant designs. this has allowed for significant developments in process control. in particular, the development of base level process control ( control of pulp levels, air flowrates, reagent dosing, etc. ) has seen significant progress. long - term, automated advanced and optimising flotation control strategies have, however, been more difficult to implement. it is hoped that this will change as a result of the development of new technologies such as machine vision and the measurement of new control variables, such as air recovery. rock can be called ore processing in a profit. to extract the mineral from the ore carrying separation operation of the integration of mineral processing or mineral is well known precious metals are required. the purpose is to increase the concentrator, in the way of economically viable and valuable mineral content, so that the metal extraction process then become profitable. ball mill : http : / / www. crusher - machine. com / 21. html mining - crushing - grading enrichment - the final product - processing - = port + smelting - tailings the main operations of a mineral processing plant crushed. rock crushing ( crushed ) liberated from the ore matrix ( dressing ) of valuable minerals, thereby increasing the high reactivity ( in hydrometallurgy ) area and facilitate the particle transport between the unit operations use the impact crusher and grinding ball mill. view of the dry ore mill operation, the main work of mill mud, which means that a certain amount of water must be added to the ore milling circuit entered. size", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5030220858063857, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.427412"} {"text": "particle transport between the unit operations use the impact crusher and grinding ball mill. view of the dry ore mill operation, the main work of mill mud, which means that a certain amount of water must be added to the ore milling circuit entered. size separation. the crushing process often produces a wide range of particle size distribution of particles, some products may not provide adequate liberation of the right size, so need to be further crushed. particles of sufficient size ( liberation ) by the large spiral separator the size of particles through a classification process to complete. vibrating screen for coarse particles and fine particle size or mechanical classification is used. mineral concentration. this enriched ore ( gangue ) retained as much as possible ( the concentration process ) may remove the unwanted precious minerals process most of the species. froth flotation separation of sulfide is the most commonly used method, which is used for gravity separation of heavy minerals ( such as precious metals, iron oxide, etc. ), magnetic and electrostatic industrial minerals and iron oxide separation. in froth flotation, air bubbles into the excitement of the pulp. by adjusting the number of pulp properties ( ph, pulp potential ( eh ), etc. ) - author articles - more from this authorin recent years, the high - speed rail, highway, housing and other infrastructure are developing rapidly in china, and the sand and stone industry also entered an unprecedented age. the number of the companies... the term ' primary crusher ', by definition, might include any type and size of crushing machine. it implies that at least two stages of crushing are involved, but in many cases the machine which performs the... the stone directly falls into the high - speed rotary wheel from the above of the machine, under the driving force of the high - speed centrifugal force ; it is impacted with high - speed and crushed with... in the current society with economy rapidly developing, we should always keep a clear head in the meantime of development. in recent years, along with the rapid development of the economy in our country, the... ball grinder is mainly composed of charging and discharging, cyclone and rotation parts ( like redactor, minor rotation gear, motor, electric machine, etc ). hollow axis is made of steel parts with a lining... - related articles - related articlesaccording to our cultural mythology, the average male is like a raging bull in terms of his romantic desire ; men are viewed as having an unending well of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5045550960071327, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.428408"} {"text": "is made of steel parts with a lining... - related articles - related articlesaccording to our cultural mythology, the average male is like a raging bull in terms of his romantic desire ; men are viewed as having an unending well of interest in getting it on. a great majority of men... if you are looking for ways to increase your htc sensation, you can add accessories to enhance its quality. these accessories include headphones, car kits and brackets, and others. you can protect the... i clean a lot, and i mean a whole lot. i keep cleaning your house, etc., and i have tried and tested many household cleaners and chemicals. these are the top 5 picks everyday common household cleaning. this is... most people do not really like to do house cleaning, because they are often too long to complete. but you should not be discouraged so easily! there are many effective ways to make the cleaning process much... since 1990, india has been providing exciting career options in bpo industry and the country has grown out to be one of the hottest destinations for bpo job openings in past few years. during this period... - latest articles - latest articleswhether you want to make some simple home improvement upgrades to your doors and windows, or if you \u2019 re taking on the building of an entire house, it can sometimes be a daunting task. thankfully, there is... choosing assisted living in seattle, wa is a decision one will have to make as it refers to entering retirement. nearly all of us hope we get to live our entire life at home until the time arrives when we... according to our cultural mythology, the average male is like a raging bull in terms of his romantic desire ; men are viewed as having an unending well of interest in getting it on. a great majority of men... people who travel to different part of the world want to live in a place that they are more comfortable. while hotel rooms for that purpose are much more appreciated and they provide the same type of services... if you are looking for ways to increase your htc sensation, you can add accessories to enhance its quality. these accessories include headphones, car kits and brackets, and others. you can protect the...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49400427037440586, "token_count": 473, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.429427"} {"text": "resistant spores of bacillus subtilis have spent 22 months in the ' expose - r ' test container outside the international space station ( iss ). for the first time during a long - duration mission, they were mixed with artificial meteorite dust and exposed to the harsh conditions of outer space. scientists at the german aerospace center ( deutsches zentrum fur luft - und raumfahrt ; dlr ) are now determining precisely how many of these spores have survived their stay in space. if it turns out that the meteorite dust was able to shield the spores from the hostile space environment, microorganisms may be capable of surviving in meteorites for long periods of time and travelling from one planet to another. expose - r with microorganisms outside the iss after disassembly \u2013 expose - r on board the space station over the next few months, gerda horneck, director of the spores in artificial meteorites ( spores ) experiment, and her colleagues from the dlr institute of aerospace medicine will examine almost 300 samples containing these microorganisms. since this experiment began back in march 2009, the samples have been subjected to harsh conditions. they have been exposed to ultraviolet and ionising radiation, vacuum and temperature variations from minus 20 to plus 40 degrees celsius in the esa expose - r facility, as well as microgravity and a complete absence of any type of nutrients. the spores of bacillus subtilis have proven to be true survivors, employing an effective strategy ; they enter a kind of hibernation, waiting for conditions to become more favourable, and then germinate again and restart their metabolism. the scientists now want to trigger this reaction themselves. \" first, we try to bring the spores back to life by feeding them nutrients, \" explains astrobiologist corinna panitz, one of the scientists involved in spores. \" by doing this we can examine how many spores have survived their extended stay in space, the extent of damage to their dna and the precise nature of that damage. \" resistant to vacuum, radiation and temperature extremes bacillus subtilis is a thoroughly researched microorganism that is widespread in land, water and air. its ability to withstand vacuum, radiation and temperature extremes makes it a good candidate for potential travel through space in a meteorite. researchers have been testing its ability to survive under a wide range of conditions in the expose - r test facility. \" using optical filters and various artificial meteorite materials, we have created different environments for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5465019497443748, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.433774"} {"text": "candidate for potential travel through space in a meteorite. researchers have been testing its ability to survive under a wide range of conditions in the expose - r test facility. \" using optical filters and various artificial meteorite materials, we have created different environments for these microorganisms, \" states panitz. opening up the sample containers in the experiment carriers, some of the samples were exposed to an inert gas atmosphere, while others were exposed to vacuum conditions. some of the carriers, each of which contained ten million spores, were exposed to ultraviolet radiation through eight - millimetre - thick highly ultraviolet - transparent glass. other samples received a reduced radiation dose through optical filter wheels. the microorganisms placed on the lower two of the three stacked trays remained completely protected from extraterrestrial uv radiation. \" the spores have been subjected to various radiation environments ; those that were exposed to the entire spectrum of radiation will probably have died because their cells are unable to repair the damage incurred, \" explains the astrobiologist. \" at lower doses, more of the microorganisms will probably have survived. \" the researchers also simulated different scenarios with the meterorite dust \u2013 some microorganisms were covered with it, while others were mixed together with it. protection for a journey through space the same experiment that was being carried out on the iss was also being conducted on the ground by dlr researchers at the planetary and space simulation facility. in the vacuum test facilities at cologne, 300 samples of bacillus subtilis in meteorite dust were exposed to virtually the same conditions as the microorganisms in space. the temperature, vacuum and radiation parameters were reported by the iss, and the conditions were then simulated in the laboratory to create a similar environment for the samples. \" we have a set of comparison samples here on earth, \" states corinna panitz. \" but we can ' t replicate ionising radiation and zero gravity as they only really exist on this scale in space. \" in addition to the dlr scientists ' 300 samples, an additional 800 from expose - r returned to earth on board discovery. gerda horneck is the coordinator of the response of organisms to space environment ( rose ) consortium ; this is why the dlr team not only prepared the entire test facility at the start of this mission, but is also in charge of assigning and physically sending the samples to the other scientists involved from around the world. this is when the real work starts ; dlr researchers estimate that it will take about one year", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5655115944218264, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.434850"} {"text": "congratulations, it is an eye opener to other states that are thinking of such schemes. in hyderabad, the government... our nomadic ancestors had to quickly cover long distances while hunting. a prey that ran faster had to be outrun. while running after the animal they constantly moved their arms ; it reduced the effort and counterbalanced the body weight. people now run after buses, sprinters run to win a medal. but the dynamics of running have not changed. what a team was interested in knowing was why humans swing their arms even the researchers from the university of michigan, usa and delft university of technology, netherlands, studied arm swinging that goes into a walk and concluded that it is an energy conservation measure. if humans do not swing their arms normally while walking, they will burn more energy. health enthusiasts who take early morning walks in parks to lose some flab should change the way they swing their arms. the team developed a walking model to test its theory. even with no force driving it, the model easily produced a walking gait similar to humans. when the model swung its arms in a way that opposed the normal mode of walk, it required muscular effort. this proved that swinging arms normally while walking requires little muscular effort. whether it yields energetic benefits or not the team found out next. ten people were asked to walk in four ways : normally, arms clamped by the sides, arms held loosely by the sides and arms swinging anti - normally. in the anti - normal mode, the right arm moved with the right leg and vice - versa. barring the normal swing, the body burnt energy in all the other modes. metabolic rate was the lowest in the normal walk. it increased 7 per cent in bound condition, 12 per cent in the held position and was 26 per cent greater than normal in the anti - normal mode. \" swinging one ' s arms normally does indeed save energy. to get better exercise, one could swing them in the opposite direction. this is not the funniest way to burn calories, \" said steven h collins, key scientist of the study and from the michigan university. \" our interest is in saving energy for patients with gait disorders who use too much energy as it is, \" he added. the study is in the august issue of proceedings of the royal society b.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5068132228165889, "token_count": 467, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.438568"} {"text": "bill long 1 / 18 / 05 the loss attendant upon the cry \" craven \" no one really knows the etymological origin of the term \" craven. \" but we learn from blackstone, who no doubt gives us an idealized picture of life in days of old, that if an appellant cries \" craven \" in the trial of battle, his life is spared but he suffers severe civil penalties. blackstone didn ' t invent what he said. he took the substance of his account almost from the greatest expositor of the common law before him, edward coke. in the third volume of his institutes ( 1634 ), coke says : \" if he become recreant, that is, a crying coward or craven he shall for his perjury lose liberam legem. \" he is being punished \" for his perjury, \" because he has sworn on the bible that the appellee has committed the felony that led to battle. when appellant was not able to defeat the appellee, god showed the appellant to be false, i. e., a ' perjurer. ' four additional terms so once he cries \" craven, \" [ and i say \" he \" because women don ' t have to fight in their own person. i want to write an essay on this, because this \" privilege \" went hand in hand with diminished ability of women to bring charges of felony... see magna carta, chapter 54 ], a lot of things happened. the first thing is that by doing so he is recreant. make sure you keep the \" n \" in recreant or you may be playing ( recreating ) with words. bracton, in 1260, is the first to use the term referred to it as a \" verbum odiosum \" - - a hateful word. anyone who \" gives up \" in such a situation therefore is a person who is shamed - - he is shown to be a perjurer in the sight of god and all the people. by the seventeenth century the word recreant took on a theological significance and referred to a person who was an apostate ( leaving the true faith ). a person who \" turned recreant \" is one who leaves the faith. but the recreant ( both an adjective and noun ) not simply faces the shame of loss and perjury. he is deprived of his liberam legem - - his legal freedom. he becomes, in the words of blackstone", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.512140047172343, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.443418"} {"text": ". but the recreant ( both an adjective and noun ) not simply faces the shame of loss and perjury. he is deprived of his liberam legem - - his legal freedom. he becomes, in the words of blackstone quoted in the previous essay, infamous. the word infamy comes from the latin infamis and means \" having a bad name, of ill repute, \" or \" notorious. \" interestingly enough, if you displayed the infamis digitus at someone, you were not displaying to them your pinky. but, the infamis digitus had its origin, acording to the old, \" as a defence against the evil eye. \" wow. so, if someone gave you the evil eye in antiquity, thereby supposedly subjecting you to some spell or evil consequences, you just have to display the infamis digitus to drive it away. it is reminiscent of luther ' s line that when he was oppressed by the devil, he would \" drive him away by a fart. \" we have come so so far, haven ' t we? back to infamy and infamous. according to the oed : \" an infamous person is, until he has served his sentence, disqualified for any public appointment, any public pension or allowance, the right to sit in parliament or exercise any francise. he is permanently disqualified ( unless restored by a free pardon ) from serving as a juror ; and, down to 1844, was incapacitated from giving evidence in a court of law. \" the limitations of infamy thus, if a person was living in infamy, he would be unable to have access to the public benefits of being a citizen. it doesn ' t appear, however, that he would be fully \" civilly dead, \" as the common law used that term. a monk or a person living in a cloister is civilly dead. a person who is attainted, whose blood has been \" corrupted, \" is civilly dead. in those circumstances the person would not be able to partake of the advantages of private law, such as leaving an inheritance or inheriting from someone else. but the description of infamy given above doesn ' t seem to stretch that far. am i mistaken? it seems that the \" only \" crime of the appellant who has cried \" craven \" is that he is a perjurer and god, as is god ' s wont, has found him out. this may", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5284297007610714, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.444537"} {"text": "far. am i mistaken? it seems that the \" only \" crime of the appellant who has cried \" craven \" is that he is a perjurer and god, as is god ' s wont, has found him out. this may not be as bad a crime as murder, rape or arson. one monarch who felt that this trial by duel or combat was an anachronism, a throwback to an earlier time, was henry ii ( reigned 1154 - 1189 ). he, like most people in 12th, 13th and subsequent centuries, felt that this was a terrible way to establish justice. so, he developed a number of legal remedies, including the jury and the assize, that encouraged his subjects to give up this remedy. it did persist in english law, however, until eliminated by an act of parliament in 1819, even though it had fallen into disuse for centuries ( someone tried to resurrect it in 1817 ; hence parliament ' s quick response ). but even though this rather curious method of trial has passed from our tradition, it did not do so without bequeathing to us several words, words which are enriched in our use of them today by knowing this history. copyright \u00a9 2004 - 2008 william r. long", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4586274314313715, "token_count": 258, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.445019"} {"text": "west nile virus, yellow fever, dengue fever, colorado tick fever, st. louis encephalitis, western and eastern equine encephalitis, japanese encephalitis, california encephalitis, la crosse virus introduction to arboviruses : the west nile virus has been in the news in recent years, but it is only one example of the arboviruses, a group than can and does cause serious illness. the la crosse virus, for example, causes more damage each year than west nile. what is arboviruses? the arboviruses ( arthropod - borne viruses ) are a group of viruses that are spread by mosquitoes, ticks, or sand flies. they have complex life cycles that depend on both the arthropod and the birds or small mammals that are their hosts. birds are usually the preferred host. encephalitis in horses or mules may be the first warning sign of a brewing epidemic in an area. veterinarians are often the first to know. when humans become infected, they are generally a dead - end for the virus life cycle. more than 150 different arboviruses cause human illnesses. who gets arboviruses? these viruses are common in birds and small mammals, and are accidentally spread to people who are bitten by mosquitoes, ticks, or sand flies that have fed on these infected animals. dengue fever and yellow fever can be transmitted from one person to another via mosquito. arboviruses tend to primarily affect the young and the elderly. so far, the west nile virus has primarily targeted the elderly, although there have been some cases reported in the young. what are the symptoms of arboviruses? in humans, the arboviruses can produce four different major sets of symptoms : - encephalitis ( or other infection of the central nervous system ) - non - specific fever, perhaps with a rash - pain in multiple joints - acute hemorrhagic fever ( fever, generalized bleeding, and shock ) the individual viruses can also produce other symptoms, such as pain behind the eyes in dengue fever or heart disease in colorado tick fever. is arboviruses contagious? these diseases are not spread directly from person to person except by blood transfusion. donor blood products are now routinely screened for west nile virus. most arboviruses are not spread from person to person even with an arthropod intermediary.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4642480402160467, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.448501"} {"text": "diseases are not spread directly from person to person except by blood transfusion. donor blood products are now routinely screened for west nile virus. most arboviruses are not spread from person to person even with an arthropod intermediary. dengue and yellow fever are exceptions. how long does arboviruses last? the incubation period varies from about one to 18 days following the bite ( depending on the virus ). the length of the disease varies considerably. how is arboviruses diagnosed? these diseases may be diagnosed with tests of the blood or spinal fluid. how is arboviruses treated? carefully monitoring and managing fluids, blood pressure, breathing and bleeding while the disease runs its course often saves lives. how can arboviruses be prevented? the primary means of prevention is to avoid bites by dangerous species of mosquitoes, ticks, and sand flies. different species predominate in different geographic areas. some, for instance, are mostly twilight feeders. others favor the heat of the day. protective clothing, insect repellant, and wise choices of outings are all helpful. installing door and window screens and avoiding standing water can also help reduce the risk. vaccines are available to prevent some arbovirus infections, such as yellow fever and japanese encephalitis. related a - to - z information : anemia ( low hemoglobin ), arthritis ( juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, jra ), encephalitis, epilepsy, exanthems ( childhood rash ), headache, lyme disease, meningitis, nosebleeds ( epistaxis ), plague, rabies, ticks last reviewed : february 15, 2012", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44483385028206057, "token_count": 352, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.449121"} {"text": "obesity myth # 5 in the new england journal of medicine paper on myths, presumptions and facts about obesity, deals with the common assumption that reintroduction of physical - education classes may go a long way in preventing or reducing childhood obesity. while physical education and increased physical activity ( both in and outside school ) may have all kinds of benefits for kids, reducing obesity rates may not be one of them. thus, the authors note, \u201c physical education, as typically provided, has not been shown to reduce or prevent obesity. \u201d they base this position on the fact that, \u201c \u2026 in three studies that focused on expanded time in physical education indicated that even though there was an increase in the number of days children attended physical - education classes, the effects on body - mass index ( bmi ) were inconsistent across sexes and age groups. \u201d \u201c two meta - analyses showed that even specialized school - based programs that promoted physical activity were ineffective in reducing bmi or the incidence or prevalence of obesity. \u201d this finding may not be surprising. regular readers will be well aware that physical activity is not the most effective strategy to lose or even control your weight \u2013 this certainly also applies to kids. while there may well be a level of physical activity that would be effective in reducing or preventing obesity, such a level may not be achievable in conventional school settings ( if it is, than this has yet to be demonstrated ). interestingly enough, there is some data to even suggest that schools with strong varsity programs may in fact reduce physical activity levels in the average student at such schools. none of this should dampen our enthusiasm to promote physical activity or physical education in schools \u2013 there are enough benefits of activity irrespective of whether or not such activity has any impact on body weight. rather, this myth should perhaps only serve as a reminder that bringing conventional phys - ed back into schools is unlikely to significantly reduce childhood obesity rates in the foreseeable future.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.475923272712106, "token_count": 396, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.451068"} {"text": "the shoveler, of course, has a bill that is in a league of its own. shovelers primarily eat aquatic invertebrates, and their extra - wide, flattened bill with well - developed lamellae helps them skim crustaceans and other invertebrates from the water \u2019 s surface. there are distinct differences in bills between blue - and green - winged teal. during the nonbreeding period, blue - winged teal consume seeds, aquatic insects, and some vegetation, but green - winged teal primarily eat seeds, including a variety of grains. as a result, the bill of the blue - winged teal resembles a miniaturized shoveler bill, whereas the bill of the green - winged teal might be compared to the shape of a small pinky finger \u2014 the width of the bill is uniform throughout its whole length. in contrast to mallards, two species of ducks common to bottomland hardwood forests, wood ducks and hooded mergansers, have bills that are quite specialized. the wood duck eats acorns, seeds of moist - soil plants, some vegetation, and aquatic insects. its bill is shorter and narrower than the mallard \u2019 s because it specializes in grabbing acorns or cutting bulbs from wetland plants and swallowing them in pieces. because the hooded merganser primarily eats small fish and aquatic invertebrates, its bill is long and narrow, resembling a pair of needle - nose pliers capable of demobilizing its prey. the bills of diving ducks are also interesting. for example, canvasbacks use their stout, wedge - shaped bill to grub or rip tubers and roots of aquatic plants, whereas redheads are more like aquatic browsers and eat stems and leaves of submersed plants. as you might expect, the canvasback has a longer and heavier bill and a thicker, more muscular neck than the redhead. we often see several species of geese in the same open green fields, but they are not necessarily eating the same foods. snow geese uproot grasses and sedges to eat roots, rhizomes, and bulbs, while canada geese shear off short grasses above ground. the bill of the snow goose is much higher than it is broad at the base, which gives the impression that the bird is smiling. the bill of a large canada goose is stout but appears straight rather than curved like the bill of the snow goose. although both geese eat waste grain, their bill adaptations evolved long before the advent of agriculture. snow geese historically wintered along southern coastal wetlands and ate tubers and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.3889368192168786, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.454608"} {"text": "how to encourage appropriate friendships in kids \u2019 online communities what \u2019 s a social network without friends? if an online community didn \u2019 t allow for some sort of interaction, it wouldn \u2019 t be a community at all. the problem comes when kids make friends with people they don \u2019 t know. young kids don \u2019 t always make the best choices, which is why you need to join parents in helping kids make the right kinds of friends. think of a moderated community as a party with a chaperone. you \u2019 re on the lookout for anything inappropriate. fortunately, parental controls can help you keep inappropriate behavior in check. when you allow parents to decide whom their kids can interact with online, you \u2019 re protecting both the children and the brand. let parents choose the kids they want their own kids to hang out with by setting limits. offer them the opportunity to decide the ages and genders of the children their kids are socializing with. also, allow them to receive alerts so that they know when their children make new friends. encourage parents to work with children on their profiles. for younger kids, it \u2019 s best not to have them put pictures up of themselves. instead, they can use an avatar to illustrate their personality. an avatar can be a cartoon character, a picture of an animal, or anything appropriate that the child feels best represents him. it \u2019 s also a good idea to offer parents the opportunity to limit the amount of friends their children have in the community. there \u2019 s no reason a 9 - year - old should have 10, 000 friends in a community. she won \u2019 t be able to interact with them all, and it \u2019 s difficult for her parents to monitor the conversations among many friends. consider setting up your community to monitor kids \u2019 friendships to make sure that the matches are appropriate. if a 14 - year - old boy wants to be friends with a 7 - year - old girl, for example, all their parents should know. this type of friendship should be discouraged. as you \u2019 re making your rounds, also note what \u2019 s being said. make sure that all interaction is appropriate and that conversations are positive, enlightening, and educational. don \u2019 t allow name - calling or bullying. kids \u2019 communities should be fun, not stressful.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42311666317673, "token_count": 461, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.457099"} {"text": "the following lifestyle changes have been studied in connection with breast cancer. exercise and prevention girls who engage in a significant amount of exercise have been reported to be less likely to get breast cancer as adults. 1 although some doctors speculate that exercise in preadolescent girls might reduce the risk of eventually getting breast cancer by reducing the number of menstrual cycles and therefore exposure to estrogen, these effects may occur only in girls engaging in very strenuous exercise. 2 most, 3, 4 but not all, 5 studies find that adult women who exercise are less likely to get breast cancer. women who exercise have also been reported to have a reduced risk of high - risk mammography patterns compared with inactive women. 6 exercise in adulthood might help protect against breast cancer by lowering blood levels of estrogen or by helping maintain ideal body weight. in addition to the preventive effects of exercise, aerobic exercise has been reported to reduce depression and anxiety in women already diagnosed with breast cancer. 7 smoking and risk some studies have found an association between smoking and an increased risk of breast cancer, including exposure to secondhand smoke. 8 however, several reports have either found no association9 or have reported an association between smoking and an apparent protection against breast cancer. 10 some of the studies reporting that smoking is detrimental have found that exposure to cigarette smoke during childhood appears to be most likely to increase the risk of breast cancer. 11 the mind - body connection in some studies, the risk of breast cancer has been reported to be higher in women who have experienced major ( though not minor ) depression in the years preceding diagnosis. 12 some, 13, 14 but not all, 15 studies have found that exposure to severely stressful events increases a woman \u2019 s chance of developing breast cancer. in one study, breast cancer patients exposed to severely stressful events, such as death of a spouse or divorce, had more than five times the risk of suffering a recurrence compared with women not exposed to such stressors. 16 although stress has long been considered as a possible risk factor, some studies have not found significant correlations between psychological stressors and breast cancer risk17 or the risk of breast cancer recurrence. 18 similarly, experiencing psychological distress ( independent of external stressors ) has, in some reports, not been associated with a reduction in survival or the risk of suffering a breast cancer recurrence. 19 exposure to psychological stress has been reported to weaken the immune system of breast cancer patients. 20 strong social support has been reported to increase immune function in breast cancer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47626204278296747, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.462251"} {"text": "associated with a reduction in survival or the risk of suffering a breast cancer recurrence. 19 exposure to psychological stress has been reported to weaken the immune system of breast cancer patients. 20 strong social support has been reported to increase immune function in breast cancer patients. 21 these findings suggest a possible way in which the mind might play a role in affecting the risk of a breast cancer recurrence. 22, 23 in one study, breast cancer patients with strong social support in the months following surgery had only half the risk of dying from the disease during a seven - year period compared with patients who lacked anyone to confide in. 24 after 1025 and 15 years, 26 breast cancer patients with a helpless and hopeless attitude or with an attitude of stoicism were much less likely to survive compared with women who had what the researchers called a \u201c fighting spirit. \u201d in a five - year study, the same helpless / hopeless attitude correlated with an increased risk of recurrence or death in breast cancer patients, but a \u201c fighting spirit \u201d did not correlate with special protection against recurrence or death. 27 one trial reported that psychological therapy for hopeless / helpless breast cancer patients was capable of changing these attitudes and reducing psychological distress in only eight weeks. 28 several trials using a variety of psychological interventions have reported increased life expectancy in women receiving counseling or psychotherapy compared with women who did not receive psychological intervention29 \u2014 even in women with late - stage disease. 30 in a now - famous trial, late - stage breast cancer patients in a year - long, 90 - minute - per - week support group lived on average twice as long as a group of similar patients who did not receive such support. 31 finally, relaxation training has been reported to reduce psychological distress in breast cancer patients, 32 and group therapy and hypnosis have reduced pain in late - stage breast cancer patients. 33 even extensive psychological support ( weekly peer support, family therapy, individual counseling, and use of positive mental imagery ) has not led to a clear increase in breast cancer survival in every study. 34 why some studies clearly find mind - body connections in regard to breast cancer risk, recurrence, or survival, while other studies find no such connection, remains unclear. being overweight increases the risk of postmenopausal breast cancer, a fact widely accepted by the research community. overweight does not increase the risk of premenopausal breast cancer and even may be associated with a slightly reduced risk of breast cancer in young women. 35", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5621256966540775, "token_count": 507, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.463241"} {"text": "by nicci micco, june 17, 2009 - 11 : 36am i have friends with young kids who swear that sugary foods and drinks send their kids bouncing off walls. before i become a mom, i generally assumed that their observations about sugar and behavior were more fiction than fact. ( kids are active. don \u2019 t they all bounce off walls, regardless of what they eat? ) but now my son julian is 13 months old. despite my best efforts to feed him only nutritious foods, it \u2019 s likely that, to some degree, he \u2019 ll eventually be exposed to foods full of added sugars, some in the form of high - fructose corn syrup ( hfcs ). so now i really want to know the truth. in this third installment of a 5 - part series, we investigate whether sugars, and hfcs specifically, can make kids hyperactive. here \u2019 s what we found when we went straight to the experts : dozens of studies over the past few decades have looked at the effects of sugars on kids \u2019 behavior. none have been able to show that sugar of any kind causes or aggravates behavior problems, including attention - deficit / hyperactivity disorder ( adhd ). ( is there any diet that could help with adhd? ) the idea that hfcs affects kids differently than table sugar hasn \u2019 t been studied but it \u2019 s not likely, says keith ayoob, r. d., a pediatric nutritionist in new york city : \u201c [ the sweeteners \u2019 ] chemical compositions are virtually the same. \u201d even though there isn \u2019 t any published scientific research to show that sugary foods cause kids to act out, some scientists believe that there still may be a link. in studies that have concluded sugar does not affect behavior, the kids had consumed only 13 to 15 teaspoons of sugar \u2014 just a tad more than what \u2019 s in 12 ounces of soda. today, some kids may consume three times that. behavior problems aside, there are plenty of good reasons to minimize foods containing hfcs and added sugars in kids \u2019 diets. these foods provide calories ( often lots of them ) but little in the way of vitamins, minerals and other healthy nutrients. they may displace other, healthier foods. frontloading a child \u2019 s diet with wholesome, healthy meals will help edge out \u201c empty - calorie \u201d foods like sodas and sugary snacks. check back next week for part 4", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43648220008531347, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.465763"} {"text": "would you like to earn a high income? how can you go about achieving that goal? many factors differentiate wages in a variety of occupations, as well as within the same occupation in different areas of the country. knowing those factors can give you the information you need to find careers with the income levels you want. let ' s find the wage rates in the career you are considering. in this lesson you will explain that supply and demand are the primary factors in determining wages. you will also, identify several specific factors that affect wage rates and explore wage rates in your potential career. lastly, you will analyze why wage rates in your state may differ from the national average wage for your career. several factors influence wages, including the supply of and demand for labor, the value of the products workers produce, and worker productivity. workers who are productive and who produce highly - valued products will tend to earn higher wages. one of the most important factors in determining wages is the worker \u2019 s level of education. the higher the level of education, the more productive the worker tends to be. for this reason, many employers will invest in education and training of their employees, thus raising output and productivity for the firm, and increasing wages and the standard of living for workers. a number of other factors also affect the wages of workers. those with natural ability, such as concert musicians and professional athletes, can command a higher wage because of the low supply of workers with this level of ability. employers will often pay higher wages to entice workers to accept positions with unpleasant aspects, such as midnight shifts, dangerous work, or jobs which require workers to move frequently around the country or world. wages will often differ based on the cost of living in different regions ; for example, the cost of living in california is higher than the cost of living in indiana, so wages in general in california will be higher than those in indiana. derived demand can also affect wages, as the demand for the product will affect the demand for labor and the wages paid to those workers. let \u2019 s find out about the demand and wages for the career you are considering. if you have not yet chosen a career, look at a career that is interesting to you. 1. click on the following link to open the official web site of the federal bureau of labor statistics. 2. click on the link that contains the occupational area you have chosen or are considering. you can also search by state by clicking here. 3. scroll down through the occupational titles to find the career that most closely matches the career you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4321091097274124, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.472676"} {"text": "labor statistics. 2. click on the link that contains the occupational area you have chosen or are considering. you can also search by state by clicking here. 3. scroll down through the occupational titles to find the career that most closely matches the career you are considering. 4. click on the \u201c soc code number \u201d, standard occupational classification ( soc ), to the left of the name of the occupation. use the information on that page to answer the questions below. what occupation did you choose? was the job description listed for your chosen profession? about how many americans are employed in that occupation? what is the mean annual wage for that occupation? what is the annual wage rate for the lowest - paid ten percent of workers in that occupation? what is the annual wage rate for the highest - paid ten percent of workers in that occupation? visit this website : www. bls. gov / oes / current / oessrcst. htm and find the mean annual income for that occupation for residents from your state. how does your state ' s mean annual income for your occupation compare to the national mean annual income for that occupation? if there is a difference, what do you think is the primary reason for that difference? - will you stay in your state for your career, or do you think you will move away? why? the forces of supply and demand are key to determining wage rates in our society. by learning how these and other factors affect the wages in your potential career, you can make wise choices regarding your education, skill development, and location, to maximize your potential income.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42944376976421783, "token_count": 320, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.473328"} {"text": "may 20 2013 latest news : by chris hill, rural affairs correspondent friday, august 31, 2012 a population of \u201c killer shrimps \u201d has spread to wroxham broad, prompting an urgent plea for boat users to \u201c check, clean and dry \u201d any equipment which has been in contact with the water. the invasive, non - native species dikerogammarus villosus had previously been recorded in barton broad, the associated river ant system and a small area around the confluence of the rivers ant and bure. but on thursday, the environment agency \u2019 s monitoring programme found the shrimp at wroxham \u2013 indicating the species is slowly spreading through broadland. the environment agency, natural england and the broads authority are working together to monitor the spread and investigate the impact of the tiny 3cm shrimp. if it becomes established and widespread, as other invasive species such as floating pennywort and signal crayfish have, conservationists warn it could threaten the native creatures which it feeds on, like damselfly nymphs, water boatmen and small fish. andrea kelly, senior ecologist for the broads authority, said : \u201c people checking, cleaning and drying their equipment after use is essential to help stop the spread of all non - native species and we would really appreciate their full cooperation in doing this. \u201c we are working with our partners to investigate the shrimps \u2019 current population and range in the broads and to investigate and implement measures to limit its spread to and from other water courses. there is no risk to the public or their pets from it. \u201d the check clean dry campaign asks all water users to take simple steps to help prevent the spread of all non - native species between rivers, lakes and reservoirs. clothing and equipment that has come in contact with the water should be checked for any living organisms and then thoroughly washed - down. any organisms found should be returned to the water body they came from. equipment and clothing should be dried as some species can survive for days in damp conditions. andrew raine, from the environment monitoring team at the environment agency, said : \u201c as human activity is the most likely cause of spreading killer shrimp between sites it \u2019 s imperative that all water users consider their actions particularly if they are moving equipment between water bodies whether that be boats, canoes or fishing nets. \u201d a service at a sikh temple in norwich spiralled out of control when police were called to break up a brawl. max temp : 14\u00b0c min temp : 10\u00b0c", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4397849725329043, "token_count": 504, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.475864"} {"text": "mrs. mcquaid \u2019 s grade eleven math classes ( 521a ) charlottetown rural high school welcome to our web page and thank you for visiting. this page was designed to share some of the creative writing assignments that we have done in our grade 11 math class this year. so far, we have done three writing assignments : a personal autobiography, a short research paper on a historical figure in mathematics, and a math adventure. in this page you will find a link to each of the different assignments. the link will contain the assignment, as given to students, as well as a variety of samples of student work. all students in my classes were required to do the assignments. however, samples for this page were submitted on a voluntary basis. teachers may feel free to use the assignments in their own classes if they wish. the personal autobiography assignment was designed to get students thinking about their own math experiences to this point and to evaluate what their own math needs are now and for the future. i was impressed with the seriousness with which students approached the assignment and the effort they put into it. the assignments deal with personal experiences and i ensured students that their names would not be attached. on the day i gave the assignment i read the students my own math autobiography to give them an idea of what i was looking for. it was a great way for students to get to know a little about me and by reading their assignments i learned a lot about them. the mathematician assignment basically required students to do a little research and find out about some of the people that played important roles in the history of mathematics. the assignments were meant to be short and to the point. the students did a great job and expressed interest in finding out about some of the figures in history. the mathematical adventure assignment was a response to a film we watched called \" donald duck in mathemagic land. \" the film, which has donald duck as the main character, explores math in the world around us, looking at music, art, nature, and more. i asked the students to come up with their own math adventure to explain something about mathematics. they took the assignment by storm. i had many students modify assignments to create comic strips, videos, and poetry. i was extremely impressed with the quality of material that they created. each of these assignments were given in the hope of encouraging an appreciation for mathematics outside of the basic textbook and curriculum. it is my hope that the assignments helped to foster a positive attitude towards math as it exists in our world. assessment for each of the assignments was based", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5180062312397222, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.478513"} {"text": "the table below lists the developmental trends of linguistic characteristics and abilities for children from kindergarten to high school. - knowledge of 8, 000 - 14, 000 words by age 6 - difficulty understanding complex sentences ( e. g., those with multiple clauses ) - overdependence on word order and context ( instead of syntax ) when interpreting messages - superficial understanding of being a \" good listener \" ( e. g., just sitting quietly ) - literal interpretations of messages and requests ( e. g., not, realizing that \" goodness, this class is noisy \" means \" be quiet \" ) - increasing ability to tell a story - mastery of most sounds ; some difficulty pronouncing r, th, dr, sl, and str - occasional use of regular word endings ( - s, - ed, - er ) with irregular words ( sheeps, goed, gooder ) - basic etiquette in conversations ( e. g., taking turns, answering questions ) - reluctance to initiate conversations with adults ( for many students from asian and mexican american backgrounds ) - read age - appropriate storybooks as a way of enhancing vocabulary. - give corrective feedback when students ' use of words indicates inaccurate understanding. - work on listening skills ( e. g., sitting quietly, paying attention, trying to understand and remember ). - ask follow - up questions to make sure students accurately understand important messages. - ask students to construct narratives about recent events ( e. g., \" tell me about your camping trip last weekend \" ). - increasing understanding of temporal words ( e. g., before, after ) and comparatives ( e. g., bigger, as big as ) - occasional confusion about when to use the versus a - incomplete knowledge of irregular word forms - increasing awareness of when sentences are and are not grammatically correct - pronunciation of all sounds in one ' s language mastered by age 9 - sustained conversations about concrete topics - increasing ability to take listeners ' prior knowledge into account during explanations - construction of stories with plots and cause - and - effect relationships - linguistic creativity and word play ( e. g., rhymes, word games ) - teach irregular word forms ( e. g., the past tense of ring is rang, the past tense of bring is brought ). - begin instruction about parts of speech. - use group discussions as a way to explore academic subject matter. - have students develop short stories to present orally or in writing. - when articulation problems are evident in the upper elementary grades", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5173224512998903, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.482906"} {"text": "). - begin instruction about parts of speech. - use group discussions as a way to explore academic subject matter. - have students develop short stories to present orally or in writing. - when articulation problems are evident in the upper elementary grades, consult with a speech - language pathologist. - encourage jokes and rhymes that capitalize on double meanings and homonyms ( i. e., sound - alike words ). - knowledge of about 50, 000 words at age 12 - increasing awareness of the terminology used in various academic disciplines - some confusion about when to use various connectives ( but, yet, although, unless ) - ability to understand complex, multiclause sentences - emerging ability to look beyond literal interpretations ; comprehension of simple proverbs and increasing ability to detect sarcasm - emerging ability to carry on lengthy conversations about abstract topics - significant growth in metalinguistic awareness - assign reading materials that introduce new vocabulary. - introduce some of the terminology used by experts in various academic disciplines ( e. g., simile in language arts, molecule in science ). - conduct structured debates to explore controversial issues. - present proverbs and ask students to consider their underlying meanings. - explore the nature of words and language as entities in and of themselves. - knowledge of about 80, 000 words - acquisition of many vocabulary words specifically related to various academic disciplines - subtle refinements in syntax, mostly as a result of formal instruction - mastery of a wide variety of connectives ( e. g., although, however, nevertheless ) - general ability to understand figurative language ( e. g., metaphors, proverbs, hyperbole ) - consistently use the terminology associated with various academic disciplines. - distinguish between similar abstract words ( e. g., weather vs. climate, velocity vs. acceleration ). - explore complex syntactic structures ( e. g., multiple embedded clauses ). - consider the underlying meanings and messages in poetry and fiction. - when students have a native dialect other than standard english, encourage them to use it in informal conversations and creative writing ; encourage standard english for more formal situations. sources : bowey, 1986 ; l. bradley & bryant, 1991 ; capelli, nakagawa, & madden, 1990 ; s. carey, 1978 ; delgado - gaitan, 1994 ; karmiloll - smith, 1979 ; maratsos, 1998 ; mcdevitt et ai., 1990 ; mcdevitt & ford, 1987 ; nippold, 1988 ; o '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5082371999616755, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.483814"} {"text": "- to meet the objective of the eea monitoring network there is an explicit need to try and relate differences in water quality and quantity to human activities in catchments, and thereby try to demonstrate cause / effect relationships. the addition of supportive activity information will add a further layer of difficulty to implementing the network. there will, therefore be key determinants ( primary and secondary ) that will provide the information to address the questions. there is, therefore, clear overlap with work being undertaken by other topic centres, for example those on catalogue of data sources and on land cover. - the clear understanding is that the monitoring network will be based where possible on existing national and international networks, use existing sources of monitoring information and create, only if necessary, an eea database of aggregated rather than of non - aggregated data. - use of information from stations used in current international monitoring requirements and programmes such as, in the case of rivers, the exchange of information decisions ( 77 / 95 / eec and 86 / 574 / eec ) which aim to provide surveillance type information. this database has now been merged with the rivers database created by the agencys task force for the dobri assessment report. - use sampling stations and monitoring information obtained nationally to demonstrate compliance with ec directives such as the freshwater fish directive. - current national classification schemes, where they exist, could perhaps ( in theory ) be translated to a unified european scale. - an ambitious option is to sample and measure all water bodies in a consistent and comparable way which would clearly be very expensive to undertake and co - ordinate, and difficult to manage, interpret and report. - sub - sample a representative portion of the total water resources. this would be aided by stratifying the total population ( e. g. all rivers ) into relativity homogenous sub - strata. - information from european commission directives is not suitable as : - the data are not comparable because the degree of comparability will depend on the interpretation of the designation rules and national differences of how these are implemented. - the data are not representative because in the directives which require routine monitoring the requirements are generally site specific, either at sites designated for a specific use, sites affected by a specific discharge, or, for the exchange of information decisions, agreed sites in main rivers. as the choice of sampling location is, for some directives, related to areas designated by the member states rather than by the european commission, it is unlikely that, for those directives, a comparison of quality across europe of these", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4831009635177646, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.494511"} {"text": "in main rivers. as the choice of sampling location is, for some directives, related to areas designated by the member states rather than by the european commission, it is unlikely that, for those directives, a comparison of quality across europe of these designated waters will give a complete picture of quality. - the first three options would not necessarily give a representative view of europes water resources, and method and data comparability would be an important issue to address. the latter option is the preferred one and is recommended for acceptance by the eea and its member states. - there is a need for different types of monitoring stations to be included in the networks. - reference stations should be established on rivers in natural catchments with little or no human activity and with greater than 90 % natural landscape. it is likely that such stations will not be present in some parts of europe. - representative stations that can give a spatial and temporal general assessment of quality across europe. - impact stations could form part of the representative network with the collection of supportive and interpretative information, or could form separate impact strata. - flux stations established where rivers discharge into sea, or cross - national boundaries, or there is interchange between surface and groundwater. - baseline stations may also be required to characterise the generality of run - off behaviour of the region or country. - for the lakes and reservoirs network reference, representative and impacted lakes and reservoirs should be selected. - the largest and most important national rivers, lakes and reservoirs should also be included within the monitoring networks. - for groundwater there should be reference and representative stations that would deliver general information about the quality and quantity, and cover the entire area of each member state. all major national aquifers should be covered. reference stations should be established in areas not influenced by groundwater pumping and other anthropogenic activities. in some areas within the eea ( small countries or in densely populated areas ) it will not be possible to establish reference stations. - it will be important to confirm, that the monitoring wells, which are chosen for the groundwater network, should have been designed and constructed in a similar way so it is possible to compare the results from all the member states. - ideally sampling frequency would be based on an assessment of determinant variability and the desired level of precision in the information. these aspects should be looked at in the pilot project and during the subsequent progressive implementation of the network. - once the network is implemented, monitoring meta - data should be made available to the agency in the form of summary statistics and measures of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5036576949582671, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.495609"} {"text": "the information. these aspects should be looked at in the pilot project and during the subsequent progressive implementation of the network. - once the network is implemented, monitoring meta - data should be made available to the agency in the form of summary statistics and measures of data variability to allow assessments of data quality and comparability. - groups of primary and secondary determinants have been identified for surface and groundwater. substances such as pesticides, other synthetic organic substances and heavy metals should be selected on the basis of their use in the catchment of interest. in addition supportive data on catchment characteristics and land use will be required and should be collected in comparable ways. - the topic centre on catalogue of data sources is currently working on many aspects of the environmental information network and there will need to be close liaison with the topic centre on inland waters. for example, there must be a common language for determinants, sampled media and units, usually codified in a data dictionary. details of analytical procedures, methods, limits of detection, quality control may also have to be transferred to the agency. - many of the river quality stations in national monitoring programmes are not located at or near gauging stations, and the requirement for water flow data may reduce the number of possible stations, especially in the case of small rivers and reference stations. - the nordic countries measure chemical oxygen demand instead of biochemical oxygen demand, and dissolved oxygen is not routinely measured. in addition, biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand are analysed by many different methods. some standardisation will be necessary to ensure that these data are comparable at an eea level. - in some countries total nitrogen is measured instead of nitrate, especially in the nordic countries with relative low nitrate levels and relative high organic nitrogen levels. in others soluble reactive phosphate is measured instead of total phosphorus. - in several countries there is no national lake / reservoir monitoring programme. however, in some of these countries local authorities monitor the water quality of lakes / reservoirs, and it should be possible to select the required number of water bodies for the eea network from the local networks. - in one country there is no national monitoring network for groundwater quality. the desire to relate differences in quality and quantity to potential causal agents, that is establish cause and effect relationships raises many difficult technical issues and points of debate. any monitoring information received by the agency will need validation. key aspects such as statistical confidence, sampling windows and frequencies, sampling methodologies and analysis ( e. g. performance, quality assurance, limits of detection ) will need to be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.499829894117324, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.496894"} {"text": "skip to main content more search options a member of our team will call you back within one business day. diarrhea occurs when you have loose, watery, or frequent bowel movements. it is a common problem with many causes. most cases of diarrhea clear up on their own. but certain cases may need treatment. be sure to see your health care provider if your symptoms do not improve within a few days. treatment of diarrhea depends on its cause. diarrhea caused by bacterial or parasite infection is often treated with antibiotics. diarrhea caused by other factors, such as a stomach virus, often improves with simple home treatment. the tips below may also help relieve your symptoms. drink plenty of fluids. this helps prevent too much fluid loss ( dehydration ). water, clear soups, and electrolyte solutions are good choices. avoid alcohol, coffee, and tea. also avoid soda, fruit juice, sports drinks, and milk. these can make symptoms worse. suck on ice chips if drinking makes you queasy. return to your normal diet slowly. you may want to eat bland foods at first, such as rice and toast. also, you may need to avoid certain foods for a while, such as dairy products. these can make symptoms worse. ask your health care provider if there are any other foods you should avoid. if you were prescribed antibiotics, take them as directed. do not take anti - diarrhea medications without asking your health care provider first. fever of 100. 4\u00b0f ( 38. 0\u00b0c ) or higher worsening diarrhea or diarrhea for more than 2 days bloody vomit or stool signs of dehydration ( dizziness, dry mouth and tongue, rapid pulse, dark urine )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4479692039694756, "token_count": 359, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.498820"} {"text": "change - over from kerosene to lpg use \u2013 a family case study, nigeria this case study examines the \u201c improving access of women to lpg as a substitute for fuelwood in nigeria \u201d project. the project is designed to expand access to affordable lpg as a substitute for fuel wood. fuel wood currently is the main fuel for households, schools and small businesses in many parts of nigeria. the overarching goal is to improve the socio - economic and environmental conditions of the poor and vulnerable, particularly women and children whose health is usually negatively affected by indoor air pollution arising from cooking with fuel wood. in an attempt to expand clean energy services to poor households, while simultaneously and indirectly addressing the environmental effects of energy production and use. the focus on lpg is to explore its comparative advantages compared to traditional biomass fuels, as well as the abundance of gas and petroleum resources in the country. to this end, friends of the environment ( fote ) with funding from the global environment facility - small grants programme ( gef - sgp ) in nigeria, undertook a survey on lpg perception and sales in lagos state in october 2010. the survey chose a sample frame of lagos state and a sample size of 250 households from two communities, badagry and ojokoro ( one rural and one urban ) in administering the questionnaire in lagos state. the conclusions were that making lpg readily accessible to all socio - economic groups could be achieved by locating lpg depots strategically across the country to assure uninterrupted product availability and price stability. affordability, however, would require the whole gamut of facilitating targeted measures such as lowering the costs for cylinders and equipment by tax and duty exemption, ready access to soft financing and other complementary measures without which the high front - end investments in becoming an lpg consumer will remain a barrier to access to many but especially for women and the poor. low - cost consumer credit is not common in nigeria and initiatives in this direction are recommended. seedfunding case study penetrating lpg use in lagos state - download", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46790570428786804, "token_count": 414, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.503040"} {"text": "active, engaging education. anywhere. and right here. in every building on the college of engineering campus, there are classrooms and lecture halls packed with students listening to lectures. yet, increasingly, that very traditional way of learning is not the only way uw - madison engineering students are learning. \u201c the 50 - minute lecture is one of the most inefficient methods for human learning to occur, \u201d says john booske, the duane h. and dorothy m. bluemke professor of electrical and computer engineering. \u201c permanent memory is \u2014 for most of us \u2014 limitless, but it all has to go through working memory, which is a very limited cache process. we process knowledge best in chunks. \u201d and the college of engineering is paying attention, drawing on a suite of hands - on, collaborative, cultural and technological tools to meet the educational needs and expectations of today \u2019 s students \u2014 the \u201c digital natives. \u201d at the same time, it is preparing well - rounded engineers who can think innovatively and take the lead in solving some of the world \u2019 s largest problems. the demand for multidisciplinary, multi - mode learning continues to rise among today \u2019 s students, and satisfying it while offering complementary world - class hands - on student experiences is a matter of staying globally competitive. \u201c in order to prepare the next generation of engineers, we need to teach them in a way that represents the world they \u2019 ll be living and working in, \u201d says college of engineering dean paul peercy. the nature of that world is wired, mobile and immediate. according to pew internet and american life project reports, undergraduate student technology and internet use is virtually ubiquitous : 98 percent of students use the internet frequently, 93 percent have high - speed internet connections, 92 percent connect wirelessly to the internet, while 63 percent use their smartphone to connect to the internet. as to how all that connectivity figures into campus life, university of washington researchers interviewed 560 students at 11 campus libraries and learned that technology is key in student learning habits. they use facebook to arrange study groups, smartphones to capture lectures for repeated listening, and youtube tutorials as references for solving difficult problem sets. electronic course materials \u2014 both official and unofficial \u2014 factor heavily into their learning processes. \u201c i am no longer bound by what the professor gives me in a class, and his perspective on something, \u201d said one student quoted in the study. \u201c there are lots of engineering forums that i can just google. \u201d the college of engineering is taking a more strategic approach to providing high", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5204732382915572, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.513734"} {"text": "the professor gives me in a class, and his perspective on something, \u201d said one student quoted in the study. \u201c there are lots of engineering forums that i can just google. \u201d the college of engineering is taking a more strategic approach to providing high - value electronic content. here, this educational culture change has foundations in engineering beyond boundaries, a college initiative begun in 2005 in large part to address factors \u2014 including technology acceleration and the fusion of disciplines, global competition in education, and shifts in funding for sustaining higher education \u2014 in our rapidly changing world. its goal is to adopt approaches that move education and research beyond disciplinary, cultural and technological boundaries. under the initiative, the college has funded nearly 50 innovative projects \u2014 among them a course that combines biology and engineering, new tools for teaching statics, video lectures on the core principles of design, a certificate program in sustainability, and a certificate that blends engineering and the arts. however, as effective as the projects were, their impact largely was limited to a single course here and there, says steve cramer, college of engineering associate dean for academic affairs and a professor of civil and environmental engineering. \u201c if we were really going to change how engineering is taught at wisconsin, it couldn \u2019 t just be in a brand new, \u2018 one - off \u2019 elective course, \u201d he says. \u201c it had to hit the core of our courses, and it had to be implemented in a sustainable way. \u201d thus, the college academic planning council, with encouragement from the college industrial advisory board, set a new strategic directive : moving 75 percent of engineering core courses to a new \u201c blended learning \u201d model that leverages video - captured lectures and web - based course management tools to enhance in - class instruction. it \u2019 s an ambitious goal that aims to use college - wide technology - support services to help instructors replicate prior successes in technology - enhanced courses. time well spent in the college of engineering, wendt commons \u2014 a recent merger of the engineering learning center, wendt library and engineering media services \u2014 offers instructors not only pedagogical insight, but also technological expertise that ranges from video lecture capture services to support for web - based teaching software. greg moses was among those who, early on, recognized the potential of blended learning approaches. \u201c there \u2019 s a pathological fear that student performance will worsen if you don \u2019 t lecture to them, \u201d says moses, the harvey d. spangler professor of engineering physics and a blended learning pioneer. \u201c but there \u2019 s no evidence of that. \u201d in fact", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4889700582020051, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.514846"} {"text": "water evaporated from trees cools global climate, researchers find sciencedaily ( sep. 14, 2011 ) \u2014 scientists have long debated about the impact on global climate of water evaporated from vegetation. new research from carnegie ' s global ecology department concludes that evaporated water helps cool earth as a whole, not just the local area of evaporation, demonstrating that evaporation of water from trees and lakes could have a cooling effect on the entire atmosphere. these findings, published sept. 14 in environmental research letters, have major implications for land - use decision making. evaporative cooling is the process by which a local area is cooled by the energy used in the evaporation process, energy that would have otherwise heated the area ' s surface. it is well known that the paving over of urban areas and the clearing of forests can contribute to local warming by decreasing local evaporative cooling, but it was not understood whether this decreased evaporation would also contribute to global warming earth has been getting warmer over at least the past several decades, primarily as a result of the emissions of carbon dioxide from the burning of coal, oil, and gas, as well as the clearing of forests. but because water vapor plays so many roles in the climate system, the global climate effects of changes in evaporation were not well understood. the researchers even thought it was possible that evaporation could have a warming effect on global climate, because water vapor acts as a greenhouse gas in the atmosphere. also, the energy taken up in evaporating water is released back into the environment when the water vapor condenses and returns to earth, mostly as rain. globally, this cycle of evaporation and condensation moves energy around, but cannot create or destroy energy. so, evaporation cannot directly affect the global balance of energy on our planet. article continues : http : / / www. sciencedaily. com / releases / 2011 / 09 / 110914161729. htm", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5400549922175424, "token_count": 405, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.519122"} {"text": "wind power in the us expected to peak in 2012 the u. s. department of energy ' s \" 2011 wind technologies market report \" finds that in 2011, the united states was still one of the fastest - growing markets for wind power. around 6. 8 gigwatts ( gw ) of new wind power capabilities were established in 2011, up from 5. 2 gw in 2010. 2011 levels, however, were still beneath the 10 gw built in 2009. with the concerns of uncertain federal policies on the way, 2012 is expected to have the wind power market reach its peak, according to the research. put together by lawrence berkeley national laboratory ( berkeley lab ), the \" 2011 wind technologies market report \" listed some other important points : today, wind power accounts for over 10 % of the total electricity production in six states, two of which have over 20 %. combined, these statistics comprise over 3 % of the nation ' s entire supply of electricity. in 2011, wind power made up 32 % of all the new additions to u. s. electricity capacity. in 2011, wind turbine manufacturers and suppliers still kept their productions domestic. therefore, a large number of wind power projects ' equipment is from the u. s. in 2005 - 2006, approximately 35 % of the equipment was domestic while in 2011 it rose to 67 %. yet, according to ryan wiser, a staff scientist at berkeley lab and co - author of the report, \" behind these positive headline numbers, the domestic wind industry supply chain is currently facing severe pressure, due to uncertain prospects after 2012. \" profits have lowered, and there is a growing concern that manufacturing is producing over capacity, which could lead to major layoffs should turbine demand remain as is or further decline. increased turbine scaling has created a larger average for capacity factors. since 1998 - 99, the average nameplate capacity of wind turbines installed in the u. s. has gone up by 174 % ( to 1. 97 mw in 2011 ), the average turbine hub height has increased by 45 % ( to 81 meters ), and the average rotor diameter has grown by 86 % ( to 89 meters ). in some areas, however, the increase has been reduced by significant cuts in output of wind energy and wind developers building out lower wind speed sites. wind turbines at alternative energy wind farm via shutterstock. read more at the green economy.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4336317079902383, "token_count": 480, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.525612"} {"text": "soybean leafminer : soybean leafminer, odontota horni. the adult soybean leaf miner is a small, flattened, squarish beetle. its underside is black and the top of the insect is brick red and its head is black. in addition to its unique shape and coloration, there is also a thin black stripe that extends down the middle of its forewings beginning at the base of its prothorax. note that the black stripe does not quite extend to the tip of the thorax. another similar beetle the locust leafminer, odontota dorsalis, is occasionally found in soybean ( especially near locust trees ) ; however, it is much less common. the locust leafminer looks similar except the black dorsal stripe widens toward the tail - end of the beetle and extends to the end of the forwings. larvae reach a maximum of 7 mm long, is cream - colored with a dark brown head and lateral tubercles. typically, the larvae are not found exposed on the surface of the leaf, rather they mine within the layers of the leaf. soybean leafminer larva : soybean leafminer larva. larval soybean leafminer injury : larval injury to a soybean leaf from the soybean leafminer. pupae are similar to the larvae in color and can be easily seen through the translucent pupal chamber within the leaf.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4281238355825946, "token_count": 302, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.526961"} {"text": "gender harassment \u2013 verbal and nonverbal behaviors that convey insulting, hostile and degrading attitudes to women \u2013 is just as distressing for women victims as sexual advances in the workplace. according to emily leskinen, lilia cortina, and dana kabat from the university of michigan in the us, gender harassment leads to negative personal and professional outcomes too and, as such, is a serious form of sex discrimination. in their view, there is a case for interpreting existing legislation as including gender harassment, so that it is recognized as a legitimate and serious form of sex - based discrimination in the workplace. their work is published online in springer ' s journal law and human behavior. the generally accepted view of sexual harassment sees unwanted sexual attention as an essential component. what leskinen ' s work shows is that nine out of ten harassed women in her sample had experienced gender harassment primarily in the absence of sexual advances in the workplace. and yet, within the current legal conception of sexual harassment, gender harassment involving no sexual advances routinely gets neglected by the law. leskinen, cortina, and kabat analyzed survey data from women working in two male - dominated environments : the us military ( 9, 725 women ) and federal legal practice ( 1, 425 women ). their analyses revealed five typical profiles of harassment : low victimization ( sexist behavior ) ; gender harassment ( sexist and crude harassment ) ; gender harassment with unwanted sexual attention ; moderate victimization ( moderate levels of all types of harassment ) ; high victimization ( frequent harassment ). the large majority ( 90 percent ) of harassment victims fell into one of the first two groups, which describe virtually no unwanted sexual advances, yet are the most common manifestations of sex - based harassment. compared to non - victims, gender - harassed women reported negative personal and professional outcomes in the two different work environments. in the military, victims scored significantly lower on all work attitudes and reported greater performance decline due to both physical and emotional health. they also described less overall psychological well - being and health satisfaction and had more thoughts and intentions of leaving their jobs. among attorneys, gender - harassed women reported lower satisfaction with professional relationships and higher job stress. these results suggest that gender - harassed women, like women who experience sexual advance harassment, fare poorly in the workplace. 1. leskinen ea, cortina lm, kabat db ( 2010 ). gender harassment : broadening our understanding of sex - based harassment at work. law and human behavior. doi 10. 1007 /", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5127878063384101, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.532258"} {"text": "1. what is smog? what are vocs and nox? 2. why does my city matter? 3. why isn ' t my model year 1975 - 2000 vehicle here? 4. why isn ' t my model year 2001 - 2006 vehicle here? 5. my vehicle has a bad score on the auto asthma index, but i always pass my state ' s smog test. why is this? 6. why does my vehicle have worse than typical emissions? 7. why does my vehicle have lax emissions standards? 8. why is my vehicle a high miles vehicle? 9. what is a gross polluter? 10. why can ' t i compare older and newer vehicles in your report? 11. what is the difference between ' california ' and ' federal ' vehicles? why do automakers make cleaner and dirtier versions of the same model? 12. what about diesel emissions? 13. are two - wheel drive vehicles typically better than four - wheel drive vehicles? 14. are automatic or manual transmissions typically better? 15. do all new vehicles pollute less? 16. how can i pick a good used vehicle? 17. but big vehicles are safer, aren ' t they? 18. what can i do about polluting vehicles in my neighborhood? 19. when does my vehicle pollute? 20. what about the emissions warranty? 21. what are the cleanest cars? where would i purchase one? 1. what is smog? what are vocs and nox? smog is primarily caused by ozone air pollution. ozone forms in the air when two types of pollutants, volatile organic compounds ( vocs ) and nitrogen oxides ( nox ), combine in the presence of sunlight. two different classes of pollutants - - volatile organic compounds ( vocs ) and nitrogen oxides ( nox ) - - react with sunlight in the atmosphere to form smog. in some regions vocs are the limiting pollutant. efforts to control nox emissions will have no effect on - - or even worsen - - smog pollution. in other areas the dynamic is reversed. in a third type of region both pollutants are similarly important to combatting smog. we took this variability into account in our auto asthma index. where scientists determine that voc controls are most critical to smog levels, we ranked vehicles based solely on their voc emissions. in regions where nox is most important for smog control, the index is based on nox emissions alone. in areas where", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4567365449072864, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.545217"} {"text": "determine that voc controls are most critical to smog levels, we ranked vehicles based solely on their voc emissions. in regions where nox is most important for smog control, the index is based on nox emissions alone. in areas where both vocs and nox contribute to smogginess, an average of the voc and nox auto asthma index values is used to rate vehicles. as a result, the index for a particular model varies depending on your location.. some vehicles are exempt from taking the type of smog check test we used to compile our auto asthma index. if your vehicle was manufactured between the years 1985 and 2000 and either weighs over 8, 500 pounds fully loaded, has a diesel, natural gas, or hybrid engine, or has all - wheel drive ( full - time four - wheel drive ) or non - disengageable traction control, you will not find an index for it in our database. we also eliminated records for cars and trucks manufactured before 1985, as they are a small fraction of the cars on the road today. however, you should note that vehicles made before 1985 would universally have smog scores of 10. finally, we did not calculate an auto asthma index for vehicles that were represented by fewer than 20 smog check records, as a small number of records for a particular model would lead to unreliable emissions information for that vehicle. some vehicles are not evaluated using epa emissions tests. if your vehicle was manufactured between the years 2001 and 2006 and weighs over 8, 500 pounds fully loaded, you may not find an auto asthma index for it in our database. epa only requires a new emissions test if a vehicle changes significantly from one year to the next. we did our best to extend data from previous year ' s test to other models, but due to inconsistent naming between epa files we might have missed your vehicle. we also omitted data from vehicles burning diesel and other alternative fuels. vehicles that pass their local smog check programs may still emit excessive pollution. programs like the one in place in california are designed to catch only the worst polluters - - those that emit much more pollution than originally allowed by epa. smog check programs typically have less stringent requirements for older and larger vehicles, while the auto asthma index compares car emissions to today ' s available technologies. we divided vehicles by model year and vehicle type, then ranked them by their smog chemical emissions to determine the emissions of a typical vehicle in the middle of each ranked list ( the median emissions ). models", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40122632845638284, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.546403"} {"text": "car emissions to today ' s available technologies. we divided vehicles by model year and vehicle type, then ranked them by their smog chemical emissions to determine the emissions of a typical vehicle in the middle of each ranked list ( the median emissions ). models that produced more than this amount of smog chemical emissions were flagged as \" worse than typical \" polluters for a particular year and vehicle type. ' truck - type ' vehicles, including trucks, suvs, vans, and minivans, are currently held to weaker emissions standards than passenger cars. oversized vehicles, those weighing over 8, 500 pounds fully loaded, are allowed to produce even more smog chemical pollution. while federal and california regulations for these vehicles are gradually becoming more protective, at present these vehicles typically produce more smog chemical pollution than cars due to lax emissions standards. air quality engineers in california have estimated the average number of miles a vehicle has been driven by model year, taking into account the fact that vehicles are driven less as they age. [ kear 2003, citing emfac 2001 ] we designated high miles vehicles as those that have been driven at least 10 percent more miles than these estimates. according to our smog check records, about 17 percent of vehicles made in 2000 were high miles vehicles, and about 33 percent of vehicles made in 1995 were high miles vehicles. \" gross polluters \" are vehicles that emit double or more than the allowable pollution according to the california smog check program [ shafizadeh 2004 ]. the california smog check program applies emissions cutpoints to vehicles within specific age and size classes, so they do not excessively penalize older cars and trucks built with outdated emissions control technology and required to meet less stringent emissions standards. these cutpoints are much looser than the epa certification standards for all vehicles, allowing cars and trucks to emit far more pollution than the amount certified by epa as the maximum allowable level of pollution within the first 100, 000 to 150, 000 miles of use. the auto asthma index was compiled using two datasets : for vehicles manufactured in the years 1985 - 2000, millions of real world emissions measurements from the california smog check program were used to rank different models, while for newer vehicles that are exempt from typical smog check requirements, epa certified maximum levels of pollution within at least 100, 000 miles of driving were used. the two types of data are so different that auto asthma index values produced from different datasets cannot be compared to each other. california has more health protective", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4625368476646912, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.547972"} {"text": ", epa certified maximum levels of pollution within at least 100, 000 miles of driving were used. the two types of data are so different that auto asthma index values produced from different datasets cannot be compared to each other. california has more health protective vehicle emissions standards than the us government. thus, a typical vehicle sold in california is cleaner than its federal counterpart. because our 1985 - 2000 auto asthma index values were developed using data from california - certified vehicles only, they represent a best - case scenario in terms of smog chemical pollution. diesel vehicles produce extremely high nitrogen oxide ( nox ) emissions when compared to gasoline vehicles, but lower volatile organic emissions. to improve air quality and public health, avoid driving diesel vehicles in nox sensitive regions like rural areas and the southeast us. according to our analysis of california smog check data, two - wheel drive vehicles typically produce fewer smog chemical emissions than four - wheel drive vehicles. to improve air quality and public health, drive a two - wheel drive vehicle whenever possible. typically, manual transmission vehicles produce fewer nitrogen oxide ( nox ) emissions than automatic transmission vehicles. to improve air quality and public health, choose manual transmission vehicles in nox sensitive regions like rural areas and the southeastern us. typically new vehicles pollute less than similar older models. newer vehicles have better emissions control technology, were made to meet more stringent emissions standards, and have experienced less wear and tear. when making a choice between two vehicles, the newer one will generally be the better choice to improve air quality and protect the health of our communities. however, many newer cars have auto asthma index scores of 7 to 10, indicating that automakers are not using the best technologies, or that it is impossible to build extremely large vehicles that meet reasonable emissions standards. use our auto asthma index to compare specific vehicles before you buy. in general, newer vehicles, low miles vehicles, and passenger cars pollute less, while older vehicles, high miles vehicles, and trucks, suvs, vans, minivans, and oversized vehicles produce more smog chemical emissions. use these guidelines when purchasing a used vehicle. the latest research indicates that larger vehicles are not necessarily safer vehicles. instead, the general quality of a vehicle \u2014 how well it was designed and manufactured \u2014 appears to be the best indicator of its safety. continued improvements in materials, safety equipment, and overall vehicle design, will continue to foster the development of smaller, more fuel efficient vehicles that produce low smog chemical emissions. [ ahmad 2005, lundegaard 2005, wenzel 2005", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44829235398216977, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.549799"} {"text": "of its safety. continued improvements in materials, safety equipment, and overall vehicle design, will continue to foster the development of smaller, more fuel efficient vehicles that produce low smog chemical emissions. [ ahmad 2005, lundegaard 2005, wenzel 2005 ] your friends and neighbors may not know that the pollution from cars and trucks can affect the health of your community. tell them about ewg ' s auto asthma index, so they can learn for themselves about the link between autos and asthma. unfortunately, cars and trucks pollute at all times, even when they are not in use. as an automobile owner, you have certain rights covered by the emission warranties of your vehicle. there are two types of emission warranties : a defect warranty and a performance warranty. the defect warranty covers the repair of emission - related parts that become defective during normal vehicle operation. the performance warranty covers repairs that are necessary because the vehicle failed an epa - approved inspection and maintenance test. check your owner ' s manual for more details about your emission warranties or check with epa for more information. the cleanest gas burning vehicles score a 1 on the auto asthma index. the newer vehicles ( model years 2001 - 2006 ) that score a 1 meet california ' s partial zero emissions vehicle ( pzev ) or the national super ultra low emissions vehicle ( sulev ) standards. they are not widely available. most can only be purchased in california, and some northeastern states ( massachusetts, new york, vermont and maine ). we highlight the availability of clean models when we provide the index value for the typically sold, dirtier versions of the same vehicle. ahmad s, greene dl. 2005. effect of fuel economy on automobile safety : a reexamination. transportation research record no. 1941, energy and environmental concerns 2005. transportation research board of the national academy of sciences. washington, dc. california air resources board. emfac 2001 v2. 08. as cited in : kear t, niemeier d. 2003. composite exhaust emissions rates : sensitivity to vehicle population and mileage accrual assumptions. transportation research record no. 1842, energy, air quality, and fuels 2003. transportation research board of the national academy of sciences. washington, dc. available at : http : / / aqp. engr. ucdavis. edu / documents / sensitivity. pdf california air resources board. 2002. emfac 2002 v2. 2. http : / / www. arb. ca. gov / ms", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45496724336619465, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.551264"} {"text": "/ aqp. engr. ucdavis. edu / documents / sensitivity. pdf california air resources board. 2002. emfac 2002 v2. 2. http : / / www. arb. ca. gov / msei / on - road / healey jr. 2003. cleaner cars take toll on automakers ' costs. usa today. september 16, 2003. http : / / www. usatoday. com / kear t, niemeier d. 2003. composite exhaust emissions rates : sensitivity to vehicle population and mileage accrual assumptions. transportation research record no. 1842, energy, air quality, and fuels 2003. transportation research board of the national academy of sciences. washington, dc. available at : http : / / aqp. engr. ucdavis. edu / documents / sensitivity. pdf lundegaard k. 2005. crash course : how u. s. shifted gears to find small cars can be safe, too. wall street journal. september 26, 2005. shafizadeh k, niemeier d, eisinger ds. 2004. gross emitting vehicles : a review of the literature. prepared for the california department of transportation, task order no. 27. available at : http : / / aqp. engr. ucdavis. edu / documents / gross % 20 emitter % 20lit % 20review % 20v11 % 5b1 % 5d. doc ( accessed may, 2006 ) wenzel tp, ross m. 2005. the effects of vehicle model and drive behavior on risk. accident analysis and prevention 37 : 479 - 494. read the report and learn about how cars contribute to america ' s asthma epidemic. smog causes lifelong damage to our children ' s lungs. sign up to get ewg ' s updates on smog and kids ' health.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46059894877633495, "token_count": 387, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.551979"} {"text": "green economics : small price for environmental gains by charles vaciliou - july 2004 - green as the number of buildings using green design strategies grows, so do questions about the initial cost of designing and constructing a facility with sustainable features. green buildings have had a reputation for costing more up front, with long - or short - term payback coming directly \u2014 for example, from reduced operating costs \u2014 or indirectly, from improved productivity. and some sustainable elements do carry a higher price tag, sometimes significantly higher. but first costs are far from an overwhelming obstacle to green design. although trade - offs may be required, and some sustainable features may not be affordable, the first - cost premium can be managed. a good example is the environmental protection agency \u2019 s new england regional laboratory ( nerl ), in chelmsford, mass. nerl is a federally leased building that houses 30 laboratories used for environmental research and testing. construction on nerl was completed in 2001. although the u. s. green building council \u2019 s leed ( leadership in energy and environmental design ) rating system was only in its infancy during the building \u2019 s design phase, the construction project was able to use leed version 1. 0. leed was formulated to encourage the development of more sustainable buildings through a universal measurement on how green a building really is. it is designed to reflect the best practices of new buildings. owners of leed - rated buildings can state that their properties are environmentally superior to at least 75 percent of contemporary buildings. some leed points can be earned quite simply, while others are more complex, requiring creative thinking and planning. the investment, value and cost of green buildings vary with each facility. leed is organized into five areas : - sustainable site planning - energy efficiency - conserving materials and resources - indoor environmental quality - water efficiency leed points can also be earned for design excellence. a building can be classified as certified, silver, gold, or platinum depending on the number of points earned under the rating system. the general services administration now requires all its new construction to seek at least leed silver status. other federal agencies and major corporations have also embraced leed and sustainable design practices. epa was committed to a green building from the beginning. building occupants, mostly scientists, were eager to participate in planning their new facility. they contributed by identifying key design features, many of which fit into leed standards. the occupants continue to maintain conservation and recycling programs. the total building cost for the 68, 000 - square - foot nerl facility was $", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49369210018161547, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.568858"} {"text": "planning their new facility. they contributed by identifying key design features, many of which fit into leed standards. the occupants continue to maintain conservation and recycling programs. the total building cost for the 68, 000 - square - foot nerl facility was $ 18. 5 million, or $ 272 per square foot. the original design used green design strategies but was not based on leed guidelines. compared to the cost of the original green design, the incremental cost of meeting leed gold criteria was $ 264, 913, or an additional $ 3. 89 per square foot. this figure translates to a 1. 4 percent increase in building costs. the costs associated with a leed - rated building usually are higher than a traditional building. costs vary depending on the level of the targeted leed goal for the project ( certified, silver gold or platinum ) and the specialty energy - saving items chosen for the project. to make an exact cost comparison, one would need to start out with two identical buildings and then apply green features to one and traditional features to the other. an experienced architect and construction manager can help a building owner control costs by identifying which leed points to target \u2014 those that make most sense for an individual building. what accounted for the incremental $ 264, 913 leed cost? here \u2019 s a breakdown by leed categories. 1. earning points for sustainable site planning cost epa $ 11, 200. the agency incurred costs such as landscaping for erosion control ( $ 3, 500 ), adding trees to exterior landscaping design to reduce heat islands ( $ 2, 000 ), adding bike racks for alternative transportation ( $ 700 ), and installing alternate fueling facilities for electric cars ( $ 5, 000 ). items that earned points, but cost nothing more than what the epa would have spent anyway, included awarding preferred parking spaces for people who car pool, stockpiling topsoil, preserving and protecting trees during construction, and reducing habitat disturbance. 2. enhancements under the energy efficiency category cost an additional $ 119, 000. awnings with integrated photovoltaics were installed on the exterior windows. at the time, the awnings were the first of their kind in the new england region. the photovoltaics collect solar power, supplying approximately 2, 000 watts daily into the regional electric grid and supplementing the facility \u2019 s electric power. they provide shade, reduce glare in offices, and help with heat gain and natural cooling. included in this category is the additional cost of purchasing six, small", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45313134702199853, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.570116"} {"text": ", 000 watts daily into the regional electric grid and supplementing the facility \u2019 s electric power. they provide shade, reduce glare in offices, and help with heat gain and natural cooling. included in this category is the additional cost of purchasing six, small, modular, high - efficiency, gas - fired boilers with variable frequency drives. 3. measures that earned points for conserving materials and resources actually reduced costs by $ 1, 050. recycling - bailer equipment cost $ 3, 000 ; however, there was a savings of $ 4, 050 for efficient waste management ; several dumpsters were set up on site, separating construction waste by paper, plastic and metal, which eliminated expensive bulk disposal costs. in addition to these calculated savings, a number of items had no additional costs associated with earning points. these included adding some flyash for cement ; setting up rock crushers on site for existing ledge and reusing that material, which eliminated costs to truck the materials off site ; and building a retaining wall by reusing boulders that would have ordinarily been shipped off site. other point - earning items with no additional costs associated with leed were using 57 percent local materials, restricting the use of cfcs and halons in building materials, and providing storage areas for employees to recycle paper, cans and bottles. 4. the total indoor environmental quality category cost an additional $ 47, 500. leed points earned for this category included using alternative daylighting windows and ceiling systems ( $ 20, 000 ) and using low - voc materials, including adhesives, sealants, paints and coatings ( $ 17, 000 ). the setup of permanent chemical storage areas cost $ 8, 000. this system provides a separate hazardous materials building to store bulk chemicals with a floor grate system to contain spills. providing permanent aluminum entry mats at the building \u2019 s main entrance cost an additional $ 2, 500. increasing the outdoor / filtration air ratio, with duct moisture control and cleanable air distribution systems, was not an added cost because it was in the original design of the building. but it is a bonus for the indoor environmental quality and it earned epa another leed point. 5. the safeguard water category cost an additional $ 35, 800 for features including water - conserving fixtures with electronic sensors and waterless urinals installed in restrooms ( $ 6, 800 ) ; and a surface runoff filtration system ( $ 25, 000 ) that pipes rainwater from the parking areas to a stormwater treatment system", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.509827727928536, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.572276"} {"text": "with easy recruitment and retention of employees. a leed rating may also increase property value and offer a marketing advantage. the nerl project also included some features that brought benefits without adding to traditional costs. - carpeting that has been \u201c off - gassed \u201d so that voc gases are released before they are installed in the building results in a healthier indoor environment. - park benches made of recycled materials instead of wood last a long time and require little maintenance, but cost the same. - environmentally responsible, low - toxicity construction and cleaning materials deliver one - third less energy consumption and nearly one - fourth less water usage. - wastewater generated in laboratory portions of the building and piped to a state - of - the - art acid neutralization system prevent any contaminants from entering the regional wastewater facility. the growing recognition of the direct and indirect benefits of green buildings is leading an increasing number of facility executives to examine green options. understanding the size of the first - cost premium for those facilities and the ways in which that premium can be managed will spur wider adoption of sustainable design strategies. charles vaciliou is vice president and director of operations with burlington, mass. - based erland construction, a construction management, program management, design / build and general contracting firm.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.45986804937522935, "token_count": 257, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.574386"} {"text": "search for extraterrestrials with your desktop computer despite all the reports of the rapidly shrinking globe \u2014 with modern technology like the internet, wireless handheld computers, and satellite global positioning systems \u2014 the universe seems to get lonelier every day. the search for intelligent life in the universe continues, although nothing has been found \u2026 yet. that \" yet \" is what keeps people looking and actually, more specifically, listening. in fact, thanks to recent developments the search will soon be stepped up considerably. the search for extraterrestrial intelligence ( seti ) program, derided in some scientific circles as a waste of time, received a good measure of publicity with the success of cal berkeley ' s groundbreaking seti @ home project. too much data the power of the internet the project really got rolling when the website was launched in may 1999. it was originally slated to end in two years, but thanks to its wildly surprising popularity and additional funding, it has been prolonged indefinitely. by now, more than 3 million volunteers in over 220 countries have gone to the seti @ home website and downloaded the software in order to use their computers for the cause. the power and cost efficiency of the giant network of personal computers is boggling. consider this : the most powerful computer, ibm ' s asci white, is rated at 12 > teraflops and costs $ 110 million. the computational power of seti @ home runs at about 15 teraflops and so far has cost just $ 500, 000. high costs lead to innovations the project phoenix observations are currently being made using the 1, 000 - foot radio telescope at arecibo, puerto rico, and the scientists have gone through a large portion of the stars on the phoenix hit list, listening to two billion channels for each star targeted. but the dish at arecibo is used for seti - related purposes only a fraction of the time. the seti project will soon have its own seti - dedicated telescope to broaden the search. the idea for an all - seti telescope is not new, but earlier efforts always failed due to the high costs. the new allen telescope array ( ata ), to be built in northern california, will differ in practice, appearance, and cost from optical and radio telescopes currently in use. it will be constructed using hundreds of mass - produced small dishes. the telescope will use new technologies along with the large amounts of affordable computer processing that the seti @ home project has unearthed. by doing so, it will be possible for the allen telescope array", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5016732160706956, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.578095"} {"text": "will be constructed using hundreds of mass - produced small dishes. the telescope will use new technologies along with the large amounts of affordable computer processing that the seti @ home project has unearthed. by doing so, it will be possible for the allen telescope array to examine up to a dozen seti target stars simultaneously and be sensitive to signals over a very wide range of frequencies. new observatory in northern california under current plans, the allen telescope array will be developed in two phases. the first phase began last year with the development of the prototype unveiled in april, and will culminate with a second, larger prototype in early 2003, one that will actually get started on seti and radio astronomy research. at that point, with all the new technologies proven, a second - stage technical and funding review will occur. the ata ' s five - meter antennas are mass - produced and extremely cost - effective. named for benefactor and microsoft co - founder paul allen, the array will be located at the hat creek observatory, 290 miles northeast of san francisco on a site operated by uc berkeley ' s radio astronomy laboratory. the hat creek observatory is located in an area that is \" radio quiet, \" thereby reducing the level of interfering signals from man - made sources. fact monster\u2122 database, \u00a9 2007 pearson education, inc. all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46464287789642406, "token_count": 265, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.578742"} {"text": "( bpt ) - each year, people across the world are invited to join together to raise awareness about rare diseases. unlike more common conditions such as diabetes and breast cancer, many of these diseases, as well as the people affected by them, are not recognized by their own awareness initiatives throughout the year. yet for people living with rare diseases and their loved ones, the path to a confirmed diagnosis, adapting to new treatment regimens, and facing the day - to - day challenges of these diseases can often be overwhelming. the goal of rare disease day is to provide awareness of lesser known diseases, and to recognize each respective patient community while highlighting the great strides that are being made in medical research. this year, disease education activities will take place feb. 28, with local events held across the globe to help build community support and awareness. by definition, a rare disease is an illness that affects fewer than 200, 000 people in the u. s. while individually, each of these approximately 6, 800 such diseases in the u. s. are defined as rare, when considered together they impact nearly 30 million americans or almost one in 10 people, according to the national institutes of health. \u201c our organization understands the importance of rare disease day and aims to provide a voice for patients and families to bring to light the need for continued development of new treatments, \u201d says mary dunkle, vice president for communications, national organization for rare disorders ( nord ). \u201c for example, people affected by rare diseases such as chronic myeloid leukemia or cushing \u2019 s disease can feel alone, and share the burdens of minimal treatment options. \u201d breakthrough research has sometimes put a more public face on rare diseases, such as chronic myeloid leukemia ( cml ), a cancer of the blood and bone marrow characterized by the presence of an abnormality called the philadelphia ( ph ) chromosome. worldwide, cml is responsible for 10 to 15 percent of all adult cases of leukemia, with an incidence of one to two cases per 100, 000 people per year. during the past decade, researchers have refined increasingly sensitive tests to detect traces of cancer in patients treated with new medicines. the rare endocrine disorder, cushing \u2019 s disease is a form of cushing \u2019 s syndrome, in which excess cortisol production is triggered by the presence of a non - cancerous pituitary tumor. cortisol is a vital hormone that regulates metabolism, maintains cardiovascular function and helps the body respond to stress. while incidence is one to two patients per million per year,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49494162781596623, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.584764"} {"text": "is triggered by the presence of a non - cancerous pituitary tumor. cortisol is a vital hormone that regulates metabolism, maintains cardiovascular function and helps the body respond to stress. while incidence is one to two patients per million per year, cushing \u2019 s disease is a serious, debilitating disorder. it most commonly affects adults from 20 to 50 years old and affects women three times more often than men. cushing \u2019 s disease may present with weight gain, central obesity, a round, red full face, severe fatigue and weakness, striae ( purple stretch marks ), high blood pressure, depression and anxiety. it can cause severe illness and death with mortality up to four times higher than in the healthy population. rare disease day was originally created by eurordis, the european organization for rare diseases, in 2008 and expanded to include the u. s. the following year with help from nord. since the inception, there have been significant advances in management of diseases that are defined as rare. the goal is to continue this momentum and keep the conversation going to encourage more progress. to learn more information about cml, visit www. cmlearth. com. to learn more about cushing \u2019 s disease, visit www. cushingsdisease. com.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4669451612624179, "token_count": 259, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.585990"} {"text": "about dr. ackerman | is it really true that certain cells in our bodies do not age? when we ask the question headlined in this article we must first clarify what we mean by cells that do not age. we are not talking about single cells that never get old. rather, we are dealing with cells that are part of a group capable of renewing itself in various ways so that to all intents and purposes the group remains viable throughout the life of the organism. in this age of intensive research into the potential for stem cells to transform themselves into virtually new organs and thereby repair damaged tissues - perhaps eventually permit quadriplegics to walk again, cure genetic diseases, and generally turn the medical world upside down - i feel that we all need a better understanding of the underlying principles involved. an incisive review article called \" the aging of lympho - hematopoietic stem cells \" by geiger and zant, which was published in the april 2002 issue of nature immunology ( the new journal recently created by the prestigious people who bring us their flagship journal nature ) delves into the question in considerable detail. it is not my intention to dwell on complex details of this sort, but rather to extract those fine factual and theoretical facets inherently contained in a treatise of this magnitude. the principles involved in this discussion are certainly not new. as far back as 1972 harrison, writing in nature new biology, noted that cells which were destined to become red blood cells in mice could be transplanted outside the mice and then were capable of living 21 months past the life span of the mice from which they came. eventually it became apparent that stem cells destined to produce red blood cells, or hematopoietic stem cells, have the capacity to continually renew themselves. this implied that these cells do not age and that the reason for this is to provide animals with an \" undiminished replenishment of blood cells throughout the lifespan of an organism. \" however, opponents of this concept believe that these cells actually do show the signs of aging and that their life spans are decidedly limited. these authors favor the view that \" age - related functional decline in adult tissue hematopoietic stem cells limits longevity in mammals. \" like other long - lived cells of the body, which comprise a major portion of our organs, replacement is infrequent. so they gradually change their functional abilities leading to what we call aging. to keep doing their job, they must reproduce or at the least, self - renew. study of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5193907489015896, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.600351"} {"text": "which comprise a major portion of our organs, replacement is infrequent. so they gradually change their functional abilities leading to what we call aging. to keep doing their job, they must reproduce or at the least, self - renew. study of these phenomena has been rather limited because older mice are relatively hard to acquire. researchers had to purchase them when they were young and then wait until they got old enough to proceed. research was nevertheless done, and it became apparent that hematopoietic stem cells do appear to replenish themselves. the older the animal the more there are of these cells. on the other hand, a greater number of older cells are needed to reconstitute the bone marrow than younger cells. in truth, studies showed that the older cells are \" at a significant disadvantage relative to their young counterparts. \" it was even possible to demonstrate defects in the older cells. furthermore, the farther back they went the more capable were the cells so that fetal cells had a competitive repopulation advantage over young adult cells. the conclusion from these and other studies suggested that this decrease in potential depends upon age and starts right at the beginning, during fetal life. another factor playing a major role is genetic regulation because different strains of mice had different abilities with regard to maintaining the cell populations, but findings during these studies tended to negate any role played by immune factors. the role played by age seems to involve a quieting of activity rather than gradual loss of numbers of cells or individual aging of cells. the fact that senescence may not be involved can be detrimental in certain situations wherein the strategy is to limit a cell ' s likelihood of becoming cancerous from cumulative cellular damage and genomic instability. another factor that seems to be little involved in the changes of aging is the surrounding tissues. the changes appear to be basically inherent in the cells themselves, not in their stroma. in spite of the difficulties involved in obtaining appropriate animals for investigation, evidence gleaned from a good number of studies over the years points to the conclusion that hematopoietic stem cells can and do maintain normal blood cell counts for a lifetime, but as the aging process takes over this capability is diminished. when crises arise, they fail to have the functional reserves needed to meet the challenge by producing large numbers of progeny. aging, however, does not tend to decrease the numbers of these cells, which may actually increase. it ' s literally a case of the effect of quality superseding that of quantity. future research should focus on the molecular", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5077376283105871, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.601694"} {"text": "numbers of progeny. aging, however, does not tend to decrease the numbers of these cells, which may actually increase. it ' s literally a case of the effect of quality superseding that of quantity. future research should focus on the molecular characteristics of these stem cells. stem cells from other tissues may not be much different in this respect than those of the red blood cells. once we have a more widespread picture of how the quality of stem cells varies in other tissues we may obtain a better idea as to what are the determinants of longevity. personally i don ' t think that i am destined to benefit from these investigations into the ability to prolong life. to those readers and your own progeny who are still young enough to reap those benefits i salute you. i want you to know that i just knocked on wood in the hope that the world that you will inherit in which to pass those bonus years will prove to be a good deal better than the one to which we seem to be heading. the ancients preserved their kings and queens, wrapped them in cloth and embalming fluids, built them immense pyramids in which to dwell, and surrounded them with their worldly goods. but once you ' re dead it ' s all for naught, be you underground, or in a jar on a shelf, so dream your dream of immortality now, but remember you ' re merely deluding yourself. cartoons and poems following each article are created and copyrighted by dr. ackerman and cannot be copied or reproduced without his permission. copyright \u00a9 2006 by marvin ackerman, m. d. relax! itis only your doctoris waiting room, not the er : or how to get along with and understand your doctor is an insightful but irreverent intrusion into the complexities of modern day medicine. listen to an interview with dr. ackerman", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5044414142948805, "token_count": 380, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.602481"} {"text": "xie shouxin, deputy division director, department of forest resources state forestry administration, beijing, p. r. china because of the deficiency in forest resources, the chinese government has always tried to prevent them from being overcut, encouraged tree planting and afforestation, protection and development of forest resources, and the improvement of the ecological environment as the main aims of forestry practice in china. but, along with the development of the national economy and public society, as well as the increase in population and the people ' s living standards, timber demand has been increasing. the forest resource in china was still overcut during the past few decades. as a result, the sharp decline in natural forest resources and seriously devastated forest vegetation brought about a fragile ecosystem, an expanding desertified area, serious soil and water erosion and frequent droughts and floods. in order to control and reverse the trend of increasing deterioration of the ecosystem, give full play to the dominant role of forests in protection and improvement of the ecosystem, and secure sustainable development of the national economy and society, in 1998 the chinese government established a nationwide classified management method for forests, so as to establish a sound forest ecosystem and a relatively developed forestry industry system, and started implementing the natural forest protection project in key natural forest regions. this was before the devastating floods of the yangtze, nenjiang and songhua jiang rivers in the summer of 1998. at present, the protection of natural forests has become an important component for sustainable forestry development. existing forest resources inadequate forest resources the fifth national forest resource inventory ( 1994 \u2013 1998 ) shows that the forest area in china is 158 941 million ha and the standing stock volume is 12 488 billion m3, among which the forest stock volume is 11 267 billion m3. the national forest cover is 16. 55 percent of the land area. the area and stock volume of china ' s natural forest take up 69. 6 and 90. 0 percent of the total, respectively. the stock volume of natural forests per hectare averages 90. 7 m3 per hectare. this indicates that natural forests are still the main body of china ' s forest, and they are playing a significant role in maintaining and improving the environment. the quantity of the forest resource is increasing gradually table 1 shows the result of the successive forest resource inventory. it shows that the forest area and stock in china continue to increase. according to the fifth national forest resource inventory, the yearly mean net growth ( excluding dead trees from natural ageing ) of the national standing stock volume over 5 years is 457.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4469188759499379, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.664334"} {"text": "it shows that the forest area and stock in china continue to increase. according to the fifth national forest resource inventory, the yearly mean net growth ( excluding dead trees from natural ageing ) of the national standing stock volume over 5 years is 457. 52 billion m3 and the net consumption is 370. 75 billion m3, which indicates that growth is larger than consumption. but compared with the last 5 - year period, the yearly mean net consumption has increased by 50. 83 billion m3. table 1. changes in forest area, stock volume and forest cover in china | 1973 \u2013 1976 | | 121 860 | | 9 532 | | 8 656 | | 12. 69 | | 1977 \u2013 1981 | | 115 277 | | 10 261 | | 9 028 | | 12. 00 | | 1984 \u2013 1988 | | 124 653 | | 10 572 | | 9 141 | | 12. 98 | | 1989 \u2013 1993 | | 133 704 | | 11 785 | | 10 137 | | 13. 92 | | 1994 \u2013 1998 | | 158 941 | | 12 488 | | 11 267 | | 16. 55 | rapid increase in plantation resources and economic forest please refer to table 2 for details. from it, we can see that at present the existing plantation area in china is more than 46. 7 million ha. china is a country with the largest plantation area in the world. but the stock volume of plantation forest stands averages only 34. 8 m3 per hectare, and the average annual growth is less than 3 m3 per hectare, compared with the developed countries ; this is far from satisfying the demand of national economic development for timber and forest products. table 2. changes in plantation and economic forest area in million ha ( percentage of total forest area ) | inventory period | | plantations area | | economic forest area | | 1973 \u2013 1976 | | 23 690 ( 19. 4 % ) | | 8 520 ( 7. 0 % ) | | 1977 \u2013 1981 | | 22 192 ( 19. 3 % ) | | 11 280 ( 9. 8 % ) | | 1984 \u2013 1988 | | 31 011 ( 24. 9 % ) | | 13 744 ( 11. 0 % ) | | 1989 \u2013 1993 | | 34 252 ( 25. 6 % ) | | 16 099 ( 12. 0 % ) | | 1994 \u2013 1998 | | 46 667 ( 29. 4 % ) | | 20 222 ( 12. 7 % ) | a relatively large proportion of young forests in forest stands in table", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4043301889520927, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.666963"} {"text": "| | 16 099 ( 12. 0 % ) | | 1994 \u2013 1998 | | 46 667 ( 29. 4 % ) | | 20 222 ( 12. 7 % ) | a relatively large proportion of young forests in forest stands in table 3 we can see that the stock volume of forest stands averages only 78. 1 m3 per hectare. since the forest stands in china have a low stock volume per unit area, its quality is poor. table 3. area and volume of forest stands by age group ( unit : million ha / million m3 ) | inventory period | | forest stands | | young & middle - aged forests | | other forests | | 1973 \u2013 1976 | | 105 010 / 7 647. 1 | | 70 680 / 2 490. 6 | | 34 330 / 5 156. 5 | | 1977 \u2013 1981 | | 95 622 / 9 784. 0 | | 68 185 / 3 386. 2 | | 27 437 / 4 592. 2 | | 1984 \u2013 1988 | | 102 187 / 18 091. 5 | | 72 166 / 3 364. 9 | | 30 021 / 4 726. 6 | | 1989 \u2013 1993 | | 108 638 / 9 087. 2 | | 77 464 / 3 683. 5 | | 31 174 / 5 403. 7 | | 1994 \u2013 1998 | | 129 199 / 10 085. 6 | | 91 887 / 4 151. 1 | | 37 312 / 5 934. 5 | lack of harvesting resources the age group structure of timber forest is listed in table 4, which follows the forest resource inventory. from it we can see that at present the area of the mature and over - mature timber forest in china is 14. 7 million ha, and the standing stock volume is 2. 74 billion m3, which accounts for 38. 0 percent of the timber forest stock volume. among it, the area and volume that can be cut or harvested is respectively 12. 7 million ha and 2. 3 billion m3, which accounts for 22. 7 percent of the forest stand volume. table 4. area and volume of timber forest by age group ( unit : million ha / million m3 ) | inventory period | | timber forest | | young & middle - aged | | undermature | | mature & over | | 1973 \u2013 1976 | | 92 820 / 6 726. 8 | | 64 700 / 2 318. 5 | | 28 120 / 4 408. 3 | | - / - |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4075944492425198, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.669635"} {"text": "| | undermature | | mature & over | | 1973 \u2013 1976 | | 92 820 / 6 726. 8 | | 64 700 / 2 318. 5 | | 28 120 / 4 408. 3 | | - / - | | 1977 \u2013 1981 | | 80 629 / 6 881. 9 | | 58 577 / 2 954. 1 | | 22 052 / 3 927. 8 | | - / - | | 1984 \u2013 1988 | | 80 070 / 6 173. 2 | | 58 660 / 2 782. 5 | | 7 212 / 768. 1 | | 14 198 / 2 622. 6 | | 1989 \u2013 1993 | | 84 929 / 6 743. 4 | | 63 097 / 3 043. 3 | | 8 345 / 907. 6 | | 13 487 / 2 792. 5 | | 1994 \u2013 1998 | | 99 395 / 7 206. 2 | | 73 953 / 3 368. 6 | | 10 757 / 1 097. 6 | | 14 685 / 2 740. 0 | description of the natural forest protection programme ( nfpp ) the nfpp is a great and transcentury environmental protection programme. it is also a complicated social programme. it aims at protecting the natural forest resources at the source, middle and upper reaches of large rivers and regions with vulnerable ecosystems. scope and goals of the nfpp according to the implemental scheme warranted by the state council, the nfpp of the key regions ( divided into two types ) covers 17 provinces ( autonomous regions or municipalities ). therein, the nfpp of the key state forest in the northeastern area, inner mongolia, and so on, covers inner mongolia, jilin, heilongjiang, hainan, xinjiang ; the nfpp of upper reaches of the yangtze river - as well as the upper and middle reaches of the yellow river - covers yunnan, sichuan, guizhou, chongqing, hubei, tibet, shaanxi, gansu, qinghai, ningxia, inner mongolia, shanxi and henan. the construction period of the programme is from 2000 to 2010. it will be implemented in two phases. during the first phase ( 2000 \u2013 2003 ) of the nfpp of the key state forest in the northeastern area, inner mongolia, and so on, the main task is to classify 34. 18 million ha of state - owned forest land in the programme area", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48897528663105844, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.671290"} {"text": "first phase ( 2000 \u2013 2003 ) of the nfpp of the key state forest in the northeastern area, inner mongolia, and so on, the main task is to classify 34. 18 million ha of state - owned forest land in the programme area, among which 14. 09 million ha are logging ban areas, 12. 06 million ha are logging control areas, and 8. 03 million ha are commercial forest areas. by 2003, the harvesting quota of timber from natural forest will be reduced by 7. 52 million m3 compared with the 1997 level. the existing 33 million ha of forest will be effectively managed and conserved, and the deteriorating trend of the environment will be alleviated to a certain extent. at the same time, 484 000 surplus labourers in forest regions will be absorbed by afforestation activities and other alternative projects. during the second phase ( 2004 \u2013 2010 ), the programme will mainly focus on the establishment and protection of ecological forests, the development of transitional projects, the cultivation of forest resources, the increase of wood supply capacity and the development of the economy in forest regions. by 2010, natural forest resources will be basically restored. timber production will be shifted from logging in natural forests to the management and use of plantations. the conflicts between population, economy, resources and environment will be alleviated primarily. all these efforts will lead to the formation of a relatively sound forest ecosystem and a rational forestry industry system so that forestry can play an important role in the economically and socially sustainable development of the country. the first phase of the nfpp of the upper reaches of the yangtze river, as well as the upper and middle reaches of the yellow river, is from 2000 \u2013 2005 ; the second phase is from 2006 \u2013 2010. the main tasks are two : the first one is to entirely stop logging from natural forests ; 30. 4 million ha of natural forests in this programme area will be strictly managed and protected, logging from which will not be permitted. at the same time, various measures and methods will be adopted so as to effectively manage and protect the existing 30. 8 million ha of other forests and forest lands. the second task is to accelerate afforestation and grass planting in the programme area. by 2010, the area of afforestation will be 12. 7 million ha, among which 3. 7 million ha of mountain closure for afforestation, 7. 1 million ha of aerial planting, and 1. 9 million ha of artificial plantations. first, the areas of improvement of ecosystems in the upper reaches of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4426051712548461, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.673417"} {"text": ", among which 3. 7 million ha of mountain closure for afforestation, 7. 1 million ha of aerial planting, and 1. 9 million ha of artificial plantations. first, the areas of improvement of ecosystems in the upper reaches of the yangtze river and the yellow river will be classified as ecosystem conservation regions consisting of logging ban areas, and any logging activity will be firmly banned. second, a harvesting quota from natural forests in ecosystem rehabilitation areas will be reduced by a large margin, and the harvesting method will be improved. management and restoration of natural forest resources will be further strengthened through the application of new technologies and approaches. third, various measures will be adopted in productive forest regions to cultivate large diameter timber of high quality, and actively develop fast - growing and high - yielding commercial forests. fourth, the integrated development of different resources in forest areas will be strengthened to adjust and optimize the structure of the economy in forest regions. guided by the market economy, some new policy measures will be adopted to create employment opportunities for laid - off employees and surplus labourers, so as to solve the living difficulties of forestry workers. finally, scientific forest management will be strengthened and the capacity of sustainable development will be improved through the training of workers and managers. a scientific monitoring and evaluation system will be established for the management and supervision of the natural forest protection programme. timber supply and demand balance supply capacity of forest resources because most of these forest resources are growing along the upper reaches of main rivers and lakes and have an important shelter function, they are actually not suitable for cutting. at present, the usable forest resources in china are mainly the mature and overmature timber forests, and a part of them are located in remote mountainous areas and areas with difficult access to transportation. thus, harvesting conditions are very difficult. it is estimated that the area and volume of the usable mature and overmature timber forest is just 12. 7 million ha and 2. 3 billion m3, respectively. with the addition of the stock volumes of regeneration cutting in shelterbelt forests and tending cutting in young and middle - aged forest stands, the total quantity available for cutting is less than 270 million m3, which may produce timber of about 160 million m3. however, only less than 70 million m3 timbers will be allowed as commercial timber, which is the domestic timber production ( planned production ). the rest will be used for fuelwood and own - use - timber for inhabitants in the mountain areas. actual demand for timber at present, the total demand for timber in china is more than 130 million", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.43534115456511374, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.674609"} {"text": "is the domestic timber production ( planned production ). the rest will be used for fuelwood and own - use - timber for inhabitants in the mountain areas. actual demand for timber at present, the total demand for timber in china is more than 130 million m3. timber shortage between supply and demand because the actual possible supply capacity of forest resources in china is 70 million m3, while the total demand for timber is over 130 million m3, there is a shortfall of 60 million m3 between supply and demand. solving this shortage mainly depends on imports. according to statistics on timber imports from the customs, the annual mean timber imports ( log equivalent ) from 1995 to 1998 exceeded 40 million m3. nfpp ' s impact on timber supply and demand china is a big country in the world of timber production, consumption and imports. as a product directly related to industrial and agricultural production and the lives of the people, timber plays an important role in the development of the national economy. therefore, china ' s nfpp has a great impact not only on the domestic timber market but also on the international timber market. in china, the nfpp is increasing the total conflict between timber supply and demand while the structure conflict between them is becoming sharper. the total deficit volume tends to increase with regard to domestic timber production, the production volume has a tendency to decrease year after year ( see table 5 ). along with the implementation of the national project, timber production will be reduced, especially rare and valuable species and large - diameter wood. the actual timber supply capacity of forest resources will continue to decrease. table 5. timber production in china ( planned production from 1995 to 2000 ) unit : 1 000 m3 | stock volume | | 88 009 | | 87 991 | | 94 180 | | 94 855 | | 86 996 | | 78 465 | | commercial | | 54 181 | | 54 142 | | 57 266 | | 56 800 | | 52 599 | | 46 726 | at the same time, along with the development of the national economy and public society - as well as the increasing level of living standards - timber demand also tends to increase. thus, the conflict between timber supply and demand will increase. the timber shortage will continue to expand. it is estimated that by the year 2003, the total timber shortage in china will increase up to 75 million m3. the structural conflict is sharp from the current structure of forest resources in china ( see table 4 ), among the timber forest the stock volume of near - mature and overmature", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4319961296324062, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.675698"} {"text": ", the total timber shortage in china will increase up to 75 million m3. the structural conflict is sharp from the current structure of forest resources in china ( see table 4 ), among the timber forest the stock volume of near - mature and overmature forest will continue to decrease. it can be estimated that the stock volume of the usable mature and overmature timber forest will be certainly less than 2. 3 billion m3 by 2005. the harvestable stock volume, with the exception of poplar, birch and chinese fir, will be reduced year after year. in particular, the large - diameter wood resources have a tendency to reduce sharply. moreover, since the 1990s, timber and timber product imports ( log equivalence ) increase every year, among which 30 percent or 13. 74 million m3 are log, sawn timber, veneer and plywood. this is the very reason for the shortage of domestic large - diameter logs in china. approaches and solutions to timber supply and demand deficit it is not realistic for china to depend solely on imports to solve timber shortages since imports, on the one hand, are limited by international market supply and timber prices and, on the other hand, they are also limited by the balance of national foreign currency. therefore, domestic strength should be depended on. the specific approaches include : accelerate the growth of forest resources is fundamental to satisfying domestic timber supply first of all, the establishment of fast - growing and high - yielding timber plantations should be accelerated in a short time span so as to increase timber supply capacity, promote the shift of timber production from the north to the south, and from the use of natural forest to the use of plantations. to build up the gap between timber supply and demand, and ease the pressure on wood production from shelterbelt forest and natural forest, the chinese government made the decision early in 1988 to establish 20 million ha of fast - growing and high - yielding timber forest bases within a 30 - year period. by 1999, 5 million ha had been established, among which 1. 4 million ha funded by a world bank loan. by 2005, the fast - growing and high - yielding timber forest bases will add 1. 3 million ha, and the supply capacity of the bases every year will reach 40 \u2013 60 million m3 by 2010. second, the tending of middle - aged and young - aged timber forest with an area of about 74 million ha ( among which more than 20 million ha need urgent attention ) will be accelerated. increase the use rate of forest resources and the integrated use rate of timber currently, the use rate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4543964498995321, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.676810"} {"text": "aged and young - aged timber forest with an area of about 74 million ha ( among which more than 20 million ha need urgent attention ) will be accelerated. increase the use rate of forest resources and the integrated use rate of timber currently, the use rate of harvested forest and the integrated use rate of timber in china are 61 and 63 percent, respectively. based on the current production scale and processing capacity, the increase of every one - percentage point in the use rate of harvested forest and the integrated use rate of timber means an equivalent increase of timber supply of 1 million and 400 000 m3, respectively. the application of new technologies and new techniques will increase the use rate of harvested forest and the integrated use rate of timber. this also means an additional increase in timber supply. accelerate forest industry where the source of raw materials is from residues of plantations and forest areas the development of a forest industry that combines trading, industry and forestry will help to adjust the forest resource structure, increase the production and quality of forest products and may increase the constitutional capacity of wood. enhance international economic cooperation in forestry the healthy development of china ' s forestry is of great importance in satisfying the supply of forest products for the world and balancing international market prices for forest products. in order to enhance cooperation in international forestry economy, promote optimum positioning of global resources, encourage price competition, and strengthen the development of external structuring, china has extensively reduced her tariff three times in 1996, 1997 and 1998, respectively. the general tariff level has been reduced from 35. 9 to 23 percent, and further lowered to 17 percent. within the same period, the tariff for forest products has also been reduced extensively. for example, the tariff rate of logs and sawn timber has been reduced about 15 to 5 percent, and further to 0 percent, while the tariff rate of timber products has been reduced 40 \u2013 50 percent down to about 15 percent. the reduction of tariffs every time results in a loss or bankruptcy of some industries in china. this indicates the hard effort and contribution made by a developing country in forestry. limited by international market supply and timber prices, as well as the balance of national foreign currency, china will make appropriate use of resources and markets - both international and domestic - so as to make up the domestic deficit in timber and forest products caused by structural problems. it is expected that the implementation of the above - mentioned measures will increase the domestic timber supply by more than 40 million m3 by the year 2010, thereby meeting the needs of supply and demand when adding imported timber. by the year 2010,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4466256249912792, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.678882"} {"text": "this monument stands out on the horizon on the foothills to the south of the river arno and with the baptistery, is a masterpiece of florentine romanesque architecture. the facade, begun in the xii century, and concluded in the xiii, follows the florentine tradition, with geometric patterns created with white and green marble ( the latter from prato ). the lower section has the classic five arches that alternate with three doors. above, on the pediment, there are nine arches surmounted by symbolic figures dating to the thirteenth century. in 1401 a gilded copper eagle, symbol of the guild of merchants, which had administered the church since 1288, was added to the pediment. the interior, which has been restored and altered in several points, is divided into three aisles by alternating columns and pilasters, and terminates with a raised presbytery built over the crypt. the capitals of the columns of the crypt are in part roman and in part romanesque ; some are marble and some stone. the central nave has marble floor mosaics reminiscent of those of rome ' s early basilicas, and exposed ceiling beams. just before the crypt is the elegant cappella del crocifisso built by michelozzo in 1448, which has a glazed barrel - vaulted ceiling by luca della robbia. to the right of the church is the palazzo dei vescovi, the summer residence of florence ' s bishops until 1553, when it was used as a barracks by cosimo i ; in 1594 it became part of the monastery of san miniato. for any information : chiesa di san miniato al monte via monte alle croci ( 055 2342731 ). open winter - 8. am - noon, 3 - 6pm, summer \u2013 8am - 7. 30pm. holidays and sun, winter 3 - 8pm, summer 8am7. 30pm.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.361595149960834, "token_count": 384, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.685639"} {"text": "in 2011 - 12 ( april - march ) india produced around 540 million tonnes ( mt ) of coal. this was 1. 36 % more than the that produced in 2010 - 11 ( april - march ). of the 540 mt, coal india accounted for around 436 mt or a little over 80 %. the balance was produced by singareni collieries company and a host of other small companies. this wasn \u2019 t enough to meet the demand for coal in india. hence, 99 mt of coal was imported, primarily from countries such as australia, indonesia and south africa. india \u2019 s coal import has been growing significantly over the years ( as can be seen from the table here ). what also comes out clearly is that during 2003 - 09, the cost of the import grew at a much faster rate than the quantity. this was the period when the international prices of coal were rallying and touched $ 190 per tonne in mid - 2008. why this was not par for the course this would have been par for the course if india did not have enough coal reserves, as in the case of oil. ( we don \u2019 t have enough known reserves of oil and hence we don \u2019 t produce enough to meet the demand. so we import oil ). but as numbers from the geological survey of india ( as on april 1, 2012 ) indicate, india has 293. 5 billion tonnes ( bt ) of coal reserves. these reserves are referred to as geological reserves and are for valid for a depth between 0. 9 metres and 1, 200 metres. not all of these reserves can be mined. open cast mining of coal typically goes to a depth of around 250 metres below the ground whereas underground mining goes to a depth of around 600 - 700 metres. the quantity of coal that can be extracted is referred to as extractable reserves. p. c. parekh, a retired ias officer in a presentation, puts the extractable reserves at around 60 bt. ( you can access the presentation here ). another expert this writer spoke to said this number could be significantly higher. but that \u2019 s beside the point. what this clearly tells us is, unlike oil, india has enough coal to mine. given this, india should not be importing the nearly 100 mt of coal that it did during the last financial year. so, why is india not able to mine enough coal? the simple answer is that coal india, which is the biggest producer of coal in the country, is not able to produce enough. one look at the table clearly proves", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4161739015650451, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.697931"} {"text": "the last financial year. so, why is india not able to mine enough coal? the simple answer is that coal india, which is the biggest producer of coal in the country, is not able to produce enough. one look at the table clearly proves that. click here for table. why coal blocks were given away for free during 2004 - 12, the total coal produced by coal india increased by 17. 5 %, or at a minuscule rate of 2. 3 % per year. the slow increase in the production fell short of the demand growth, as during the period energy needs surged with india becoming the second fastest growing country in the world. a study published in 2011 shows that coal is used to meet 40 % of india \u2019 s energy needs against the global average of 27 %. adding to the import cost was the spurt in global commodity prices during 2004 - 09 as china expanded at a breakneck speed. global coal prices shot up as china gobbled up commodities from all over the world. the international price of coal, which was at a little over $ 20 per metric tonne in mid - 2003, rose to around $ 40 per metric tonne in mid - 2005 and then to around $ 190 per tonne in mid 2008. given these reasons, the government felt that there was a need to look beyond coal india. in fact, the inability of coal india to produce enough coal was the main reason why the coal mines ( nationalisation ) act 1973 was amended with effect from june 9, 1993, to allow the government to give away coal blocks for free. the economic survey for 1994 - 95 points out the reason behind the decision. \u201c in order to encourage private sector investment in the coal sector, the coal mines ( nationalisation ) act, 1973, was amended with effect from june 9, 1993, for operation of captive coal mines by companies engaged in the production of iron and steel, power generation and washing of coal in the private sector. \u201d the total coal production in the country in 1993 - 94 was 246. 04 mt, up 3. 3 % from 1992 - 93. the government understood the production growth was not going to gain greater momentum anytime soon because newer projects were hit by delays and cost over - runs. \u201c as on december 31, 1994, out of 71 projects under implementation in the coal sector, 22 projects are bedevilled by time and cost over - runs. on an average, the time over - run per project is about 38 months. there is urgent need to improve project implementation in the coal sector, \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.3999934784881889, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.699072"} {"text": "implementation in the coal sector, 22 projects are bedevilled by time and cost over - runs. on an average, the time over - run per project is about 38 months. there is urgent need to improve project implementation in the coal sector, \u201d the economic survey of the government noted in 1994 - 95. even though the decision to give away coal blocks for free came into effect in 1993, nothing much happened until 2004. but after that the government went into an overdrive to give away coal blocks for free. between 2005 and 2009, the government gave away 149 coal blocks for free. for indian companies, which were scrambling for the fuel to meet their growth aspirations, it also made sense to have direct access to domestic coal during the period as the international prices were ruling high. but, as it has become clear now, giving away the coal blocks for free did not solve the problem. as per the audit report by the comptroller and auditor general of india, as many as 86 blocks were supposed to produce around 73 mt of coal as on march 31, 2011. in reality, however, only 28 blocks started production and their total output was just around 34. 6 mt. why coal india output is capped coal india has probable reserves of around 18. 9 billion tonnes, but is still unable to expand production at a higher rate. why, seems to be the question nobody is asking. had i been a television journalist, i would simply attribute it to coal india \u2019 s inefficiency, as is the case with most public sector companies. but the truth is a lot more complicated than that, and, to a large extent, explains why the government \u2019 s decision of giving away coal blocks for free hasn \u2019 t worked. india \u2019 s coal reserves are largely concentrated in the middle of the country in the states of jharkhand, west bengal, odisha, madhya pradesh, chattisgarh and maharashtra. there are some reserves in the northeast as well but they are, at the best, minuscule. the trouble is that the states with the biggest coal reserves are also dealing with the naxalite problem. hence, operating in these regions is not very easy. a lot of the coal reserves are also in regions categorised as forest areas and getting clearances from the state governments is not easy. what also has not helped is that the ministry of environment and forests, which gives the overall environment clearance, is not known to be very efficient. \u201c our 168 projects are pending environment and forest clearances at the centre and state levels.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.41417274236343, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.700265"} {"text": "not easy. what also has not helped is that the ministry of environment and forests, which gives the overall environment clearance, is not known to be very efficient. \u201c our 168 projects are pending environment and forest clearances at the centre and state levels. sixty - seven of these projects are greenfield and we are unable to make any investment in these. remaining are ongoing expansion schemes, which too have been stalled, \u201d nc jha, then chairman of coal india, had told the times of india at the beginning of the year. but these are small issues. the biggest problem facing coal india is the acquisition of land. the right to property is not a fundamental right in india. and over the years, the government has acquired land forcibly from the citizens of this country at rock bottom prices. in ranchi, where this writer grew up, original landholders have still not been paid after their land was acquired to set up what was then one of the biggest public sector units in the country. attempts are rarely made to rehabilitate those who gave up the land. the homes built for them are not livable, to say the least, in most of the cases. hence, people are reluctant to hand over their land, their only source of income. the government \u2019 s attitude has only politicised the issue. hence, the state governments are not interested as they are likely to lose votes if they use force to acquire land. due to these same reasons for giving away coal blocks for free has not worked and will not work. of the 195 coal blocks that the government has given away for free, 193 are in jharkhand, west bengal, odisha, madhya pradesh, chhattisgarh and maharashtra. all these states have a naxalite problem and that will affect the private and other government players as much as it has been impacting coal india. the government \u2019 s environmental policy and the land acquisition policy continue to remain in a mess. what also does not help is the fact that the expertise required to get a coal mine up and running is largely limited to coal india. mining coal is not exactly as easy as digging a tube - well. in order to get a block up and running, companies need to prepare a mine plan, carry out the environmental impact study ( eis ) of the area etc. the eis essentially looks at what the current environment of the area is like, how mining coal will change that and what can be done to ensure that the current environment can be maintained. for coal india, this planning is done by its subsidiary", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41179971050273656, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.701297"} {"text": "there are many environmental issues facing fisheries in new zealand and around the world. bottom trawling is where fishing boats drag large nets along the sea floor. trawling is the most important commercial fishing method in new zealand, especially for deep - water fisheries such as orange roughy, hoki, and ling. however, research indicates that this form of fishing can seriously damage life on the sea floor. the new zealand government has started working out ways to limit the damage in our seas. these include setting up areas such as marine reserves, mataitai reserves, and areas where certain fishing methods cannot be used. and a proposal from the commercial fishing industry has led to more than 30 percent of new zealand \u2019 s exclusive economic zone being protected from bottom trawling and dredging. climate change affects many parts of our environment, including our oceans. according to a united nations environment program report, rising sea temperatures could : - kill coral reefs - threaten spawning grounds - change ocean currents - raise sea levels. rising temperatures around the globe will lead to the ice caps melting and sea levels rising. rising sea levels will affect our beaches and coastlines as well as the marine life. the sea level around new zealand has risen an average of 16 centimetres in the last 100 years, and scientists from the intergovernmental panel on climate change predict that it will rise more than double that amount in the next 100 years. soil and nutrient run - off from the land when it rains can greatly affect our coastal ecosystems. when the run - off pours into harbours and estuaries where the water is quite still, it drops down to settle on the sea floor. this is called sedimentation. too much sediment can smother shellfish beds and other important marine habitats. scientists from the national institute of water and atmospheric research ( niwa ) have researched the effects of sediment and found that baby paua and kina find it hard to survive with more sediment in the water. they also found that sediment affects the tiny animals living on kelp. since these animals are a major food supply for many small fish, which in turn are a food supply for larger fish, it seems that high sediment levels could affect whole marine ecosystems! sedimentation results from the way we use the land for agriculture, forestry, or housing and roads. we can reduce the effects of sedimentation by managing the land well. this includes planting stream banks and eroded hillsides to help stop run - off and finding ways to reduce the amount of sediment and pollution that we allow to run into our streams", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4411434573831463, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.707395"} {"text": "roads. we can reduce the effects of sedimentation by managing the land well. this includes planting stream banks and eroded hillsides to help stop run - off and finding ways to reduce the amount of sediment and pollution that we allow to run into our streams, rivers, and oceans. threatened marine species there are 444 threatened marine species in new zealand waters. these include : - hector \u2019 s & maui ' s dolphins - many of our seabirds - new zealand sea lions. many things threaten these species, but fishing is one of the biggest threats : - dolphins can get caught in fishing nets, especially set nets, and drown. - seabirds risk getting caught on hooks in long - line fisheries when they try to grab bait from the lines. if they are caught on the hooks, they can drown. in trawl fisheries, they can get caught and drown in nets as they try to take fish from them. - new zealand sea lions can also get caught and drown in trawl nets as they try to feed on squid caught in the nets. there are a number of management measures in place to help protect these species. - a threat management plan is being developed for hector \u2019 s dolphins. - a national plan of action is in place to protect seabirds. - boats in the southern squid fishery, around the auckland islands, use sea lion exclusion devices ( sleds ), which help sea lions escape from their trawl nets. there is also a limit on how many sea lions can be accidentally killed \u2013 when that number is reached, the fishery is closed until the next year.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4174561285698183, "token_count": 321, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.708628"} {"text": "your blood oxygen level is something that you should be aware of if you enjoy exercising. in general, your blood oxygen level determines how much oxygen is reaching your muscles during the course of a normal workout routine. if you have high blood oxygen levels, your body will transport oxygen throughout your body more quickly. if you have low blood oxygen levels, your body will send oxygen to your muscles at a much slower rate. this will cause you to feel fatigued and you won ' t get the best workout possible. in order to be sure that you do, you need to understand more about blood oxygen levels during exercise and how they work. understand your blood oxygen level normal blood oxygen levels range from 95 to 100 percent. this takes into the account the fact that you ' re at sea level. this number can change depending on your exercise routines. when you work out, your body has to work harder to keep your blood oxygen levels up. this allows your blood to take oxygen from your lungs and move them throughout the body. it helps keep you breathing properly and helps your body continue to work during exercise. low blood oxygen levels though most people have a normal blood oxygen level, there are some that naturally have low blood oxygen levels. these people suffer from hypoxemia and must be treated for their low blood oxygen levels. hypoxemia can cause a shortness of breath in people who have it and, in some cases, it can even be life - threatening. if you have trouble breathing normally during exercise or you feel lightheaded or dizzy periodically, you could be having issues with your blood oxygen level and you should see your doctor. improving blood oxygen levels because your body has to work to keep your blood oxygen levels up during exercise, there ' s a good chance that you may have some trouble breathing normally if you ' ve just started a workout routine. to prevent your body from having low blood oxygen levels normally, you need to fight through your early workouts to get yourself back into shape. one reason people are so sore when they work out for the first time is that their blood oxygen levels are low during exercise and, as a result, the body doesn ' t get the oxygen it needs. to improve your blood oxygen levels, continue to work out to get your body used to exercising more often. understanding your blood oxygen levels is not only helpful to those who exercise. it ' s also imperative for those who may suffer from low blood oxygen levels. to avoid a potentially life - threatening situation, make sure you know how good or bad your blood oxygen", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49335974178753617, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.713950"} {"text": "one of these names, pollok, is my grandmother ' s name. there are various spellings of pollock, and various stories about how the name originated. the family pollok is said to have taken the name in the 12th century when they were given lands in scotland by king david i of scotland, along with other anglo - breton refugees from a succession war in england. clan pollock website says that they took the name after the name of the location where they settled. i think a possible explanation is that they took this name from a combination of the french which they spoke and the local name for lakes. thus : \" peu \" ( small ) de lachs ( lakes in gaelic ). and then there is the frequent claim that the modern scottish name pollock and the jewish name pollak have different roots. i put this snippet of information forward to show that names are deceptive, and one cannot be entirely sure where they came from. but other details of the history of the polloks makes me think they easily could have been of partial jewish descent. was this descent maternal or paternal or both? in any case, very mixed. they were not wholly jewish even if they were partly jewish. which \" counts \" in determining descent from david, the maternal or the paternal line? in bible times, it would have been the paternal line, but would it be the maternal line today, which is the usual descent counter among modern rabbis? the founder of the pollok line in scotland, peter, sometimes signed his name on documents as \" peres \", which is not only a jewish name from the old testament, but it the name of one of judah ' s twin sons by tamar. i have found documents showing that this name \" peres \" or \" perez \" was repeated in generations of the family living in renfrewshire and lanarkshire. usually the people in question were \" sheriffs \", so there were documents preserved about their activities, and in the early, wealthier years they gave land to various priories and abbeys in the area, and the donation records listed their names. i recently saw a study online by a scottish ph. d. discussing the intensely varied racial and cultural backgrounds of the people who lived in early medieval scotland, particularly in the midland and borders regions. bingo! corroborates what i ' ve seen elsewhere and put together myself as a thesis. there is lots more where that came from. well, doves, this may be of little interest to you considering the momentous times", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46089878397600836, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.726407"} {"text": "vermont and the northern new york region. located in burlington, fletcher allen is a regional, academic healthcare center and teaching hospital in alliance with the university of vermont. the aorta, the largest artery in the body, carries blood from the heart to the rest of the body. the aorta rises out of the left ventricle of the heart ( the ascending aorta ) and then curves down like an upside - down u ( aortic arch ). it passes through the chest cavity and the abdomen, ending where it branches into the iliac arteries, which provide blood to the pelvis and legs. multiple branches come off the aorta throughout its course to supply blood to the various organs in its proximity. the aorta, like all blood vessels, requires nutrients and oxygen for its survival. blood vessels are constantly being injured and repaired, absorbing and secreting nutrients and chemicals through junctions in their walls. physicians classify the aorta and its branches based on their location within the body. the thoracic aorta is the portion of the aorta in the chest ( or thorax ), which includes the ascending portion, the arch, and the descending portion of the aorta. this section feeds blood vessels in virtually every structure in the upper body, including the brain, arms, lungs, and diaphragm. the abdominal aorta is the portion of the aorta that passes through the diaphragm into the abdomen. this section feeds blood vessels to the abdominal organs ( stomach, liver, spleen, pancreas, kidneys, and bowel ). the abdominal aorta eventually branches into the iliac arteries, which provide blood to the pelvis and legs. the wall of the aorta contains three layers : the intima, media, and adventitia. the layers have significance both in the aorta ' s function and the pathology that is found when a disease process interferes with the makeup of the wall. - the intima is made up of cells that line the blood vessel ( endothelial cells ), creating a smooth surface for the blood flow. this prevents clots ( thrombi ) from forming along the surface. - the media is made up of smooth muscle cells that are flexible, allowing the aorta to expand and contract. it is this layer that provides the muscle and strength to the wall of the artery. - the adventitia provides more strength to the vessel. | primary medical reviewer | | e. gregory thompson, md - internal medicine | | specialist medical reviewer | | david a.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4591143164868112, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.730004"} {"text": "it is not just congressman, like anthony weiner, or pop stars like rihanna that are doing it. in fact, 1 / 4 kids admit to sending a nude photo of themselves before having left the house. so how do parents protect their kids from the world of sexting and cyber - bullying? while there is no denying that technology has helped dramatically improve and speed up many aspects of our lives, it has also sped up ugly realities for kids, like bullying. teenagers these days are faced with more than being harassed in the hallways of their high schools. they have to deal with actual video footage of them getting beaten up, having sex or being bullied going viral on classmates \u2019 cellphones or worse, the internet. how do we safeguard our kids from the dangers of the digital world? how can technology help safeguard us from well, technology? uknow. com, a provider of parental intelligence systems, today launched uknowkids, a powerful new service to help parents protect their kids against online predators, sexting, and cyberbullying while also supervising their children \u2019 s digital privacy and reputation. uknowkids is the first service to do more than simply show parents the messages their kids are sending and receiving ; instead the service takes the vast amount of social data available online about a child and on the mobile phone, and translates it so a parent can quickly and easily act on it. the founders know what they are up against. in fact, one of uknow. com \u2019 s co - founders, tim woda, prevented a real - life internet predator incident that occurred with his own child. woda \u2019 s young teen son accepted a \u201c friend \u201d request on the internet from someone he did not know : a \u201c friend \u201d of a \u201c friend. \u201d unfortunately, this \u201c friend \u201d turned out to be a child predator that had previously targeted and victimized a number of other kids he had \u201c met \u201d online, as woda explains : the digital world creates new parenting challenges for mom and dad. my son made the mistake of communicating with someone that wanted to cause him harm \u2026 it was a real wake - up call. being aware is not the same as being engaged. today \u2019 s digital kids are online earlier, more often, and from more places than ever before. the tools of childhood have changed and so the tools of parenthood need to evolve as well. today kids can access social networking websites from a wide array of devices including mobile phones, gaming devices, music players, and mobile and personal computers. uknowki", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47309624550040774, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.733651"} {"text": "paper and paper board in most areas where forest covers exceed the area devoted for agriculture, the forest resources obtained play a major role in the export market. this is especially true in case of portugal which is located in the south western part of the european continent where the forest resources comprise about 10 % of the exports. one of the foremost products obtained from the portuguese forests are paper and paperboard. the forest cover in portugal occupies about 38 % of the total land area and a major part is comprised of timber and eucalyptus cultivations which are the primary raw materials for the paper and paperboard industries. paperboard is usually thicker than paper and is used in the form of huge boxes or cartons which are necessary as packages and also in order to carry heavy weights around. in portugal, paper and paperboard are among the foremost forest resources which are exported and various industries and mills have been set up in order to season the products before making it available for export. in the recent past, huge tracts of forest area have been lost in portugal due to forest fires which adversely affected the production of paperboard as domestic production failed to meet the demands. statistics reveal that since 1997 the paper and paperboard industry had shown an upward rise in the production graph. in the years that followed production was slackened due to improper forest management and natural hazards. however, since 2003, the production level has increased again and between 2003 and 2004, there has been recorded a total 4 % increase in sales. this is due to the expansion of the export market. along with the countries of the european union which constituted its primary exports like france, germany and spain, at present the middle east, asia, america and oceania too have engaged in importing portuguese paperboards as well which has positively boosted the market.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41730175912781875, "token_count": 355, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.737147"} {"text": "india ' s gambit in the central asian abyss the importance of central asia tends to be under - estimated by most western observers, particularly in the major print media and on tv. it was only the western business world that understood the region \u2019 s significance promptly after the fall of the soviet union, when the central asian republics ( cars ) claimed their independence from moscow. since then, the region has increasingly dazzled players from near and far, once they \u2019 ve grasped its worth as a crucial source of energy - - both oil and gas as well as hydroelectric power, and as a strategic asset - - political and economic. among these we may count india. while establishing diplomatic contacts with the cars in the 1990s, india was rather slow to pursue expanded relations more energetically - - whether in the economic, political or military spheres. several factors may account for this : - in the early 1990s, india had just embarked on a policy of economic reforms, and it was in no position to exploit trade and investment opportunities with these new republics, especially inasmuch as they themselves lacked the wherewithal to cast their economic nets abroad ; - until the last few years, india had concentrated its economic and diplomatic resources on its \u201c look east \u201d policy which focused on the development of wide - ranging relations with southeast and east asia ; - transportation facilities which could allow trade and other exchanges were sharply restricted by formidable political and geographical barriers - - the latter being largely the himalayan mountain range. but it was the partition of india in 1947 and ensuing hostilities with pakistan that immeasurably complicated access to central asia. the loss of northern kashmir to pakistan, following initial hostilities between the two new states, and principally the creation of pakistan itself, added considerable distance - - physical and political - - between india and central asia. over the last two to three years, india has been unrelenting in its efforts to correct this oversight - - especially as economic growth has facilitated these endeavors. starting in 2009, high - level visits by top indian and car leaders to each other \u2019 s respective capitals culminated in india \u2019 s \u2018 connect central asia \u2019 policy. inaugurated in june 2012 at the first india - central asia dialogue in kyrgyzstan, the policy was fleshed out by india \u2019 s foreign minister, s. m. krishna, during his visit to tajikistan on july 2 - 3, 2012. this served to add weight to india \u2019 s commitment to \u201c engagement with central asian countries, both individually and collectively \u201d for the purpose of securing \u201c core national interests \u201d - - political, cultural, strategic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4535206287270315, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.745011"} {"text": "to tajikistan on july 2 - 3, 2012. this served to add weight to india \u2019 s commitment to \u201c engagement with central asian countries, both individually and collectively \u201d for the purpose of securing \u201c core national interests \u201d - - political, cultural, strategic and economic. attaining those objectives would clearly be difficult, if not impossible, given the very tangible physical and political barrier to central asia epitomized by pakistan. there was one way out of this dilemma : reliance on a peaceful and stable afghanistan as a bridge to central asia. but that, in turn, could be assured only if afghanistan could function as it had in antiquity, when it was the central location of a highway system linking east and west. the famed silk road had enabled the transport of goods and people over nearly 7, 000 miles, from the han chinese, through ancient bactria - - now part of afghanistan, to the vast roman empire. this ancient system of transport was also viewed as a symbol of \u201c collective security and global peace \u201d throughout these huge expanses. no less today than it was in olden times, commerce remains an anchor of peace and stability. hence, the new silk route initiative, introduced at the united nations in september 2011 by u. s. secretary of state, hillary clinton, and afghan foreign minister zalmai rassoul, envisaged the creation of modern highway and railroad networks as well as energy pipelines. washington saw this as part of the transition program following the reduction of american and nato forces in afghanistan through 2014, when the nation \u2019 s security would be turned over to the afghan government. in the post - 2014 milieu, india is on the same page as the u. s., as evidenced by india \u2019 s investment of $ 2 billion to build up afghanistan \u2019 s infrastructure, and the hosting of an investment summit on afghanistan aimed at improving its economy and military security. this is also attested to by foreign minister krishna \u2019 s visit to tajikistan ( a neighbor of afghanistan ) when both agreed that the region \u2019 s stability depended on a stable afghanistan. words were reinforced by strategic ties between the two countries, such as a joint working group on counter - terrorism, and cooperation in strategic and security programs, including the free military training of tajik cadets and officers in indian training institutes, as well as joint research and consultation on afghanistan - - all within the framework of india \u2019 s \u2018 connect central asia \u2019 policy. the key word here is \u201c connect \u201d : connectivity between india and central asia - - both physical and electronic - - is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47812197041129023, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.746246"} {"text": "as well as joint research and consultation on afghanistan - - all within the framework of india \u2019 s \u2018 connect central asia \u2019 policy. the key word here is \u201c connect \u201d : connectivity between india and central asia - - both physical and electronic - - is extremely poor. this has restricted trade and other economic exchanges, as well as diplomatic and political ties. hence, india has been negotiating on initiating direct flights to each central asian country. one of the more creative initiatives on india \u2019 s part has been a plan to link the 5 cars to each other and to india electronically, along the lines of the pan - african e - network developed by india for the african union nations. it is a plan that has been gifted to central asia. for india, the most valuable resource available in the region is energy - - whether oil, gas or hydroelectric power. tajikistan is only one central asian state with which economic cooperation can benefit energy - hungry india : it is the second largest producer of hydroelectricity in the commonwealth of independent states, after russia. yet it has exploited only 3 - 5 % of its potential. india is a latecomer ( after russia, iran and china ) in providing investment in this sector. however, kazakhstan, uzbekistan and turkmenistan are much richer sources of energy. one of the more promising ( though still incomplete ) projects is the natural gas pipeline ( tapi ) which would bring gas from turkmenistan to afghanistan, pakistan and finally to india. a hugely rich oil and gas resource is the caspian sea, and the fortunate littoral states which can claim ownership of their offshore energy fields include kazakhstan and turkmenistan, as well as the caucasus state of azerbaijan on the west, and finally russia on the northwest and iran on the south. while not a littoral state, uzbekistan deserves mention as central asia \u2019 s largest natural gas producer. without doubt, indian companies ( whether state - owned or private ) are deeply interested in oil and gas exploration in kazakhstan \u2019 s caspian sea region and in uzbekistan, as well as a hydropower project in tajikistan. but they are also interested in afghanistan \u2019 s iron ore resources and in the development of copper and gold deposits in the country. it should come as no surprise, of course, that indian players have encountered and will continue to face sharp competition from the russians and chinese who have a head - start in the region, as do western energy players who saw the wealth of opportunities open up there right after 1991. this brief introduction to central asia and india \u2019 s interest in the strategic, political and economic opportunities offered by the region", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48310711591915756, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.747311"} {"text": "check out any web hosting service and they will probably be providing a number of different applications and technologies, most likely based on free and open source software ( foss ). the most common of these technologies employed in this way are the components of the lamp stack. lamp stands for linux, apache, mysql and the all - encompassing perl, php and python. linux, as the operating system, obviously provides the basis for the hosting environment. linux provides secure multi - user capabilities, making it ideal for supporting multiple clients each with their own multiple websites. there is also built - in support for shell accounts \u2014 allowing users to login directly to a shared server, and to configure and edit their websites. for communication and transfer of data, users can also make use of ftp, and for secure communication and file transfer linux also support ssh. apache is a straightforward web serving platform that, like linux, provides a range of facilities that make it ideal in a multi - user and multi - website environment. for example, it supports virtual host aliases \u2014 allowing a single web server to host hundreds or thousands of individual websites. to back this up, apache is also very scalable and can easily support thousands of requests each second across all of these sites. mysql provides a relational database management system ( rdbms ) based around the standard query language, sql. the use of sql makes it easy to develop software, with a consistent interface that is not only an agreed international standard, but which also has the flexibility to be used with other sql - based products making it easy for clients to migrate if they wish to other database products. perl, php and python \u2014 these three, possibly along with other free software scripting languages like ruby, provide rich and powerful programming facilities that are easy to learn and use. php in particular is a popular choice with users because the programming logic is embedded along with the html used for markup. this eliminates the need for complex scripts and also allows users to upload material through ftp without requiring shell access. php is therefore usable by a wide range of users, beginners, hobbyists and expert programmers. using free software technology in a hosting service provides a number of benefits both for the user and for the hosting company providing the service. from the perspective of the hosting company, they get to use good quality software that also has the benefit of being free and open. they can provide a service to their users without being accused of hiding, siphoning or otherwise stealing information", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5306494394497415, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.752414"} {"text": "the service. from the perspective of the hosting company, they get to use good quality software that also has the benefit of being free and open. they can provide a service to their users without being accused of hiding, siphoning or otherwise stealing information. from the users perspective, they get to use good quality software that is also easy to use, learn and understand, because there is plenty of information available and very few restrictions or barriers to entry. for a client of a hosting company to get the best of their hosting environment there ' s no requirement for heavy investment in software that works with their hosting service. nor do they have to spend hundreds, or even thousands, of dollars buying development environments or software to create the custom applications. furthermore, they don \u2019 t have to pay licensing or other fees to support their web sites continued existence. providing such a rich and easy to use deployment environment is one of the main reasons why hosting services are so popular. there is though a further benefit of the free software approach. not only do they support your own applications and environments, but they also make it easy to support a number of ready - to - run applications that have already been built on top of this technology. this week we are giving away a copy of producing open source software _ by karl fogel _. all you need to do to enter is check out the latest book competition announcement on our blogs page. thanks go to o \u2019 reilly for providing this fantastic prize. it \u2019 s these applications i \u2019 ll be concentrating on over the next few months, as i take a closer look at some of the key applications that hosting services provide to their users. some of the forthcoming titles i \u2019 ll be looking at include : wordpress \u2014 a blogging environment that manages to support multiple users, a flexible theme system allowing the look and feel to be easily customized, and a rich plug - in platform that allows additional features and functionality to be added just by uploading the plug - in files. gallery \u2014 a photo gallery application that organizes photos into individual galleries and allows you to easily tag and share photos across multiple sets. photos can be uploaded either individually, or in bulk, and the system can be shared and distributed across multiple servers, even allowing you publish a gallery from one site to another. phpbb \u2014 a web based bulletin board system that enables multiple users to read and discuss on a variety of different topics and threads. individual users can heavily customize their online persona and the interface itself is also customizable. mambo \u2014 a complete content management system enables", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46994031393433305, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.753418"} {"text": "web based bulletin board system that enables multiple users to read and discuss on a variety of different topics and threads. individual users can heavily customize their online persona and the interface itself is also customizable. mambo \u2014 a complete content management system enables you to create data - rich websites with user customized elements. mambo is already used by a variety of companies, from engineering firms and corporations through to shopping sites and newspapers. the system is flexible enough to allow the creation, manipulation and organization of a wide range of different content. drupal \u2014 another content management system that provides flexible themes and additional modules that extend the functionality and look and feel of the site. drupal is commonly used for community driven sites where the cooperation and interaction of users is a critical part of the site \u2019 s design. mediawiki \u2014 a wiki system ; basically a method of organizing individual articles and allowing links and cross - referencing between content. the mediawiki system allows for many users to edit and work with the stored information, making the development of content a collaborative effort. mediawiki is the technology behind the free web encyclopaedia wikipedia \u2014 an amazing demonstration of the technology in use. in future editions i \u2019 ll take a closer look at each of these applications, their functionality, use, and how their free software roots make them an attractive choice.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5292030024726324, "token_count": 274, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.754402"} {"text": "- es home - what we do - candidate conservation - listing and critical habitat - for landowners - about us - fws regions - laws & policies - for kids - a shared responsibility - endangered and threatened species under nmfs jurisdiction - recovering west coast salmon and steelhead - salmon research and climate change - finding a new future for corals - cites gives hope to the queen conch - a brighter future for the kemp \u2019 s ridley - mixed news for the hawaiian monk seal - caribbean monk seal : gone but not forgotten - hawaii longliners reduce sea turtle bycatch - southern resident killer whale recovery - underwater noise and endangered species - reducing threats to right whales - reducing obstacles to fish migrations - partnerships for steelhead in southern california - conserving species before they need the esa - cooperative conservation with the states - listing actions recovering west coast salmon and steelhead by scott rumsey photo credit : noaa pacific salmon ( oncorhynchus spp. ) and steelhead ( o. mykiss ), treasured icons of the west coast, are important to our ecosystems, economy, and culture. but many populations are seriously declining in numbers and range. since 1991, noaa \u2019 s national marine fisheries service ( nmfs ) has listed 28 distinctive groups of salmon and steelhead as threatened or endangered under the endangered species act ( esa ) ; 6 are listed as endangered and 22 are threatened. the spawning ranges of these protected species include the states of california, oregon, washington, and idaho, spanning approximately 176, 000 square miles ( about 456, 000 square kilometers ) of habitat. numerous factors are responsible for the decline of pacific salmon and steelhead. habitat changes resulting from hydropower development, land development, resource extraction, logging, and other land use practices have damaged or eliminated some populations. certain fish hatchery practices, natural variations in ocean - climate conditions, and other factors such as predation and the introduction of non - native species have also contributed to the decline. however, these threats and limiting factors affect each listed species differently. no single factor is solely responsible for the declines, and it is difficult to quantify precisely the relative contribution of any one threat or factor to the decline of a given species. adding to the complexity of threats facing salmon and steelhead are such new dangers as human - induced climate change. partnership with pacific coast tribes to conserve native steelhead in washington photo credit : noaa the lower elwha klallam tribe, in collaboration with the washington department of fish and wildlife, nmfs, and national", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44419139327870416, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.762445"} {"text": "as human - induced climate change. partnership with pacific coast tribes to conserve native steelhead in washington photo credit : noaa the lower elwha klallam tribe, in collaboration with the washington department of fish and wildlife, nmfs, and national park service, is developing a hatchery program to preserve the native winter - run steelhead population in the elwha river on the olympic peninsula of northwestern washington. two hydroelectric dams constructed in the early 1900s have blocked fish passage and confined salmon and steelhead to the lower 5 miles ( 8 km ) of the river. this year, work will begin on removing the dams to reestablish fish access to pristine upper - river habitat in olympic national park. to ensure the survival of the critically depleted native winter - run steelhead population in the elwha river while its habitat is being restored, eggs from spawning fish are being collected and reared to maturity in the tribal hatchery. captive stock will be maintained at the hatchery until habitat in the river has stabilized after the dams are removed. progeny from the hatchery program may then be introduced into restored habitat to recover wild, native steelhead in the elwha river basin. recovering imperiled pacific salmon and steelhead is complicated by the patchwork of federal, tribal, state, county, city, and private land ownership and regulatory authorities across the salmon and steelhead landscape. although the challenges are broad and complex, nmfs and its partners are working diligently to restore these iconic species for future generations, and we are making significant progress. photo credit : noaa recovery planning is progressing for every listed pacific salmon and steelhead population. we believe that salmon and steelhead recovery will succeed only through conservation partnerships involving federal, state, regional, tribal, local, and private efforts. to that end, nmfs has established a recovery planning process that encourages the participation of these diverse interests. through the pacific coastal salmon recovery fund ( pcsrf ), which was established by congress in 2000, nmfs is making significant contributions to actions that conserve and restore pacific salmon and steelhead runs and their habitats. since its inception, the pcsrf has allocated more than $ 724 million for habitat protection and restoration, watershed and sub - basin planning and assessments, public outreach and education, and research and monitoring. many pcsrf projects are beginning to show direct benefits, such as salmon using newly accessible or improved habitat. approximately 4, 299 miles ( 6, 919 kilometers ) of stream habitat have been opened, and nearly 650, 000 acres ( 263", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48842381036636245, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.763512"} {"text": "monitoring. many pcsrf projects are beginning to show direct benefits, such as salmon using newly accessible or improved habitat. approximately 4, 299 miles ( 6, 919 kilometers ) of stream habitat have been opened, and nearly 650, 000 acres ( 263, 050 hectares ) of habitat have been restored or protected. ( for more information, visit http : / / www. nwr. noaa. gov / salmon - recovery - planning / pcsrf / ). salmon habitat restoration in california prior to its restoration, campbell creek, located in northwestern california, ran through a ditch along a highway, became gannon slough, then ran through diked former tidelands turned into pasturelands, and finally crossed back under the highway before emptying into humboldt bay. physical barriers and the lack of instream habitat prevented passage for steelhead, chinook and coho salmon, and cutthroat trout. photo credit : noaa using pacific coastal salmon recovery funds ( pcsrf ) provided by noaa and administered through the california department of fish and game \u2019 s fisheries restoration grants program, the city of arcata transformed campbell creek / gannon slough. the project freed the creek from the ditch and realigned it, creating 910 feet ( 277 meters ) of meandering stream and space for 10 log structures that provide habitat and protection for resident fish. a new tide gate facilitates the passage of salmon, steelhead, and cutthroat trout through the slough under the highway and preserves freshwater habitat. an upstream culvert providing passage under the highway was enhanced by installing a series of rock gradecontrol structures that created pools for the fish. fencing was installed to keep cattle from the new 8 acres ( 3. 2 hectares ) of riparian habitat. approximately 3, 000 newly planted trees will provide shade, stream bank structure, future instream habitat, and organic material to jumpstart the aquatic food chain. the project was completed with help from almost 100 volunteers who planted trees during a series of community work parties. nmfs and its partners are making great strides toward steelhead and pacific salmon recovery. today, 17 out of the 20 species for which there are enough data to assess status are showing stable or increasing population trends. after a century of habitat degradation and population decline, there is still much work to be done to restore these fish to sustainable and harvestable levels. however, we are making progress toward our goal of preserving our natural legacy for future generations. dr. scott rumsey, nmfs northwest regional office, can be reached", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.45948681323706175, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.764503"} {"text": "provide a multitude of ecological, economic and social benefits. they provide habitat for fish, wildlife and a variety of plants. wetlands are nurseries for many saltwater and freshwater fishes and shellfish of commercial and recreational importance. wetlands are also important landscape features because they hold and slowly release flood water and snow melt, recharge groundwater, recycle nutrients, and provide recreation and wildlife viewing opportunities for millions of people. latest news and reports waters and wetlands inventory \u2013 coming soon! often referred to as version 2. 0 of the national wetlands inventory, the surface waters and wetlands inventory provides more inclusive geospatial data of all wetlands and surface water features. this national geospatial data product will contribute substantially to improved modeling of flow and water movement in surface water basins, channels, and wetlands. for more information visit the product summary web page. of the final national wetland plant list the us army corps of engineers, as part of an interagency effort with the us environmental protection agency, the us fish and wildlife service and the us department of agriculture natural resources conservation service, is announcing the availability of the final 2012 national wetland plant list ( nwpl ). the nwpl is used to determine whether the hydrophytic vegetation parameter is met when conducting wetland determinations under the clean water act and the wetland conservation provisions of the food security act. the list will become effective on 6 / 1 / 12. click here to download the list, or click here to for the federal register notice. coastal condition report iv the latest version of the national coastal condition report has been released by epa. the reports describe the ecological and environmental conditions in u. s. coastal waters. they summarize the condition of ecological resources in the coastal waters of the us and highlight several exemplary federal, state, tribal, and local programs that assess coastal ecological and water quality conditions. click here to download the report. and trends of wetlands in the conterminous united states 2004 to 2009 : report to congress on the status and trends of our nation ' s wetlands resources this report is the latest in a continuous series spanning 50 years of wetlands data. it represents the most comprehensive and contemporary effort to track wetlands resources at a national scale. click here to download the report and related", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4514861700230689, "token_count": 452, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.766765"} {"text": "food stamp program : options for delivering financial incentives to participants for purchasing targeted foods gao - 08 - 415, jul 30, 2008 in fiscal year 2007, the food stamp program provided about $ 30. 4 billion in nutrition assistance benefits to 26. 5 million individuals. benefits are issued through electronic benefit transfer ( ebt ) cards, similar to debit cards, to purchase eligible foods at authorized retail stores. the diets of many low - income individuals, like the u. s. population overall, do not meet federal dietary guidelines. one potential strategy for increasing the purchases of targeted foods that contribute to a healthy diet is to incorporate into the program financial incentives for purchasing these foods. gao was asked to identify ( 1 ) what is known about the effectiveness of financial incentives and other approaches intended to increase the purchase of targeted foods, ( 2 ) the key factors to consider in designing a financial incentive program, and ( 3 ) options available to the u. s. department of agriculture ' s food and nutrition service ( fns ) for implementing financial incentives. gao interviewed agency and state officials, retailers and associations, private ebt contractors, and other stakeholders ; convened a panel of 17 experts ; and conducted a literature review. in commenting on this report, fns generally agreed with gao ' s findings and concluding observations. a variety of approaches, including financial incentives and nutrition education, can increase the consumption of targeted foods, but little is known about the effectiveness of efforts to increase access to targeted foods. a few studies examining the effectiveness of financial incentives have demonstrated short - term positive effects on purchases, consumption, or weight loss. a study that reviewed 92 nutrition education studies found that most studies reported significant positive effects on consumption. because of a lack of reported research, little is known about the effectiveness of approaches intended to improve access to targeted foods. factors to consider in designing a program that delivers financial incentives through an additional food stamp allotment tied to the purchase of targeted foods include the following : ( 1 ) selection of foods : selecting which foods to promote could be a controversial and challenging part of designing an incentive program. ( 2 ) incentive amount : the amount of the incentive will affect participant response and program costs. ( 3 ) informing participants : participants must be informed of the availability of incentives to take full advantage of a new incentive program. ( 4 ) program monitoring and evaluation : monitoring and evaluating the incentive program is critical to maintaining program integrity and determining the effects of the program. an incentive program could be implemented through either electronic or paper methods, and the different options would have implications", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45299040338972063, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.770978"} {"text": "program. ( 4 ) program monitoring and evaluation : monitoring and evaluating the incentive program is critical to maintaining program integrity and determining the effects of the program. an incentive program could be implemented through either electronic or paper methods, and the different options would have implications for ease of implementation, program integrity, and cost. electronic options include adding food benefits to the ebt cards currently used or to a separate card on the basis of the amount that participants spend on targeted foods. providing incentives using existing ebt cards would build on the current checkout technology and process, and could require less time to complete transactions compared with using a separate card. however, delivering financial incentives to participants ' ebt accounts on the basis of their purchases of certain foods would require several changes to the ebt system, such as modifications to retailer and ebt contractor software to separately track the amount spent on the targeted food items. administering incentives using a separate card, such as an additional ebt card, may be more costly and complicated to implement. alternatively, providing participants with paper vouchers for the purchase of targeted foods would not require changes to the ebt system, but could be more burdensome to use, increase fraud risk, and increase state administrative costs. with the new authority provided as part of the food, conservation, and energy act of 2008, fns will have the opportunity to develop and administer a pilot incentive program and to determine both its effects on participant purchasing and consumption patterns and the costs associated with such a program.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4928807526798378, "token_count": 299, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.772021"} {"text": "gardening articles : edibles : : vegetables animal trapping ( page 2 of 2 ) by national gardening association editors gophers and moles lethal traps are more commonly used on gophers and moles than live traps. trap in spring and fall when these critters are most active. no bait is needed ; just place the trap in a main tunnel and disguise it well. wear gloves so you don ' t contaminate the trap with your scent, and cover the tunnel with soil. move traps within 2 to 3 days if you haven ' t caught anything. raccoons and opossums bait with sardines, marshmallows, cat food, or corn. place the bait in the back of the trap so it closes properly. this will prevent these chubby varmints from backing out of the trap after eating. place the trap near a food source, ( e. g. your ripening corn patch ) and keep it strongly anchored. use caution when you release the animal. skunks are attracted by fishy smells, so bait their traps with sardines, fish scraps, or seafood - flavored cat food. cover the trap with a tarp, since skunks like to explore dark areas. if you ' re using a live trap, the cover will also protect you if they loose their spray. if you ' re unfortunate enough to get sprayed, wash yourself and clothes with tomato juice, vinegar, hydrogen peroxide, or deodorizer made from orange - peel extract to remove the odor. beans, lettuce, carrots, and apples are some favorite woodchuck foods. place the trap near their burrow entrance when you first sight them. trap only in summer. spring trapping may orphan a burrow fully of young, and in the fall as they are readying to hibernate. photograph by jenna antonino dimare, national gardening association", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4069598744157432, "token_count": 387, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.773953"} {"text": "| two more human chromosomes are complete | by edward r. winstead posted : march 31, 2004 two more human chromosomes \u2014 one crowded with genes, the other not \u2014 are now essentially complete, bringing the total number of finished chromosomes to nine ( out of 24 ). a chromosome sequence is \u201c finished \u201d when most of the gaps and errors in the dna sequence from draft versions have been eliminated. the newly sequenced chromosomes, 13 and 19, are available online, and scientific papers about them appear this week in nature. work on chromosome 19 began nearly two decades ago and parallels the history of modern genomics. this chromosome was among those originally targeted by the u. s. department of energy for sequencing in the days before the human genome project because it contained genes thought to be associated with cancer and the repair of damaged dna. today, nearly 100 genes on chromosome 19 have been linked to genetic traits or diseases, including insulin - resistant diabetes. but no genes have been found for at least 20 inherited inherited disorders associated with chromosome 19, and the new sequence will aid in the search for these genes. the effort to finish the chromosome sequence was led by jane grimwood at the stanford human genome center in palo alto, california. in contrast to chromosome 19, chromosome 13 has relatively few genes, despite being a mid - sized chromosome. among other genes, the breast cancer gene brca2 resides on chromosome 13. a region of the chromosome has been linked to both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, or manic depression. to gain an evolutionary perspective on the chromosome, the researchers compared it to chromosomes in mice and rats, and found that the \u201c gene poor \u201d areas of the chromosome 13 \u2014 stretches where there are relatively few genes \u2014 were highly similar to sequences in rodents. it \u2019 s possible that these regions, even though they don \u2019 t contain many genes, have been conserved over the course of evolution because they are important to human health. with the chromosome sequence in hand, researchers can now explore this possibility. andrew dunham of the wellcome trust sanger institute in hinxton, the united kingdom, led the chromosome 13 project. the other finished human chromosomes are 6, 7, 14, 20, 21, 22, and the y.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4892758469255689, "token_count": 448, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.777251"} {"text": "sumter county, in southwest georgia, was established by an act of the state legislature on december 26, 1831, just four years after the creek indians vacated the region when the state acquired the territory from them in the 1825 treaty of indian springs. sumter, the state ' s eightieth county, was created entirely from lee county, now situated to its south. the county was named for general thomas sumter ( 1734 - 1832 ) of south carolina. at the time of the county ' s creation, the general was ninety - seven years old and the last surviving general of the american revolution ( 1775 - 83 ). shortly thereafter, a committee chose a central site for the county seat and laid out what would become the town of americus. many of the county ' s earliest white residents acquired their land through an 1827 state land lottery and, like many of those moving into southwest georgia at the time, quickly turned their property into cotton farms and plantations. the rich black soil combined with ready market access via the flint river ( bordering the county on the east ) or the chattahoochee river ( farther west ) to make sumter among the state ' s most prosperous black belt counties by the 1840s and 1850s. slaves, of course, were integral to that formula for economic success, and sumter residents owned nearly 4, 000 of them by 1850. the civil war ( 1861 - 65 ) brought one of georgia ' s most notable and notorious landmarks to the area, when a small village named andersonville, nine miles north of americus on the county ' s northern edge, was selected by confederate authorities as the site for a prisoner of war camp. the andersonville prison was built in neighboring macon county and became the largest such prison in the south. during the camp ' s fourteen - month existence, some 45, 000 union prisoners suffered some of the worst conditions and highest casualties of any of the camps. today andersonville national historic site serves as a memorial to all american prisoners of war throughout the nation ' s history. the 495 - acre park lies in both macon and sumter counties and consists of the historic prison site and the national cemetery. other areas of the county have attracted national attention in the twentieth century for very different reasons. in 1942 two baptist ministers chose a farm in the western part of the county as the location for a christian commune named koinonia, where black and white workers lived and worked together for nearly fifty years, generating some hostility among local residents during its early years. sumter county counts a u. s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4234774806438789, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.781505"} {"text": "western part of the county as the location for a christian commune named koinonia, where black and white workers lived and worked together for nearly fifty years, generating some hostility among local residents during its early years. sumter county counts a u. s. president among its native sons. jimmy carter was born and raised on a peanut farm in plains, a small community on the county ' s western edge. his election to the presidency in 1976 brought the small town considerable attention from journalists and tourists, which it continues to receive as the former president and his wife, and much of their family, still make plains their home. carter ' s birthplace and childhood home has been designated a national historic site and is open for tours. the international headquarters of habitat for humanity, a nonprofit organization whose mission is to eliminate homelessness, is located in americus, the home of its founder, millard fuller. in addition to habitat ' s socially impactful activities, koinonia partners publishes a bimonthly newsletter for the prison and jail project promoting prisoner reform and education. americus is also home to two colleges : georgia southwestern state university, a public four - year institution established in 1906, is part of the university system of georgia. south georgia technical college, which stands near souther field, was a training base for american and british aviators during world war i ( 1917 - 18 ). charles lindbergh learned to fly here and assembled a military surplus \" jenny \" aircraft with the help of mechanics at souther field. downtown americus boasts two prominent examples of historic restoration : the windsor hotel, built in 1892, and the rylander theatre, which originally opened in 1921. sumter remains largely a rural county. according to usda / georgia agricultural statistics service 2001 figures, cotton remains its major crop, with up to 35, 000 acres under cultivation, followed by wheat, peanuts, and corn, which combined approximately equal the county ' s acreage in cotton. according to the 2010 u. s. census, the population of sumter county was 32, 819, a slight decrease from the 2000 population jimmy carter, an hour before daylight : memories of a rural boyhood ( new york : simon and schuster, 2001 ). jack f. cox, history of sumter county, georgia ( roswell, ga. : w. h. wolfe, 1983 ). freedomways : a newsletter of the prison and jail project ( americus, ga. : koinonia partners, 1995 - ). william marvel, andersonville :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4191696725807471, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.782562"} {"text": "about site map contact us | a service of the u. s. national library of medicine\u00ae | on this page : reviewed april 2013 what is the official name of the lrp2 gene? the official name of this gene is \u201c low density lipoprotein receptor - related protein 2. \u201d lrp2 is the gene ' s official symbol. the lrp2 gene is also known by other names, listed below. read more about gene names and symbols on the about page. what is the normal function of the lrp2 gene? the lrp2 gene provides instructions for making a protein called megalin, which functions as a receptor. receptor proteins have specific sites into which certain other proteins, called ligands, fit like keys into locks. together, ligands and their receptors trigger signals that affect cell development and function. megalin has many ligands involved in various body processes, including the absorption of vitamins a and d, immune functioning, stress response, and the transport of fats in the bloodstream. megalin is embedded in the membrane of cells that line the surfaces and cavities of the body ( epithelial cells ). the receptor helps move its ligands from the cell surface into the cell ( endocytosis ), and is also involved in transporting the ligands of a related receptor called cubulin. megalin is active in the development and function of many parts of the body, including the brain and spinal cord ( central nervous system ), eyes, ears, lungs, intestine, reproductive system, and the small tubes in the kidneys where urine is formed ( renal tubules ). how are changes in the lrp2 gene related to health conditions? where is the lrp2 gene located? cytogenetic location : 2q24 - q31 molecular location on chromosome 2 : base pairs 169, 983, 618 to 170, 219, 121 the lrp2 gene is located on the long ( q ) arm of chromosome 2 between positions 24 and 31. more precisely, the lrp2 gene is located from base pair 169, 983, 618 to base pair 170, 219, 121 on chromosome 2. see how do geneticists indicate the location of a gene? in the handbook. where can i find additional information about lrp2? you and your healthcare professional may find the following resources about lrp2 helpful. you may also be interested in these resources, which are designed for genetics professionals and researchers. what other names do people use for the l", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48541568913863, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.786072"} {"text": "additional information about lrp2? you and your healthcare professional may find the following resources about lrp2 helpful. you may also be interested in these resources, which are designed for genetics professionals and researchers. what other names do people use for the lrp2 gene or gene products? see how are genetic conditions and genes named? in the handbook. where can i find general information about genes? the handbook provides basic information about genetics in clear language. these links provide additional genetics resources that may be useful. what glossary definitions help with understanding lrp2? androgens ; calcium ; cancer ; cardiovascular ; cell ; central nervous system ; cholesterol ; endocytosis ; epithelial ; gene ; intestine ; ldl ; lipoprotein ; low - density lipoproteins ; nephritis ; nervous system ; progression ; prostate ; protein ; receptor ; renal ; stress ; syndrome ; tumor ; vitamins you may find definitions for these and many other terms in the genetics home reference glossary. see also understanding medical terminology. references ( 9 links ) the resources on this site should not be used as a substitute for professional medical care or advice. users seeking information about a personal genetic disease, syndrome, or condition should consult with a qualified healthcare professional. see how can i find a genetics professional in my area? in the handbook.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5345349024003093, "token_count": 275, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.786591"} {"text": "( animal work ) america \u2019 s urban sprawl faces little constraints as our cities multiply by the minute. in order to cope with some of these subsequent changes, city public work departments are hiring unlikely employees to help tackle a myriad of obstacles. check out this list of jobs animals are performing to aid urban environments. \u2014 global animal the atlantic cities, tyler falk you \u2019 ve seen police on horseback or drug - sniffing dogs. but those aren \u2019 t the only animals with jobs that help their cities. from the most adorable lawn - mowers ever to man \u2019 s best bedbug hunters, here are five ways animals are helping address nagging urban problems. as brush clearers in seattle, there are two constants : hills and blackberry bushes, the latter of which spread quickly through gardens and green spaces. combine the two and you \u2019 ve got a real headache for the city \u2019 s public works department. but there \u2019 s one animal that thrives on hills and thorny bushes : goats. the city \u2019 s department of transportation hired 60 goats to clear a hill of brush that was deemed too dangerous for humans to navigate. seattle city light, the city \u2019 s electric power utility, and the seattle parks and recreation department have also hired the goats for brush clearing. one goat owner who rents them out to the city told the seattle post - intelligencer : \u201c they suck down blackberry vines like it was spaghetti. i don \u2019 t understand it, [ but ] the thorns don \u2019 t bother them at all. \u201d as bedbug finders bedbugs are a nightmare to get rid of and they thrive in urban environments. but many cities are finding success employing dogs to search out the elusive pests. city housing authorities from seattle, milwaukee, and new york have purchased bedbug - sniffing dogs. just as dogs can be trained to sniff out drugs and bombs, certain dogs can be trained to find bedbugs. but these specialized canines come at a high price. in 2009, milwaukee purchased gracie, a 12 - pound jack russell terrier, to go on bedbug - hunting missions throughout the city \u2019 s 5, 300 units of public housing. gracie cost the city $ 10, 000, but one city official explained to the milwaukee journal sentinel why she \u2019 s worth the money : the advantage is that the animal can pinpoint bedbugs without having to go through all the units in a building, or trying to treat a whole building with various methods like raising the temperature in a building to 120 degrees. and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4239901512257568, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.791252"} {"text": "worth the money : the advantage is that the animal can pinpoint bedbugs without having to go through all the units in a building, or trying to treat a whole building with various methods like raising the temperature in a building to 120 degrees. and to stay off this list, we \u2019 re guessing it \u2019 s worth the cost. as natural pesticides in thousand oaks, california, native modesto ash trees were being held captive by whiteflies and aphids ( \u201c plant lice \u201d ). fortunately for the city, ladybugs have big appetites for these calamitous critters. last month, the city \u2019 s public works department deployed 720, 000 hungry ladybugs to keep the plant destroyers in check. the beetles, which can consume about 5, 000 of the insects throughout their two - year lifespan, cost the city about $ 2, 000 per year. much cheaper than the hundreds of dollars per vial of pesticide, according to the ventura county star. as lawn mowers vacant lots have become a major problem in struggling cities during and even before the recession, costing taxpayers big money in maintenance and clean - up fees. in cleveland, officials came up with a cost - effective alternative : a flock of sheep ( along with one llama ). \u201c we found that we could reduce the cost of mowing up to 50 percent and, of course, there is significantly less environmental impact, \u201d laura deyoung of urban shepherds told the plain dealer. as mosquito killers austin rather famously stumbled across its unlikely non - human ally : bats. when the congress avenue bridge was constructed in 1980, its crevices proved particularly hospitable to bats. some austinites wanted to see them gone, but the city decided to let them be. today, the bridge is home to about 1. 5 million bats, making it the largest urban bat colony in the world. this has provided austin a number of benefits. on a typical night flight the colony can consume 10, 000 to 20, 000 pounds of insects, including agricultural pests and mosquitoes. the bats have also become a popular tourist attraction. it \u2019 s the 21st ranked tourist attraction in the city and it \u2019 s estimated that hundreds of thousands of people visit the site each year.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.38737448059183144, "token_count": 459, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.792098"} {"text": "ovens, furnaces, induction heaters, welding equipment, heat exchangers, fans, blowers, refrigerators, baths and other equipment for heating or cooling materials. aftercoolers ( 89 suppliers ) aftercoolers are heat exchangers for cooling the discharge from a compressor. learn more about aftercoolers air conditioners ( 609 suppliers ) air conditioners and building air conditioners are used in industrial, process computing, networking, and other spaces where thermal management is important. space and spot cooling equipment are used wherever total heat must be controlled or where localized heat sources must be managed. many refrigerants are used in air conditioners ; cfc - free refrigerants are becoming more prevalent and in fact are required in many applications. search by specification | learn more about air conditioners air diffusers and grilles ( 323 suppliers ) air diffusers and grilles are used to control and direct airflow in heating, ventilation, and air conditioning ( hvac ) systems. learn more about air diffusers and grilles air handlers ( 326 suppliers ) air handlers are a system - like device used in ventilating systems. they typically consist of a blower, heat exchange medium for heat or air conditioning, and housing. learn more about air handlers autoclaves and sterilizers ( 266 suppliers ) autoclaves are used for applications requiring constant pressure and temperature for long periods of time. common applications include the sterilization of instruments and polymerization of rubbers and plastics. search by specification | learn more about autoclaves and sterilizers boilers ( industrial ) ( 609 suppliers ) industrial boilers are closed vessels that use a fuel source or electricity to heat water or generate steam for industrial heating and humidification applications. search by specification | learn more about boilers ( industrial ) burners ( 285 suppliers ) chillers ( industrial ) ( 549 suppliers ) industrial chillers cool water using refrigeration cycles to provide a constant stream of coolant for manufacturing and laboratory processes. search by specification | learn more about chillers ( industrial ) compressed air and vortex cooling tubes ( 42 suppliers ) compressed air and vortex cooling tubes are used for spot heating or cooling applications. learn more about compressed air and vortex cooling tubes condensers ( 210 suppliers ) condensers are devices which accept a vapor stream and convert it to a liquid using heat transfer and / or compression. they are used in steam turbines for power plants, in cooling units for in - process fluids, and in air conditioning", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5660103073094188, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.800118"} {"text": "210 suppliers ) condensers are devices which accept a vapor stream and convert it to a liquid using heat transfer and / or compression. they are used in steam turbines for power plants, in cooling units for in - process fluids, and in air conditioning systems for buildings and automobiles. search by specification | learn more about condensers cooling towers ( 243 suppliers ) cooling towers are defined as any open water recirculation device that uses fans or natural draft to draw or force air to contact and cool water by evaporation. search by specification | learn more about cooling towers cooling tunnels ( 35 suppliers ) cooling tunnels ensure controlled temperature reduction in both batch and continuous process systems. they are similar to air convention ovens, but have no heating capacity. learn more about cooling tunnels crucibles ( 150 suppliers ) cryogenic equipment ( 141 suppliers ) cryogenic equipment produces or is used in the production of very low temperature materials or processes. learn more about cryogenic equipment cryostats and dewars ( 53 suppliers ) cryostats and dewars are used to keep sensors and store samples at very cold temperatures. learn more about cryostats and dewars dampers and louvers ( 264 suppliers ) dampers and louvers are used to control the flow of air in a process system or enclosed area. dampers are usually motorized or manually - adjustable for flow control. louvers are often fixed for a constant flow rate. learn more about dampers and louvers deaerators ( 61 suppliers ) deaerators are used to remove dissolved, corrosive gases from boiler feed water. they heat incoming makeup water for injection into the boiler, and return the condensate to a temperature which minimizes the solubility of these gases. learn more about deaerators dehumidifiers ( 181 suppliers ) desuperheaters ( 38 suppliers ) desuperheaters are used to cool steam in power plants. learn more about desuperheaters economizers ( 43 suppliers ) economizers are mechanical devices that are designed to reduce energy consumption, or to perform other useful, energy - related functions ( such as preheating fluids ). learn more about economizers evaporative coolers ( 138 suppliers ) evaporative coolers are cooling devices that use the evaporation of water into the air to cool the air temperature. they are sometimes called air coolers, desert coolers or swamp coolers. learn more about evaporative coolers fans and blowers ( industrial ) ( 1,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.6441734646183843, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.801142"} {"text": "use the evaporation of water into the air to cool the air temperature. they are sometimes called air coolers, desert coolers or swamp coolers. learn more about evaporative coolers fans and blowers ( industrial ) ( 1, 528 suppliers ) industrial fans and blowers are designed to move air and / or powders in industrial and commercial settings. typical applications include air circulation for personnel, exhaust or material handling. search by specification | learn more about fans and blowers ( industrial ) fluid heat transfer systems ( 122 suppliers ) fluid heat transfer systems circulate thermal fluid through process equipment to maintain an even, consistent temperature profile. search by specification | learn more about fluid heat transfer systems furnace parts ( 6, 041 suppliers ) parts used in the manufacture and repair of furnaces. furnaces ( industrial ) ( 459 suppliers ) industrial furnaces are built of several kinds of high temperature ( refractory ) materials to hold the process material and hold in the heat without breaking down during the several months that they usually run. search by specification | learn more about furnaces ( industrial ) heat and energy recovery systems ( 229 suppliers ) heat and energy recovery systems recover useful energy in one of several forms for use in a related or unrelated process system. this energy can be recaptured from heat, flow, pressure, and / or gases. search by specification | learn more about heat and energy recovery systems heat exchangers ( 1, 414 suppliers ) heat exchangers are commonly used in a wide variety of industrial, chemical, and electronics processes to transfer energy and provide required heating or cooling. search by specification | learn more about heat exchangers heat pipes ( 54 suppliers ) heat pumps ( 269 suppliers ) heat pumps are reverse cycle air conditioners. they use a compression cycle system to supply heat or remove heat from a temperature - controlled space. learn more about heat pumps heat transfer fluids and thermal oils ( 141 suppliers ) heat transfer fluids, thermal oils, circulating coolants, and heater liquids are used to carry thermal energy in process heating and machine cooling applications. search by specification | learn more about heat transfer fluids and thermal oils heat treatment salts ( 15 suppliers ) heat treatment salt is melted to form a molten salt bath, which is used to anneal, solution treat, quench or harden, temper, clean, strip, descale, braze, sodler, nitride, carbonitride, carbuize, and cure rubber. learn more about heat treatment salts heating furnaces ( 195 suppliers ) heating furnaces convert", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5784230701862012, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.802177"} {"text": ", temper, clean, strip, descale, braze, sodler, nitride, carbonitride, carbuize, and cure rubber. learn more about heat treatment salts heating furnaces ( 195 suppliers ) heating furnaces convert gas, oil, electricity or other fuels into heat for distribution within a structure. they are the central heating devices within hvac systems. learn more about heating furnaces humidifiers ( industrial ) ( 190 suppliers ) hvac chillers ( 181 suppliers ) heating, ventilation and air conditioning ( hvac ) chillers are refrigeration systems that provide cooling for industrial and commercial applications. they use water, oils or other fluids as refrigerants. search by specification | learn more about hvac chillers hvac ductwork ( 550 suppliers ) hvac ductwork includes pipe or closed conduits made of sheet metal, fiberglass board, or other suitable material for conducting air to and from an air handling unit. search by specification | learn more about hvac ductwork hvac fans and blowers ( 274 suppliers ) hvac fans and blowers are used to move air through heating, ventilating, and air conditioning ( hvac ) systems. they are an integral part of the air handling systems that bring or draw fresh air into buildings. search by specification | learn more about hvac fans and blowers igniters ( 85 suppliers ) igniters are used to deliver ignition solutions to boilers, furnaces, burners, dryers, and other heat sources. learn more about igniters impellers ( 134 suppliers ) impellers are rotating devices that force liquids, gases and vapors in a desired direction. they are widely used in pumping, blowing, and mixing applications. search by specification | learn more about impellers induction heaters ( 108 suppliers ) industrial heaters and heating elements ( 2, 489 suppliers ) electrical resistance heaters or their internal elements ; designed to provide an integrated thermal source for products or systems. kilns ( industrial ) ( 101 suppliers ) material handling and pneumatic conveying blowers ( 85 suppliers ) material handling and pneumatic conveying blowers move air through an enclosed system to transport materials. they generate tremendous air flow in a tube ( often by a vacuum ) to pull granular materials, papers, powders, or pellets from one location to another. search by specification | learn more about material handling and pneumatic conveying blowers ovens ( industrial ) ( 484 suppliers ) industrial oven", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5476698509457273, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.803129"} {"text": "to pull granular materials, papers, powders, or pellets from one location to another. search by specification | learn more about material handling and pneumatic conveying blowers ovens ( industrial ) ( 484 suppliers ) industrial ovens are batch or continuous process enclosures or tunnels that are insulated and used for thermal processing. ovens are lower temperature ( usually < 1400\u00b0 f ) thermal processing units, usually without refractory insulation. search by specification | learn more about ovens ( industrial ) pressure blowers and fans ( 120 suppliers ) pressure blowers and fans are used to create and sustain a positive pressure for inflatable structures, clean rooms, laboratories, and medical facilities. pressurization blowers are fans that create a positive pressure in a sealed or restricted environment. search by specification | learn more about pressure blowers and fans process dryers ( 640 suppliers ) process dryers are used to remove liquids or moisture from bulk solids, powders, parts, continuous sheets or other liquids by evaporation or sublimation. search by specification | learn more about process dryers refrigerant recovery machines ( 23 suppliers ) refrigerant recovery machines are used to remove refrigerants from cooling equipment according to epa standards. technicians use these devices before maintaining or repairing air conditioners, freezers or refrigerators. the refrigerant is recovered into a tank for subsequent recycling or reuse. learn more about refrigerant recovery machines refrigeration compressors and air conditioning compressors ( 176 suppliers ) refrigeration compressors and air conditioning compressors provide air conditioning, heat pumping, and refrigeration for large - scale facilities and equipment. refrigeration compressors are sometimes called refrigerant compressors. search by specification | learn more about refrigeration compressors and air conditioning compressors refrigerators and freezers ( industrial ) ( 273 suppliers ) industrial refrigerators are designed to maintain stored items below room temperature, but above the freezing point of water. industrial freezers are designed to keep their contents below the freezing point of water ( 32 degrees fahrenheit ). learn more about refrigerators and freezers ( industrial ) steam injection heaters ( 30 suppliers ) steam traps ( 242 suppliers ) steam traps are automatic valves that release condensate from a steam space while preventing the loss of live steam. they also remove air and noncondensables from the steam space. search by specification | learn more about steam traps tower packing ( 39", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.59254714340509, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.804872"} {"text": "the pseudoscope creates one of the most remarkable of all optical illusions, and was first described by sir charles wheatstone in the 1830s. the pseudoscope swaps the incoming images, so that the right eye sees what the left eye would have seen, and vice versa. the pseudoscope therefore does to front and back what a mirror does to left and right. this means that foreground becomes background and visible background becomes foreground, or more simply, background advances, foreground recedes. when you view objects with this scope, the convex becomes concave. a tree turns inside out as it were - it ' s front branches appear at the back, whilst the back branches come out in front, hanging or suspended in mid - air as their support is eclipsed by branches in front. the scope will suggest to the viewer that a person ' s face is hollow or concave but your brain refuses to accept such nonsence and so peoples ' heads merely appear odd or uncomfortable to look at. it is best then to choose to look at a landscape or tree or anything which may suggest ambiguous perspective. in a real sense pseudoscopic vision fights ` normal vision '. it is, after all, a major alteration to the way information is being presented to the brain for processing, and some people, not all, find there is initially at least, a tendency to suppress the extraordinary interpretation of space it reveals. because of this unfamiliarity, the full pseudoscopic experience might take a little time to assert itself. some people find that they can never see a pseudoscopic image. these pseudoscopes come as a kit form, and require assembly. this is a fairly complex kit, and it will take a number of hours to complete. there are a total of four mirrors. there are two front silvered glass mirrors ( the two small mirrors ) and two acrylic mirrors ( the large ones ) included in the kit. you will need to provide glue. the kit comes from germany, but we provide an english translation of the instructions. experience space on the flipside! suggested age 16 + made in eu", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.606619266444077, "token_count": 422, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.809083"} {"text": "is your pre - schooler going to be starting school sometime within the next year? do you want to know what you can do to help make the transition as stress free as possible. preparing for the more formal learning days in the school system starts right from birth. and there are some specific things you as a parent can do right now to make a happy, relaxed transition to school. the new zealand curriculum emphasises the importance of key competencies of ; thinking, using language, symbols, and texts, managing self, relating to others and participating and contributing. see the below link : if you can help your child build a solid base in the key competence areas they will be well prepared to start and succeed at school. grasshopperknees has incorporated these key competencies into all their activity cards and the learning leaps programme has been designed to guarantee children are well prepared to start the formal years of school and that there are no big gaps in their learning. key competencies / attributes to start building in preparation for school include : \u2022 independent thinking \u2013 think before acting \u2022 transferring knowledge and applying to new situations \u2022 inquisitiveness, curiosity and using imagination \u2022 ability to ask questions and generate own ideas \u2022 using strategies of problem solving \u2022 confidence \u2013 taking risks / giving new things a go \u2022 communicating with others \u2013 working it out together \u2022 getting organised in advance \u2022 enjoying working and playing with others \u2022 independently doing chore tasks e. g dressing, feeding, carry own gear \u2022 persisting to complete tasks \u2022 taking pride and performing to the best of our ability schools today very much emphasise literacy and numeracy. the introduction of national standards has increased the time and effort put into these subject areas. to give your child the best possible start for the more academic side of school, focus heavily on reading to your child, talking about how a book works and building your child ' s vocabulary in everything that you do with them. this will give them the foundation they need for reading, writing, speaking and mathematics. whilst it isn \u2019 t so important to learn how to actually read words and do \u201c sums \u201d before school, make sure your child can listen attentively, discuss and understand what they are doing and can make special connections to their own experiences. for more information go to http : / / www. minedu. govt. nz / parents / earlyyears / movingontoschool. aspx the most important thing you can do is give your child a solid foundation in all areas of development ( social, emotional, academic and physical", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41587669807315863, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.813134"} {"text": "( bpt ) - what parent hasn \u2019 t had to call a child \u2019 s name more than once to get his attention? or wondered how she can still be \u201c bouncing off the walls \u201d at the end of a long, tiring day. moments of intense activity or occasional inattention are typical kid behavior, but for some children the problem is extreme and impairing. how can parents tell if their child \u2019 s energy or distraction is ordinary or something more? in the past decade, the number of children diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( adhd ) rose 24 percent, according to a study published in jama pediatrics, the pediatric journal of the american medical association. the disorder is both over - and under - diagnosed. because the symptoms overlap, adhd can often be mistaken for other disorders such as anxiety, depression and oppositional defiant disorder. untreated adhd can hinder a child \u2019 s ability to learn and perform well in school, make friends and interact with family, and develop age - appropriate decision - making skills. a mistaken adhd diagnosis may result in unnecessary treatment, medication and a great deal of stress for the child and parents. accurate and early diagnosis is key to successfully treating adhd, experts say. progress toward a diagnosis usually begins with parental concerns over a child \u2019 s behavior or problems in school. symptoms of adhd can include : * difficulty paying attention * frequent daydreaming at inappropriate times * easily distracted from schoolwork or play * inability to sit still * excessive fidgeting * talking too much or speaking without thinking * inability to play quietly * difficulty learning to take turns parents concerned about their child \u2019 s behavior and the possibility of adhd should take their child to a medical professional for diagnosis. doctors have a range of tools to help them not only diagnose adhd, but establish a treatment plan and assess progress toward an individualized and optimized dose for the child. the quotient adhd test is one such tool, and is fda - cleared for the objective measurement of hyperactivity, impulsivity and inattention to aid doctors in the diagnosis and management of adhd. testing and measurement of the severity of symptoms has historically been a challenge for doctors. commonly, medical professionals use behavioral checklists and questionnaires completed by the child \u2019 s parents and teachers to aid in diagnosing adhd. those rating scales, however, can be susceptible to rater bias, and answers can vary dramatically from mother to father, and from parents to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4723959398528108, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.816945"} {"text": "and questionnaires completed by the child \u2019 s parents and teachers to aid in diagnosing adhd. those rating scales, however, can be susceptible to rater bias, and answers can vary dramatically from mother to father, and from parents to teachers. during the patient \u2019 s first visit to the doctor he / she can be given a 15 - minute quotient test for children or 20 - minute test for teenagers and adults to help quantify the severity of adhd symptoms, which fall into three core categories : hyperactivity, inattention and impulsivity. taking the test again during follow - up visits allows doctors to re - assess how well medications or non - medication therapies are working and guide changes in treatment plans. because the test report is easy to understand, patients are able to see the problem and doctors are better able to discuss treatment with patients and their parents. families are also able to use the report to track the patient \u2019 s progress on a prescription medication. furthermore the objective measurements of the quotient test are valuable in ruling - out adhd. this is especially important due to the increase in young adults faking adhd symptoms to obtain stimulant medications. a college student can learn enough about adhd symptoms in a five - minute internet search to fake a rating scale and get drugs as a study aid. however, a student cannot fake the objective evaluation of a quotient test. to find a doctor in your area who already uses the quotient adhd test, visit the website www. biobdx. com \u201c while adhd can \u2019 t be cured, it can be successfully managed, \u201d the centers for disease control and prevention states on its website. early diagnosis and effective treatment of adhd can help people with the disorder lead successful lives.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.46626783875582184, "token_count": 366, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.817572"} {"text": "this article applies to domain time ii. last updated : 1 / 25 / 2012 february 29th, occurring only in leap years, does not require any special handling under windows operating systems. the calendar for that year simply includes the extra day, and all internal calculations take account of it. since time protocols exchange information using utc or tai, both of which are a count of seconds since that protocol ' s epoch, the date is derived from the time, rather than specified. domain time manages the clock using utc, and windows is responsible for converting the count of seconds to the date that is displayed. domain time learns about leap seconds from time sources announcing leap seconds ( generally a gps - connected source using either ntp or ptpv2 ). if a domain time server knows of an upcoming leap second, it will inform clients being served by ntp and, as of version 5. 2. b. 20110601, the dt2 protocol. if a domain time server is configured to be free - running ( that is, serving the time without using any time sources ), it will not know about pending or past leap seconds. note : if domain time is configured to obtain its time from multiple sources, all sources must agree on the upcoming leap second. domain time will reject leap seconds if its sources do not agree with each other. leap second insertions ( a minute with 61 seconds ) are supposed to generate a time sequence like this : 11 : 59 : 60 utc < this is the extra second the windows operating systems are not currently capable of having a minute with 61 seconds, so the 60th second is simply repeated. domain time accomplishes this by slewing the clock backward one full second at the designated utc time. since slewing is used, it takes approximately two full seconds of wall - clock time for one second of computer time to elapse. at the end of the two - second adjustment, the wall - clock time and computer time will again match ( assuming the wall clock has inserted its own leap second ). within the computer, time continues to progress ( it doesn ' t go backward ), but at a slower than normal rate, until the leap second has been inserted. effectively, this means that processes will see the 60th second 11 : 59 : 59 utc < this is the extra second due to the nature how leap seconds are calculated, a leap second deletion ( a minute with only 59 seconds ) has never occurred. however, ntp and ptpv2 are both capable of signaling a pending deletion", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.492831286184494, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.824414"} {"text": "the extra second due to the nature how leap seconds are calculated, a leap second deletion ( a minute with only 59 seconds ) has never occurred. however, ntp and ptpv2 are both capable of signaling a pending deletion if necessary, and domain time handles it much the same way as it handles an insertion. instead of slowing the computer down temporarily, it speeds the computer up. the last minute of the day will end up with only 59 seconds. processes will see the time slewing forward for approximately half of a second, after which wall clocks and computer time will again match. logs and confirmation where \" source \" is either an ip address or a dns name. ntp servers may begin showing a pending leap second up to a month before it is due. since leap seconds are defined as occurring on the last day of the month, and the flag does not include date information, the flag cannot be set more than a month ahead. some servers will only set the flag on the day the insertion is due. query your hardware vendor for details on your particular model ' s behavior. the software implementation of ntp typically uses a file referenced in ntpd. conf to specify the date of upcoming leap seconds. hardware clocks usually get the information from gps or radio. ptpv2 servers normally get their leap second information from gps and require no configuration. domain time notes the leap flag when it queries its time sources. if all sources agree that a leap second ( either insertion or deletion ) is due, domain time calculates the offset between the current time and the last second of the month, and schedules an event for that exact time in utc. corrections to the clock between the scheduling and the event are automatically accounted for by the operating system, so the event will fire at the desired moment. domain time will note the scheduled event in the text log, saying which server informed domain time of the upcoming leap, the scheduled time in utc, and the scheduled time in local time. if subsequent time checks reveal a disagreement with the previously - scheduled event, or all of domain time ' s sources do not agree, the event is cancelled. domain time notes this cancellation in its log. when the event occurs, domain time adjusts the clock as needed, and notes the reason for the adjustment in its log. it then records the time the adjustment was made, and ignores the flag ( if still set by any sources ) until a minimum of 24 hours has passed. this helps prevent duplicated leap seconds caused by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4855841174950866, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.825616"} {"text": "notes the reason for the adjustment in its log. it then records the time the adjustment was made, and ignores the flag ( if still set by any sources ) until a minimum of 24 hours has passed. this helps prevent duplicated leap seconds caused by servers that fail to clear the flag immediately after the event has passed. domain time does not preserve pending leap second information between restarts of the domain time service. if a leap second event begins being announced while domain time is not running, domain time will discover the information when it checks its sources after startup. if a leap second event occurs while domain time is not running, the event has already passed and should not be scheduled. domain time will account for the extra second at the startup correction. you may disable domain time ' s advanced scheduling of leap seconds by unchecking the box on the advanced tab of the control panel applet. if this box is unchecked, then domain time will account for the leap second the next time it checks its sources after the leap event has occurred. correction for the extra second will be handled exactly as if the clock were really off by that amount ( i. e., slewing or stepping, based on your configuration ). if advanced scheduling is disabled, but domain time discovers a pending leap second when it queries its sources, it will note in the log that the leap second is pending but not scheduled. leap second log entries are \" information \" level. you do not need to change your log to trace or debug to see leap second activity. my account | contact us | feedback to greyware | copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2013 greyware automation products, inc. all rights reserved all trademarks mentioned are the properties of their respective owners.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.43989023096514446, "token_count": 351, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.826531"} {"text": "once the bones heal back together the cast be removed a broken bone is called a fracture, which can be painful. when people fracture a bone, they go to doctor, who will try to fix the fracture. for a while it hurts to move the injured part of the body ; but fortunately, a doctor can fix a broken bone and make the injured person feel better. the first thing a doctor will do is to take an x - ray to see where the break is. an x - ray is a picture, taken by a special machine, of the inside of your body. an adult human has about 206 bones. these bones come in all shapes and sizes. as people grow, the bones in their bodies are very much alive. bones are constantly growing and changing along with the person. one way they change is that bones in a young child are very soft, but as people get older, their bones gradually harden. bones are fully grown and have reached their maturity when someone reaches the age of 25. bones have a number of different functions, but two of the most important are that bones provide support and protection for the body. bones give the body its shape and also protect sensitive organs like the heart, lungs, and brain. human bones are very strong, but, no matter how strong bones are, sometimes they break. once the doctor has an x - ray, he can see what a person \u2019 s bones look like and if one is broken. if it is a complex fracture, the doctor might have to operate to put the pieces back together before putting on a cast. if it is a simple fracture, many times the doctor can use the cast to keep the bones in the right place so they can heal. a cast is made of wet bandages put around the part of your body with the broken bone, and the bandages harden so the bones cannot move. the human body is very good at healing itself when a part of the body is injured. when there is a fracture, the body sends lots of blood to the area to bring nutrients to the injury. the bones will then use those nutrients and start to grow. the bones will eventually mend together. once the bones heal back together the cast be removed. a special saw is used to remove the cast. the process of removing the cast does not hurt. although breaking a bone can be scary, it is good to know that doctors can help heal it. tags : bones, heal back, together, cast, removed this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution 3. 0 license.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45171397420635034, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.829259"} {"text": "in 1947 the official us historian of the second world war, brigadier general sla marshall, published his groundbreaking book men against fire. marshall ' s astonishing contention, debated vigorously ever since, was that about 75 % of second world war combat troops were unable to fire their weapons on the enemy. guns were discharged, but they would be deliberately aimed over the heads of the enemy. the vast majority of soldiers couldn ' t actually kill. and, in the midst of combat, they became de facto conscientious objectors. plenty of historians have questioned the way marshall gathered his evidence. but few have denied that the vast majority of people find it extremely difficult to kill another human being. it is one thing to sit in a bunker in nevada and anonymously direct a drone into attack with a joystick. it is quite another to track a fellow human being in the sights of your rifle or to stick a knife into someone ' s stomach. natural human empathy generates huge psychological resistance to up close and personal killing. we have an inbuilt safety catch. so how is it that a us soldier can walk into an afghan village in the middle of the night and calmly shoot 16 civilians dead? nine of them were children. one explanation is the use of psychological conditioning that the us army uses on its own troops in order to prepare them to kill more easily. both the us and british armies took marshall ' s book extremely seriously. a soldier who cannot kill is about as much use as an accountant who cannot count. so the military began to think harder about the ways in which they might override the natural human aversion to killing, turning to the newly developing science of cognitive behavioural psychology for advice. and it worked. when marshall was sent back to the korean war in 1953, he found that the new training techniques developed by psychologists had begun to work. now 55 % were able to fire on the enemy. and by vietnam, it was up to 90 %. since human beings first went to war, soldiers have looked for ways of helping them to avoid the full reality of their work. mostly this is by the creation of emotional distance. the enemy is demeaned as less than human and their culture is ridiculed. and since the second world war two psychological categories in particular have been folded into the design of military training : desensitisation and conditioning. the use of violent films and video games make violence seem ordinary. the culture of barrack - room banter is aggressive and bloodthirsty. as well as this, training", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48016490360683844, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.832551"} {"text": "into the design of military training : desensitisation and conditioning. the use of violent films and video games make violence seem ordinary. the culture of barrack - room banter is aggressive and bloodthirsty. as well as this, training is deliberately arranged so as to replicate a killing environment. no longer do soldiers shoot at circular targets ; they shoot at dummies made to look as much like people as possible. throughout training, killing is made all too familiar, the act of killing continually rehearsed and re - rehearsed. the process of becoming a modern solider begins with a course of powerful behaviour modification. \" a new era has quietly dawned in modern warfare : an era of psychological warfare \u2013 psychological warfare conducted not upon the enemy, but upon one ' s own troops, \" writes lt col dave grossman, a former psychology lecturer at west point. following this latest massacre in kandahar there will be much talk of a lone gunman going off the rails. but the truth is more disturbing. one cannot set in place the conditions for easy killing, removing the inbuilt human safety catch, and then simply blame an individual soldier who flips out. and there is no way to ensure that such things do not happen again. this is what happens when soldiers are subject to a systematic process of dehumanisation. the modern idea of a clean and humane war is a total myth. which is precisely why we ought to think a great deal harder before we start them.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46574129579266976, "token_count": 304, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.833173"} {"text": "often portrayed onstage by early modern playwrights, banishment and its attendant figures of the outcast, the exile and the pharmakos, pose a number of issues involving early modern geopolitics, as well as cultural and religious differences. banishment was one traditional manner of proclaming differences and affirming or defending national, religious or political identities. elsewhere in europe, banishment remained a common practice and punishment, notably during the reformation and counter - reformation. many were banished or exiled, fleeing persecution. some of these exiles wrote about their banishment, others proclaimed their belonging to the world, others still, were effectively silenced. proposals will discuss political, religious, literary, scientific, artistic or philosophical issues related with banishment in the early modern era. send abstracts in french or english. deadline for proposals ( 1 / 2 page maximum ) : 20 may 2009 the conference will be held on 2 october 2009 at the university of paris 10 at nanterre ( france ) pascale drouet ( university of poitiers ) and yan brailowsky ( university of paris x at nanterre ) send comments and questions to h - net webstaff. h - net reproduces announcements that have been submitted to us as a free service to the academic community. if you are interested in an announcement listed here, please contact the organizers or patrons directly. though we strive to provide accurate information, h - net cannot accept responsibility for the text of announcements appearing in this service. ( administration )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5085442501272128, "token_count": 305, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.835439"} {"text": "- habitat home - about us - our work - about habitat - funding opportunities - our partners - news & multimedia - publications & resources oyster reefs \u2014 habitat of the month what are oyster reefs? oysters are a type of shellfish that live in brackish and saltwater bays, estuaries, and tidal creeks. their larvae typically settle on the shells of other oysters, forming dense, expansive clusters known as oyster reefs or beds. oysters are considered a \u201c keystone species \u201d due to their critical roles in maintaining water quality and biodiversity and cycling water and nutrients within an ecosystem. not just a menu item just about everyone has seen an oyster in the supermarket, if not eaten one on the half shell. their popularity as a delicacy cannot be denied \u2014 in 2010, the united states harvested more than 28 million pounds of oysters valued at nearly $ 118 million and imported another estimated 12 million pounds from around the world. what you might not know is that oysters aren \u2019 t just animals : they \u2019 re habitat, too. species like mussels, barnacles, and sea anemones settle on their reefs. not only does this increase biodiversity, but also serves as a veritable buffet for commercially important fisheries species such as striped bass and crabs. oysters are filter feeders : they filter plankton and particles from the water for food. at the same time, they also remove nutrients, chemicals, and other pollutants from the water. a single oyster can filter as much as 50 gallons of water per day. oyster reefs benefit humans, as well. they stabilize shorelines and prevent erosion and act as a buffer against hurricanes and tropical storms. they are also part of the rich cultural heritage of coastal communities, whose economies and populations grew in part because of the bountiful oyster reefs in their regions. oyster reefs in distress early u. s. explorers described the country \u2019 s oyster reefs as being so thick and abundant in areas that they were a navigation hazard. today in the chesapeake bay \u2014 once one of the country \u2019 s most prolific oyster markets \u2014 oyster populations are estimated at only 1 percent of historic levels. many factors have contributed to the demise of oysters in the united states, but three to note include : over - harvesting has not only reduced the number of oysters in the population, but also reduced the amount of space available on which new larvae can settle, thus perpetuating the decline of the population. also, reducing the height of the reefs means that sediment can more easily cover and smother", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.472505071775569, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.843383"} {"text": "oysters in the population, but also reduced the amount of space available on which new larvae can settle, thus perpetuating the decline of the population. also, reducing the height of the reefs means that sediment can more easily cover and smother the immobile oysters, with increased sedimentation from land development and erosion exacerbating the problem. land use practices leads to an increase in nutrients in surface runoff that make their way into bays and estuaries. these nutrients can cause massive algal blooms that deplete oxygen from the water and create \u201c dead zones \u201d where animals like oysters and other shellfish are unable to survive. with the animals already stressed from over - harvesting, pollution, and sedimentation, disease is often the final nail in the coffin. the loss of oyster reefs means more than just the loss of a popular dinner item. it also means that we lose critical habitat for sustaining other commercially important species and species important to ecosystem stability. we lose a whole host of ecosystem services such as the oyster \u2019 s ability to provide storm protection and act as a natural filter in our bays and estuaries. and sadly, we lose a part of our culture and way of life. noaa is working to protect and restore oyster reefs noaa \u2019 s office of habitat conservation is working all along the east, west and gulf coasts to protect and restore oyster populations. the noaa chesapeake bay office offers geographic information system ( gis ) - ready acoustic mapping products that identify current distribution, structure, and quality of oyster habitat. the noaa restoration center has supported more than 200 shellfish restoration projects. the office is also collaborating on a national shellfish initiative to increase shellfish populations through restoration, aquaculture, and science activities, thus, stimulating coastal economies and improving ecosystem health. posted on 12 / 14 / 2011", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4647582724155186, "token_count": 367, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.845245"} {"text": "linux is a cool and full featured operating system and the users have a lot of options to customize it in a number of ways. linux is an open source project and a stable operating system. therefore, users do not have to worry much about getting someone ' s permission or getting a license to use linux. the most important aspect of linux is that an individual has a great option to make the older computer really useful because by using linux, memory leaks can be avoided in the older system. linux also avoids other technical difficulties that are associated with other operating systems. and if this is not enough, users who use linux do not have to get unlimited cell phone plans to call technical support team as linux offers support from a well - established development and user community. linux is a type of os that assumes that every user is smart. linux contains only useful information and linux distribution does not fill the computer with garbage information. this is because linux is completely developed by programmers who have great passion for highly functional and error - free operating system. the fact is, most big companies do not concentrate much on producing and publishing flawless products and users get frustrated with using an os full of errors. linux is now used in almost all computer areas where embedded system is added. the developers and researchers add more features to the linux kernel and regularly port linux to the new architectures. also, today there are huge amounts of libraries, tools, and programs that help users to customize their os according to their needs. the users can get development tools and source code at no cost. linux has an elegant design called posix support that improves the portability across different systems. thus, the combinations of a high - quality linux os and an inexpensive computer provides the best low - cost solutions for home use as well as business use.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5083475144124543, "token_count": 360, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.848733"} {"text": "bearded seal. photo : noaa many seal species depend on sea ice for their survival. as global climate change reduces the extent, duration, and thickness of sea ice, these seal species are threatened with extinction. as global warming worsens, the ( un ) natural mortality rate of the harp seals worsens, too. harp seal mothers need large, sturdy ice floes to give birth to their pups, and pups do not know how to swim for the first few weeks of their lives. bearded seals, like the one shown in the photo to the right are now listed as threatened, giving them extra protection in the u. s. | harp seals depend on sea ice for pupping. in the first weeks of life, seal pups can ' t swim. this seal pup was in trouble as the ice around it crumbled. photo by ifaw. seals of the arctic six seal species live in the arctic region : bearded seals, harp seals, hooded seals, ribbon seals, ringed seals, and spotted seals. bearded seals, harp seals, and ringed seals are especially vulnerable to disappearing sea ice. click on picture for larger image bearded seals and ringed seals give birth on dense ice packs or on \" fast ice \", ice usually located over shallow parts of the ocean that is ' fastened ' to the ocean floor or shore ', such that it does not drift in the wind. they also require snow cover on the ice to build lairs for giving birth. harp seals follow the sea ice all year, migrating south from the arctic in the spring. the seals give birth off the coast of norway and newfoundland and labrador, in russia ' s white sea, and in the gulf of st. lawrence of canada. the pups begin life unable to swim. thus they require sturdy sea ice during the birthing season in february and march. click on picture for larger image. in recent years, thousands of harp seal pups have drowned due to insufficient and broken up sea ice. unusually poor ice conditions have been reported in 2006, 2007, and each year from 2010 on. in 2011, the ice floes were in very poor condition. the february 2011 ice cover was the worst in recorded history, but this did not stop the canadian government ( i. e., the department of fisheries and oceans, dfo, led by minister gail shea ) from setting an astronomical quota on the killing of harp seal pups. in the end, a fraction of these seals were killed as a result of the closing of pelt markets.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4367416223878937, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.853144"} {"text": "of fisheries and oceans, dfo, led by minister gail shea ) from setting an astronomical quota on the killing of harp seal pups. in the end, a fraction of these seals were killed as a result of the closing of pelt markets. read about the 2011 seal hunt here. read the latest news on seals and sealing in canada here. the animal protection organization ifaw worked with duke university scientists on a study of the harp seal population and the current and projected future effects of climate change on the species. read about the duke / ifaw study here. meat cove \u2014 poor ice conditions in the southern gulf of st. lawrence are likely to endanger this year \u2019 s harp seal pups. cape breton post, march, 2011 read the published report on the study about the effects of climate change on harp seals here. even the scientists of the canadian department of fisheries and oceans ( dfo ) have reported that the population is now in decline. harpseals. org believes that the future of harp seals is in peril and that it is high time that the government of canada work to protect seals and ban the killing of seals once and for all. seals of the antarctic a weddell seal four seal species live in the antarctic : crabeater seals, leopard seals, ross seals, and weddell seals. crabeater seals and weddell seals give birth on sea ice and are thus at risk of exctinction as temperatures warm and the formation of sturdy sea ice becomes less reliable another threat to the survival of seals in addition to the lack of sea ice, some species of seals and other marine mammals are threatened by reductions in the availability of prey. prey populations are affected by climate change, over - fishing, and ocean pollution. a reduction in the abundance of plankton affects life up the food chain. click here for additional information and a pictorial description of predator - prey effects with grey seals. seals are an important part of the ocean ecosystem seal conservation is about far more than saving seals and stopping the canadian seal slaughter. it is about saving marine ecosystems, of which all seals are an integral part. historical records from the time europeans arrived in newfoundland demonstrate that, without interference from these immigrants, seal populations much larger than that remaining today coexisted with cod so abundant that ships had difficulty maneuvering through the waters. today, conservation issues in the arctic and north atlantic region include the effects of large - scale commercial fishing, using such methods as bottom trawling and long - line fishing ; global climate change, including changes in ocean currents", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4207083570053026, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.855956"} {"text": "from : \" workers world \" < email @ example. com > date : wed, 20 mar 1996 22 : 53 : 45 edt march 21 is the 59th anniversary of the ponce massacre, one of many events that reveals the true nature of u. s. colonial oppression in puerto rico. that day in 1937, u. s. - trained police forces and national guard troops opened fire in the town of ponce. they were shooting on a march organized by the puerto rican nationalist party, whose leader was the famous pedro albizu campos. twenty - one people were killed and 150 were wounded - - simply because they demanded their right to independence and self - determination as a nation. while this day continues to be remembered as another episode of tyranny, it has served to instill revolutionary traditions and reaffirm the necessity to resist colonialism and imperialism. this tradition helped beat back the u. s. government ' s most recent attempt to impose its will on the puerto rican people. because of its strategic location, puerto rico - - and its sister island vieques - - has historically been used as a base of military operations against the liberation struggles in the region, including washington ' s continuing efforts to shatter the revolutionary will of the cuban people. under the pretense of \" national security \" and the \" war on drugs, \" u. s. generals have been stepping up the use of electronic intelligence gathering from puerto rican soil. the u. s. marine corps had designated 150 acres of land - - in vieques and along the coastal shore around the bay of lajas - - to install an antenna that would communicate with military satellites. this was in addition to the u. s. military ' s occupation of 14 percent of the country ' s territory. this plan involved forcibly relocating many poor working - class families in the district. a mass movement developed in opposition to the pentagon ' s plans. the people of the area organized themselves into the united front in defense of the bay of lajas. protest demonstrations took place, including a hunger strike of several native - born men who had formerly been in the u. s. military. the protesters also pointed out their medical concerns. in other areas of puerto rico where military electronic installations have been established, suspicions have grown that the installations are linked with an increase in cancer cases. moreover, the people in those areas have witnessed a gradual deterioration of their agriculture. the masses ' anger forced the pentagon to withdraw its plans. this successful act was in solidarity with other latin and caribbean workers and peasants. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4823722460492198, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.859080"} {"text": "almighty allah created the universe from a single point with a huge explosion. while all other explosions damage the existing order, the 300 billion galaxies in the universe emerged from zero volume, nothing in other words, with this explosion, known as the big bang. the milky way we live in is just one of these 300 billion galaxies. there are 250 billion stars in the milky way. the sun is one of these 250 billion stars. the number of stars, such as the sun, in the visible universe is 1024, a stupendous number, more than a billion times a billion times a billion. allah has created the earth as a living space within the boundless universe. we live on a world that occupies almost no place at all within infinity. in fact, not just our earth but even our galaxy occupies a tiny place in the universe. so just imagine how small a place you yourself occupy in this utterly vast universe. every single atom in each of these 1024 stars is under the control of allah at every moment. every movement, speed, speed of revolution, the temperatures and distances of and between every planet, every one of the 1024 stars and 300 billion galaxies are all determined in the sight of allah and are duly created at every moment. allah maintains countless balances on earth at every second, without our ever being aware of them. while a flawless equilibrium is being maintained in the vastness of space, an extraordinary range of extraordinarily complex and perfect processes also takes place within a few seconds in every square millimeters of our bodies. for example ; every second as you watch this film... about 100 billion processes have taken place in your eyes within a second. 50 million cells in your body have died every second. 50 million new cells have been created every second to replace those that die. 10 million bits of information has been sent from your eyes to your brain every second. 10 million energy molecules, known as adenosine triphospate, ( atp ) have been produced in all your 100 trillion cells, every single second. in addition, these processes have taken place every single second, not just in your own body, but in the bodies of all the 7 billion people living on earth at this moment because each of the 100 trillion cells in the bodies of all these 7 billion people is under the control of allah at every moment. are you at all aware of these events taking place inside and around you at every single moment? the balances maintained at every moment are not only limited to space and the human body ;", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5764589579642638, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.870263"} {"text": "7 billion people is under the control of allah at every moment. are you at all aware of these events taking place inside and around you at every single moment? the balances maintained at every moment are not only limited to space and the human body ; at the same time, quadrillions of plants, from more than 500, 000 species, all make photosynthesis, and oxygen levels are thus arranged in such a way that organisms can remain alive. within the last second that just passed by \u2026 two million species of animals and plants on the land, under the ground and in the depths of the seas continued their lives through their perfect systems. 100 billion birds from 10, 000 species and trillions of fish from 40, 000 species have spent that second hunting, migrating or looking after their young. the digestive and respiratory systems of every single one have functioned in perfection. their bones, muscles, eyes, feet and fins have all performed their tasks just as they should. for example, this fly has beaten its wings 500 times a second. while it is impossible for a human being to flap his arms 500 times a second, the trillions of flies on earth have beaten their wings 500 times within the second that just passed by. insects whose numbers reach extraordinary figures of 10 quintillion ( 10, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000 ), from 1. 5 million species, have remained alive through their countless features such as their delicate insect antennae, the chemicals they use to communicate, the poisons they employ for offense and defense and their hunting and camouflage tactics. it is almighty and omniscient allah, he who is aware of all things, who keeps each one of these systems under his control simultaneously. while many living things in the animal kingdom continue their lives in a flawless manner, with their numbers more than the human mind could conceive ; in every second that passes by... every photon coming from the sun has traveled 300, 000 kilometers ; and thus colors have formed. every second, 16 million tons of water have fallen to earth as rain. the sun, which is one of the 250 billion stars in the milky way, which itself is one of the 300 billion galaxies in the universe, has converted 564 tons of hydrogen into 560 million tons of helium and thus provided light and heat for the earth. are you at all aware of these events taking place inside and around you at every moment? do you know how many leaves there are on all the trees on earth? or how many atoms there are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.552767516358617, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.873329"} {"text": "helium and thus provided light and heat for the earth. are you at all aware of these events taking place inside and around you at every moment? do you know how many leaves there are on all the trees on earth? or how many atoms there are in every leaf? have you ever wondered how many grains of sand there are on and in the world? or what the number of raindrops is? do you know how many billions of types of animals and plants there are in the world? or can you know how many people have lived ever since the time of the prophet adam ( pbuh ), how many are living now, or how many will live up until the day of reckoning? is it at all possible for you to know the number of cells in their bodies, or how many proteins are produced in those cells? but our almighty lord knows all these things we ' ve just counted, and he knows how many planets and asteroids there are in the vastness of outer space, how many stars there are, and how many electrons revolve around the nuclei of their atoms. each one of these acts occur by the leave of allah, lord of the worlds. allah is omniscient and he knows all things. the glorious numbers and details in the human body \u2022 apart from blood and reproductive cells, all the cells in the body manufacture some 2000 proteins a second. this process takes place in every single one of all the 100 trillion cells of all the 7 billion people living today. \u2022 the 100 trillion cells in an adult person \u2019 s body produce protein chains that flawlessly organize some 150, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000 ( 150 quintillion ) amino acids every hour. note this ; in order to produce protein chains, every single one of the 100 trillion cells in the bodies of 7 billion people organize 150 quintillion amino acids - a number that the human mind would fail to grasp - every hour. \u2022 during every cell division, dna, a library that consists of 3 billion letters, 1 million pages and 1000 volumes, is copied. this wondrous process of division takes place with the same perfection in the 100 trillion cells of each and every single one of the 7 billion people living in the world. \u2022 a ribosome can add 20 amino acids to a protein chain every second. wide - ranging protein synthesis thus takes place uninterruptedly every second in every single one of the 100 trillion cells of all the people in the world. \u2022 there are some 10 billion", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.560061702947305, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.874621"} {"text": "add 20 amino acids to a protein chain every second. wide - ranging protein synthesis thus takes place uninterruptedly every second in every single one of the 100 trillion cells of all the people in the world. \u2022 there are some 10 billion nerve cells in the brain, and communication between them is established by means of 100 trillion synapses. \u2022 4 billion information exchanges take place every second between the two hemispheres of the brain. the brain deals with 750 million signals coming from inside and outside the body. \u2022 a single brain cell can transmit more than 200, 000 pieces of information at the same time. \u2022 do you realize that all these processes take place every second in every single one of the 10 billion brain cells in every single one of the 7 billion people on earth? \u2022 the white blood cells in the veins subject 10 billion cells in the body to health checks every 2 seconds. this check - up has taken place in all the people who have ever lived, and is taking place in the 7 billion people currently living today. \u2022 500 different chemical processes are carried out in a single liver cell. \u2022 with every breath taken, more than 300 million air sacs in the lungs open and close to admit air into the body. these cells and sacs carry out the same tasks, without exception, in the bodies of all the 7 billion people that breathe in, every three seconds. the magnificient numbers and details in nature \u2022 the heart of the hummingbird, a tiny bird which has far better hearing than human beings and can see ultraviolet rays, beats 300 - 1200 times a minute. and the hearts of all the hummingbirds on earth beat 300 - 1200 times every single minute. \u2022 40, 000 bees have to visit 6 million flowers to make 1 kilo of honey. \u2022 the fastest computers in the world can perform 16 billion arithmetic processes a second. yet the honey bee can perform 10 trillion processes in the same time while expending less energy. \u2022 bacteria provides the oxygen we breathe. cyanobacteria, algae and other micro - organisms in the sea give off some 150 billion kilograms of oxygen into the air every year. \u2022 a tiny ant has some 500, 000 nerve cells. thanks to this extraordinary system, ants are able to use very different forms of communication. they are able to perform many activities, such as hunting prey, following one another, building nests and fighting enemies thanks to this special nervous system. \u2022 more snowflakes than can ever be calculated fall from the skies every year, and each", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5731466719842324, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.875813"} {"text": "communication. they are able to perform many activities, such as hunting prey, following one another, building nests and fighting enemies thanks to this special nervous system. \u2022 more snowflakes than can ever be calculated fall from the skies every year, and each one is different than all the others. allah has created systems that the human mind cannot fully comprehend, the details of which have still not been discovered. billions of details have been combined together and provided for people in the finest and most beautiful way. man can only live by means of his dna being copied every moment, the breath he takes in, the oxygen he inhales with every breath he takes, his heart that beats every single moment, the earth that constantly revolves, the food cycle, the water cycle, the nitrogen cycle, all the constantly moving atoms and countless other details. th\u0131s is without doubt a very simple matter for almighty allah, who creates from nothing, who ordains all things as he wishes and who is mighty enough to create them as he wishes at any time. i seek refuge in allah from the accursed satan - the keys of the unseen are in his possession. no one knows them but him. he knows everything in the land and sea. no leaf falls without his knowing it. there is no seed in the darkness of the earth, and nothing moist or dry which is not in a clear book. ( surat al - an \u2019 am, 59 ) what people who realize these miracles going on at every moment must do is to reflect on the greatness of allah, lord of the worlds and give thanks to him for every blessing and every beauty. because as we have been informed in the qur \u2019 an, every person will be called to account for the blessings bestowed on him when the day of reckoning comes. i seek refuge in allah from the accursed satan - he has given you everything you have asked him for. if you tried to number allah \u2019 s blessings, you could never count them. man is indeed wrongdoing, ungrateful. ( surah ibrahim, 34 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5437362067291959, "token_count": 420, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.876578"} {"text": "oil of oregano research & studies compiled by bee wilder the book entitled beyond antibiotics : healthier options for families, by michael a. schmidt, lendon h. smith and keith w. sehnert, has an entire section devoted to the antimicrobial ( antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral ) efficacy of essential plant oils. in this section they state that \" one of the advantages essential oils have over antibiotics is that bacteria do not develop resistance to essential oils. \" many essential oils exert their antibacterial effect by interfering with the bacteria ' s ability to breathe. on the other hand, antibiotics interfere with the life cycle, or metabolism, of bacteria, but since bacteria are very crafty creatures, they change their chemistry and genes, which makes the antibiotic less effective the next time it is used. as a result, new generations of antibiotics will need to be developed to stay ahead of these organisms. additionally, \" another advantage to essential oils is that some actually stimulate immune function. \" e. gildemeister and f. r. hoffmann are referenced in the book as testing the antimicrobial efficacy of certain essential oils as compared to a medium, phenol. phenol is an antiseptic substance found in lysol, pinesol and chloraseptic throat spray. the findings were quite a surprise to the investigators. oil of oregano was the most potent antimicrobial essential oil tested by the investigators, as it proved to be 21 times stronger than the volume 18 of the british naturopathic journal included an article entitled \" kill and cure : the healing properties of wild oregano oil. \" in the article, david potterton, nd summarized the findings of the world ' s foremost expert on oil of oregano, dr. cass ingram. according to dr. ingram, \" oregano is the rolls royce of natural antiseptics \". it is, for example, far more active against noxious urinary pathogens than the typically relied upon natural compounds such as garlic, goldenseal and echinacea. the active ingredient, carvacrol, acts directly upon the mucous membranes of the urinary tract and bladder. it offers the unique advantage of destroying both urinary bacteria as well as yeasts, something that standard antibiotics fail to achieve. \" in addition, according to the article, readers should get their hands on a copy of dr. ingram ' s book the cure is in the cupboard : how to use", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46527170273260754, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.888727"} {"text": "antiseptic powers, which comfort me every time i prescribe it for my patients. \" for the complete guide to aiding numerous ailments with oregano, including allergies, asthma, bronchitis, candidiasis, colds, cold sores, diarrhea, the flu, gastritis, psoriasis, sinusitis and dozens of others, consult dr. cass ingram ' s book the cure is in the cupboard. in the article \" a serenade for marinade \" published july 5, 1999, in the knoxville news ( health and science section ), dr. f. ann draughon, a university of tennessee microbiologist, studied the effects of herbs on food safety. dr. draughon found that oil of oregano was the most effective at killing all pathogens tested against, including nine food - borne microbes : listeria monocytogenes, staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli ( commonly known as e - coli ), yersinia enterocolitica, pseudonomas aeruglinosa, lactobacillus plantarum, aspergillus niger, geotrichum and rhodotorula. the tennessee food safety initiative is a research program jointly supported by the u. s. food and drug administration ( fda ) and the ut agricultural experiment station. has oregano been tested and evaluated by the u. s. department of agriculture? yes. oregano had 3 to 20 times higher antioxidant activity than the other herbs studied. researchers at the u. s. department of agriculture have determined that herbs are higher in antioxidant levels than fruits, vegetables and even spices such as garlic. shiow y. wang, a biochemist at the usda ' s beltsville agricultural center in beltsville, maryland, stated in the november issue of the journal of agricultural and food chemistry that the herb \" oregano had 3 to 20 times higher antioxidant activity than the other herbs studied. \" additionally, oregano has 42 times more antioxidant activity than apples, 30 times more than potatoes, 12 times more than oranges and 4 times more than blueberries. this is an amazing discovery when considering the health benefits derived from consuming herbs like oregano. what does this all mean for the general public? antioxidants have become a synonym for good health in recent years. this is because antioxidants are a class of components that fight off the charged molecules", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4689207591083149, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.890815"} {"text": "from consuming herbs like oregano. what does this all mean for the general public? antioxidants have become a synonym for good health in recent years. this is because antioxidants are a class of components that fight off the charged molecules known as free radicals, which cause chemical damage in the human body. free radicals are atoms or groups of atoms that cause damage to cells, which can lead to an impaired immune system and infections. free radicals are also associated with degenerative diseases such as heart disease and cancer. our bodies produce free radicals as part of the everyday metabolic breakdown of foods we eat. free radicals are generated by exposure to radiation, rancid oils ( fried foods ), food additives ( food coloring, sugars ), chemicals ( pesticides, nitrates added to cured meats ) heavy metal pollutants, exposure to uv rays from the sun and smoking. according to researchers at the usda, the destruction of free radicals \" may help fight the occurrence of heart disease and stroke. \" what does the physicians ' desk reference for herbal medicines, 1st edition, say about oregano? indications and usage : the herb is used for respiratory disorders and complaints such as coughs and bronchial catarrh, and as an expectorant. in folk medicine it is used for dyspepsia, painful menstruation, rheumatoid arthritis, scrofula, urinary tract disorders, and as a diaphoretic. precautions and adverse reactions : no health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. are there any concerns about taking oregano and prescription medications at the same time? if you are taking a blood thinner such as cumadin\u2122, it is recommended that you exercise caution, simply because oregano has a naturally occurring blood - thinning property which could be substituted for the traditional recommendation of an aspirin a day. according to the natural medicines comprehensive database, compiled by the editors of pharmacist ' s letter and prescriber ' s letter and available online at www. naturaldatabase. com, oregano is \" likely safe \" and has \" generally recognized as safe ( gras ) status in the us. \" possible interactions with drugs : the natural medicines comprehensive database states that \" no interactions are known to occur, and there is no known reason to expect a clinically significant interaction with oregano. \" possible interactions with lab tests : the natural medicines comprehensive database states that \" no", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5256164143926878, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.891816"} {"text": "drugs : the natural medicines comprehensive database states that \" no interactions are known to occur, and there is no known reason to expect a clinically significant interaction with oregano. \" possible interactions with lab tests : the natural medicines comprehensive database states that \" no interactions are known to occur, and there is no known reason to expect a clinically significant interaction with oregano. \" in 1977, at the second international congress of phytotherapy and aromatherapy in monaco, a french doctor named belaiche unveiled his oregano index that uses oregano oil as the base reference to compare the bactericidal action of other substances. the reason he chose oregano oil is because he determined by rigorous laboratory experimentation that, out of all natural essential oils, oregano was the closest to an ideal antibacterial agent. used the analytical technique of schroeder and messing, who measured the \" halo \" of bacterial inhibition in millimeters caused by specific essential oils in a bacterial culture medium maintained in petri dishes. he tested both the ability of essential oils to inhibit bacterial growth as well as to kill bacteria. belaiche also chose to use bacterial cultures taken from sick persons rather than cultures grown in laboratories. he tested essential oils on test groups of bacteria that ranged from 20 to 90 different types such as e coli, candida, staph, etc. based on these experiments, belaiche and other french doctors developed an \" aromatogramme \" or a chart measuring the halo of inhibition caused by individual essential oils on specific bacterial cultures. after exhaustive studies he concluded the following statements : aromatic essence ( oregano ) is almost always the leader. among the most active oils oregano is the \" best of the best... \" the essential oil of oregano has always provided me with amazing results in treating infectious besides oregano oil ' s bactericidal action, it also prevents spasms, convulsions and nervous disorders. in my estimation, the antispasmodic qualities help to synergize its wonderful antiseptic powers which comfort me every time i prescribe it for my patients. it is surprising that oregano oil has been known for a long time but is only now being recognized for its therapeutic and his colleagues devised a standard to determine which oregano oil would consistently provide therapeutic results. first they determined there were two constituents of oregano oil, namely carvacrol and thymol ( technically referred to as phenols }, which proved to be remarkable antibacterial agents. they analyzed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4954849304957531, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.892798"} {"text": "oil would consistently provide therapeutic results. first they determined there were two constituents of oregano oil, namely carvacrol and thymol ( technically referred to as phenols }, which proved to be remarkable antibacterial agents. they analyzed oregano oils from spain, morrocco, italy, and albania. they observed variations of 22. 4 % total of carvacrol and thymol in albanian oregano oil to 66. 5 % in spanish oregano oil. after careful study they decided to identify maximal therapeutic oregano oil as containing a phenol total above 50 % with a minimum of 40 % carvacrol and the rest thymol. during their tests in the 1970s they chose to work with the spanish oregano in the labiatae family of plants, specifically called floribundum mumby, or generally classified as origanum vulgare. the results of their studies indicate that therapeutic oregano oil is distinguished by its high percentage of carvacrol in comparison to thyme plants which have much more thymol than carvacrol. sometimes different species of thyme plants are also called oregano, but they are not as active as real oregano oil, nor as safe to use for human internal consumption. impressive results have been published about oregano oil ' s qualities. back in 1918, a french scientist named cavel did research on meat stock cultured in septic tank water. he found that thyme oil and oregano oil in very small doses were able to destroy and prevent the development of microbes. in 1992, two researchers at the university of bologna, italy ( caccioni and guizzardi ) studied the fungicidal effects of essential oils on harvested fruits and vegetables. they determined that carvacrol derived from oregano oil was able to almost completely inhibit spore development in fruits and vegetables at very minimal doses. from the common herb oregano may be an effective treatment against dangerous and sometimes drug - resistant bacteria, a georgetown researcher has found. two studies have shown that oregano oil - - and, in particular, carvacrol, one of oregano ' s chemical components - - appear to reduce infection as effectively as traditional antibiotics. these findings were presented at the american college of nutrition ' s annual meeting october 6 and 7 in orlando, fla. g. preuss, md, macn, cns, professor of physiology and biophysics, and his research team, tested oregano oil on staphylococcus bacteria - - which is responsible for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4746059993803259, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.893904"} {"text": "and 7 in orlando, fla. g. preuss, md, macn, cns, professor of physiology and biophysics, and his research team, tested oregano oil on staphylococcus bacteria - - which is responsible for a variety of severe infections and is becoming increasingly resistant to many antibiotics. they combined oregano oil with the bacteria in a test tube, and compared oregano oil ' s effects to those of standard antibiotics streptomycin, penicillin and vacnomycin. the oregano oil at relatively low doses was found to inhibit the growth of staphylococcus bacteria in the test tubes as effectively as the standard antibiotics did. aspect of the study examined the efficacy of oregano oil and carvacrol, which is believed to be the major antibacterial component of oregano, in 18 mice infected with the staph bacteria of the mice received oregano oil for 30 days, and 50 % of this group survived the 30 - day treatment. six received the carvacrol in olive oil, not oregano oil, and none survived longer than 21 days. six mice received olive oil alone with no active agents ( the control group ) and all died within three days. a repeat study corroborated these findings, which demonstrates that there are components of oregano oil other than carvacrol that have antibiotic properties. this investigation was performed only in test tubes and on a small number of mice, the preliminary results are promising and warrant further study, \" preuss said. \" the ability of oils from various spices to kill infectious organisms has been recognized since antiquity. natural oils may turn out to be valuable adjuvants or even replacements for many anti - germicidals under a variety of conditions. \" study was sponsored by waukegan, ill. - based north american herb and spice. georgetown university medical center includes the nationally ranked school of medicine, school of nursing and health studies, and a biomedical research oil of oregano oregano products faq : 1. what types of research have been conducted using oregano p73? - ( note : only general research done on oregano and oregano oil are listed above. research done on oregano p73 was excluded. ) oregano oil - the most powerful plant - derived antiseptic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47111915143275374, "token_count": 472, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.894877"} {"text": "most people who need pacemakers can expect to have fewer symptoms, be less likely to faint and in some instances live longer than they would have without the pacemaker. your mother has now joined tens of thousands of people who have received these implanted electronic marvels which now include some types which can now stimulate more than one chamber at a time, or can \u201c resynchronize \u201d the heart to make it perform better, or can terminate dangerous arrhythmias ( internal cardioverter / defibrillator or icd ). the use of these latter devices has virtually exploded onto the scene and into the newspapers over the past few years with the publication of research studies demonstrating that they may save more lives than some medicines. when a patient receives one of these devices, they are given a booklet, and teaching about their individual heart conditions, and the reason that the pacemaker was implanted ( this term sounds better than \u201c stuck in \u201d ). the booklets don \u2019 t cover everything ( though they try ) as technology is constantly changing ( who ever would have thought of portable cell phones when we put in the first pacers in the 1960 \u2019 s, pacer batteries lasted less than 6 months back then, but 6 to 15 years now ). fortunately, several decades of experience have made these devices quite safe, and the newer devices are not often seen as limiting an active lifestyle. the major source of limitations associated with these devices is based on the underlying heart condition. for older patients whose only cardiac issue is a very slow heart rate and requiring a pacemaker, the inability to operate a jackhammer, or use a body - fat measuring scale shouldn \u2019 t be an issue. i \u2019 ve listed below some of things that most people want to know about pacemaker / icd interactions in the hope that this will answer your questions and those of others in the same situation. for devices such as airport security, and theft deterrence devices, walking through at a reasonable pace will limit exposure and diminish chances of a problem. with respect to cell phones, keeping them at a distance from the pacer / icd ( the other side ) and the conversations short will diminish chances of a problem. devices that are generally considered safe for patients with pacemakers and internal cardioverter / defibrillators ( icd ) - most household devices such as radio, television, cd / dvd players, clocks, watches, remote controls, garage door openers, air purifiers, washing machine and dryer,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4796474434311503, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.899796"} {"text": "psychosis - info for carers, siblings and workers psychosis is a condition which impairs a person ' s sense of reality. it affects approximately 1 in 50 people over their lifetime, and most commonly occurs later in adolescence and young adulthood. males tend to experience symptoms a few years younger than females. a number of theories have been suggested as to what causes psychosis, but much more research is needed. there is some indication that psychosis is caused by a combination of biological factors in early development which contributes to an increased risk of developing psychosis in later life. having a family member with a history of psychosis is another known risk factor. symptoms may be triggered in response to stress, substance use, or social changes / disruptions in vulnerable individuals. psychosis can happen to anyone, but like other illnesses it can be treated. most young people can recover to live full and satisfying lives. what are the signs of psychosis? the term psychosis refers to a group of symptoms that reflects a change in a person ' s sense of reality and may lead to changes in their mood. the symptoms vary for each person and may change over time. when a person becomes ill in this way, it is referred to as a psychotic episode. signs of a psychotic episode can include : - changes in thinking - everyday thoughts can become confused, making a normal sentence unclear and difficult to understand. someone who is living with psychosis may have difficulties following a conversation or remembering things, and their thoughts can seem to speed up or slow down. - false beliefs ( delusions ) - a person may strongly believe that something is real when it isn ' t. the person is so convinced about their delusion that even the most logical argument won ' t change their mind. for example, they may think that cars parked outside their house mean that they are being watched by the police. this can at times lead to them becoming suspicious of the people around them. - hallucinations - some people may see, hear, taste, smell or feel which isn ' t real. a common feature of psychosis can be auditory hallucinations, in which a person may hear voices that no one else can hear. these voices may comment on their activities or give them instructions. - changes in mood - a person may experience rapid mood changes for no apparent reason, such as feeling unusually excited or depressed. some people may feel strange and cut off from the world. it may feel to the person that everything is moving in slow motion. as a result they may experience less emotion,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.562619184768322, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.912929"} {"text": "mood changes for no apparent reason, such as feeling unusually excited or depressed. some people may feel strange and cut off from the world. it may feel to the person that everything is moving in slow motion. as a result they may experience less emotion, or show a narrower range of emotions to the people around them. - changes in behaviour - someone with psychosis may demonstrate odd or unusual behaviour, often when responding to their hallucinations or delusional thinking. they may also demonstrate an increase or a decrease in their energy, or changes in their sleeping patterns. - social changes \u2013 someone experiencing psychotic symptoms may demonstrate a withdrawal or isolation from friends and family, such as staying in their room or refusing to attend social gatherings. - changes in functioning - given the impact of psychotic symptoms, there is often a decline in someone ' s school or work performance. they may also demonstrate deterioration in their self - care including personal hygiene. what are the types of psychosis? everyone ' s experience of psychotic symptoms is different, and when someone is experiencing their first episode it may be difficult to make a clear diagnosis. it may sometimes be only with the opportunity to look back over the progression of symptoms that a diagnosis can be made. psychotic symptoms / episodes can occur in a number of mental illnesses, including : - bipolar disorder - psychotic symptoms may feature as part of this disorder ( which used to be referred to as manic depression ). when present, they tend to fit in with the person ' s mood. for example, if depressed a person may hear voices telling them to commit suicide. when experiencing an elevated mood, however, they may believe they have special abilities which are out of keeping with their normal functioning. - brief reactive psychosis - psychotic symptoms may appear a major stress in a person ' s life, such as a death in the family or a change in living circumstances. symptoms can be severe, but a person can make a full recovery in as little as a few days. - drug - induced psychosis - using or withdrawing from drugs, especially cannabis or amphetamines, can cause psychotic symptoms. these may resolve as the effects of the substance wear off. in other cases, the symptoms may last longer but begin with a drug - induced psychosis. - organic psychosis - sometimes psychotic symptoms may appear as a result of a head injury or physical illness which disrupts brain functioning. - psychotic depression - psychotic symptoms can develop in very extreme cases of depression. however, someone with psychotic depression does not experience an elevated mood as occurs in bipolar disorder.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5228998328586782, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.913895"} {"text": "appear as a result of a head injury or physical illness which disrupts brain functioning. - psychotic depression - psychotic symptoms can develop in very extreme cases of depression. however, someone with psychotic depression does not experience an elevated mood as occurs in bipolar disorder. schizophrenia - an illness in which psychotic symptoms have lasted for at least six months. the types and length of symptoms vary from one person to another, and contrary to popular opinion people with schizophrenia can often lead fulfilling lives in learning to manage their illness, thereby preventing ongoing psychotic episodes. psychosis is often misunderstood by the general public. the early signs of psychosis may also be difficult to detect, and can be mistaken for the normal changes of adolescence. symptoms may also be viewed differently by people from a culturally or linguistically diverse background. the impact of psychosis can be very traumatic for the young person and can disrupt their life at a critical developmental stage. the longer it takes to receive effective treatment, the longer it is likely to take for symptoms to go away. delayed help also increases the risk of further episodes. it is therefore important to get help as soon as possible. noticeable and persistent changes in the young person ' s behaviour and moods should not be ignored. earlier treatment of psychosis increases the likelihood of the young person having a good recovery. young people with their first episode of psychosis may be reluctant to seek treatment because they don ' t think anything is wrong or they hope their symptoms will go away. due to their distorted thinking including delusional beliefs, they may also believe that people taking an interest in their symptoms may be trying to hurt or trick them. help is needed for the young person to find out what is happening and what treatment is required. families also need support to understand what is happening and how they can help. in very severe situations a person may need to be assisted involuntarily by use of the mental health act. in recent years, research has led to the development of improved medications and therapy. selection of the right treatment options for each individual will be determined by an assessment undertaken by a trained professional, such as a psychiatrist or mental health professional. having someone to talk to is an important part of treatment. mental health workers can provide reassurance and information for the young person and their family. ultimately, determining the best treatment will depend on factors such as personal preference, how severe the symptoms are, how long they have been present for and the apparent cause. a person with psychosis will need regular appointments to assist them. sometimes admission to hospitalisation is required.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5492002261184623, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.914970"} {"text": "best treatment will depend on factors such as personal preference, how severe the symptoms are, how long they have been present for and the apparent cause. a person with psychosis will need regular appointments to assist them. sometimes admission to hospitalisation is required. living in their normal environment rather than going to hospital minimises distress and disruption for the young person and their family. hospitalisation is generally only considered when the psychotic symptoms place the person or others at a level of risk that cannot be managed by them remaining in the community. medication is usually recommended as a part of the treatment of psychosis to assist recovery and prevent further episodes. a psychiatrist can determine if medication is needed. there are several different types of medication that may be recommended and young people usually start on low doses. details on how much to take and when to take it should be discussed with the treating doctor, who will monitor any side - effects associated with the prescribed dose. this is vital so that the type or dose or medication can be reviewed to minimise any side effects that may prevent the person from staying on medication to assist in their recovery. it is important to continue taking medication to prevent the occurrence of another psychotic episode, and ceasing medication should only be done with medical advice. in addition, it is important for the person to learn additional strategies to cope with stress and learn to recognise warning signs of any future episodes. because of the potential impact of psychosis on a person ' s functioning, treatment may also include assistance with practical tasks such as getting back to work or school, securing accommodation or obtaining financial help. throughout treatment, it is important for the person with psychosis to be actively involved in their recovery. sometimes they may need to sort out secondary problems such as catching up on the school they have missed, or dealing with the depression arising from their experiences. they need to be informed of their rights, and have the opportunity to ask questions. a good outcome for someone with psychosis includes the following components : - early detection ; - rapid start of treatment ; - short duration of untreated psychosis ; - participation in developing treatment plans that include recovery and maintaining functioning. - optimal treatment including medication, individual counselling, family support, psychosocial treatment and information ; - a supportive social network ; - a stable living environment ; - structure and calm ; - meaningful occupations : work, study and hobbies ; - someone to share their experiences with ; - good physical health ; - rapid and lasting absence of symptoms ; and - realistic expectations and hopes for the future. helping a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45511216333579024, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.915949"} {"text": "; - structure and calm ; - meaningful occupations : work, study and hobbies ; - someone to share their experiences with ; - good physical health ; - rapid and lasting absence of symptoms ; and - realistic expectations and hopes for the future. helping a young person with psychosis it is not uncommon for family and friends to go through a series of their own stages in response to a loved one experiencing psychosis, from the initial crisis to seeking help, needing reassurance, feeling relief and a possible return of anxiety as the person recovers well enough to return to their everyday world. family and friends may also be involved in supporting a person ' s access to treatment, with confidentiality ideally not being used as a barrier to providing assistance to support people. if you are involved in someone ' s treatment, consider the following strategies to assist their recovery : - identify the key people in the treating team, and attend relevant appointments prepared with questions and relevant issues ; - if you don ' t understand what you are being told, say so and ask for clearer explanations ; - ask where you can access additional information ; and - if cannabis or other substance misuse is a problem, ask the treating team what can be done about it and talk to the young person themselves about it. let them know where you stand on their substance use, and encourage them to seek help to reduce or ideally cease their use. it can be very distressing watching their experience of psychosis, and can generate a range of feelings including grief, anxiety, confusion and guilt. listed below are a number of strategies that may help in supporting someone when they are at the acute phase in particular. offer support and encouragement throughout, and convey that while you may not always like or agree with your behaviour, you still care for them as a person ; - understand that the person might be talking and acting differently due their psychotic symptoms ; - don ' t take it personally if they say hurtful things while unwell ; - when someone is in the midst of an acute episode they may seem more child - like, and so may need a comforting environment and support in making decisions ; - don ' t get involved in long disagreements about their fixed ideas or beliefs. instead, listen with interest to demonstrate empathy and develop understanding to discuss this with them further when they are well. it is important to generally maintain a calm environment, as conflict can contribute to the stress experienced by everyone ; and - take care of yourself by acknowledging and expressing your feelings, obtaining information about the illness and how to cope with it and drawing upon", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49196167101670707, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.917173"} {"text": "well. it is important to generally maintain a calm environment, as conflict can contribute to the stress experienced by everyone ; and - take care of yourself by acknowledging and expressing your feelings, obtaining information about the illness and how to cope with it and drawing upon your own sources of support. this fact sheet was based on : - the family health kit ( nsw health 2002 ) and the early psychosis prevention and intervention centre 2006 fact sheets. information for siblings - how to get help your child ' s general practitioner, teacher, guidance officer, school counsellor or school health nurse. if more specialised assessment or intervention is required, general practitioners, schools or other health professionals can make a referral to a child and youth mental health service ( cymhs ) if they are under 18 years of age. if they are over 18 years, they will need to be referred to an adult mental health service. for your local clinic, look under health in the white pages telephone directory or call 13 health ( 13 43 25 84 ). your general practitioner may refer you to other specialists who work with children and young people such as a private practitioner. in an emergency contact your local hospital emergency department. occasionally a young person may need to be assessed and treated using the powers of the mental health act. the brisbane north youth service provider directory has details of many services, and can be accessed at : www. health. qld. gov. au / rch / professionals / bnyspd. pdf or you could also consider one of the following : - alcohol and drug information service - free confidential counselling and information service 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. phone : 1800 177 833. - association of relatives and friends of the mentally ill - support and information for significant other / s of those affected by mental illness. call their head office on ( 07 ) 3254 1881 or see www. arafmiqld. org for local support groups. - community action for the prevention of suicide - not - for - profit association that aims to provide a practical non - clinical support service to coordinate care, attention and support for people at risk of suicide, those who are concerned for someone at risk, and the children of someone at risk. phone ( 07 ) 3870 8359 or see www. caps. org. au. - family connections program - correspondence - based program developed for family members where a relative has developed psychosis. phone 1800 153 340 to register your interest. - 13 health ( 13 43 25 84 ) - - for general health information and referral.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4345085660530578, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.918288"} {"text": ". - family connections program - correspondence - based program developed for family members where a relative has developed psychosis. phone 1800 153 340 to register your interest. - 13 health ( 13 43 25 84 ) - - for general health information and referral. includes the child health line. - indigenous youth health service - provides assistance on all health issues relating to aboriginal and torres strait islander youth. phone ( 07 ) 3393 0055 ( b / h ). - kids help line - free national telephone counselling for children & young people 24 hours, 7 days a week. phone 1800 55 1800. - lifeline - free counselling and support, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. phone 13 11 14. - mental illness fellowship of queensland - provides services and support for people living with schizophrenia and other serious mental illness, and their families. call their brisbane office on 07 3358 4424 or see www. mifa. org. au / mifq / for local support groups. - national cannabis information and helpline - phone 1800 30 40 50. - parentline - counselling and support for parents, available 8am - 10pm, 7 days a week. phone 1300 30 1300. - queensland transcultural mental health service - provides mental health assistance and information to people from culturally diverse backgrounds. phone ( 07 ) 3167 8333 ( b / h ) - sane australia - national charity aimed at enhancing mental health through campaigning, education and research. phone : 1800 187 263. - www. beyondblue. org. au - national, independent, not for profit organisation working to address issues associated with depression, anxiety and related substance disorders. - www. copmi. net. au information and resources for children, young people, families and service providers assisting families affected by parental mental illness. - www. counsellingonline. org. au counselling via text - interaction for information and support for those seeking help with their own drug use or use by a friend or family member. - www. eppic. org. au information about melbourne ' s early psychosis prevention and intervention centre, including written information about psychosis in eleven languages. - www. headspace. org. au website for the national youth mental health foundation, which aims to support australian young people with mental health and related problems. - www. health. qld. gov. au / mentalhealth queensland mental health branch website developed for the community, service providers, non - government organisations, consumers, carers and families, providing information on mental health and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4732949518960152, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.919327"} {"text": "and related problems. - www. health. qld. gov. au / mentalhealth queensland mental health branch website developed for the community, service providers, non - government organisations, consumers, carers and families, providing information on mental health and related issues and initiatives. - www. health. qld. gov. au / mhcarer queensland health website for information and support for those caring for someone with a mental illness. - www. kidshelp. com. au - kids help line online counseling available for young people. - www. livingisforeveryone - australian government suicide prevention strategy website. - www. ncpic. org. au - national cannabis prevention and information centre ; provides information on all issues relating to cannabis. - www. opendoors. net. au up - to - date information and resources for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender young people, including direct email links to workers. - www. reachout. com. au interactive forum for young people to access support and assistance. - www. somazone. com. au - information for young people about health and well - being issues. - www. suicidepreventionstudies. org provides information and resources to help young people with suicidal and self - harm behaviours, and the people who care for them. this fact sheet was updated in april 2009 by the child and youth mental health service of the royal children ' s hospital, children ' s health service district, brisbane, to raise awareness and provide information to families, young people and community members. this and others fact sheets in the series can be downloaded from : last updated : 21 march, 2011", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4443048992753793, "token_count": 335, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.920000"} {"text": "to play or not to play? for kids with bleeding disorders, that is the question \u2014 at camp, at school, at home, anywhere. most sports and other physical activities have some level of risk. the severity and type of bleeding disorder vary, so what may be unsafe for one person might be a perfect match for another. ( however, contact sports, such as football and hockey, are not recommended for people with bleeding disorders. ) there \u2019 s no one - size - fits - all answer. however, there is a new workbook that will help you make an informed decision. my game plan is a five - page booklet with questions that help kids \u2014 and adults \u2014 evaluate their physical abilities and any limitations placed on them by their hemophilia or other bleeding disorder. for example, it asks you to list your problem joints and to note any pain you may have. then, you are asked to describe the benefits and risks of the activity you want to play. \u201c rather than telling you what sports are safe and what aren \u2019 t, it \u2019 s a tool that will help guide a discussion, \u201d says physical therapist sherry herman - hilker, pt, of the university of michigan \u2019 s pediatric hemophilia and coagulation disorders program in ann arbor. \u201c it \u2019 s a discussion in which kids are involved, rather than one that simply leaves the decision up to a nurse or physical therapist. \u201d my game plan, which herman - hilker helped develop, was inspired by an experience at the hemophilia foundation of michigan \u2019 s camp bold eagle in holton. in 2007, campers played a game of capture the flag, a bold eagle favorite. but something alarming happened. nineteen of the nearly 60 campers experienced bleeds or other injuries during the three - hour game. the camp \u2019 s head nurse, jim munn, rn, ms, nurse coordinator at the university of michigan \u2019 s pediatric hemophilia and coagulation disorders program, says the reaction among staff was quite emotional. \u201c we always expect a few injuries, \u201d munn says. \u201c that \u2019 s what happens when kids play. but 19? we had to ask ourselves, \u2018 did we do this to the kids? what could we have done better? \u2019 \u201d ready, set, go to play capture the flag, players are split into two teams. each team has a \u201c flag, \u201d usually something colorful and easy to carry. the ideal playing field is large \u2014 at camp bold eagle, the game is played", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4482954289770164, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.924782"} {"text": "ready, set, go to play capture the flag, players are split into two teams. each team has a \u201c flag, \u201d usually something colorful and easy to carry. the ideal playing field is large \u2014 at camp bold eagle, the game is played over the entire 50 - acre site. the field is divided into two territories. flags are placed deep inside each team \u2019 s territory, and players have two primary missions : to steal the other team \u2019 s flag and to defend their own. capture the flag is not a full - contact sport, but at bold eagle, it involves a lot of running and dodging over different types of terrain. players can fall or collide with one another. courtesy of university of michigan hemophilia and coagulation disorders program after seeing one injured camper after another, herman - hilker, the camp \u2019 s physical therapist, wanted to ban the game. but many counselors had attended the camp as children and treasured their memories of playing capture the flag. their passion for keeping the game matched herman - hilker \u2019 s own desire to get rid of it. listening to them, she says, was a game - changer. \u201c the debate shifted from \u2018 how do we get rid of it? \u2019 to \u2018 how do we keep it, but make it safer? \u2019 \u201d that debate led to the workbook, which was distributed at camp bold eagle the next summer. after completing it, each camper met with a health center staffer to decide the best and safest way to play. those for whom running puts them at risk were assigned positions that were more stationary, but still integral to the game. \u201c that year we did not have any injuries, \u201d says herman - hilker. the workbook can be used to evaluate any physical activity. \u201c it gets kids to take a serious look at an activity and to critically analyze it, \u201d says herman - hilker. \u201c then they talk about it with their parents and their healthcare provider. \u201d herman - hilker recalls one 8 - year - old boy who wanted to play football. after filling out the workbook, he realized it was not the right sport for him. \u201c he came to that decision on his own, \u201d she says. munn says the workbook can be used by adults with bleeding disorders as well. \u201c i \u2019 d give it to a 30 - year - old who was thinking of joining a soccer league, because the same questions about safety apply, \u201d says munn. \u201c we", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4376170276682695, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.925678"} {"text": "cirrhosis is a condition in which the liver slowly deteriorates and malfunctions due to chronic injury. scar tissue replaces healthy liver tissue, partially blocking the flow of blood through the liver. scarring also impairs the liver ' s ability to - control infections - remove bacteria and toxins from the blood - process nutrients, hormones, and drugs - make proteins that regulate blood clotting - produce bile to help absorb fats \u2014 including cholesterol \u2014 and fat - soluble a healthy liver is able to regenerate most of its own cells when they become damaged. with end - stage cirrhosis, the liver can no longer effectively replace damaged cells. a healthy liver is necessary for survival. cirrhosis is the twelfth leading cause of death by disease, accounting for 27, 000 deaths each year. 1 the condition affects men slightly more often than women. 1 minino am, heron mp, murphy sl, kochanek kd. deaths : final data for 2004. centers for disease control and prevention web site. ( pdf, 3450 kb ). updated october 10, 2007. accessed january 20, 2008. what causes cirrhosis? cirrhosis has various causes. in the united states, heavy alcohol consumption and chronic hepatitis c have been the most common causes of cirrhosis. obesity is becoming a common cause of cirrhosis, either as the sole cause or in combination with alcohol, hepatitis c, or both. many people with cirrhosis have more than one cause of liver damage. cirrhosis is not caused by trauma to the liver or other acute, or short - term, causes of damage. usually years of chronic injury are required to cause alcohol - related liver disease. most people who consume alcohol do not suffer damage to the liver. but heavy alcohol use over several years can cause chronic injury to the liver. the amount of alcohol it takes to damage the liver varies greatly from person to person. for women, consuming two to three drinks \u2014 including beer and wine \u2014 per day and for men, three to four drinks per day, can lead to liver damage and cirrhosis. in the past, alcohol - related cirrhosis led to more deaths than cirrhosis due to any other cause. deaths caused by obesity - related cirrhosis are increasing. chronic hepatitis c. the hepatitis c virus is a liver infection that is spread by contact with an infected person ' s blood. chronic hepatitis c causes inflammation and damage to the liver over time that can lead chronic hepatitis b and d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47841358112370586, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.938620"} {"text": ". jaundice occurs when the diseased liver does not remove enough bilirubin from the blood, causing yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes and darkening of the urine. bilirubin is the pigment that gives bile its reddish - yellow color. gallstones. if cirrhosis prevents bile from flowing freely to and from the gallbladder, the bile hardens as gallstones. sensitivity to medications. cirrhosis slows the liver ' s ability to filter medications from the blood. when this occurs, medications act longer than expected and build up in the body. this causes a person to be more sensitive to medications and their side effects. hepatic encephalopathy. a failing liver cannot remove toxins from the blood, and they eventually accumulate in the brain. the buildup of toxins in the brain \u2014 called hepatic encephalopathy \u2014 can decrease mental function and cause coma. signs of decreased mental function include confusion, personality changes, memory loss, trouble concentrating, and a change in sleep insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. cirrhosis causes resistance to insulin \u2014 a hormone produced by the pancreas that enables the body to use glucose as energy. with insulin resistance, the body ' s muscle, fat, and liver cells do not use insulin properly. the pancreas tries to keep up with the demand for insulin by producing more, but excess glucose builds up in the bloodstream causing type 2 diabetes. liver cancer. hepatocellular carcinoma is a type of liver cancer that can occur in people with cirrhosis. hepatocellular carcinoma has a high mortality rate, but several treatment options are available. other problems. cirrhosis can cause immune system dysfunction, leading to the risk of infection. cirrhosis can also cause kidney and lung failure, known as hepatorenal and hepatopulmonary syndromes. how is cirrhosis diagnosed? the diagnosis of cirrhosis is usually based on the presence of a risk factor for cirrhosis, such as alcohol use or obesity, and is confirmed by physical examination, blood tests, and imaging. the doctor will ask about the person ' s medical history and symptoms and perform a thorough physical examination to observe for clinical signs of the disease. for example, on abdominal examination, the liver may feel hard or enlarged with signs of ascites. the doctor will order blood tests that may be helpful in evaluating the liver and increasing the suspicion of cirrhosis. to view", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4766627416807092, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.942200"} {"text": "of the disease. for example, on abdominal examination, the liver may feel hard or enlarged with signs of ascites. the doctor will order blood tests that may be helpful in evaluating the liver and increasing the suspicion of cirrhosis. to view the liver for signs of enlargement, reduced blood flow, or ascites, the doctor may order a computerized tomography ( ct ) scan, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ), or liver scan. the doctor may look at the liver directly by inserting a laparoscope into the abdomen. a laparoscope is an instrument with a camera that relays pictures to a computer screen. a liver biopsy can confirm the diagnosis of cirrhosis but is not always necessary. a biopsy is usually done if the result might have an impact on treatment. the biopsy is performed with a needle inserted between the ribs or into a vein in the neck. precautions are taken to minimize discomfort. a tiny sample of liver tissue is examined with a microscope for scarring or other signs of cirrhosis. sometimes a cause of liver damage other than cirrhosis is found how is the severity of cirrhosis measured? the model for end - stage liver disease ( meld ) score measures the severity of cirrhosis. the meld score was developed to predict the 90 - day survival of people with advanced cirrhosis. the meld score is based on three blood tests : - international normalized ratio ( inr ) \u2014 tests the clotting tendency of - bilirubin \u2014 tests the amount of bile pigment in the blood - creatinine \u2014 tests kidney function meld scores usually range between 6 and 40, with a score of 6 indicating the best likelihood of 90 - day survival. how is cirrhosis treated? treatment for cirrhosis depends on the cause of the disease and whether complications are present. the goals of treatment are to slow the progression of scar tissue in the liver and prevent or treat the complications of the disease. hospitalization may be necessary for cirrhosis with complications. eating a nutritious diet. because malnutrition is common in people with cirrhosis, a healthy diet is important in all stages of the disease. health care providers recommend a meal plan that is well balanced. if ascites develops, a sodium - restricted diet is recommended. a person with cirrhosis should not eat raw shellfish, which can contain a bacterium that causes serious infection. to improve nutrition, the doctor may add a liquid", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.45054429097800924, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.943480"} {"text": "well balanced. if ascites develops, a sodium - restricted diet is recommended. a person with cirrhosis should not eat raw shellfish, which can contain a bacterium that causes serious infection. to improve nutrition, the doctor may add a liquid supplement taken by mouth or through a nasogastric tube \u2014 a tiny tube inserted through the nose and throat that reaches into the stomach. avoiding alcohol and other substances. people with cirrhosis are encouraged not to consume any alcohol or illicit substances, as both will cause more liver damage. because many vitamins and medications \u2014 prescription and over - the - counter \u2014 can affect liver function, a doctor should be consulted before treatment for cirrhosis also addresses specific complications. for edema and ascites, the doctor will recommend diuretics \u2014 medications that remove fluid from the body. large amounts of ascitic fluid may be removed from the abdomen and checked for bacterial peritonitis. oral antibiotics may be prescribed to prevent infection. severe infection with ascites will require intravenous ( iv ) the doctor may prescribe a beta - blocker or nitrate for portal hypertension. beta - blockers can lower the pressure in the varices and reduce the risk of bleeding. gastrointestinal bleeding requires an immediate upper endoscopy to look for esophageal varices. the doctor may perform a band - ligation using a special device to compress the varices and stop the bleeding. people who have had varices in the past may need to take medicine to prevent future hepatic encephalopathy is treated by cleansing the bowel with lactulose \u2014 a laxative given orally or in enemas. antibiotics are added to the treatment if necessary. patients may be asked to reduce dietary protein intake. hepatic encephalopathy may improve as other complications of cirrhosis are some people with cirrhosis who develop hepatorenal failure must undergo regular hemodialysis treatment, which uses a machine to clean wastes from the blood. medications are also given to improve blood flow through the kidneys. other treatments address the specific causes of cirrhosis. treatment for cirrhosis caused by hepatitis depends on the specific type of hepatitis. for example, interferon and other antiviral drugs are prescribed for viral hepatitis, and autoimmune hepatitis requires corticosteroids and other drugs that suppress the immune system. medications are given to treat various symptoms of cirrhosis, such as it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40755562477932383, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.944635"} {"text": "or more complications may develop. in some people, complications may be the first signs of the disease. - the goals of treatment are to stop the progression of scar tissue in the liver and prevent or treat complications. - treatment for cirrhosis includes avoidance of alcohol and other drugs, nutrition therapy, and other therapies that treat specific complications or causes of the disease. - hospitalization may be necessary for cirrhosis with complications. - a liver transplant is considered when complications of cirrhosis cannot be controlled by treatment. hope through research the national institute of diabetes and digestive and kidney diseases ' division of digestive diseases and nutrition supports basic and clinical research into liver diseases \u2014 including cirrhosis \u2014 and liver transplantation. researchers are also studying - the mechanisms of cirrhosis reversal in the early stages of the disease - potential new approaches to the management of complications of - the long - term outcome of new drugs to treat portal hypertension - the development of therapies to prevent and treat the recurrence of hepatitis c after liver transplantation participants in clinical trials can play a more active role in their own health care, gain access to new research treatments before they are widely available, and help others by contributing to medical research. for information about current studies, visit www. clinicaltrials. gov. for more information american liver foundation 75 maiden lane, suite 603 new york, ny 10038 \u2013 4810 phone : 1 \u2013 800 \u2013 go \u2013 liver ( 465 \u2013 4837 ) or hepatitis foundation international 504 blick drive silver spring, md 20904 \u2013 2901 phone : 1 \u2013 800 \u2013 891 \u2013 0707 or united network for organ sharing p. o. box 2484 richmond, va 23218 phone : 1 \u2013 888 \u2013 894 \u2013 6361 or 804 \u2013 782 \u2013 4800 you may also find additional information about this topic by visiting medlineplus at www. medlineplus. gov. this publication may contain information about medications. when prepared, this publication included the most current information available. for updates or for questions about any medications, contact the u. s. food and drug administration toll - free at 1 \u2013 888 \u2013 info \u2013 fda ( 1 \u2013 888 \u2013 463 \u2013 6332 ) or visit www. fda. gov. consult your doctor for more information. publications produced by the clearinghouse are carefully reviewed by both niddk scientists and outside experts. this publication was reviewed by bruce a. runyon, m. d., loma", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4611613223658482, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.948286"} {"text": "the hfe act ( and other legislation ) the hfe act 2008 is divided into three parts : - amendments to the human fertilisation and embryology act 1990 - miscellaneous and general. the main new elements of the act are : - ensuring that the creation and use of all human embryos outside the body - whatever the process used in their creation - are subject to regulation - a ban on selecting the sex of offspring for social reasons - requiring that clinics take account of \u201c the welfare of the child \u201d when providing fertility treatment, and removing the previous requirement that they also take account of the child \u2019 s \u201c need for a father \u201d - allowing for the recognition of both partners in a same - sex relationship as legal parents of children conceived through the use of donated sperm, eggs or embryos - enabling people in same sex relationships and unmarried couples to apply for an order allowing for them to be treated as the parents of a child born using a surrogate - changing restrictions on the use of data collected by the hfea to make it easier to conduct research using this information - provisions clarifying the scope of legitimate embryo research activities, including regulation of \u2018 human admixed embryos \u2019 ( embryos combining both human and animal material ). read the legislation when was the hfe act 2008 implemented? the hfe act 2008 came into force in three stages : phase one : on april 6 2009 part 2 of the act, the revised definitions of parenthood, took effect. phase two : in october 2009 the amendments to the 1990 legislation take effect. examples of these amendments include research on human admixed embryos, and removal of the \u2018 need for a father \u2019. phase three : in april 2010 people in same sex relationships and unmarried couples are able to apply for orders allowing them to be treated as parents of children born using a surrogate. development of the hfe act 2008 in 2005, the house of commons science and technology select committee published a report on human reproductive technologies and the law. this inquiry investigated the legislative framework provided by the 1990 act and challenges presented by technological advance and \u201c recent changes in ethical and societal attitudes \". in light of the committee \u2019 s report, and legislative changes that had already been made, the department of health undertook a review of the 1990 act. they then held a public consultation based on their review of the act, and following this published a white paper, review of the human fertilisation and embryology act, within which government presented its initial proposals to revise the legislation. following this stage, a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48681103692169814, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.952980"} {"text": "a simple prayer before the deity with hands folded and placed near the heart is the most common form of praying in hindu religion. but there are also various other acts that hindus perform while praying like lighting the lamp, offering flowers and leaves, burning camphor or offering food etc. in hinduism, each act performed has a symbolic meaning. sprinkling of water and sipping while doing puja sprinkling of water symbolically performs the purification of the surroundings. sipping of water is purification of oneself. lighting of lamp it symbolizes removal of ignorance and ushering in of knowledge. the wick in the traditional oil lamp symbolizes ego and the oil or ghee used symbolizes our negative tendencies. when we are lit by self knowledge, the negative tendencies ( oil ) melt away and finally the ego ( wick ) perishes. ( more details in this post ) burning of camphor burning of camphor symbolizes the destruction of our egos and arrogance. when ego melts what is left is the pure self. lighting of incense and agarbathis this is used for fragrance which symbolically suggests the presence of the deity and the love of deity. performing aarati or waving of lamp around the deity waving of lamp and camphor around the deity is symbolically an act of surrender. breaking of coconut symbolically breaking of coconut is act of destruction of one \u2019 s ego. coconut kernel and the water is also considered to be the purest form of offering that a devotee can make. ( more details in this post ) offering of betel leaves and betel nuts betel leaves and nuts symbolize fertility and is usually offered for the birth of children at home. it is also part of all important pujas in south india. bells rung during puja the bells that are rung during puja are to keep out other noises and it is also a means of celebrations. bells rung in the beginning is done to ward away evil forces. offering of food or nevediya symbolically, offering of good indicates a thanksgiving to the deity. it is an act of sharing god \u2019 s bounty. it is then distributed as ' prasad. ' what is offered should be shared with the poor and the needy. offering of flowers flowers are offered basically because of their fragrance and due to the association of a particular flower with a particular deity. for example bilva leaf is associated with lord shiva and tulsi with lord vishnu. puranas have stories which explain why a particular flower is associated with a particular deity. on the symbolic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5006746740238015, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.968922"} {"text": "the association of a particular flower with a particular deity. for example bilva leaf is associated with lord shiva and tulsi with lord vishnu. puranas have stories which explain why a particular flower is associated with a particular deity. on the symbolic level, the flowers and leaves are picked up with five fingers and is offered with all five fingers. it is usually placed at the feet of the deity. the five fingers symbolically indicate the five senses and thereby surrendering of it before the deity. flowers are also offered by bringing it close to one \u2019 s heart. this symbolically suggests that one is offering the soul or atma to the deity. walking thrice around the deity or pradakshina in some places mainly in temples people walk around the sanctum sanctorum three times in clockwise direction. it is symbolically to cross the nether world, earth and heaven to reach brahman. ( more details in this post ) knocking the two ends of forehead before pujas in some devotees knock the two ends of forehead before beginning prayer and puja in arms crossed across the chest and holding ear tips in south india, hindus while praying knock both the sides of forehead and then put arms crossed across the chest and hold ear tips and then sits and stands before the deity a few times. this is known was thoppukaranam in south. it is a sort of self - imposed penance and praying for forgiveness.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48868815969690227, "token_count": 287, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:39.969688"} {"text": "\" and when he desired to manifest grace and beneficence to men, and to set the world in order, he revealed ordinances and created laws ; among them he established the law of marriage, made it a fortress for well - being and salvation, and enjoined it upon us in that which was sent down out of the heaven of sanctity in his most holy book. \" 1 when families are strong, much is right with the world. in the loving matrix of the family, we can develop our full potential as individuals. family life is the source of some of our happiest and most satisfying feelings. when families are weak or fragmented, however, almost nothing goes well. the most stressful times of our lives often stem from family troubles, and the overall deterioration of family ties worldwide manifests itself directly in some of humanity ' s most egregious social problems, from child abuse and homelessness to alcoholism and even modes of development that are not environmentally sustainable. the unity of humanity the essential message of the baha ' i faith is unity. baha ' u ' llah, the founder of the faith, taught that there is only one god, that all the world ' s major religions have been revealed by god, and that the entire human race is one. humanity has collectively come of age, baha ' u ' llah said, and the time has now arrived for all people to unite into a peaceful and integrated global society. this message of unity has been embraced by increasing numbers of people since 1844, when the baha ' i ' faith was founded. today, the worldwide baha ' i community is among the most diverse and widespread organizations on earth. indeed, members of the baha ' i faith reside in more than 200 countries, making it the second most widespread independent world religion after christianity. the world ' s five million baha ' i ' s come from virtually every nation, ethnic group, trade, profession and social or economic class. the theme of unity in diversity extends to baha ' u ' llah ' s teachings about the family. baha ' is understand that the family is the basic unit of society. unless this all - important building block is healthy and unified, society itself cannot be healthy and unified. traditional yet progressive in many respects, the baha ' i teachings on the family are quite traditional. for baha ' is, the family centers around the marriage of two people, man and woman. monogamy and faithfulness are upheld, as are the virtues of honesty, trustworthiness and mutual respect. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5360427963978118, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.005581"} {"text": "on the family are quite traditional. for baha ' is, the family centers around the marriage of two people, man and woman. monogamy and faithfulness are upheld, as are the virtues of honesty, trustworthiness and mutual respect. the role of mothers, especially because they are the first educators of children, is exalted. as well, the personal moral standards promoted by the baha ' i teachings condemn many of the agents that contribute to the break - up of families. alcohol is forbidden to baha ' is, as are mind - altering drugs. any form of violence or abuse is strictly contrary to baha ' i teachings. at the same time, however, many aspects of baha ' i family life are not traditional. in its social principles, the baha ' i teachings are quite progressive and the expression of these principles in daily life has in many respects transformed the institution of marriage so as to withstand far better the crosscurrents of modern society. in particular, the distinctive nature of baha ' i family life stands out in at least three areas : 1 ) the characteristic diversity that one finds within baha ' i families, 2 ) the commitment of baha ' is to the equality of women and men, 3 ) the application of consultation, a nonadversarial method for decision - making, in arriving at family decisions. the response to baha ' u ' llah ' s call for human unity can be seen in the sheer diversity of baha ' i marriages. baha ' is pay little attention to differences in race, nationality and ethnic background in choosing mates and international marriages - - as well as cross - racial marriages - - are extremely common in baha ' i communities. testimonies of triumph the marriage of truitt and behin white offers an example of a marriage that crosses traditional racial, religious and international bounds. truitt, an african american who was born in texas in 1950, was raised initially as a southern baptist. at age 19 he became a baha ' i, and in 1973 he traveled to india and attended a baha ' i conference for youth in bangalore. there he met behin mihrshahi, a baha ' i from india and they have lived since both there and in the united states. they have two children : a daughter, ruha, and a son, jamal. the whites realize that as an interracial and intercultural couple, they stand out from the norm almost everywhere they travel. but for them this visibility is a source of pride. \" i realized after we came here to the united", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5252680006737545, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.006901"} {"text": "son, jamal. the whites realize that as an interracial and intercultural couple, they stand out from the norm almost everywhere they travel. but for them this visibility is a source of pride. \" i realized after we came here to the united states that, as an interracial family, people would be looking at us, \" said behin. \" but we want to show that it is alright to be from different races and to be married. because of our belief in the oneness of humankind and in promoting unity, we feel more than comfortable in our relationship. \" as in most religions, the marriage vow is considered sacred in the baha ' i faith. yet, although the baha ' i view on marital fidelity might be viewed as traditional, the faith ' s emphasis on the equality of women and men and its promotion of consultation as a tool for problem - solving mean that the roles of husband and wife within the marriage need not be traditional at all. neither dominates. decision - making is to be shared. women are encouraged to pursue their own careers. and fathers are not exempt from household duties or child rearing. perhaps most importantly, marriage is seen fundamentally as a spiritual union. one passage from the baha ' i sacred writings describes marriage this way : \" the lord, peerless is he, hath made man and woman to abide with each other in the closest companionship, and to be even as a single soul. they are two helpmates, two intimate friends, who should be concerned with the welfare of each other. \" 2 this emphasis on spirituality enables baha ' is of diverse backgrounds to come together harmoniously. take the marriage of tadaaki and mary nouguchi, a baha ' i couple living in japan. their marriage is unusual by japanese standards because tadaaki is a native of japan and mary is american - born. in japan, international marriage is rare because of cultural attitudes that discourage close contact with outsiders. \" sometimes, when i am out with my wife, i see japanese people pointing at us and talking about us, \" said tadaaki, who is a professor of english literature at ritsumeikan university in kyoto. \" but i like to believe that we are part of a process where people can come to accept such marriages and can begin to say, ' yes, it is different to marry a foreigner, but it is also quite normal. ' \" the pair met in the early 1960s when mary came to japan to study japanese. \" when i first came to japan, i believed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5211717666207348, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.008807"} {"text": "begin to say, ' yes, it is different to marry a foreigner, but it is also quite normal. ' \" the pair met in the early 1960s when mary came to japan to study japanese. \" when i first came to japan, i believed that i would never marry a japanese man, because they tend to be so male chauvinistic, \" said mary. \" but then i met a number of japanese baha ' i men who were very helpful with their families and who obviously had good marriages. because the baha ' i faith stresses the equality of men and women and the importance of family life, i believe, these men made sacrifices in their careers and in their social status in order to have better relationships with their wives. and i found tadaaki to be this sort of man. \" at the same time, mary has made sacrifices of her own, sacrifices which she feels would have been next to impossible were it not for the emphasis on life ' s spiritual reality. in traditional japanese society, for example, the oldest son is expected to care for his parents when they get old. from the start of their relationship, tadaaki said he would like to have his parents live with them. although it is unusual for americans to live with parents - in - law, mary readily consented. \" i have several american friends who are not baha ' i who are married to japanese men, \" she said. \" they simply would not put up with having the in - laws in one household. but as a baha ' i, i believe that the family is the basic unit of society. if we can ' t have unity in the family, we can ' t have unity in the world. so i encouraged tadaaki ' s parents to come live with us. \" of course, not every baha ' i marriage goes well. while the spiritual insights provided by baha ' u ' llah ' s teachings can provide great assistance to the individual in facing up to the trials and stresses of modern life, baha ' is would be the first to admit that they are not perfect. the baha ' i teachings permit divorce, although it is strongly discouraged. and if a divorce is sought, the marriage partners must spend at least one year living apart and attempting to reconcile. if after that \" year of waiting \" either partner, or both, finds that he or she simply cannot continue, a divorce can be granted. many marriages are saved during this year of reflection. it provides a buffer against hasty decisions and rash emotions, and it gives both parties a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5099743498234739, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.010457"} {"text": "waiting \" either partner, or both, finds that he or she simply cannot continue, a divorce can be granted. many marriages are saved during this year of reflection. it provides a buffer against hasty decisions and rash emotions, and it gives both parties a chance to rebuild their relationships in an atmosphere that is detached from the stresses of living in the same household. one of the key purposes of baha ' i marriage, beyond physical, intellectual and spiritual companionship, is children. baha ' is view child rearing not only as a source of great joy and rewards, but as a sacred obligation. for rebequa getahoun and her husband, marshall murphy, the importance of children has played a central role in their family life. ms. getahoun, a native of ethiopia, married mr. murphy, an american, in 1973. they have three sons : rahim, born in 1974, yohannes, born in 1976, and yosafe, born in 1979. \" after rahim was born, we made a conscious decision to lower our standard of living by living on one salary so that i could stay home with the children, \" said rebequa. \" we felt that once we started having children, they were our primary responsibility. so we choose a simple life, so that we could create that kind of family atmosphere for our children. that atmosphere included not only a strong sense of parental love, but a determination to ensure that everyone in the family, both children and parents, are treated with respect. \" the limits of personal rights \" in our family life, we have made a concerted effort to respect the rights of each member, and not to allow any one member of the family to abuse other members, \" rebequa said. \" this includes teaching that there are limits to rights. because we have found that, especially in this american society, individual rights seem to know no bounds. and therefore the concept of limits is a difficult lesson to teach children. \" that is probably one of the most valuable lessons that a family can give to society, to raise individuals to be keenly aware of their rights, and also of the responsibilities that come with those rights, \" rebequa said, \" because the model for society is the family. when we learn respect and cooperation and equality in the family, we learn it for society. \" baha ' is understand that each child is born as a blank slate. there is no predisposition to evil or to good. \" children are even as the branch that is fresh and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5006902653092022, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.011422"} {"text": "and equality in the family, we learn it for society. \" baha ' is understand that each child is born as a blank slate. there is no predisposition to evil or to good. \" children are even as the branch that is fresh and green, \" say the baha ' i sacred writings. \" they will grow up in whatever way we train them. \" 3 accordingly, baha ' is understand that when they are raised in the loving atmosphere of a unified family and are provided with parental models for honesty, truthfulness, obedience, respect and unselfishness, children will indeed grow spiritually and gravitate towards good behavior. moral and spiritual education baha ' i communities, and not just parents, also devote considerable effort to the education of children, and especially to their moral and spiritual education. \" the education and training of children is among the most meritorious acts of humankind, \" say the baha ' i sacred writings, \" for education is the indispensable foundation of all human excellence and alloweth man to work his way to the heights of abiding glory... \" 4 classes for children on moral and spiritual values are a common feature of baha ' i community life, and many baha ' i communities have established public preschools as a service to the community at large. in fiji, for example, a baha ' i kindergarten at lomatvunu has become a model institution for the country. likewise in swaziland, baha ' i preschools established in a half a dozen cities in that small southern african kingdom have been widely recognized and commended ; the government has even worked closely with baha ' i teachers in developing its national curriculum for early education. a progessive model to summarize, baha ' u ' llah ' s teachings about the family contribute to the creation of a distinctive home life for baha ' is. while baha ' i is traditional in its emphasis on chastity before wedlock, faithfulness within marriage, and the abhorrence of divorce, baha ' i family life is at the same time progressive because of teachings that promote equality between the sexes, full and frank consultation on family problems and new educational models for child rearing. the recognition of humanity ' s spiritual reality translates into a respect for all members of the family as individuals, while at the same time engendering a warm and loving sense of unity and security within the family unit. the result is a model for modern, integrated families that offer to the individual a safe haven from the world at large, while at the same", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5208384096086953, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.013398"} {"text": "while at the same time engendering a warm and loving sense of unity and security within the family unit. the result is a model for modern, integrated families that offer to the individual a safe haven from the world at large, while at the same time promoting his or her spiritual, intellectual and emotional growth. brad pokorny, a journalist and writer, formerly of the boston globe, is currently writing on issues of sustainable development. he has traveled to many countries, visiting baha ' i communities around the world. his forthcoming book, a journey through the baha ' i world, is to be published by one world publishing in oxford, england. notes : 1. baha ' u ' llah, baha ' i prayers ( illinois : baha ' i publishing trust, 1954 ), 105 ; 2. ' abdu ' l - baha, selections from the writings of ' abdu ' l - baha, ( chatham, england : w & j mackay limited, 1978 ), 122 ; 3. ' abdu ' l - baha, ibid, 136 ; 4. ' abdu ' l - baha, ibid., 129 selected bibliography : baha ' u ' llah. baha ' i prayers. wilmette, illinois : baha ' i publishing trust, 1954 ; baha ' u ' llah. gleanings from the writings of baha ' u ' llah. wilmette, illinois : baha ' i publishing trust of the usa ; baha ' u ' llah. the hidden words. london : nightingale books ; ' abdu ' l - baha. selections from the writings of ' abdu ' l - baha. chatham, england : w & j mackay limited, 1978 ; selections from the writings of the bab. baha ' i publications ; effendi, shoghi. god passes by. wilmette, illinois : baha ' i publishing trust of the usa ; hatcher, william s. and martin, j. douglas. the baha ' i faith : the emerging global religion. san francisco : harper & row. ; baha ' i marriage and family life. ontario : baha ' i canada publications ; the promise of world peace. oxford, england : the universal house of justice, one world publications.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5240699035699181, "token_count": 449, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.014816"} {"text": "the european union has decided on a roadmap to phase out fossil fuels subsidies in the new climate agreement, to be readied by 2015 in qatar, where water costs more than a litre of petrol. it is ironic that qatar, which has the world \u2019 s highest per capita carbon emission, is not a signatory to the cancun pledges for reducing emissions and give huge fossil fuel subsidies, happens to be hosting the conference of around 200 countries. it was in this context that eu climate commissioner connie hedegaard wanted the inclusion of a plan to phase out first subsidies and then fossil fuels, the biggest contributor to climate change, in the new agreement \u2014 to be framed by an ad - hoc committee on the durban platform. india and china, which oppose the plan, claim it is not feasible unless richer countries give a financial commitment on the phase - out plan in the developing world. india, china, brazil and south africa made it clear on tuesday that they will not agree on a discussion about key emerging sectors \u2014 upscale use of renewable energy sources, efficiency in domestic transport and production methods, low carbon economy and controlling farm emissions \u2014 without a specific commitment on the provision of funds till 2020. the issue came up when the group of island nations proposed a specific agenda of items to be discussed under the durban platform from next year. the proposal also said that the countries would have to make their submissions by march 15, 2013. the union cabinet did not give india \u2019 s climate negotiating team the mandate to finalise agenda items, and only agreed on a plan to decide the items for the agenda in the coming year.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48678851779109744, "token_count": 324, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.016683"} {"text": "the american presence in europe was a consequence of world war ii. when the fighting in europe ended in may 1945, some 2. 6 million u. s. troops occupied much of western europe, including the former axis territories of italy, the federal republic of germany ( frg, west germany ), and part of austria. although american military planners had foreseen the need for a limited occupation, they had not anticipated the antagonisms that would develop into the cold war with the soviet union, nor had they envisioned that u. s. forces would assume a role far beyond that of short - term occupation and constabulary duties or that these troops would still be in europe more than a half century after the end of the war. after may 1945, the united states removed significant numbers of men from the continent for the anticipated allied invasion of japan. following the japanese surrender that august and given the worsening of relations between the western powers and the soviet union, the united states redeployed considerable military assets to europe, including b - 29 strategic bombers and naval units. a year after the end of the war, u. s. forces in europe numbered some 278, 000 men. the first major european crisis faced by american forces in europe came with the soviet imposition of a blockade of west berlin in june 1948. rather than risk a shooting confrontation with the soviets, u. s. president harry s. truman decided to airlift supplies into the city. when the soviets raised their blockade and the airlift ended in september 1949, some 2. 3 million tons of supplies had been delivered, and the west had registered a significant victory. that same year, the north atlantic treaty organization ( nato ) came into existence. in june 1950 the korean war ( 1950 \u2013 1953 ) began, imposing a severe strain on already - stretched u. s. resources. the truman administration made the political calculation that it could not afford to maintain as large a presence in europe as its allies would have preferred, although in december 1950 president truman pledged to send four additional divisions to europe to bolster nato defenses. that deployment began the next year. at the same time, truman named general of the army dwight d. eisenhower as nato ' s first supreme allied commander europe ( saceur ), a post he took up in january 1951. part of the american solution to defend europe with reduced strength was president eisenhower ' s new look defense posture. this policy, also known as \" more bang for a buck, \" was opposed by general of the army omar bradley, chairman of the joint chiefs", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43460080179263794, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.027008"} {"text": "part of the american solution to defend europe with reduced strength was president eisenhower ' s new look defense posture. this policy, also known as \" more bang for a buck, \" was opposed by general of the army omar bradley, chairman of the joint chiefs of staff. it placed greater reliance on nuclear weapons in the event of war with the soviets. beginning in 1955, nuclear weapons were stored in germany, britain, italy, and turkey. ten years later these weapons numbered slightly more than 7, 000 warheads. that number would remain constant until 1979, when it began to decline ; by 1986 about 4, 500 remained. following the korean war, washington demonstrated the primacy of europe in its military policy. u. s. troop strength increased so that by 1955, the american commitment stood at 356, 800 men, a dramatic difference from the low of 80, 000 troops deployed there in 1950. in the early 1960s, flexible response replaced the new look. flexible response held that the deployment of a larger number of ground troops would permit more options in the decision - making process before the employment of nuclear weapons. one consequence of this policy was that until 1968, troop levels never went below 300, 000 personnel. the late 1960s saw substantial changes in the american military presence in europe and in european attitudes toward the americans. the war in vietnam became the first priority. by 1968, with troop levels in europe at 268, 000 personnel, below - strength units endured maintenance and supply problems, low morale, heavy drug use, and racial conflict. at the same time, the crime rate, especially violent crimes against local civilians, increased dramatically. during this time, changes in the u. s. economic situation became apparent. the value of the dollar declined vis - a - vis many local currencies. the standard of living and contributions to the local economy were declining, and many soldiers and their dependents lived in near poverty. in addition, organized opposition from peace activists protesting the deployment of nuclear weapons as well as terrorist bombings of military facilities seemed to demonstrate that americans were not as welcome as had once been the case. in the 1980s, the deployment of pershing ii missiles and cruise missiles led to increased hostility toward the american military presence on the part of many west europeans. although nuclear weapons had been in europe for almost thirty years and pershing missiles had been deployed since 1965, deployment of the improved pershing iis in the early 1980s proved controversial. the government of west germany, however, approved deployment of pershing missiles in 1983. before the year ' s end,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.482738862109503, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.028108"} {"text": "years and pershing missiles had been deployed since 1965, deployment of the improved pershing iis in the early 1980s proved controversial. the government of west germany, however, approved deployment of pershing missiles in 1983. before the year ' s end, the first units were declared combat - ready. the number of pershing iis, all positioned in germany, reached a maximum of 118 until 1990, when their mission was considered completed. the pershing missiles were not the only source of controversy, as the united states also stationed cruise missiles in west germany, the united kingdom, italy, and belgium. these deployments were vocally opposed by a number of people in the localities of the deployments. military dependents were an important part of the american presence, whether they lived on base or off the economy. in the mid - 1980s, half of the approximately 326, 000 u. s. military personnel in europe had dependents there. while there were many benefits to families being located with the military, there were also problems. not the least of these were concerns over the evacuation of military dependents in the event of a warsaw pact invasion. u. s. military strength did not match that of the warsaw pact or even its soviet elements. in the mid - 1970s, americans fielded 9, 000 tanks against the soviets ' 40, 000, 22, 000 armored vehicles against 40, 000, and 6, 000 artillery pieces as opposed to 18, 000 soviet guns. the one area of american quantitative superiority was in tactical helicopters : 9, 000 american attack helicopters to 2, 000 for the soviets. in the areas of tactical attack airplanes, the united states maintained in europe only some 300 ( about 15 percent of the nato total ). these faced more than 7, 200 warsaw pact airplanes. in the same time frame, the disparity in manpower was even more stark. to oppose the total american force of more than 300, 000 personnel, the soviets deployed 825, 000 men in east germany, czechoslovakia, poland, and hungary. this was in addition to 425, 000 indigenous soldiers from those countries. it was for that reason that nuclear weapons early on became and remained an integral part of american strategy during the cold war. robert n. stacy duke, simon w., and wolfgang krieger, eds. u. s. military forces in europe : the early years, 1945 \u2013 1970. boulder, co : westview, 1993. ; isby, david c., and charles kamps, jr. armies of nato ' s central front", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40709025466274357, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.029428"} {"text": "tropical waves characteristics interval / period of 3 - 4 days between waves - lasting from one week to several weeks - propagating at 10 - 15 kt wavelength of 2, 000 - 2, 500 km extend vertically between sfc - 5km a westward traveling tropical wave manifests quite well on the lower atmosphere. in the absence of satellite imagery, raobs, ship synoptic and surface observations are the best tools for finding these perturbations. knowledge of climatology across the region is key for tropical wave detection, as shifts on the prevailing wind flow will be the first clue of an approaching tropical wave. over the eastern caribbean, the prevailing easterlies will take a more ne component as a tropical wave approaches. as the wave axis moves over the area the easterlies will return, but as it passes the winds will take an ese component. over the southeastern caribbean the tropical waves are harder to find, as their circulation tends to be masked by the itcz anchoring low over the gulf of panama. over panama - costa rica the flow during the wet season has a ne component, except when a tropical wave moves west across the region inducing an ese rotation of the mean flow. strong waves can then draw the itcz north across panama / costa rica into the southern caribbean.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46928428300685343, "token_count": 260, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.032653"} {"text": "this is the second presentation this year from clinical nutritionist sotiria everett and part 2 of our nutrition and lupus series. in this presentation, ms. everett focuses more specifically on the heart and renal ( kidney ) disease as these relate to nutritional considerations for people with lupus. ( see part 1 for a more general overview of nutrition and its importance for people with lupus. ) ms. everett began her presentation by discussing some important general facts about heart disease. heart disease is still the leading cause of death in the united states. heart disease is a slow and silent process. often patients will not feel any symptoms, so it is important to be aware of the risk factors that are at play. factors such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, tobacco use, diabetes, physical inactivity, and poor nutrition can put people with lupus at an even greater risk for heart disease, or for worsening symptoms. it is important to understand that there are a lot of \u201c little \u201d things you can do to help reduce your risk. ms. everett next highlighted some of the important issues that relate to lupus and heart disease : all of these risk factors are important to be aware of. there is still much you can do to limit or lessen your risk from future disease. ms. everett highlighted that although we are unable to change risk factors like our genetics, gender, and age, there is still much we can do to lessen our risk. some techniques that ms. everett discussed included controlling risk factors of heart disease by increasing physical activity, going to physical therapy, practicing healthy eating habits, seeking out a nutritionist, joining a smoking cessation program if you are a smoker, controlling your weight, and so on. it is very important that you keep in close contact with your doctor in order to control and monitor lupus and the medicines you take. ms. everett describes these all as therapeutic lifestyle changes, and not a diet or something you will do once in a while. to maintain a healthy weight, it is important to know approximately how many calories you need to eat each day. ms. everett discussed that men require about 2200 - 2400 per day, whereas women require about 1800 - 2000 calories per day. try and exercise for at least 30 minutes daily to help maintain your weight. it is important to reduce abdominal obesity where waist circumference for men should be below 40 inches and, for women, below 35 inches. it is also important to maintain your body mass index ( bmi", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4676699093043357, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.048551"} {"text": "minutes daily to help maintain your weight. it is important to reduce abdominal obesity where waist circumference for men should be below 40 inches and, for women, below 35 inches. it is also important to maintain your body mass index ( bmi ) below 25. next, ms. everett discussed in greater detail some of the important foods and nutrients that are important to lessen the risk of heart disease : omega - 3 fatty acids, soy protein, and fiber. a number of studies have shown that omega - 3 fatty acids, particularly epa and dha, can contribute to heart health. omega - 3 \u2019 s consist of alpha linolenic acid ( ala ), docosahexaenoic acid ( dpa ), and eicosapentaenoic acid ( epa ). food sources of omega - 3 \u2019 s include the following : there are many ways to boost your omega - 3 intake, including : fish oil supplements : if you have heart disease, the american heart association recommends one gram of omega - 3 fatty acids from dha and eps per day. talk to your doctor before taking fish oil supplements to determine if they are right for you. soy protein is a low - fat protein alternative for meat and cheese. some studies indicate that soy protein may also help reduce cholesterol. further research is needed. fiber has been shown to help with weight control and blood sugar levels. aim to eat at least 25 grams of soluble and insoluble fiber daily. ways to boost your fiber intake : here is an example of the difference between a low fiber and a high fiber breakfast : ms. everett next discusses some key techniques that can help one in making positive lifestyle changes. in order to help you to begin to maintain your own healthy diet at home, ms. everett next provided some useful recipe substitutes to try and incorporate into your diet : tips : instead of two slices of pepperoni pizza and an eight oz. coca - cola, which equals 14 grams of fat, 780 calories, 753 mg of sodium, and 75 mg of cholesterol, choose a roasted turkey sandwich on wheat bread with two teaspoons of light mayo, lettuce & tomato, along with a low calorie iced tea and one apple, equaling three grams of fat, 580 calories, 440 mg of sodium, and 28 mg of cholesterol. next, ms. everett reviewed some important facts about kidney disease and some essential dietary recommendations for people with lupus. lupus nephritis is a form of kidney", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46729727215816025, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.051573"} {"text": "calories, 440 mg of sodium, and 28 mg of cholesterol. next, ms. everett reviewed some important facts about kidney disease and some essential dietary recommendations for people with lupus. lupus nephritis is a form of kidney disease that affects people with lupus. lupus nephritis is inflammation of the kidneys in which tiny filters in the kidneys are damaged, resulting in a loss of kidney function. retention of fluids causes weight gain and swelling and puffiness in the legs, ankles, and / or fingers. lupus nephritis may be treated with corticosteroids or immunosuppressive agents. the dietary recommendations are very similar to those suggested for heart disease. ms. everett highlighted that patients should follow a heart healthy diet by keeping salt intake low and, depending on your blood work, cutting back on protein foods and avoid high potassium foods. this is very important to check with your doctor. your doctor may advise you to limit the amount of protein in your diet. since you would need to eat a smaller amount of protein, choose heart - healthy protein foods like fish, chicken breast, lean red meats, egg whites, low fat soy products, and low fat dairy products as your main protein sources. limit servings of milk, yogurt, cheese, dried beans and peas, nuts and seeds, peanut butter, and some soy products, which are high in both protein and phosphorus. phosphorus is a mineral that builds up in the blood as kidney failure progresses. if your doctor tells you to limit high potassium foods, these foods include avocados, bananas, cantaloupe, dried fruits, honeydew, kiwi, mangos, artichoke, dried beans & peas, pumpkin, potatoes, french fries, spinach ( cooked ), oranges & orange juice, papaya, prune juice, milk, yogurt, ice cream, chocolate, molasses, salt substitute, seeds and nuts, sweet potatoes, tomatoes, tomato sauce, vegetable juice, and winter squash. try to eat lower potassium foods such as apples, berries, grapes, lemons, peaches, canned pears, pineapple, plums, watermelon, vegetables carrots, cabbage, cauliflower, cucumber, eggplant, green beans, lettuce, onion, summer squash, sweet peppers, dairy substitutes ( nondairy creamers, rice milk [ unenriched ] ), sorbet or popsicles,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44248815170301403, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.056744"} {"text": ", cucumber, eggplant, green beans, lettuce, onion, summer squash, sweet peppers, dairy substitutes ( nondairy creamers, rice milk [ unenriched ] ), sorbet or popsicles, nondairy whipped topping, popcorn ( unsalted ), pretzels ( unsalted ) and red licorice. remember to watch your portions of these foods. the bigger the portion, the more potassium that is consumed. some other risk factors that can affect people with lupus are diabetes and osteoporosis. to lessen your risk for diabetes, be sure to limit sugary foods and watch your portions of carbohydrates, i. e., fruits, starches, milk / yogurt, desserts, and breads / grains. it is important to keep your heart healthy and to stay active. to lessen your risk for osteoporosis, be sure to stay active, maintain a healthy weight, stop smoking if you currently are, and get enough calcium and vitamin d. ms. everett summarized her presentation by sharing some key points that people with lupus should follow in order to maintain and also lessen their risk for developing future disease. ms. everett concluded by speaking briefly about the nutrition services at hospital for special surgery. she highlighted that meeting with a nutritionist can be effective if you are interested in a one - on - one consultation about your diet. for more information on a nutrition consultation at hss, please call 212 - 774 - 7638 or 212 - 606 - 1293. the division of rheumatology at hss has also launched a cardiovascular disease ( cvd ) prevention counseling program for hss patients with systemic lupus erythematosus ( sle ) and / or positive antiphospholipid antibodies ( apl ). this free - of - charge program, which is partially supported by the new york community trust and partially by hss, will provide a basic assessment and education of the cvd risk factors in patients who participate in counseling. learn more about the hss sle workshop, a free support and education group held monthly for people with lupus and their families and friends. see separate summary for part 1 : nutrition and lupus part 1 : ways to maintain a healthy diet. summary written by christie carlstrom, sle workshop coordinator and social work intern at hss.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4481549005051716, "token_count": 495, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.059404"} {"text": "the mars rover curiosity has photographed a partial eclipse on mars. the $ 2bn craft landed on the red planet in july and is currently engaged on its two - year mission to search for signs of life on earth ' s nearest neighbour. it is currently driving about 100 feet per day, from its landing site to a location galled glenelg where it will begin its first serious experiments. but in the meantime the rover has also found time to take previously unseen photographs of mars and the skies above it. one of its recent photos captured the moment mars ' small, asteroid - sized moon phobos passed in front of the sun. the transit of phobos saw it obscure about 5 % of the sun on 13 september. observing it allows nasa ' s scientists to learn about mars ' internal structure, because the moon ' s orbit causes small changes to the shape of the planet which can be observed through changes in the moon ' s orbit, and observed. nasa explained on its website : \" mars has two small, asteroid - sized moons named phobos and deimos. from the point of view of the rover, located near the equator of mars, these moons occasionally pass in front of, or \" transit, \" the disk of the sun. these transit events are the martian equivalent of partial solar eclipses on earth because the outline of the moons does not completely cover the sun ( in contrast, earth ' s moon does block the entire sun during a total solar eclipse ). \" meanwhile the curiosity rover is about to begin investigating a strange, football - sized rock which nasa said will help configure its instruments.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4520091150568768, "token_count": 326, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.064339"} {"text": "there was a time when corpulence was a sign of wealth and luxury. but in modern - day western countries, quite the opposite is true. in fact, a recent study found that fully one third of homeless people living in boston are obese. \" this study suggests that obesity may be the new malnutrition of the homeless in the united states, \" wrote the researchers, led by harvard medical school student katherine koh, whose study is forthcoming in the journal of urban health. and it ' s not just the u. s. that is reporting these kinds of findings. a new zealand study of preschoolers found that 82 percent did not get enough dietary fiber and 68 percent did not have enough long - chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are found in fish and nuts. despite these nutritional deficiencies, the researchers also found that fully one - third of preschoolers are overweight or obese. these findings highlight an interesting contradiction - - obesity correlates with malnourishment. research indicates that lack of proper nutrition - - even when people over - consume calories - - is at the root of obesity. part of the reason this seems contradictory is because nutrition science has long held that all calories are created equal and that with the right amount of caloric intake, it would be difficult to also be malnourished. coincidentally, this is also what the food industry would have us believe. in a recent interview in usatoday, katie bayne, president and general manager at coca - cola, said in response to mayor michael bloomberg ' s proposed ban on large size sugary drinks : \" a calorie is a calorie. what our drinks offer is hydration. that ' s essential to the human body. we offer great taste and benefits whether it ' s an uplift or carbohydrates or energy. we don ' t believe in empty calories. we believe in hydration. \" i asked senior research scientist at mit and author of several papers on the subject, stephanie seneff, for a response to bayne ' s comments. \" i hate this calorie is a calorie message, \" seneff said in a telephone interview. \" it ' s completely wrong. when you eat a high carbohydrate diet, especially a processed foods diet, you ' re getting way too much fuel compared to all those other things you need. and this imbalance is what leads to the obesity profile. \" for comparison ' s sake,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4474879325632545, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.072582"} {"text": "high carbohydrate diet, especially a processed foods diet, you ' re getting way too much fuel compared to all those other things you need. and this imbalance is what leads to the obesity profile. \" for comparison ' s sake, eight ounces of milk provides about 150 calories, along with calcium, magnesium, vitamins a and d, protein, fatty acids, and many other nutrients ( largely dependent on what the cows ate and the quality of the milk with organic and grass - fed being the most nutritious ). an eight - ounce can of coke with 100 calories provides virtually no nutrients ( the label reads : not a significant source of fat calories, saturated fat, trans fat, cholesterol, fiber, vitamin a, vitamin c, calcium and iron ), but it does contain 27 grams of sugar in the form of high fructose corn syrup ( hfcs ). seneff said that she blames the soda industry in particular because this is where children are consuming large amounts of sugar. \" if we did just one simple thing and had school children switch from drinking coke to drinking whole milk this would have a huge difference, \" she said. unfortunately, this will never be simple in part because the american beverage association lobbies hard to prevent any type of regulation for soda or for marketing it to children. in addition, the usda ' s myplate recommends low - fat and fat - free milks, which is what ' s served in school cafeterias across the country. seneff emphasized the importance of whole milk versus low - fat and fat - free milk because she believes the emphasis on low - fat foods in the american diet is largely responsible for our obesity epidemic, among other illnesses. \" children in particular need the fat desperately to develop their brains, \" she said. \" and this is why we have adhd and autism. i think these problems are very much a consequence of our obsession with a low - fat diet. \" but it ' s not just brains that suffer as a result of our low - fat diet, seneff says, and she is not the first to attribute our low - fat diet to our increasing obesity rates. the science writer gary taubes has been saying so for more than a decade. the stigma against fats, particularly saturated fats, appears to be waning ( i wrote about this last year here ). seneff believes the major factors contributing to obesity are a deficiency in consuming fats, particularly animal fats and all of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4305691333297029, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.073571"} {"text": "stigma against fats, particularly saturated fats, appears to be waning ( i wrote about this last year here ). seneff believes the major factors contributing to obesity are a deficiency in consuming fats, particularly animal fats and all of the nutrients that come with those fats ; our overly - processed food diet ( and specifically our consumption of hfcs ) ; and our lack of exposure to sunlight. what ' s more, according to her research, all three of these components amount to the perfect storm of metabolic dysfunction. carbohydrates and sugars in our diets compound the problem of our cell ' s inability to digest and regulate the amount of sugar in our blood. \" the key problem is the highly processed foods americans eat, which have enormous amounts of carbohydrates, and carbohydrates that are already partially digested so that they move into the blood very quickly as sugar, \" seneff said. seneff is working on a new theory that isolates one nutrient deficiency in particular that manifests as a result of the standard american diet. \" in my studies, sulfate deficiency is everywhere, \" she said. she believes this is at the root of many modern diseases as well as obesity. where is sulfur found? in foods that are also high in cholesterol, like animal proteins and fish. certain vegetables, like broccoli, cauliflower, garlic, and onions, are also high in sulfate but as seneff points out, these are often deficient in sulfate and other nutrients as a result of poor soil management and degradation of soil quality. finally, seneff is concerned with our lack of exposure to sunlight, which coincidentally also produces cholesterol sulfate in our bodies. \" it ' s specifically a deficiency in sunlight exposure to the skin, which is much more than just taking a vitamin d supplement, \" she said. \" cholesterol sulfate and vitamin d sulfate are both synthesized in the skin in exposure to sunlight, which is a wonderful way to deliver sulfate and cholesterol to all the tissues. really, most americans suffer from a cholesterol deficiency problem rather than a cholesterol excess problem but it ' s demonized everywhere and it ' s the exact wrong message. \" another widely disseminated message from the food industry - - it ' s all about personal responsibility - - appears rather faulty when we look at the findings from the study of obese preschoolers. taylor, the lead researcher in the study, said that regulation had to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44026641863047405, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.074517"} {"text": "##sseminated message from the food industry - - it ' s all about personal responsibility - - appears rather faulty when we look at the findings from the study of obese preschoolers. taylor, the lead researcher in the study, said that regulation had to be part of the answer. \" there hasn ' t been a massive decrease in the willpower of 2 - year - olds, \" she said in a recent article. instead, as the studies have found, it is about the poor quality of highly processed foods. the study of the homeless in boston confirms the fact that one can be food insecure while consuming an abundance of calories that lead to obesity. in fact, the term food insecure was coined to indicate that many people now experience access to plenty of calories but a dearth in real nutrition. if these two studies and seneff ' s new research are any indication, it may not be long before the food industry will be proven wrong : all calories are not created equal, nor is it all about personal responsibility. until then, pressuring big food to properly regulate and label foods might be the only way to curb our nation ' s addiction to cheap, nutritionally void products. but time is of the essence - - by current estimates one in three americans will be diabetic by 2050 if things don ' t drastically change. a version of this post appeared on civil eats follow kristin wartman on twitter : www. twitter. com / kristinwartman", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45387195501237726, "token_count": 301, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.075065"} {"text": "ive spent many years troubleshooting equipment, along with investigative research. in research - statistical design, data analysis is frequently used when test information is available. this article shows how very basic data analysis can be quite useful in troubleshooting. most specialists are knowledgeable about plotting histograms and the value obtainable from such graphs as represented by the distribution of collected data. remember : when looking for an answer, a good place to start is to follow the data. in this case history, we will review a production line that machines a precision groove in a casting bore for automotive use. hundreds of thousands of casting bores are machined annually, and the groove out of roundness must be maintained within \u00b1 0. 003 in. on the diameter since a seal fits within the groove. fig. 1 shows one of the many clamping fixtures on the production line, which holds the casting for machining. to analyze clamping forces for this application, a load cell was designed to replace the part in the assembly and measure the clamping force. the load cell was moved from fixture to fixture. periodically, a casting would be machined out of round. it was believed that the fixtures might be clamping too tightly or too loosely, thus causing the rejects. fig. 1. clamping fixture assembly. the fixture is designed so that, when torque is applied via a hydraulic motor, as shown in fig. 1, the part is clamped into place by screw action. a force, f, clamps the part securely in place. with too much clamping force, the part can distort and squeezed into an oval shape. when the grooving tool makes the groove, it is a true circle. when the part is squeezed too much, it becomes distorted when unclamped. result : the part is rejected. a known torque of 300 in. - lb was applied to each fixture, and the force measured on 215 fixtures. fig. 2 shows the distribution of the measured parts quality from this study. a statistical analysis of the data determines the interaction of the many variables ; however, one observation is obvious from fig. 2the clamping force varies too much from fixture to fixture. since the force is directly related to the out of round of the groove, this condition directly contributed to the reject rate. the machining operation is designed for a 2, 000 - lb to 3, 000 - lb clamping force. fig. 2. clamping force distribution results on root", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5579546937300391, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.078361"} {"text": "round of the groove, this condition directly contributed to the reject rate. the machining operation is designed for a 2, 000 - lb to 3, 000 - lb clamping force. fig. 2. clamping force distribution results on root cause and solution other causes contributed to the rejection rate and poor quality of the parts. but the worn - out fixtures and poor calibration of the torque motors were the leading factors of poor quality and low production. making those needed repairs reduced the reject rate by 70 %. obviously, these manufacturing operations are not directly applicable to the hydrocarbon processing industry. however, specialists should understand that even basic plotting of data can provide valuable troubleshooting information. in this case, spread of the data represents a deviation from the norm. the troubleshooting process should then question what has caused such a spread. in case 72 : statistical visual data can be useful in troubleshootingpart 2, the example investigates how a simple analytical model could have been applied before any data is collected. this example illustrates the effect of friction and torque on the clamping force. hp dr. tony sofronas, p. e., was worldwide lead mechanical engineer for exxonmobil chemicals before retiring. he now owns engineered products, which provides consulting and engineering seminars on machinery and pressure vessels. dr. sofronas has authored two engineering books and numerous technical articles on analytical methods. early in his career, he worked for general electric and bendix, and has extensive knowledge of design and failure analysis for various types of equipment.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5206370417578504, "token_count": 316, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.079007"} {"text": "at feeding time in the california academy of sciences \u2019 vine snake exhibit, one blink and you might miss the action. these pencil - thin snakes hunt fish swimming in the water below, striking with lightning speed. we recently captured a feeding on film and i thought you might be interested in sharing it with your blog readers. a piscivorous arboreal ( fish - eating and tree - dwelling ) snake is extremely rare, and the academy was the first aquarium in the world to display this species, thanks to our ongoing research on the reptiles and amphibians of myanmar. a contingent of academy researchers just returned from myanmar in november, and are gearing up to go again in april 2010 \u2013 this time to the tanintharyi division. here is some more background on that research and how we came to have this unique display : myanmar and its southeast asian neighbors have been designated as one of the world \u2019 s 34 biodiversity hot spots. as such, the country exerts an irresistible pull on academy scientists. over the course of 13 years and 24 expeditions to myanmar ( the most recent of which just returned in november 2009 ), researchers at the california academy of sciences in san francisco have discovered and described 23 new species of reptiles and amphibians, with an additional 50 awaiting formal description. along with data that aid conservation efforts, sometimes scientists come back with other surprises. during a 2000 expedition, the team collected a group of burmese vine snakes ( ahaetulla fronticincta ) \u2014 pencil - thin tree - dwelling snakes that mimic vines \u2014 and brought them back to the academy \u2019 s steinhart aquarium with the goal of displaying them for the public. so little was known about these snakes that when they first arrived, aquarium biologists were unsure what or how to feed them. as an experiment, they introduced guppies into the snakes \u2019 holding tank. the snakes immediately took notice, slithering into position with gazes fixed on the water. when an unsuspecting guppy swam to within striking distance \u2014 bam! one of the snakes flung its head into the water and grabbed the prey in a single, blink - and - you \u2019 ll - miss - it motion. the biologists had figured out how to feed them. to date, the academy is the only aquarium in the world to have this species on display. visitors to the academy can find the snakes in the water planet exhibit. the academy research team plans to return to the tanintharyi division of myanmar in april 2010. as they continue to find and document species in this southeast", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44316035719926755, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.081831"} {"text": "icme conferences are the largest international meetings in mathematics education with sessions related to the entire set of activities in the field. the congress attracted over 2000 mathematics educators from the international community. plenary sessions, major lectures, topic study groups, discussion groups, country showcases, and special sessions were organized to capture the breadth and depth of mathematics education across the world. the national science foundation funded 53 awardees to take part in the congress. the awardees were selected from a pool of over 600 mathematicians, university mathematics educators, and educators from k - 12 schools by a steering committee consisting of representatives from the national council of teachers of mathematics, american mathematical association of two year colleges, mathematical association of america, american mathematical society, united states national commission on mathematics instruction, and two members at large. each steering committee member chaired a particular theme group related to issues currently significant in the united states landscape of mathematics education. the awardees selected a particular theme group and as a group designed their participation at the congress partly around events and / or sessions related to their theme. the groups met several times during the congress to discuss what they were learning and implications for education in the united states. the themes were \u2022 professional development \u2022 relation between research and practice \u2022 reasoning, proof, and proving \u2022 shaping mathematics education through testing \u2022 information and communication technology \u2022 applications and the mathematics curriculum \u2022 representation and its role in mathematics \u2022 preservice education. awardees were charged with writing a description of their experience at the congress to reflect their perception of the congress as a whole and / or as it related to the particular theme the awardee was following throughout the congress. these papers are grouped according to the themes with a summary paper for that theme. photos from a icme - 10. new sponsors of mathematical internet project \" icme - 10 \" : danmarksautomaten. important and useful paid commercial information by local and foreign companies : dating dk k\u00f8benhavn dating copenhagen dating... general partners of our web - project : mathematics speaks foundation, first mathematical radio, wcsy.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5304618478613794, "token_count": 415, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.084191"} {"text": "inlays and onlays are indirect dental restorations that reinforce an existing tooth that is too damaged to support a filling, but not damaged enough to require a crown. an inlay is placed on the chewing surface between the cusps of the tooth. it is an intracoronal preparation. whereas an onlay is an indirect restoration which is partly intracoronal and partly extra coronal that covers all cusps of posterior teeth. the main advantage of inlays and onlays is that the tooth structure is saved and it is more economical as compared to the crowns. the dental office time and the numbers of visits required to dentist office are also less. the composite inlays take less time and are more economical than the ceramic inlays and onlays but the ceramic inlays and onlays are more durable as they are stronger than the composite inlays. both the inlays and onlays are esthetic restorations which can replace the metallic restorations. various materials can be used for preparing inlays and onlays. these can be a gold inlay is indicated when there is extensive caries affecting the tooth that a satisfactory restoration cannot be fabricated using silver amalgam. specific indications are : 1. when the cavity width does not exceed 1 / 3rd the intercuspal distance. 2. in case of extensive proximal caries involving the buccal and lingual line angles of the tooth. 3. in situations where the proximal margins are extending subgingivally. this is because well polished gold alloys are compatible with the periodontium. 4. whenever there is need to establish ideal contact, contours and embrasures. the mesiodistal dimension of cast gold inlays can be extended to establish good contact. 5. in a grossly carious tooth where one or more but not all cusps need coverage. 6. in patients with good oral hygiene and low caries incidence. 7. when there are other gold castings present in the mouth. contraindications for gold inlays 1. gold inlays are used as an abutment for a fixed or a removable prosthesis. in these situations the gold inlays are not strong enough retainer. 2. they are contraindicated in post endodontic restorations as they can wedge and fracture the remaining tooth structure. 3. in young permanent tooth gold inlays are avoided as there are increased chances of iatrogenic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4664045746813581, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.088720"} {"text": "enough retainer. 2. they are contraindicated in post endodontic restorations as they can wedge and fracture the remaining tooth structure. 3. in young permanent tooth gold inlays are avoided as there are increased chances of iatrogenic pulp exposure. 4. in patients with high plaque and caries incidence. gold inlays should be avoided as there may be a greater tendency for recurrent caries. 5. when the adjacent or opposing teeth have dissimilar metallic restorations cast gold inlays should be avoided in order to prevent galvanism. 6. when cost is major factor for the patient, gold inlays are not indicated. 7. gold inlays are not preferred in case of grossly destroyed teeth with weak cusps. tooth coloured inlays and onlays tooth colored inlays and onlays have certain advantage over direct resin composite and bonded ceramic restorations. these advantages are : can be fabricated intraorally or on a cast. highly successful in larger restorations. have many materials and techniques. various tooth colored materials are given as under composite resin inlays and onlays compared with direct composite resin restoration contours and contacts can be developed outside of the mouth. if contact is inadequate, it can be easily corrected prior to cementation. polymerization shrinkage should be less because they are polymerized before cementation. less micro leakage. greater strength and hardness. less post - operative sensitivity. compared with ceramic less abrasive to opposing tooth structure. advantages of composite inlays : better control of the contact areas. excellent marginal adaptation. reduced or no laboratory fee if done in office. ready reparability of material intraorally. compensation for complete polymerization shrinkage by curing the material outside the mouth. increased composite resin strength because of the heat curing process. disadvantage of composite inlays 1. wear faster. 2. less stable. 3. higher cost time. 4. difficult to modify extrinsic color chair side. 5. more tooth reduction to create path of insertion. indication of composite inlay replacement of large amalgam restorations. replacement of direct resin composite restorations in premolar and molar. contraindication of composite inlay heavy occlusal forces. inability to maintain dry operative field. deep subgingival preparations. porcelain inlay and onlay 1. highly esthetic. 2. acceptable marginal fit. 3. conservation of tooth structure. 4. less occlusal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4560522438715531, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.091328"} {"text": "##lusal forces. inability to maintain dry operative field. deep subgingival preparations. porcelain inlay and onlay 1. highly esthetic. 2. acceptable marginal fit. 3. conservation of tooth structure. 4. less occlusal wear. 5. highly technique sensitive. 6. low thermal conductivity. 7. low coefficient of thermal expansion. 1. high cost. 2. need for special and laboratory equipment. 3. fabrication and cementation processes are highly technique sensitive. 4. ceramic inlays are brittle and can fracture during try in or cementation. 5. the increased hardness of ceramics can wear the opposing teeth. 1. high esthetic demands. 2. replace moderate to large existing restoration. 3. fractured tooth / restoration. 4. moderate to large primary caries. 5. patients with good oral hygiene. 6. when there is no excessive attrition. 7. where access and isolation are easy. 8. when there is no excessive undercuts in the preparation. 1. unable to isolate the field. 2. parafunctional habits like clenching, bruxism, excessive wear. 3. patients with poor oral hygiene. 4. in case with minimal tooth loss. 5. when there is inadequate enamel left for bonding. 6. when there are marked undercuts in the cavity preparation. cost of porcelain inlays and onlays the cost of porcelain inlays and onlays varies from dentist to dentist depending upon place, qualification, training and experience and the expense of the dental laboratory where is it prepared from impressions taken by dentist. however, inlays and onlays cost between $ 600 and $ 1, 200, with an average cost of $ 900.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4610169747823401, "token_count": 352, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.092182"} {"text": "how to eliminate the tendency to set mental limits the sky is the limit. you can accomplish anything you set your mind to. what thoughts run through your head as you read statements like these? many people tend to think that statements like these are foolish thinking. but isn ' t that the beginning of setting mental limits on what we can accomplish? we tend to think that great accomplishments are things that happen to other people. this is not so. people who think in these terms are limiting their ability to achieve. here are some suggestions on how to eliminate the tendency to set mental limits. actions start with thoughts. other than automatic responses, like breathing, all actions start with out thoughts. so what do we think about all day? it can be very interesting and self - revealing to actually listen to your own thoughts throughout the day. walk around and listen to what you say about people, about life, about the circumstances and situations you find yourself in. do you think positively? do you see yourself as being capable and able to meet challenges and overcome them? do you criticize yourself all day? do you worry about what people are thinking of you? it can be very self - revealing to understand what we think about ourselves. if we find that we don ' t like what we think of ourselves and the way we face the world, then we need to change our thinking. to eliminate the tendency to set mental limits, we need to change the way we see ourselves. we need to believe that we can accomplish anything we set our minds to. we need to believe that the sky really is the limit. we owe it to ourselves to really explore our own skills and strengths and give ourselves the ability to shine. whatever it is that we want to accomplish, we need to set our minds to it and change our thoughts to reflect our belief that we can do it. we need to stop asking how to eliminate the tendency to set mental limits and change our tendency by changing our thoughts first. once we have altered our thoughts, changing our actions comes next. it is often said that nothing worth achieving ever came easy, and it is probably true. we have to be willing to work hard to accomplish what we want. if a person really wants to change their tendency to set mental limits, they need to bring their actions around to focus on that goal. for example, once a person starts to pay attention to their thinking, maybe they find that they are constantly criticizing or demeaning themselves all day long. maybe they are constantly telling themselves that they are stupid, or ugly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.49304002491197424, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.096455"} {"text": "to focus on that goal. for example, once a person starts to pay attention to their thinking, maybe they find that they are constantly criticizing or demeaning themselves all day long. maybe they are constantly telling themselves that they are stupid, or ugly, or that they can ' t do anything right. being determined to change that pattern of thinking is the first step. the second step is where actions come in. the person needs to take action against negative thought processes. they can decide that every time these negative thoughts come into their minds they will do something. here are a few suggestions about what action a person can take to change thoughts : 1. sing a song to change thought patterns away from self - negativity 2. list 5 accomplishments 3. name 3 talents 4. count 10 reasons why you are worthwhile this is a simple example of the way a person can decide to take action to make changes. these actions really would help a person change their pattern of negative thinking. taking action against unproductive and detrimental thought processes can really help a person eliminate the tendency to set mental limits on their abilities. it really is true that people can accomplish whatever they set their minds to. unfortunately, many people tend to set their sights low. eliminating the tendency to set mental limits can help people accomplish much more. people need to listen to their thoughts and change them to reflect their ability to really reach their goals. after listening to and changing thoughts, people need to change their actions. these two things focused on the same goal can help people understand how to eliminate the tendency to set mental limits.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5271410108047774, "token_count": 319, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.097134"} {"text": "bayer is trying to protect its manufacturing process for a chewable drug delivery dosage form with a us patent application. the us patent filing covers the manufacturing process for a soft chewable product for delivering an api ( active pharmaceutical ingredient ). manufacturing of the dosage form is done without extrusion. \u201c processes for manufacturing the edible soft chews do not require the use of heat or the addition of water during mixing of active and inactive ingredients, provide stable concentrations of the active ingredient, and produce chews of consistent weight and texture \u201d, bayer wrote in a us patent filing. manufacturing the dosage form without using extrusion allows bayer to avoid heat generated when using this process. heat can cause deterioration of the drug \u2019 s stability and lead to api degradation. as such bayer wrote : \u201c preferably, the method would be performed without application of any heat above room temperature to the mixture or formed product. it is also desirable that the chews be susceptible to manufacture without use of costly, pharmaceutical grade water as an ingredient. \u201d the bayer process cuts out the use of water by adding the ingredients to a mixing vessel capable of blending the material and casting it against the side of the container. taking this approach cuts the risk of microbial growth \u2013 and costs \u2013 from the use of pharmaceutical grade water in production. an oil suspension and liquid ingredients, such as softening agents, are added to the dry materials. after blending the mixture is passed, without compression, into a moulding machine. bayer thinks the machine could output more than 50, 000 units per hour. pressing the dosage into this chewable form could increase compliance among people and animals. for humans bayer envisages using sweet flavourings, such as sugars or molasses, to make it more pleasant to take the medicine.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4741318048329349, "token_count": 362, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.100248"} {"text": "communication and culture | business and professional communication c223 | 1136 - 1144 | staff c223 is a course designed to familiarize students with the dynamic and complex relationship between organizations and their surrounding communities and cultures. organizations have been credited with any number of negative developments in society ( e. g. exxon destroying the environment ), as well as a considerable positive advances ( e. g. green peace saving the environment ). emphasizing the student ' s role as a thoughtful producer and consumer of communication, this class will focus on how individuals, organizations, and cultures can be influenced to enhance community life. students in c223 will examine communication behaviors commonly occurring in organizational settings, as well as developing the skills needed for effective communication in diverse organizational contexts. students will study theories of leadership, ethics, culture, learning, persuasion, group dynamics, and civic engagement. cultivating the skills necessary to communicate effectively with diverse audiences will increase students ' awareness of the underlying communication processes ( both verbal and nonverbal ) necessary for organizational success. c223 students will participate in a variety of communication activities, including an informational interview ( playing the role of interviewer ), a group or team presentation that focuses on an organizational or community problem and its solution, and two or more public presentations that involve some form of persuasion or advocacy ( e. g., a speech that advocates the boycotting of some product, company, or policy. ) in addition to oral assignments, students will be asked to develop a set of interviewing questions, to collaboratively develop a team / group agenda, to write a speaking self - critique, and to complete other exams and / or short written projects. finally, effective listening and critical thinking skills are emphasized throughout the course.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47549686302354344, "token_count": 348, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.103605"} {"text": "about us : arts integration theory arts integration is the primary instructional model at innovations high school. watch our arts integration video and visit our arts integration site to learn more about why this innovative way of learning is so successful with innovations students. arts integration model arts integration is an instructional model that pairs an arts discipline with a traditional subject in order to enhance learning in both areas. according to burnaford, aprill, and weiss ( 2001 ), \u201c integration does not occur unless both the art form and the other academic subject ( s ) are taught so the students learn more than if they learned them separately \u201d ( p. 22 ). by integrating the arts, we seek to : 1 ) increase student motivation and attitudes toward learning, 2 ) support learning and increase student success in core academic subjects, and 3 ) organize integrated instruction around \u201c big ideas \u201d that enable students to make meaningful connections between concepts learned in different subject areas. research on arts integration arts integration is an effective instructional model for reaching high school students who are : 1 ) struggling with learning, 2 ) struggling with motivation, and 3 ) at risk of dropping out of high school. a study by demoss and morris ( 2002 ) found that arts - integrated units created intrinsic motivation for learning ; required students to use more complex learning processes such as thinking, judgment, and collaboration ; presented students with \u201c challenges \u201d rather than \u201c barriers \u201d to learning ; and prompted students to pursue learning opportunities outside of class. additionally, students were found to be able to assess their own learning at deeper levels after participating in arts - integrated units ( p. 17 - 20 ). ncrel evaluated classrooms in chicago who were working with chicago arts partnerships in education ( cape ) over a six - year period ( catterall, 1999 ). when compared to schools with similar demographics and comparable test score histories, cape schools outperformed non - cape schools on standardized tests in math and reading. survey data indicated that 86 percent of high school students reported that they enjoyed lessons in the arts because they made learning fun ( p. 51 ). the cape model chicago arts partnerships in education ( cape ) establishes partnerships between teaching artists and schools for the purposes of bringing artists into classrooms to co - teach instructional units with classroom teachers, training classroom teachers in arts integration, and providing professional development that focuses on action research. cape \u2019 s model emphasizes inquiry - based instruction that provides students with meaningful learning activities connected to pre - established \u201c big ideas. \u201d as described by burnaford et al. ( 2001 ), \u201c big ideas \u201d serve as \u201c", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5387071484973726, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.111624"} {"text": "on action research. cape \u2019 s model emphasizes inquiry - based instruction that provides students with meaningful learning activities connected to pre - established \u201c big ideas. \u201d as described by burnaford et al. ( 2001 ), \u201c big ideas \u201d serve as \u201c organizing principles that can help bridge separate curricular areas and reach students in intriguing new ways \u201d ( p. 34 ) and that students in arts - integrated classrooms \u201c participate actively, use their hands as well as their minds, and make connections between what they are learning and what they are living \u201d ( p. 5 ). burnaford, g. e., aprill, a., & weiss, c. ( eds. ). ( 2001 ). renaissance in the classroom : arts integration and meaningful learning. mahwah, nj : lawrence earlbaum associates, 1 - 34. catterall, j. s., & waldorf, l. ( 1999 ). chicago arts partnerships in education summary evaluation. champions of change : the impact of the arts on learning, 47 - 62. demoss, k. & morris, t. ( 2002 ). how arts integration supports student learning : students shed light on the connections. last update : september 20, 2012 \u00a9 2009 innovations high school. all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.575232272313303, "token_count": 257, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.112157"} {"text": "our weekly roundup of the latest news in the world of health. hiv researchers and health officials talked this week at a conference about the challenges of fighting the virus. but they also said there ' s new hope for preventing its spread. new research found that an advanced ct scan may shorten emergency room visits for chest pain. but the test also had drawbacks. the u. s. legal system is struggling against a growing variety of synthetic drugs sometimes called \" bath salts. \" and a study released this week concluded that expanding medicaid to cover more people may save lives. this issue : aids conference hears about hopes and challenges ct shows mixed results for chest pain legal system fights surge in ' bath salts ' study : medicaid expansion may cut death rates in the news : aids conference hears about hopes and challenges world health systems still face challenges to control the spread of hiv. but speakers at a conference this week expressed hope that the next generation could be aids - free. \" there is no excuse scientifically to say we cannot do it, \" said anthony fauci, m. d., of the national institutes of health. the united states pledged an extra $ 150 million to for prevention and treatment in poor countries. secretary of state hillary rodham clinton said one step that can occur by 2015 is to treat pregnant women to make sure no babies are born infected. dr. fauci said research shows that treatment can reduce the chance of spreading the infection by 96 %. that requires starting treatment as soon as someone is diagnosed. for men, circumcision is \" stunningly successful \" in reducing the risk of infection by a female sex partner, dr. fauci said. challenges include the high rate of infection among gay black men in the united states. among those age 30 and under, nearly 6 % are infected each year. women in africa need better ways to protect themselves when partners won ' t use condoms. a new study will test a drug - coated ring worn inside the vagina. the associated press and usa today wrote about the conference. ct shows mixed results for chest pain if you have chest pain, but aren ' t having a heart attack, an advanced ct scan can help get you out of the emergency room sooner, a study published this week finds. but it might not be worth the extra radiation and later tests. the study included 1, 000 people with chest pain. all had electrocardiograms and blood tests that suggested a heart attack was unlikely. then they were randomly divided into 2 groups. people in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4206735071194667, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.116821"} {"text": "not be worth the extra radiation and later tests. the study included 1, 000 people with chest pain. all had electrocardiograms and blood tests that suggested a heart attack was unlikely. then they were randomly divided into 2 groups. people in one group got standard tests, such as a stress test. the others got a type of ct scan that gives a detailed view of arteries around the heart. people spent an average of 23 hours in the hospital with the ct scans and 30 hours with standard tests. about 47 % were sent home after the ct scans, compared with 12 % who had standard tests. the others were admitted. but those in the ct group received 3 times as much radiation as the standard - care group. they also were more likely to have expensive tests later, so their total testing costs were a bit higher. the journal of the american medical association published the study. the associated press wrote about it. legal system fights surge in ' bath salts ' lawmakers and police across the united states are struggling to keep up with a wave of constantly changing new synthetic drugs. the associated press wrote about the problem this week. the drugs are known as \" bath salts \" because they often are packaged as common household items. the drugs typically are made in labs by amateur chemists. president obama signed a bill earlier this month to ban more than two dozen of the most common ones. but a u. s. official said the illegal drug industry keeps inventing new ones. the drugs mimic the effects of drugs such as cocaine and other stimulants. they can cause hallucinations and paranoia. people using the drugs may turn violent. u. s. law prohibits selling drugs that mimic illegal drugs. but officials said it can be hard to prosecute sellers of bath salts. one reason is that they often are marked \" not for human consumption. \" study : medicaid expansion may cut death rates expanding medicaid under the new health care reform law may save thousands of lives, a study released this week concludes. the study looked at what happened in 3 states that recently have expanded medicaid in ways similar to what the law requires. the u. s. supreme court upheld the law in june. but it said that states can refuse to expand medicaid, a joint state - federal program. the expansion would cover mostly uninsured adults without children. it would include those with annual incomes up to about $ 15, 400. since 2000, maine, arizona and new hampshire have all expanded medicaid to include low - income", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.461186346558875, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.117823"} {"text": "limiting the amount of salt, or sodium, in your diet is important if you have high blood pressure, congestive heart failure or fluid retention that causes leg swelling ( edema ). some people are genetically more likely to hold sodium in the body after eating foods with salt. everyone with high blood pressure should reduce salt consumption because this lowers blood pressure and allows some of the most common blood pressure medicines to work better. some experts believe that the higher intake of salt in western countries like the united states is one reason high blood pressure is so common here as compared with the rest of the world. too much sodium allows the body to retain fluid, which increases the amount of fluid pumped by the heart and circulating in the bloodstream. this makes he heart work harder. this is why high sodium diets can be harmful to people with congestive heart failure. the excess fluid can back up into the lungs, causing congestion, coughing and difficulty breathing. the average american consumes about 4, 000 milligrams or more of sodium a day. the american heart association recommends 2, 300 milligrams as the upper limit, even if you have no signs of heart disease. most people with high blood pressure should limit their sodium intake to less than 1, 500 milligrams a day or less, according to some experts. for some people with congestive heart failure, a total sodium intake of less than 1, 000 milligrams per day may be helpful, although this diet is challenging to maintain. learn the hidden sources table salt ( sodium chloride ) is the most obvious source of sodium in your diet. just one teaspoon of salt contains 2, 000 milligrams of sodium, which is just a little less than the entire amount you should have in one day. the salt you add when cooking or at the table is only part of your total sodium intake. even natural foods such as milk, meat and vegetables contain sodium. a cup of milk contains 375 milligrams of sodium. a half - cup of cottage cheese has 475 milligrams. a glass of tomato juice has 441 milligrams. the amount of sodium is listed on every food label. eat more potassium potassium helps to lower blood pressure, so eat more potassium. this doesn ' t mean that if you eat bananas, potatoes and other high - potassium foods, you can eat foods high in sodium more freely. unless you have kidney disease, you should eat about 4, 700 milligrams of potassium each day. a baked", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.441357230348242, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.120745"} {"text": "armenia and iran i. armina, achaemenid province armina is named as a province ( satrapy ) of the achaemenid empire ; the inhabitants are called arminiya - \u201c armenian. \u201d as a by - form of the country \u2019 s name, the form arminiya -, is attested six times in db 2. 33 - 63, but only in the locative form arminiyaiy ( on this word see r. schmitt, acta antiqua 25, 1977, p. 96 n. 16 ). armina is the source of greek armenioi \u201c armenians, \u201d armenie, armenia [ scil. khora ] \u201c armenia ; \u201d it is rendered phonetically in elamite as har - mi - nu - ya ( - ip ), etc. the inscriptions \u2019 babylonian versions, however, use kuru - ra - as - tu \u201c urartu \u201d and luu - ra - as - ta - a - a \u201c urartean, \u201d i. e., the name of the kingdom ( and its inhabitants ), mighty in former times in nearly the same region ; the old name was preserved by the indigenous pre - achaemenid cuneiform tradition. the armenians \u2019 name for themselves, attested from the 5th century a. d., is hay, plural hayk\u02bf, with hayastan \u201c armenia \u201d and other derivatives. the references to armina in the bisotun inscription ( db ) from about 520 b. c. are the earliest. but these and the other old persian lists of peoples and countries ( dpe 12, dna 27, dn xx, dse 27, dsm 8 [? ], xph 20, a? p 20 ; see kent, old persian, pp. 136ff., m. mayrhofer, supplement zur sammlung der altpersischen inschriften, vienna, 1978, pp. 13f. ) do not indicate the exact area inhabited by that people. bordering on media, cappadocia, and assyria, the armenians settled, according to classical sources ( beginning with herodotus and xenophon ), in the east anatolian mountains along the araxes ( aras ) river and around mt. ararat, lake van, lake rezaiyeh, and the upper courses of the euphrates and tigris ; they extended as far north as the cyrus ( kur ) river. to that region they seem to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4241846839225298, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.125586"} {"text": "river and around mt. ararat, lake van, lake rezaiyeh, and the upper courses of the euphrates and tigris ; they extended as far north as the cyrus ( kur ) river. to that region they seem to have immigrated only about the 7th century b. c. afterwards armenia was part of the median and persian empires ( see, e. g., xenophon, cyropaedia 2. 4. 22 ). about the armenians \u2019 nationality in achaemenid times we can say almost nothing. the ethnonym itself and all other names attested with reference to the rebellions against darius in armina ( the proper names araxa, haldita, and dadrsis, the toponyms zuzahya, tigra, and uyama, and the district name autiyara ) are not connected with armenian linguistic and onomastic material attested later in native armenian sources. they are also not iranian, but seem related to urartean ( see schmitt, \u201c \" armenische \" namen in altpersischen quellen \u201d ). armina, a great and wealthy land ( xenophon, anabasis 3. 5. 17 ; cf. herodotus 5. 49. 6 ) on the so - called \u201c royal road, \u201d was part of the 13th tax district ( nomos ) according to herodotus ( 3. 93. 1 ). the armenians, who are called in this connection \u201c descendants of the phrygians \u201d are equipped like the phrygians and stand together with these under the order of darius \u2019 son - in - law artochmes in the military review before king xerxes in thracian doriscus ( herodotus 7. 73 ). while so - called \u201c western armenia \u201d belonged to a governor tiribazus in 401 / 400 b. c. ( xenophon, anabasis 4. 4. 4 ), the satrap of armenia at the same time was orontes ( xenophon, anabasis 3. 5. 17 ) ; one of the armenians \u2019 leaders in the battle at gaugamela, hence the presumed satrap of that province under darius iii codomannus, is also called orontes ( arrian, anabasis 3. 8. 5 ). from the fact that at different times homonymous persons served as satraps of the same province, it may be inferred that this satra", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3921729122713834, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.126471"} {"text": "tagged as \u201c stonewall \u201d sunday, june 21, 2009 around this time all over the world, lgbt and allied people celebrate pride with special festivals, parades, and events. these celebrations happen each year to commemorate something called the stonewall rebellion - viewed as a turning point for lgbt equality. the stonewall rebellion was a series of riots - spontaneous, violent conflicts between lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and allied people and police, that took place for several days beginning in june 1969 at the stonewall inn in new york city. this was one of the first times that lgbta people fought back against overt discrimination and violence in the united states. this year marks the 40th anniversary of the stonewall rebellion. forty years ago, there were no out lgbt elected officials, no laws banning discrimination based on sexual orientation or gender identity, no will and grace, no l word, no logo channel, no civil unions, no controversy over gay marriage ( because there was no gay marriage ), and no campus - based lgbt centers anywhere in the country. ( the first campus - based center came along two years after the events at the stonewall inn. a little pop quiz - anyone know at which institution of higher education this first occurred? ) though there were other major clashes, as well as peaceful demonstrations, that took place in american cities before stonewall, stonewall is usually cited as the birth of the modern lgbt rights movement. celebrate pride 2009 by learning more about pre - stonewall events as well as the stonewall rebellion. the film \u201c screaming queens : the riot at compton \u2019 s cafeteria \u201d ( shown on campus as part of the \" out of the closet and onto the screen \" film series ) can be previewed here. the film documents events that took place in san francisco \u2019 s tenderloin neighborhood in 1966. and for a bit of east coast history, philadelphia had been observing \" annual reminder day \" each year for several years before stonewall. the city of philadelphia has erected a historic marker commemorating the annual reminder day and its organizers, and has a special section of its tourism website devoted to philadelphia lgbt history. to learn more about stonewall, the program in the life has created a special podcast episode commemorating the 40th anniversary of stonewall. also this year, a plaque listing the names of 40 current day people engaged in the continuing quest for full lgbt equality will be placed at the stonewall inn next week. to find a pride event closest to where ever you are this summer, consult an online pride calendar. and no matter where you are this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4423604553124798, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.129179"} {"text": "conservation actions underway cites appendix i ( 1992 ). it is known from five protected areas : rasa island wildlife sanctuary, puerto princesa subterranean river national park, omoi and manambaling cockatoo reserves in dumaran, culasian managed resource protected area in rizal and samar island natural park. it is also known from two sites proposed for major project funding : dinagat and tawitawi. since 1998 an intensive species conservation programme, the philippine cockatoo conservation program ( pccp ) has been implemented by the katala foundation. in 2005, the katala foundation started to plan and build the katala institute for ecology and biodiversity conservation, designed as a centre for environmental education and research, as well as possibly serving a role as a facility for the captive breeding of c. haematuropygia. by 2009, a number of the buildings and facilities at the institute had been completed ( schoppe et al. 2009 ). three protected areas have been specifically created for the species in palawan on rasa island, dumaran and rizal. conservation efforts on rasa island recovered a small population from 25 individuals to over 200 by july 2008 ( widmann and widmann 2008 ) and c. 280 in 2012 ( p. widmann in litt. 2012 ). poachers have been trained as wildlife wardens and were provided with alternative sources of income. this turned out to be the single most effective activity to prevent poaching and was repeated in three other project sites. awareness campaigns have been conducted on mindanao, palawan and polillo. trilingual conservation posters have been distributed nationwide. the katala pride campaign launched on dumaran island has focused on raising awareness among students and farmers ( anon. 2005 ). in 1992, an international captive - breeding programme was initiated, with 39 birds kept under the european studbook in 2007 ( p. widmann in litt. 2008 ). in 2005, drought caused the starvation of 15 chicks, so 10 chicks were hand - reared for an experimental translocation ( widmann and widmann 2005 ). an extreme drought in 2010, possibly worse than that in 2005, resulted in only 15 of 25 nests on rasa producing a total of 24 young, of which only five survived until late april and were rescued for supplementary feeding. supplemental food and water were provided for adult birds on rasa to mitigate the effects of the drought ( anon. 2010 ). currently, sites are assessed and tested", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4347093692049408, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.133002"} {"text": ", of which only five survived until late april and were rescued for supplementary feeding. supplemental food and water were provided for adult birds on rasa to mitigate the effects of the drought ( anon. 2010 ). currently, sites are assessed and tested for their suitability for translocation. a first attempt on a resort island in northern palawan indicated that rescued hand - raised birds can adapt well to natural conditions ( foraging, predator avoidance ), but was terminated owing to problems caused by tameness. conservation efforts started in 2010 at a new project site on pandanan island to the south of palawan ( anon. 2010 ), where recent surveys confirmed the presence of a viable population ( widmann and lacerna - widmann 2009 ). at least 15 nestlings have been ringed and successfully fledged, with one brood requiring supplementary feeding, and potential nest - trees continue to be monitored. meetings, focus groups and other events have been held to engage local communities, and alternative income sources are being promoted to reduce trapping pressure ( anon. 2010 ). experimental habitat restoration has been initiated at dumaran and one mainland site in palawan. a project to identify suitable reintroduction sites and to create necessary conditions for reintroduction ( e. g. legal, social acceptance, site preparation ) was initiated in 2012 ( p. widmann in litt. 2012 ). conservation actions proposed conduct surveys on all range islands to assess the species ' s population size and distribution. monitor population trends. monitor rates of habitat loss and degradation. quantify levels of trapping, persecution and trade. designate further protected areas ( e. g. tawitawi and localities on or near to palawan ). support the proposed expansion of st paul ' s subterranean national park. prevent further mangrove destruction. promote economically viable alternatives to cockatoo - trapping. continue education programmes. establish staffed posts at airports and ferry terminals. conduct translocation into suitable ( well - protected, intact ) lowland forest or mangrove habitats.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4173203680450023, "token_count": 407, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.133861"} {"text": "abrasion / sanding the wearing away of any part of material by rubbing it against another surface. the term is often used to describe the processes of creating an aged look in denim. abrasion can be achieved through hand rubbing with sandpaper or even washing garments with stones or rubber balls to break down the surface of the fabric. think of the abraded seams and hems on your favorite pair of old jeans. this is the distressed look ( as opposed to worn - out ) that is entirely intentional. agate a semiprecious type of quartz also known as chalcedony ( pronounced kal - sed - nee ). it forms in a wide variety of colors and textures. each individual agate forms by filling a cavity in a host rock. agate was highly valued as a talisman or amulet in ancient times. it was said to quench thirst or protect from fevers. persian magicians used agate to divert storms. amazonite : a semiprecious gemstone that is a variety of green microcline feldspar. it varies in color from apple green to bluish green. also known as amazon stone, it is commonly found in the united states, brazil, zimbabwe, russia, australia and namibia. it is said to enhance clarity and understanding while balancing human energies. antique fleece a mellow blend of cotton and polyester. washed for a soft, lived - in quality. fleece lining lends a warm, cozy feel. applique ( pronounced a - plee - kay ) : material that is cut out and sewn or embroidered and fastened to a fabric. applique comes from the french appliquer, which means to \" put on. \" the art of hand applique covers a wide spectrum, from primitive folk art to the sophistication of baltimore album quilts \u2014 elegant appliqued quilts from the mid - 1800s that were highly sought - after and considered an honor to receive. authentic fit our stretch boot - cut style with a vintage appeal. it sits below the waistline and follows the contours of hips and thighs with its slightly fitted approach. whiskering detail adds to the \" lived - in \" appeal. aventurine ( sometimes known as goldstone ) a shimmering quartz ( crystalline mineral ) stone that ranges in color from yellow and red to light green and light brown. the shimmer is caused by tiny metallic particles ( mica ) within the stone. the mineral aventurine takes its", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5717939094295261, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.136476"} {"text": "by frankie meyer joplin, mo. \u2014 the best way to get relatives and descendants interested in their family history is to organize trips to sites where ancestors lived, and to also visit historic sites that significantly affected their lives. many of the earliest settlers in southwest missouri traveled from the st. louis area down the old wire road, also known as the old osage trail or military trail. few people know that thousands of families also traveled to the area via fort smith, ark. early trappers and settlers reached fort smith by traveling from the mississippi river up the arkansas river. from that town, they traveled to northwest arkansas, southwest missouri and eastern oklahoma. during the 1830s, several groups of native americans were forced to travel along one leg of the trail of tears through the fort smith area on their way to the indian territory. the town provided the last chance for those native american families to buy supplies before crossing into their new land. fort smith developed around a fort that was built on a hill overlooking the arkansas river. the fort was built to promote peace between tribes in that area. later the fort was used as a training ground for soldiers who fought in the mexican war. during the civil war, the fort was used as a supply depot. between 1872 and 1896, the fort served as a site where the federal court for the western district of arkansas meted out punishments for heinous crimes of outlaws, many of whom had fled to the indian territory to avoid prosecution. if any of your ancestry has ties to fort smith, plan a trip south through the scenic ozark mountains to the area. the fort smith national historic site, located downtown near the arkansas river, has restored judge parker \u2019 s courthouse. at the site, one can also see remnants of the original fort built in 1817. the ft. smith museum of history, fort smith trolley museum and the fort smith national cemetery are all nearby. the trolley museum has restored electric streetcars that frequently take visitors on historic rides. the trolley line stops at the national cemetery, ross pendergraft park, the fstm rose garden and the parking lot of varsity sports grill. motormen ( including my husband jim and our friend, john shomin, who sometimes volunteer there ) point out area attractions and historic sites. admission is $ 2 for adults and $ 1 for children. for more details, call the fort smith trolley museum at 479 - 783 - 0205 or the fort smith museum of history at 479 - 783 - 7841. the fort smith public library, located at 320", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.402969001784687, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.140429"} {"text": "september 12, 2006 nasa ' s newest spacecraft at mars has completed the challenging half - year task of shaping its orbit to the nearly circular, low - altitude pattern from which it will scrutinize the planet. the mars reconnaissance orbiter fired its six intermediate - size thrusters for 12. 5 minutes monday afternoon, sept. 11, shifting the low point of its orbit to stay near the martian south pole and the high point to stay near the north pole. the altitude of the orbit ranges from 250 kilometers ( 155 miles ) to 316 kilometers ( 196 miles ) above the surface. \" this maneuver puts us into our science orbit, \" said dan johnston, deputy mission manager at nasa ' s jet propulsion laboratory, pasadena, calif. \" getting to this point is a great achievement. \" challenging activities remain ahead this month, such as deploying an antenna 10 meters ( 33 feet ) long and removing a lens cap from a crucial instrument. the main science investigations will begin in november. during its two - year science phase, the mission will return more data about mars than all previous mars missions combined. the flight team for the mars reconnaissance orbiter sent the bus - sized spacecraft through the upper fringe of mars ' atmosphere 426 times between early april and aug. 30. this \" aerobraking \" technique used friction with the martian atmosphere to gradually decrease the highest - altitude point of the elliptical orbit from 45, 000 kilometers ( 28, 000 miles ) to 486 kilometers ( 302 miles ). the lowest - altitude point during aerobraking ranged from 98 to 105 kilometers ( 61 to 65 miles ). it was carefully managed with input from researchers at jpl ; lockheed martin space systems, denver ; nasa langley research center, hampton, va., and elsewhere, based on spacecraft data and atmospheric fluctuations. during the first three weeks after it arrived at mars on march 10, the spacecraft took more than 35 hours to fly each very elongated orbit. during the final weeks of aerobraking, it was flying more than 10 orbits each day. \" the pace of work got extremely demanding as we got down to two - hour orbits, \" johnston said. \" we had shifts working around the clock. \" monday ' s maneuver was the mission ' s biggest burn since the 27 - minute firing to slow the spacecraft enough for mars ' gravity to snare it into orbit on march 10. the benefit of aerobraking is to avoid hauling unnecessary fuel to mars for thrusters. compared with relying solely on thruster firings to shrink and shape the orbit, aero", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.47966443743950654, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.144573"} {"text": "enough for mars ' gravity to snare it into orbit on march 10. the benefit of aerobraking is to avoid hauling unnecessary fuel to mars for thrusters. compared with relying solely on thruster firings to shrink and shape the orbit, aerobraking cut the mission ' s fuel needs by about 600 kilograms ( about 1, 300 pounds. ) at least one small adjustment maneuver is still ahead. one key remaining preparation for the mission ' s science payload is deployment of the antenna for the shallow subsurface radar, an instrument provided by the italian space agency. the antenna, developed by northrop grumman space technology astro aerospace, carpinteria, calif., remained safely stowed during aerobraking. later this month, it will be released to unfold itself and extend 5 meters ( 16. 4 feet ) on either side of the spacecraft. after this ground - penetrating radar has been checked and calibrated, it \" has the potential to detect buried channels, buried craters and ice layers, \" said dr. roberto seu of the university of rome la sapienza, leader of the instrument ' s science team. during aerobraking, a lens cap protected the mission ' s mineral - mapping compact reconnaissance imaging spectrometer for mars. removal of the cap this month will allow researchers to start checking and calibrating the spectrometer ' s performance. \" our most important goal is to find where past environments on mars were wet long enough to leave a mineral signature on the surface, \" said dr. scott murchie of johns hopkins university applied physics laboratory, laurel, md., principal investigator for the spectrometer. a series of trial observations by all the instruments will complete the spacecraft checkouts at the end of the month, including tests of all observing modes. in addition to data acquisition by the radar and spectrometer, images will be taken by the high resolution imaging science experiment and the context imager. the mars color imager and mars climate sounder will also begin monitoring mars ' atmosphere. during the next four years, these instruments on mars reconnaissance orbiter will examine mars to learn about processes that have affected it and to inspect potential landing sites for future missions. the spacecraft will also serve as a communications relay for mars surface missions. information about the mars reconnaissance orbiter is online at http : / / www. nasa. gov / mro. the mission is managed by jpl, a division of the california institute of technology, pasadena, for the nasa science mission directorate, washington. lockheed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.49401563908173757, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.145613"} {"text": "mon november 7, 2011 organic isn ' t always safer when it comes to botulism organic italian olives are the unlikely suspects in a new botulism outbreak, which has sickened two people in europe. the food and drug administration has urged people not to eat bio gaudiano organic olives stuffed with almonds, and the united states distributor has recalled the product. scientists say that the case is a good reminder that just because a product is organic, that doesn ' t mean it ' s pristine. in some cases, organic products may be even more vulnerable to certain toxins than conventionally grown foods. that ' s because organic food is often fertilized with manure, which can carry dangerous spores that occur naturally in soil. and if clostridium botulinim, the bacteria that causes botulism, makes it as far as a jar packed with oil and not much oxygen, it can flourish. \" it ' s the perfect environment for botulinum to grow, \" says eric johnson, a professor of microbiology at the university of wisconsin - madison. the salt tracked down johnson in rome, where by coincidence he ' d just given a talk at the italian research institute that was investigating the botulism outbreak. he said the case reminded him of an outbreak in the 1980s, which was caused by chopped garlic packed in oil. \" garlic is from the soil, so it has spores of botulinum in it, \" johnson says. the oil floats on top of the jar and seals out air, leaving water to collect at the bottom, where it acts like a petri dish for botulism. though most of the recent food safety scares have come from fresh foods like cantaloupe, sprouts and ground turkey, the olive outbreak as well as a french tapenade and dried tomato paste scare make it clear that pricey imported treats are not immune to processing slip ups. and organic foods are as vulnerable to botulism as other foods \u2014 if not more so because farmers so often use manure to grow them. food processors are generally diligent about fighting botulism. salt is used to cure olives, but the food would have to be unpalatably salty to stop the bacteria. and johnson, who has studied the deadly bacterium for three decades, says that some strains can survive boiling for hours. after the outbreak in chopped garlic, the fda told garlic processors add phosphoric acid. the higher acid level thwarts bacterial growth. another strategy used by big", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.39553288935950787, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.148732"} {"text": "1. whales are the largest animals that have ever lived on earth and are the largest animals that live in the ocean. whales are even bigger than the largest dinosaur. it is believed that millions of years ago, whales probably walked upon land. their back legs disappeared and their front legs became flippers. blue whales can weigh over 150 tons and be over 100 feet in length. humpback whales are also big, weighing up to 45 tons. flippers of the humpback whale can be as long as 15 feet. 2. whales are mammals, so they feed milk to their babies and breathe air. since whales are not fish they do not have gills, so they cannot breathe under water. they must come up to the surface of the water to get air. the air is breathed in and out through their \u201c blowhole, \u201d which is on their back. 3. whales live in large groups called \u201c herds. \u201d a baby whale is called a \u201c calf. \u201d 4. blue whales and killer whales can be found in every ocean around the world. whales \u201c migrate \u201d further than any other animal. they eat during the summer month building up layers of blubber. when the water begins to cool, the whales begin their migration to warmer waters. they do not eat during their migration. all they do is swim and rest for short periods of time. sometimes, when whales are migrating, they swim very close to the shore and can be seen \u201c blowing \u201d and jumping out of the water. this jumping is called \u201c breaching. 5. when whales sleep, they stay at the top of the water, with their blowhole above the surface. sometimes, a whale will swim up to the surface of the water and quickly blow air out of their blowhole, making a fountain of watery mist, called a \u201c blow. \u201d 6. there are two different kinds of whales, the baleen and the toothed whale. baleen whales are also called \u201c toothless \u201d whales. instead of teeth, they have plates made of baleen in their jaws. baleen is a very hard and strong substance and can be compared with the same substance that makes up the horns on some animals. baleen is also called \u201c whalebone. \u201d sea water passes through the baleen and krill ( a kind of plankton ) gets caught. whales can eat as much as two tons of krill a day. the fin, gray, humpback, blue, bowhead, bryde \u2019 s, right, minke, blue, and se", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4714159915764544, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.153048"} {"text": "kind of plankton ) gets caught. whales can eat as much as two tons of krill a day. the fin, gray, humpback, blue, bowhead, bryde \u2019 s, right, minke, blue, and sei are baleen whales. humpback whales are baleen whales. baleen whales have two nostrils, or blowholes. killer whales and dolphins are both members of the toothed whale group. toothed whales have teeth instead of baleen. these whales include the beluga or white, bottlenose, narwhal, pilot and sperm whales. toothed whales eat fish and plants. they have one nostril, or blowhole. 7. scientists have determined that killer whales can live a maximum of 35 years. they can tell the age of a whale by looking at a cross - section of a killer whale ' s tooth. killer whales, like other marine mammals, produce a periodic growth layer on the teeth. by counting these layers, scientists can estimate the animal ' s age. 8. you can tell an adult male from an adult female by the shape of their dorsal fin. a male ' s fin is very tall ( up to 6 feet tall ) and triangular shaped. a female is shorter ( 3 feet ) and curves back toward the dorsal fin. 9. whales swim by moving their tails up and down and using their flippers, which also help them to turn. some whales, such as the sei, can swim more than 30 miles per hour. 10. all whales are very noisy. they squeak, moan, groan, and sigh to talk to each other. these underwater sounds can travel great distances. the sounds they make are called \u201c whale song. \u201d whale are the loudest animals in the world.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45515933660744223, "token_count": 361, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.153686"} {"text": "an object the size of asteroid 2012 da14 appears to hit earth about once every 1, 200 years, yeomans said. \" there really hasn ' t been a close approach that we know about for an object of this size, \" he added. on its close approach to earth, it was predicted the asteroid would be traveling at 7. 8 kilometers per second, roughly eight times the speed of a bullet from a high - speed rifle, he said. if it had hit our planet - - which was impossible - - it would have done so with the energy of 2. 4 megatons of tnt, yeomans said. this is comparable to the event in tunguska, russia, in 1908. that asteroid entered the atmosphere and exploded, leveling trees over an area of 820 square miles - - about two - thirds the size of rhode island. like that rock, 2012 da14 would likely not have left a crater. what else is out there? so, we knew that this particular asteroid wasn ' t going to hit us, but how about all of those other giant rocks floating nearby beyond our atmosphere? nasa says 9, 697 objects have been classified as near - earth objects, or neos, as of february 12. near - earth objects are comets or asteroids in orbits that allow them to enter earth ' s neighborhood. there ' s an important distinction between these two types of objects : comets are mostly water, ice and dust, while asteroids are mostly rock or metal. both comets and asteroids have hit earth in the past. more than 1, 300 near - earth objects have been classified as potentially hazardous to earth, meaning that someday they may come close or hit our home planet. nasa is monitoring these objects and updating their locations as new information comes in. right now, scientists aren ' t warning of any imminent threats. yeomans and colleagues are using telescopes on the ground and in space to nail down the precise orbit of objects that might threaten earth and predict whether the planet could be hit.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4626602835505388, "token_count": 407, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.158150"} {"text": "by pure matters the way a cancer grows is called its pathophysiology. the grade of your cancer is the terminology doctors use to describe how the cancer cells look. knowing how the cells look will help your doctor predict how fast the cancer may grow and spread. the stage of your cancer is the terminology doctors use to communicate the size of a tumor and where and how deeply it has spread. when the pathologist has examined the cells, he or she will issue a report that includes the cancer ' s grade and stage. to grade your cancer, the pathologist gives your tumor a number from 1 to 3. slower - growing tumors get a 1. faster - growing tumors get a 3. the stage and grade of a cancer are unrelated to each other. however, the two categories combined describe the status of the cancer in such a way that your doctor can figure out how aggressively it must be treated. a grade 3 cancer caught at a very early stage has a better prognosis than a grade 1 cancer that isn ' t discovered until after it spreads. ask your doctor to explain the grade of your cancer because it will be important when deciding on treatment. how breast cancer spreads the first place cancer is found in the body is called the primary site or primary tumor. breast cancer, like all cancers, can spread to other parts of the body. this is called metastatic cancer, or metastasis. when a cancer spreads, it is said to have metastasized. the first place that breast cancer usually spreads to is the nearby lymph nodes under your arms. in some cases, it spreads to distant parts of the body, like your liver. it may also spread to your skin. although the cancer has spread, it ' s not considered a new cancer. for instance, if breast cancer spreads to your liver, it is not considered liver cancer. it ' s called metastatic breast cancer. the stages of breast cancer doctors need to know what stage your breast cancer is in to decide what treatment to recommend. the stage is based on the size and extent of your tumor, the number of nodes involved, and whether the cancer has spread. your oncologist will be able to know your stage based on information gained from a variety of tests, including the biopsy and perhaps a lymph node biopsy. all things considered, the stage of a cancer is still more important in determining the treatment strategy than its grade.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5033540131262284, "token_count": 491, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.160636"} {"text": "the primary purpose of this course is to explore, by the comparative method, the basic concepts of african legal theory and practice ; the structure and content of african legal systems ; reception of foreign laws and their interaction with african customary law ; the rules developed to resolve internal conflict of laws ; and the evolution of modern african constitutions. the class will also review specific topics, such as the tension between customary law and modern constitutional standards in areas of marriage, inheritance, and succession ; and land tenure, administration, and conflict resolution. the class will further evaluate the role of law in fostering social and economic development to reduce poverty, disease, and malnutrition ; the role of international financial institutions in africa ; and the contribution of foreign direct investment, international trade, and transfer of technology. specific topics will be explored, including on - going legal and judicial reforms. major topics include ( 1 ) african legal systems : customary law and foreign law \u2014 common law, civil law, roman - dutch law \u2014 origins, definition and nature of applicable laws : reception of foreign law clauses, issues of integration and conflict of laws rules, ( 2 ) major topics in customary law : ( a ) rights issues in law of marriage, inheritance, and succession ; ( b ) quest for justice and reconciliation in conflict resolution \u2014 gacaca jurisdictions in rwanda, truth and reconciliation commissions in south africa and sierra leone, and traditional healing rituals in uganda ; ( c ) land tenure and administration \u2014 concepts, nature, and modes of land holding ; management and dispute resolution ; land administration and agrarian reforms, ( 3 ) law and development : regional economic, trade institutions \u2014 african union and its organs, the new partnership for african development ( nepad ), comesa, ecowas, sadc, and eac ; international financial institutions and their role in fight against poverty, disease and malnutrition ; the millennium development goals, and ( 4 ) constitutionalism in africa : evolution of african constitutions, constitutional legality, and the scourge of the coup d ' etat and human rights. this course should be of interest to law students and other students from different disciplines interested in the nature and operation of law in africa, constitutional law, international economic law and development, comparative law, and international law. section offerings for 2012 - 13 | l6211 - 001 | | 12f | | african law and development | | f. ssekandi | | t 4 : 20 pm - 7 : 10 pm | | wjwh 417 | choose a section for more information,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4940012516208713, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.168512"} {"text": "super alice ushers in a new wonderland of green computing university ' s new supercomputer launched issued on 20 july 2010 photo opps at 4. 30pm on monday 19th july in the physics building, university of leicester alice, the university of leicester \u2019 s new \u2018 green \u2019 supercomputer, will go into operation this month. the university is aiming to make the \u00a32. 2 million facility the most energy efficient in the sector. alice is ten times more powerful than the system it replaces, and is expected to help attract high quality researchers and millions of pounds in research grants to leicester. researchers will use the high - performance computer to help find the answers to questions ranging from the effects of different government policies on the financial markets to the future of our galaxy. the new service, supplied by hp, offers computational power equivalent to thousands of desktop pcs by clustering large numbers of central processing units. it will make it possible to analyse much bigger data sets than before, get responses more quickly, and therefore help find the answers to more and different kinds of questions. high performance computing produces an enormous amount of heat, so keeping the equipment cool is a major challenge. if a traditional cooling solution had been used this would have been both expensive to run and bad for the environment. instead, the new leicester computer room will, for the first time, use an advanced water - cooling system - - a bit like a glorified car radiator. an existing computer room was completely redesigned and re - equipped to accommodate the new groundbreaking ecofris cooling technology, supplied by keysource ltd. it is the first installation of this technology in academia or in any small to medium sized data centre. every year the system will save an estimated \u00a3130, 000 and reduce co2 emissions by 800 tons compared with the technology it has replaced. the supplier now plans to enter the facility into an international competition to identify the most efficient small data centre in europe. researchers in leicester \u2019 s physics and astronomy, engineering and economics departments have been piloting the computer, but after its launch this month it will become freely available to any researcher in the university. mary visser, director of it services at the university, said : \u201c it \u2019 s fascinating to see how researchers work these days \u2013 looking for patterns in huge datasets and simulating complex phenomena. \u201c usually, you need to be a real techie to engage with this kind of work. but we have social scientists and economists with big problems to solve who didn \u2019 t sign up to be computer programmers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5256635882690447, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.174212"} {"text": "datasets and simulating complex phenomena. \u201c usually, you need to be a real techie to engage with this kind of work. but we have social scientists and economists with big problems to solve who didn \u2019 t sign up to be computer programmers. our team aims to help make the facility accessible for them, too. she added : \u201c the amount of data produced is going up by around 50 per cent a year, so we need to get much cleverer about how we manage it, make it searchable, and decide what to keep for the next generation. that is a massive challenge for the whole sector \u2013 one that calls for new kinds of support and training for researchers at every stage of their careers. \u201d the supercomputer will be launched at an event at 4. 30pm on monday 19 july in the physics building, university of leicester. note to newsdesk : for interviews contact david carter, senior project manager, it services, tel : 0116 252 5296 for more information, please contact : ather mirza, press and corporate communications, university of leicester, tel : 0116 252 3335, email : email @ example. com tony tysome, director, media fhe, tel : 01629 650910, email : firstname. lastname @ example. org", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5025564735547255, "token_count": 265, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.174692"} {"text": "waters of minnesota documentary on watersheds university of minnesota - bell museum overall project outcome and results the documentary film that resulted from this project, troubled waters : a mississippi river story, examines our relationship to the mississippi river and its surrounding watershed through the competing interests of food, fuel, and environment. excess nitrogen and phosphorus, fertilizers essential to the growth of plants, are contaminating the nation ' s rivers, lakes, and aquifers at the same time as precious soils wash away. the film tells the complex story of these troubled waters, both here in minnesota and downstream as far away as the gulf of mexico, and highlights innovative solutions, such as high - tech farmers that practice precision agriculture and conservation farming methods ; cattle farming while maintaining perennial cover on the landscape ; and new technologies that hold water back on the land. farmers, scientists, and entrepreneurs offer new ideas for meeting the goals of an ambitious, food - producing nation while ensuring the long - term health and sustainability of one of its most precious resources : the mississippi river and its watershed. engaging, serious, and hopeful documentary video has proven to be an innovative and effective environmental education tool that reaches a broad audience of students and adults. following the successful model of the recent emmy award - winning television series minnesota : a history of the land, this new documentary will be broadcast on public television and be available in dvd format for local distribution. project results use and dissemination troubled waters : a mississippi river story will be broadcast on twin cities public television. subsequent broadcasts are planned for the minnesota channel. public television stations along the length of the mississippi river will have the opportunity to air the film. a public premiere screening event is planned for october 3, 2010. the documentary is available in professional quality dvd format for educational uses. the dvd will be distributed to mississippi river venues ( e. g. the national mississippi river museum & aquarium and mississippi national river and recreation area interpretive center ). for more information, visit http : / / www. lccmr. leg. mn / all _ projects / 2008 _ projects. html.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44298807078301033, "token_count": 418, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.178996"} {"text": "provides easy access to the full range of statistics and information produced by federal agencies for public use. the purpose of data. gov is to increase public access to high value, machine readable datasets generated by the executive branch of the federal government. data. gov provides descriptions of the federal datasets ( metadata ), information about how to access the datasets, and tools that leverage government datasets. bureau of economic analysis provides estimates that illuminate key national, international, and regional aspects of the u. s. economy. bureau of justice statistics provides statistics and full text reports on crime, victims, offenders, law enforcement, courts and corrections. provides essential statistical data in the broad field of labor, including employment and unemployment, wages, inflation and consumer spending, productivity, safety and health, and business costs. federal election commission discloses campaign finance information, enforces the provisions of the law such as the limits and prohibitions on contributions, and oversees the public funding of presidential elections. federal reserve economic data ( fred ) created by st. louis federal reserve district, fred provides historical u. s. economic and financial data, including daily u. s. interest rates, monetary and business indicators, exchange rates, balance of payments and regional economic data. national center for education statistics the national center for education statistics ( nces ) is the primary federal entity for collecting and analyzing data related to education. national center for health statistics the nation ' s principle health statistics agency compiles information to guide actions and policies to improve the health of the people. u. s. census bureau provides timely, relevant, and quality data about the people and economy of the united states. contains a collection of statistics on social and economic conditions in the united states. selected international data are also included. the abstract is also your guide to sources of other data from the census bureau, other federal agencies, and private organizations. page coordinator : karen vaughan firstname. lastname @ example. org this url : http : / / www. lib. odu. edu / subjectguides / page. phtml? page _ id = 50", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4712482552697971, "token_count": 432, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.181386"} {"text": "developing our brains from cradle to grave - foresight report 22 october 2008 proposals aimed at helping society realise its mental potential at every stage of peoples ' lives are contained in a major new report published today by foresight, the government ' s futures think tank. the study into ' mental capital and wellbeing ' looks at how a person ' s mental resources change through life, as a child, adult and in old age, and identifies factors that can help or hinder their development. the consequences are substantial for individuals, wider society and the economy. the report concludes that there is a clear case for action across society including by government, companies and individuals, to boost both mental capital and wellbeing. this could reap very high economic and social benefits in the future. the report, sponsored by the department for innovation, universities and skills ( dius ), outlines the findings of an extensive two - year study involving over 400 leading international experts in subjects ranging from neuroscience to economics. the study defines mental capital as a person ' s cognitive and emotional resources ; how good they are at learning and their \" emotional intelligence \" such as their social skills and resilience in the face of stress. mental wellbeing changes from day to day and is linked to personal and social fulfilment. its main findings are that : - early intervention is crucial in developing and maintaining mental capital and mental wellbeing - whether it ' s spotting and treating learning difficulties in children and young people or developing biomarkers to diagnose dementia earlier in older people ; - a small increase in levels of wellbeing can produce a large decrease in mental health problems across people of all ages ; - there is substantial scope for improving how to tackle the huge problem of mental - ill - health, which costs up to \u00a377 billion a year for england alone. professor john beddington, the government ' s chief scientific adviser and director of the foresight programme, said : \" this report gives us new insights, based on cutting - edge science, into the challenges ahead and how they might be addressed. it contains a range of proposals for society and government to consider. \" there is good work being done but progress can be made and taxpayers money saved if government departments work together more effectively to tackle these issues. \" investing to identify and tackle learning difficulties early on and improving the take up of education and learning will result in people getting better jobs. the report has shown that if an individual is fulfilled in their work this positively affects wellbeing, this in turn will see", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5620956541397372, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.191348"} {"text": "to identify and tackle learning difficulties early on and improving the take up of education and learning will result in people getting better jobs. the report has shown that if an individual is fulfilled in their work this positively affects wellbeing, this in turn will see reduced expenditure on the treatment of mental health problems. \" acting now in a co - ordinated way is even more important as the pressures on our society change - this is particularly pertinent in the current climate. competition from abroad and uncertain economic times will drive people to work harder and smarter. both will result in increasing demands made on individuals and the state \". john denham, secretary of state for innovation, universities and skills, who is the report ' s ministerial sponsor, said : \" i welcome this report which provides new insights and creates fresh opportunities to offer support to individuals, families and organisations in building and sustaining mental capital and good mental health. \" future prosperity and social justice in the uk will be strengthened by drawing on the mental capital and talents of its citizens and i am pleased this report recognises that the government is already on the right track in many areas. \" my own department is investing more in skills and training than ever before to ensure our all of our people, young and old, can make the most of their talents and abilities, increasing their prosperity and improving their life chances and strengthen the wider economy. and across government we are driving through reforms in education, health and business to support individuals, their families and communities. \" a range of departments and organisations across government and more widely are committed to taking forward the project ' s findings and i look forward to overseeing the progress of that over the coming year. \" drawing on over 100 expert papers, the report identifies three key areas which need to be tackled. these are learning in the early years, wellbeing at work, and the ageing population. the study highlights : learning in the early years - an estimated 10 per cent of children have a learning difficulty of some kind ; - dyslexia and dyscalculia ( number blindness ) can both substantially reduce lifetime earnings and gcse achievement, with dyscalculia potentially as common as dyslexia - but frequently undetected ; - improvements in early detection and intervention would prevent problems developing further and improve educational achievement ; - teacher training needs to capitalise on new, emerging scientific understanding of child development in areas such as neuroscience and developmental psychology. wellbeing at work - work related absenteeism accounts for between 10 million to 14 million days lost", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5000050409766169, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.192898"} {"text": "improve educational achievement ; - teacher training needs to capitalise on new, emerging scientific understanding of child development in areas such as neuroscience and developmental psychology. wellbeing at work - work related absenteeism accounts for between 10 million to 14 million days lost, costing business around \u00a3750 million per annum ; - presenteeism - where the individual is at work but not productive - could cost the uk around \u00a3900 million per year ( this is worked out using figures from the us and adjusting to fit the uk work environment ) ; - continuously developing our mental capital by training and retraining through our working lives will be crucial to compete in the global market for skills and can improve mental wellbeing ; - new forms of flexible working could help employees meet the conflicting demands of intensification of work and the increased need for people to look after older relatives ; - there should be better integration of primary care and occupational health services to identify early symptoms of stress and mental ill - health which could help people return to work. - we need to act now - new treatments could take years to become available so protective lifestyles need to be adopted now by the middle aged ; - addressing dementia is a priority. by 2071 the number of over 65 ' s could nearly double to over 21 million, and those aged 80 could more than treble to 9. 5 million - treating dementia costs the uk \u00a317 billion a year - this is set to rise to \u00a350 billion a year within 30 years ; - scientific developments, such as biomarkers could help detect dementia earlier. ( biomarkers are objective biological measures associated with presence of a disease, increased risk for it, or response to treatment. mri scans are one example ). early detection could help the development of new drugs, improve potential therapeutic benefit of treatment, enhance quality of life for patients and reduce financial burden of health care services in the long tem. - the mental capital of older people is a massive, and under utilised resource. unlocking this could benefit the wellbeing and prosperity of older people and society as a whole - we need to ensure wellbeing in the elderly - this could be provided through : better treatment for common mental disorders such as depression, enabling people to engage in paid and unpaid work if they wish, lifelong learning, and through social networking. as the project ' s sponsor, dius will now take responsibility for the report ' s recommendations to assist in policy development across government. a report in 12 months time will outline the project ' s progress including action by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5206145180640716, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.194319"} {"text": "vlan support in linux vlan support requires a kernel compiled with config _ vlan _ 8021q and the vlan userland package ( i suggest you also enable config _ bridge _ ebt _ vlan so you can match vids in ebtables rules ). use the vconfig tool to create virtual vlan interfaces based on the combination of a physical ethernet interface and a specific vlan id. these interfaces can be used like any other ethernet interface on your system. run the following commands to add a new interface associated with eth0 and vid 5 : vconfig add eth0 5 ip link set eth0. 5 up this will create the virtual interface eth0. 5, which will have the following special vlan - specific behaviors : packets sent from eth0. 5 will be tagged with vid 5 and sent from eth0. packets received on eth0 tagged with vid 5 will show up on eth0. 5 as normal ( that is, untagged ) packets. only packets that were tagged with vid 5 will arrive on the virtual vlan interface. the biggest difference between linux and an off - the - shelf vlan switch is that linux can participate as a host on the network rather than just forward packets for other hosts. because the linux box itself can be the endpoint of network communications, the configuration approach is different from that of a typical vlan switch. instead of setting vlan membership for each port, each port / vid combination gets its own virtual eth interface. by adding these interfaces and optionally bridging them with physical interfaces, you can create any desired vlan configuration. there is no per - port pvid setting in linux. it is implicit based on to which vlan interface ( s ) the physical ingress interface is bridged. packets are tagged if they are sent out on a virtual vlan interface according to the vid of that interface. tagging and untagging operations happen automatically as packets flow between physical and virtual interfaces of a given bridge. remember that the pvid setting is relevant only when forwarding packets that were received as untagged. with a typical vlan switch there is only one bridge ( the switch itself ), of which every port is a member. traffic segmentation is achieved with separate per - port ingress ( pvid ) and egress vlan membership rules. because linux can have multiple bridges, the pvid setting is unnecessary.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47893289256534244, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.200565"} {"text": "itself ), of which every port is a member. traffic segmentation is achieved with separate per - port ingress ( pvid ) and egress vlan membership rules. because linux can have multiple bridges, the pvid setting is unnecessary. these details are simply convention ; the effective configurations are still the same across all vlan platforms. it sounds more complicated than it actually is. the best way to understand all this is with some real - world examples. let ' s say you have a linux box with a single physical interface ( eth0 ) that you want to join to three existing vlans : vids 10, 20 and 30. first, you need to verify the configuration of the existing switch / port into which you will plug the linux box. it needs to be a member of all three vlans, with tagging on for all three vlans. next, run these commands on the linux box : ip link set eth0 up vconfig add eth0 10 ip link set eth0. 10 up vconfig add eth0 20 ip link set eth0. 20 up vconfig add eth0 30 ip link set eth0. 30 up you then can use eth0. 10, eth0. 20 and eth0. 30 as normal interfaces ( add ip addresses, run dhclient and so on ). these will behave just like normal physical interfaces connected to each of the vlans. there is only one physical interface in this example, so there is no need to define a bridge. let ' s say you want to use the linux box in the above example to connect a non - vlan - aware laptop to vlan 20. you ' ll need to add another physical interface ( eth1 ), and then bridge it with eth0. 20. i ' m naming the bridge vlan20, but you can name it anything : brctl addbr vlan20 ip link set vlan20 up brctl addif vlan20 eth0. 20 ip link set eth1 up brctl addif vlan20 eth1 now eth1 is a port on vlan 20, and you can plug in the laptop ( or a whole switch to connect multiple devices ). any devices connected through eth1 will see vlan 20 as a normal ethernet network ( untagged packets ), as shown in figure 2. the implied pvid of eth1", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5062923884276677, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.202672"} {"text": "laptop ( or a whole switch to connect multiple devices ). any devices connected through eth1 will see vlan 20 as a normal ethernet network ( untagged packets ), as shown in figure 2. the implied pvid of eth1 is 20 because it ' s bridged with that virtual vlan interface. you ' re not creating any vlan interfaces on eth1 ( such as eth1. 20 ), because you don ' t want it to send or receive tagged packets. it ' s the bridge with eth0. 20 that makes eth1 a \u201c member \u201d of the vlan. as with any bridge config, you ' ll also need to stop using eth0. 20 as a configured interface and start using vlan20 in its place. free webinar : linux backup and recovery most companies incorporate backup procedures for critical data, which can be restored quickly if a loss occurs. however, fewer companies are prepared for catastrophic system failures, in which they lose all data, the entire operating system, applications, settings, patches and more, reducing their system ( s ) to \u201c bare metal. \u201d after all, before data can be restored to a system, there must be a system to restore it to. in this one hour webinar, learn how to enhance your existing backup strategies for better disaster recovery preparedness using storix system backup administrator ( sbadmin ), a highly flexible bare - metal recovery solution for unix and linux systems. | using salt stack and vagrant for drupal development | | may 20, 2013 | | making linux and android get along ( it ' s not as hard as it sounds ) | | may 16, 2013 | | drupal is a framework : why everyone needs to understand this | | may 15, 2013 | | home, my backup data center | | may 13, 2013 | | non - linux foss : seashore | | may 10, 2013 | | trying to tame the tablet | | may 08, 2013 | - rss feeds - making linux and android get along ( it ' s not as hard as it sounds ) - new products - drupal is a framework : why everyone needs to understand this - a topic for discussion - open source feature - richness? - home, my backup data center - validate an e - mail address with php, the right way - tech tip : really simple http server with python - trying to tame the tablet - new products - git - annex assistant 5 hours", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5082788983499185, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.203792"} {"text": "distributed caching with memcached memcached is a high - performance, distributed caching system. although application - neutral, it ' s most commonly used to speed up dynamic web applications by alleviating database load. memcached is used on livejournal, slashdot, wikipedia and other high - traffic sites. for the past eight years i ' ve been creating large, interactive, database - backed web sites spanning multiple servers. approximately 70 machines currently run livejournal. com, a blogging and social networking system with 2. 5 million accounts. in addition to the typical blogging and friend / interest / profile declaration features, livejournal also sports forums, polls, a per - user news aggregator, audio posts by phone and other features useful for bringing people together. optimizing the speed of dynamic web sites is always a challenge, and livejournal is no different. the task is made all the more challenging, because nearly any content item in the system can have an associated security level and be aggregated into many different views. from prior projects with dynamic, context - aware content, i knew from the beginning of livejournal ' s development that pregenerating static pages wasn ' t a viable optimization technique. it ' s impossible due to the constituent objects ' cacheability and lifetimes being so different, so you make a bunch of sacrifices and waste a lot of time precomputing pages more often than they ' re requested. this isn ' t to say caching is a bad thing. on the contrary, one of the core factors of a computer ' s performance is the speed, size and depth of its memory hierarchy. caching definitely is necessary, but only if you do it on the right medium and at the right granularity. i find it best to cache each object on a page separately, rather than caching the entire page as a whole. that way you don ' t end up wasting space by redundantly caching objects and template elements that appear on more than one page. in the end, though, it ' s all a series of trade - offs. because processors keep getting faster, i find it preferable to burn cpu cycles rather than wait for disks. modern disks keeping growing larger and cheaper, but they aren ' t getting much faster. considering how slow and crash - prone they are, i try to avoid disks as much as possible. livejournal ' s web nodes are all diskless, netbooting off a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5326842409116975, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.211884"} {"text": "and cheaper, but they aren ' t getting much faster. considering how slow and crash - prone they are, i try to avoid disks as much as possible. livejournal ' s web nodes are all diskless, netbooting off a common yet redundant nfs root image. not only is this cheaper, but it requires significantly less maintenance. of course, disks are necessary for our database servers, but there we stick to fast disks with fast raid setups. we actually have ten different database clusters, each with two or more machines. nine of the clusters are user clusters, containing data specific to the users partitioned among them. one is our global cluster with non - user data and the table that maps users to their user clusters. the rationale for independent clusters is to spread writes. the alternative is having one big cluster with hundreds of slaves. the difficulty with such a monolithic cluster is it only spreads reads. the problem of diminishing returns appears as each new slave is added and increasingly is consumed by the writes necessary to stay up to date. at this point you can see livejournal ' s back - end philosophy : avoid disks : they ' re a pain. when necessary, use only fast, redundant i / o systems. scale out, not up : many little machines, not big machines. my definition of a little machine is more about re - usability than cost. i want a machine i can keep using as long as it ' s worth its space and heat output. i don ' t want to scale by throwing out machines every six months, replacing them with bigger machines. prior to memcached, our web nodes unconditionally hit our databases. this worked, but it wasn ' t as optimal as it could ' ve been. i realized that even with 4g or 8g of memory, our database server caches were limited, both in raw memory size and by the address space available to our database server processes running on 32 - bit machines. yes, i could ' ve replaced all our databases with 64 - bit machines with much more memory, but recall that i ' m stubborn and frugal. i wanted to cache more on our web nodes. unfortunately, because we ' re using mod _ perl 1. x, caching is a pain. each process and thus, each web request, is in its own address space and can ' t share data with the others. each of the 30 \u2013 50 processes could cache on its own, but doing so would be waste", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45609469864707314, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.212974"} {"text": "caching is a pain. each process and thus, each web request, is in its own address space and can ' t share data with the others. each of the 30 \u2013 50 processes could cache on its own, but doing so would be wasteful. system v shared memory has too many weird limitations and isn ' t portable. it also works only on a single machine, not across 40 + web nodes. these issues reflect what i saw as the main problem with most caching solutions. even if our application platform was multithreaded with data easily shared between processes, we still could cache on only a single machine. i didn ' t want all 40 + machines caching independently and duplicating information. | using salt stack and vagrant for drupal development | | may 20, 2013 | | making linux and android get along ( it ' s not as hard as it sounds ) | | may 16, 2013 | | drupal is a framework : why everyone needs to understand this | | may 15, 2013 | | home, my backup data center | | may 13, 2013 | | non - linux foss : seashore | | may 10, 2013 | | trying to tame the tablet | | may 08, 2013 | - rss feeds - making linux and android get along ( it ' s not as hard as it sounds ) - new products - drupal is a framework : why everyone needs to understand this - a topic for discussion - open source feature - richness? - home, my backup data center - validate an e - mail address with php, the right way - tech tip : really simple http server with python - new products - trying to tame the tablet - git - annex assistant 5 hours 37 min ago - direct cable connection 5 hours 59 min ago - agreed on airdroid. with my 6 hours 10 min ago - i just learned this 6 hours 14 min ago 6 hours 44 min ago - not living upto the mobile revolution 9 hours 35 min ago - deceptive advertising and 10 hours 11 min ago - let \\ ' s declare that you have 10 hours 12 min ago - alterations in contest due 10 hours 13 min ago - at a numbers mindset, your 10 hours 14 min ago enter to win an adafruit prototyping pi plate kit for raspberry pi it ' s raspberry pi month at linux journal. each week in may, adafruit will be giving away a pi - related prize to a lucky, randomly drawn lj reader. winners", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4688950155988902, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.213973"} {"text": "##typing pi plate kit for raspberry pi it ' s raspberry pi month at linux journal. each week in may, adafruit will be giving away a pi - related prize to a lucky, randomly drawn lj reader. winners will be announced weekly. fill out the fields below to enter to win this week ' s prize - - a prototyping pi plate kit for raspberry pi. congratulations to our winners so far : - 5 - 8 - 13, pi starter pack : jack davis - 5 - 15 - 13, pi model b 512mb ram : patrick dunn - next winner announced on 5 - 21 - 13! free webinar : linux backup and recovery most companies incorporate backup procedures for critical data, which can be restored quickly if a loss occurs. however, fewer companies are prepared for catastrophic system failures, in which they lose all data, the entire operating system, applications, settings, patches and more, reducing their system ( s ) to \u201c bare metal. \u201d after all, before data can be restored to a system, there must be a system to restore it to. in this one hour webinar, learn how to enhance your existing backup strategies for better disaster recovery preparedness using storix system backup administrator ( sbadmin ), a highly flexible bare - metal recovery solution for unix and linux systems.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4748122355083617, "token_count": 274, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.214470"} {"text": "like alaska ' s mighty yukon, a broad river once flowed across antarctica, following a gentle valley shaped by tectonic forces at a time before the continent became encased in ice. understanding what happened when rivers of ice later filled the valley could solve certain climate and geologic puzzles about the southernmost continent. the valley is lambert graben in east antarctica, now home to the world ' s largest glacier. trapped beneath the ice, the graben ( which is german for ditch or trench ) is a stunning, deep gorge. but before antarctica ' s deep freeze 34 million years ago, the valley was relatively flat and filled by a lazy river, leaving a riddle for geologists to decode : how did lambert graben get so steep, and when was it carved? [ full story : what antarctica looked like before the ice ] last year, yosemite national park ' s famed \" firefall \" was more of a \" firedrizzle \" due to lack of snow. but this year, the \" firefall \" is burning bright. yosemite ' s horsetail fall flows like lava under a clear sky and favorable lighting. it ' s a small waterfall that makes big news whenever it glows orange during sunset in mid - to late february. this time of year, the sun is setting at just the right angle and the western sky is just clear enough to create the \" firefall \" effect. when that happens, the waterfall will glow orange for about 10 minutes. [ full story : wilderness ' paparazzi ' flock to yosemite ' s ' firefall ' ] a menacing swarm of locusts that entered southern israel earlier this week has been largely smitten, according to the israeli government and local reports. but some of the insects ' ilk may be back later this week. officials sprayed the flying insects with pesticide early this morning ( march 6 ), greatly reducing the number of living, flying insects, according to a statement from the ministry of agriculture and rural development. [ full story : israel escapes locust plague \u2014 for now ] a new photo taken from the international space station shows an ecologically diverse area of panama in a new light. the picture is the first taken by a new earth - observing tool recently installed on the orbiting science laboratory, and shows the san pablo river emptying into the gulf of montijo, reported nasa ' s earth observatory. [ full story : new space station camera snaps first image of earth ] emperor penguins \u201c wear \u201d an invisible shield of cold air that helps to prevent body heat loss", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42578335280261953, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.220208"} {"text": "river emptying into the gulf of montijo, reported nasa ' s earth observatory. [ full story : new space station camera snaps first image of earth ] emperor penguins \u201c wear \u201d an invisible shield of cold air that helps to prevent body heat loss, allowing the flightless birds to survive the sub - zero temps of antarctica, a new study finds. the report, published in the journal biology letters, demonstrates just how hardy the birds are. [ full story : penguins wear a shield of cold air in winter ] scientists are unveiling a rare octopus that has never been on public display before. and unlike other octopuses, where females have a nasty habit of eating their partners during sex, larger pacific striped octopuses mate by pressing their beaks and suckers against each other in an intimate embrace. [ full story : rare kissing octopus unveiled for the first time ] the huge ocean sloshing beneath the icy shell of jupiter ' s moon europa likely makes its way to the surface in some places, suggesting astronomers may not need to drill down deep to investigate it, a new study reports. scientists have detected chemicals on europa ' s frozen surface that could only come from the global liquid - water ocean beneath, implying the two are in contact and potentially opening a window into an environment that may be capable of supporting life as we know it. [ full story : on jupiter ' s moon europa, underground ocean bubbles up to surface ] the latest in a series of late - season snowstorms is barreling toward the east coast, dumping nearly a foot of snow on some locales as it passes. the national weather service predicts 8 to 12 inches ( 20 to 30 centimeters ) of snow could fall in the mid - atlantic states tonight ( march 5 ), with up to 18 inches ( 45 cm ) in west virginia. tomorrow ( march 6 ), traffic snarls are expected along interstate 95 as the system collides with warm air over the east coast, pummeling northern virginia, washington, d. c., maryland, n. y. ' s long island and southern connecticut with heavy, wet snow. [ full story : snowstorm threatening east coast seen from space ] camels are the poster animals for the desert, but researchers now have evidence that these shaggy beasts once lived in the canadian high arctic. the fossil remains of a 3. 5 - million - year - old camel were found on ellesmere island in canada ' s northernmost territory, nunavut. the camel was about 30 percent bigger than modern camels and was identified", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4915491767192406, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.222761"} {"text": "high arctic. the fossil remains of a 3. 5 - million - year - old camel were found on ellesmere island in canada ' s northernmost territory, nunavut. the camel was about 30 percent bigger than modern camels and was identified using a technique called collagen fingerprinting. the finding, detailed today ( march 5 ) in the journal nature communications, suggests that modern camels stemmed from giant relatives that lived in a forested arctic that was somewhat warmer than today. [ full story : giant camels roamed the arctic 3. 5 million years ago ] in the second century, an ethnically greek roman named galen became doctor to the gladiators. his glimpses into the human body via these warriors ' wounds, combined with much more systematic dissections of animals, became the basis of islamic and european medicine for centuries. galen ' s texts wouldn ' t be challenged for anatomical supremacy until the renaissance, when human dissections \u2014 often in public \u2014 surged in popularity. but doctors in medieval europe weren ' t as idle as it may seem, as a new analysis of the oldest - known preserved human dissection in europe reveals. [ full story : grotesque mummy head reveals advanced medieval science ] the european union has launched a new program to tackle the threat of space junk, which litters the corridors of earth orbit. space junk is man - made debris \u2014 spent rocket stages, dead satellites and even lost spacewalker tools \u2014 orbiting earth. these bits of detritus pose a risk to orbiting satellites, which even a small piece of space trash could damage or destroy. [ full story : europe takes aim at space junk menace ]", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4378167514140933, "token_count": 333, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.223432"} {"text": "falling furniture : rising risk for children credit : \u00a9 photographer : showface | agency : dreamstime. com credit : \u00a9 photographer : showface | agency : dreamstime. com parents might like to think of their home as a safe haven for their kids, but falling household furniture \u2014 such as televisions, dressers, and desks \u2014 poses a surprising amount of danger to youngsters, according to a new study. and the risk is growing. an estimated 264, 200 children were hurt and about 300 were killed by furniture tip - overs from 1990 to 2007, said the study ' s senior author dr. gary smith, director of the center for injury research and policy at nationwide children ' s hospital in ohio, the organization that conducted the research. the number of children sent to the emergency room for injuries related to falling furniture in the united states increased from an estimated 12, 012 cases in 1990 to 16, 950 in 2007 ( 41 percent ), he said. and even when the researchers adjusted for changes in population size over the course of the study, they still saw a rise. \" the take home message is, in terms of numbers and rates, the burden of these injuries continues to increase, \" said smith. and the study, he says, tells us that \" what we ' re doing right now to prevent these injuries is inadequate, we need to do more. \" most of the injuries \u2014 about 75 percent \u2014 were in children 6 years old or younger. children under 9 were most likely to be hurt by falling televisions and suffer head and neck injuries, while older children were usually injured by other types of furniture, including cabinets and bookshelves, and more frequently sustained trauma to their lower body. the researchers published their results in the may 2009 issue of the journal clinical pediatrics. the scientists note that almost a quarter of the accidents resulted from children pulling or climbing the furniture. to arrive at these estimates, smith and his colleagues obtained data from the national electronic injury surveillance system, a sample of 98 different hospitals in the united states with 24 - hour emergency rooms. the researchers used this information to calculate the total number of furniture injuries to u. s. children. the study is more inclusive than previous analyses, smith said, because it includes data from more hospitals over a longer time period, and looked at injuries from many different types of furniture, instead of only focusing on televisions. the researchers can only speculate about the cause of the increase. \" perhaps there ' s more tvs or other types of furniture that are associated with tip", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4524687441288764, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.226241"} {"text": "( newsusa ) - it ' s easy to instantly trim your energy consumption and boost the eco - friendliness of your home. the key to easy energy savings is lighting, but for many homeowners and renters, knowing how and what to do to improve their home ' s lighting efficiency can be confusing. to alleviate that confusion, the american lighting association ( ala ) offers some easy energy - saving steps : 1. replace incandescent bulbs with compact fluorescents ( cfls ). to make an immediate impact on your energy consumption - - and your utility bill - - swap out your most - used incandescent bulbs with cfls. \" it ' s the easiest way to start improving your energy efficiency, \" says joe rey - barreau, education consultant for the ala and an associate professor at the university of kentucky ' s school of interior design. to find the right cfl for you, look at the color temperature listed on the bulb package label. choose a bulb labeled \" residential color, \" \" warm \" or \" soft white. \" 2. replace dimmable incandescent bulbs with dimmable cfls. as the color range of cfls has improved, so has their ability to be dimmed, and dimmable bulbs are proven to decrease energy use. however, cfls still do not have the dimming range of incandescents. 3. buy name brands. it is frustrating to invest in a longer - lasting bulb only to have it burn out quickly. to avoid that, buy recognizable brands for improved quality and color. 4. revamp outdoor fixtures. your outdoor lighting fixture may be beautiful, but it may be an energy guzzler, too. look for energy - efficient fixtures that use either cfls or light - emitting diodes ( leds ), or those that activate using a motion sensor or photocell. 5. buy energy star - qualified fixtures and bulbs. energy star is a u. s. department of energy certification most recognized on appliances - - though also used on lighting fixtures and bulbs. 6. retrofit recessed lighting with led fixtures. while led bulbs have a high initial cost, they will last the lifetime of the fixture. 7. replace undercabinet lighting. with long life and super - high efficiency, some led lighting also offers fairly easy installation, including pucks and strips used as undercabinet lighting. as an added bonus, led lights will not give off the undesirable heat of incandescents. visit your local ala - member", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44885768887258665, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.228693"} {"text": "( ara ) - this year ' s tick population, including the increased number of the treatments throughout the mid - atlantic, has a somewhat surprising cause... acorns. oak trees produced an extremely high number of acorns in 2010, which led to an increase in the white - footed mouse population in 2011. in turn, the deer tick ( or black - legged tick ), had ample supply of its preferred food source. as a result, you may spot more of the most common tick in the mid - atlantic in your backyard. ranging from the size of a sesame seed to 5 / 8 - inch long, most ticks are ectoparasites, or parasites that live on the surface of their host. the deer tick goes through three life stages - larva, nymph and adult - requiring a blood meal during each stage. typically, ticks feed on wildlife where they can come into contact with dangerous bacteria, including lyme disease and rocky mountain spotted fever. the bacteria may be transferred to humans through tick bites. \" in most cases, a tick must be attached to your body for 24 to 36 hours to transmit disease. as a result, prevention and early detection are critical, \" says phil pierce, entomologist and technical services manager for western pest services. \" it is important to always check yourself, children and pets promptly after spending time outdoors in wooded or grassy areas and to take steps to limit your exposure to these blood - sucking pests. \" pierce recommends the following tips to help you avoid ticks when outdoors : * wear long - sleeved shirts and long pants when working outside near woodlands, fields and areas with shrubbery and tall grass. * choose light - colored clothing so it ' s easier to identify any ticks on your body, and tuck pants into socks or boots to prevent ticks from crawling into pant legs. * apply an epa - approved insect repellant on clothing and exposed skin near potential entrance areas ( pants cuff, shirt cuff, collar and around socks ). you can also purchase clothing treated with materials that repel and control ticks. ticks generally do not infest areas that are well maintained. to help control tick populations around the home, keep vegetation in the yard trimmed, especially along the edges of your property. should you encounter ticks, it is best to remove them with fine point tweezers. grasp the tick as close to the point of the bite as possible. gently, but firmly, lift the tick at the head with tweezers. avoid", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4028240512904321, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.231616"} {"text": "answering the atheist august 10, 2003 / volume 3, issue 32 the atheist ' s complaint : when were the stars made? genesis 1 : 16 - 19 say it was on the fourth day of creation. however, job 38 : 4 - 7 says it was before the earth was made. is there a contradiction? the questioner ought to acknowledge that figurative language is being employed by the lord when he says that \u201c... the morning stars sang together... \u201d do stars ( clustered gases in space ) sing? the text is speaking of the glory of god \u2019 s creation, not of the order in which it was carried out. the \u201c morning stars \u201d are the brightest and most glorious of the stars, of outstanding beauty as they declare the coming of the morning. here the lord uses them figuratively to declare the beginning of creation, or the morning of creation. the fact that the stars were created on the fourth day does not preclude them from singing together the praise of god at the laying of the foundation of the earth. have you ever had a wonderful idea, and you played out in your mind beforehand how things would work. you visualized the steps you would take, the successes you would attain, the goals and rewards which would come. god in his foreknowledge could surely envision the praises of his creation ( psalm 19 : 1 ; 148 : 3 ). the difference between the lord anticipating such things, and us fantasizing of how and when our plans will come to fruition is that he knew that it would be so. we can only speculate when it comes to our plans. there is no contradiction. this article is a response to skeptic ' s annotated bible", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5037757988153182, "token_count": 349, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.233414"} {"text": "in kinship terminology, a cousin is a relative with whom one shares a common ancestor. in modern usage, the term is rarely used when referring to a relative in one ' s own line of descent, or where there is a more specific term to describe the relationship : e. g., brother, sister, aunt, uncle. the term blood relative can be used synonymously, and underlines the existence of a genetic link. a system of degrees and removes is used to describe the relationship between the two cousins and the ancestor they have in common. the degree ( first, second, third cousin, etc. ) indicates one less than the minimum number ofgenerations between either cousin and the nearest common ancestor ; the remove ( once removed, twice removed, etc. ) indicates the number of generations, if any, separating the two cousins from each other. for example, a person with whom you share a grandparent ( but not a parent ) is a first cousin ; someone with whom you share a great - grandparent ( but not a grandparent ) is a second cousin ; and someone with whom you share a great - great - grandparent ( but not a great - grandparent ) is a third cousin ; and so on. the child of your first cousin is yourfirst cousin once removed because the one generation separating you and the child ( the cousin ) represents oneremove. you and the child are still considered first cousins, as your own grandparent ( this child ' s great - grandparent ), as the most recent common ancestor, represents one degree. non - genealogical usage often eliminates the degrees and removes, and refers to people with common ancestors merely as cousins or distant cousins. alternatively, the terms ' second cousin ' and ' first cousin once removed ' are often incorrectly used interchangeably. the system can handle kinships going back any number of generations ( subject to the genealogical information being available ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5672140900826206, "token_count": 386, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.235447"} {"text": "haiti is a caribbean country occupying the western - third of the island of hispaniola, between the atlantic ocean and caribbean sea. what is the capital of haiti? port - au - prince is the capital of the caribbean nation of haiti. with a population of 897, 859, haiti is the largest city in the country. haiti covers a total area of 10, 714 square miles. as estimated in 2011, the caribbean nation had a population of 9, 719, 932. what are the ethnic groups in haiti? the majority of the population of haiti belong to africa. there are a few hispanic residents, as well as small numbers of europeans. the country also has some syrians and lebanese. what are the administrative divisions of haiti? haiti is divided into ten departments that are sub - divided into 41 arrondissements, and 133 communes. the communeas function as second - and third - level administrative divisions. who are the political leaders of haiti? president - michel martelly prime minister - garry conille what is the official currency used in haiti? the gourde denoted by the iso 4217 code htg is the official currency if haiti. it is divided into 100 centimes or santim. the gourde was adopted in 1813. what is the official language of haiti? haiti has two official languages : french and haitian creole. french is the official language of haiti used for administrative, religious, educational and business purposes. the standardized haitian creole is also officially recognized and is spoken by the entire population of haiti. there are a few spanish speakers in the country as well. what is the religion of haiti? the official religion of haiti is christianity. the largest denomination is roman catholicism practiced by almost eighty - percent of haitians. protestants make up about sixteen percent of the population of the country. haiti is one of the poorest nations in the world with eighty percent of the population living under the poverty line. in 2010, the gdp ( ppp ) of the country was estimated at $ 11. 477 billion, while the per capita was $ 1, 164. agriculture is an important sector employing about sixty - six percent of the total population. small - scale subsistence farming contributes thirty percent to the gdp. cassava, rice, sugarcane, sorghum, yams, corn, coffee, and mangoes are the major crops. mangoes and coffee are two of the most important exports of haiti. the other major exports include oils, cocoa, sugar, sisal, and bauxite. haiti has", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.37741256095029313, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.239277"} {"text": "biofouling is one of the main problems faced by every type of ship at the sea. marine growth such as barnacles and mussels have been the reason for problems such as decreased ship efficiency, corrosion etc. biofouling not only sticks to the external surface of the ships but also gets into the water intakes and sticks to the surface of the pipes leading to problems such as blockage and corrosion. though mechanical removing tools can be used to get rid of such marine growth, this is not always possible. for this reason, different types of marine growth prevent systems are used on board ships, along with anti - fouling paints. the main types of preventive measures used on ships are : 1. electrolytic system 2. chemical dosing 3. ultrasonic system 1. electrolytic system this is one of the most commonly used systems to fight biofouling on ships. the electrolytic system consists of pairs of anodes, mostly copper and aluminum ( or iron ). the anodes are mounted in the sea chest or the strainer. dc current is passed through the copper anodes, which produce ions that are carried with the seawater in the whole piping network. these copper ions in the seawater prevent marine organisms from settling down and multiplying on the surface of the pipes. the second anode is used to prevent corrosion of the metal surface. the iron anodes help in preventing layers of oxide films of the metals from breaking down by the corrosive agents ( sulphur ) of seawater. this system also gives protection to valves, condensers, engine cooling systems and ancillary equipment. a control panel measures and monitors the output of each of the anodes. 2. chemical dosing chemical dosing is also a common method which is used to prevent marine growth in piping network. anti - fouling chemical such as ferrous chloride is used to dose sea water boxes. the chemical coats the pipework with a protective ferrous layer to prevent corrosion. high frequency waves are also used as a method to prevent marine growth in piping systems. ultrasonic system is supposed to be known as one of the most highly effective methods to prevent biofouling. a reduction in biofouling of as much as 80 % is claimed by this method. according to research, ultrasonics is supposed to have two types of effects on anti - fouling. - a disturbance action because of the high frequency waves which renders the habitat unacceptable - a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4747313125898285, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.243490"} {"text": "as much as 80 % is claimed by this method. according to research, ultrasonics is supposed to have two types of effects on anti - fouling. - a disturbance action because of the high frequency waves which renders the habitat unacceptable - a mechanical action on the organisms which are trying to deposit adhesive. it not only helps in preventing it from solidifying but also acts on 4 - 5mm organisms which are already anchored. in the ultrasonic method, a wave generator produces and sends electrical impulses at high frequency. these waves are passed through a coaxial cable to transducers which are mounted externally to the sea chests or strainers. the transducers contain piezoelectric ceramic crystals, which when excited by electrical impulses, generate an ultrasonic beam. the main advantage of this system is that it is non - invasive and no parts are in contact with sea water. moreover, no toxic substances are produced. electro - chlorination is a method in which chlorine is generated to produce sodium hypochlorite, which is used to prevent fouling. titanium is used as the cathode material whereas titanium coated with 100 micro - inches of platinum is used as anodes. titanium is an electrochemically inert element at positive voltages less than 9 volts. the anode / cathode voltage is kept 7 volts. chlorine is generated at the anodes along with other elements to form sodium hyperchlorite. a large amount of hydrogen gas is also produced which should be evacuated safely. the layer at the anode in consumed at a rate of 6 mg / ampere per year. however, it depends on the unit voltages and currents supplied. the total output of chlorine is a function of current rather than flow through the unit. thus adequate flow is required to ensure cooling and to prevent calcareous deposits. 10pp chlorine in sea water would kill all marine life quickly, whereas 1 ppm will prevent fouling. this can be tested on board. it is to note that this system is designed to be used only in sea water and not in fresh water. biofouling is one of those problems which have been bothering the shipping industry since the start. project such as ambio has been implemented to find solid solutions to this problem. advances have already been made in the field of anti - fouling paints and anti - marine growth systems. some innovative techniques that can be used to prevent biofouling in the future are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5053127546034002, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.244552"} {"text": "from the department of mathematics welcome to math 126. this is the third quarter of an introductory course in calculus. what makes this course interesting? the use of calculus and its consequences cuts across many disciplines, ranging from biology to business to engineering to the social sciences. at the risk of oversimplifying, calculus provides powerful tools to study \" the rate of change. \" for example, we might want to study how fast a disease is spreading through a population, by studying the \" number of diagnosed cases per day \". we hope that seeing how calculus can be used to solve real world problems will be interesting. this course first expands upon the idea of linear approximations learned in math 124. you will learn how to make better approximations and to estimate how good these approximations are. many practical applications of calculus involve functions that depend on more than one variable. you will learn about the geometry of curves and surfaces and get an introduction to differentiation and integration of functions two variables. what makes this course difficult? the hardest thing about calculus is precalculus. the hardest thing about precalculus is algebra. you all know from previous math classes how one course will build upon the next, and calculus is no exception. math 126 will not only use material from precalculus and algebra, but it will use material you learned in math 124 and math 125. very few of you will go on to major in mathematics or computer science, but most of you will eventually see how calculus is applied in your chosen field of study. for this reason, we aim for ability to solve application problems using calculus. some of the homework problems are quite lengthy and building up your \" mathematical problem solving stamina \" is just one of the aims of this course. if you have taken the math 120 at uw, you know what this all means. if you have not, it means that a large number of \" word problems \" ( \" story problems \" ) or \" multi - step problems \" are encountered in the course. this is one key place math 126 will differ from a typical high school course. in addition, it is important to note that the ability to apply calculus requires more than computational skill ; it requires conceptual understanding. as you work through the homework, you will find two general types of problems : calculation / skill problems and multi - step / word problems. a good rule of thumb is to work enough of the skill problems to become proficient, then spend the bulk of your time working on the longer multi - step problems. five common misconceptions misconception", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5558630912931023, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.250443"} {"text": "and multi - step / word problems. a good rule of thumb is to work enough of the skill problems to become proficient, then spend the bulk of your time working on the longer multi - step problems. five common misconceptions misconception # 1 : theory is irrelevant and the lectures should be aimed just at showing you how to do the problems. the issue here is that we want you to be able to do all problems \u2013 not just particular kinds of problems \u2013 to which the methods of the course apply. for that level of command, the student must attain some conceptual understanding and develop judgment. thus, a certain amount of theory is very relevant, indeed essential. a student who has been trained only to do certain kinds of problems has acquired very limited expertise. misconception # 2 : the purpose of the classes and assignments is to prepare the student for the exams. the real purpose of the classes and homework is to guide you in achieving the aspiration of the course : command of the material. if you have command of the material, you should do well on the exams. misconception # 3 : it is the teacher ' s job to cover the material. as covering the material is the role of the textbook, and the textbook is to be read by the student, the instructor should be doing something else, something that helps the student grasp the material. the instructor ' s role is to guide the students in their learning : to reinforce the essential conceptual points of the subject, and to show their relation to the solving of problems. misconception # 4 : since you are supposed to be learning from the book, there ' s no need to go to the lectures. the lectures, the reading, and the homework should combine to produce true comprehension of the material. for most students, reading a math text won ' t be easy. the lectures should serve to orient the student in learning the material. misconception # 5 : since i did well in math, even calculus, in a good high school, i ' ll have no trouble with math at uw. there is a different standard at the college level. students will have to put in more effort in order to get a good grade than in high school ( or equivalently, to learn the material sufficiently well by college standards ). how do i succeed? most people learn mathematics by doing mathematics. that is, you learn it by active participation ; it is very unusual for someone to learn calculus by simply watching the instructor and ta perform. for this reason, the homework is the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5490104390725259, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.251522"} {"text": ". how do i succeed? most people learn mathematics by doing mathematics. that is, you learn it by active participation ; it is very unusual for someone to learn calculus by simply watching the instructor and ta perform. for this reason, the homework is the heart of the course and more than anything else, study time is the key to success in math 126. we advise an average of 15 hours of study per week, outside class. also, during the first week, the number of study hours will probably be even higher as you adjust to the viewpoint of the course and brush up on precalculus / algebra skills. in effect, this means that math 126 will be roughly a 20 hour per week effort ; the equivalent of a half - time job! this time commitment is in line with the university handbook guidelines. in addition, it is much better to spread your studying evenly as possible across the week ; cramming 15 hours of homework into the day before an assignment is due does not work. pacing yourself, using a time schedule throughout the week, is a good way to insure success ; this applies to any course at the uw, not just math. what is the course format? on monday, wednesday and friday, you will meet with the instructor for the course in a class of size approximately 160 ; these classes are each 50 minutes long. on tuesday and thursday you will have a 50 minute section of about 40 students run by a ta. during these sections, you will take quizzes and exams, work in small groups on worksheets, and participate in question and answer sessions. the worksheets are designed to lead you through particular ideas related to this course. the ta for the course will circulate around the individual groups to insure everyone is progressing. what resources are available to help me succeed? calculus is a challenging course and the math department would like to see every one of you pass through with a positive experience. to help, a number of resources are available. good luck this quarter. math study center | common finals | office hours | acms | math placement | tutor list | time schedule | career center | search printer friendly format please send comments, corrections, and suggestions to : webmaster [ at ] math. washington. edu", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4799520008816853, "token_count": 455, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.252631"} {"text": "croessmann, a 25 - year - old baltimore resident, is one of 1. 6 million americans on gluten - free diets who have not been diagnosed with celiac disease, according to a recent study published in the american journal of gastroenterology. celiac disease is triggered by the gluten found in wheat, barley, rye and possibly oats, which causes an autoimmune reaction and can lead to damage to the small intestine. gluten sensitivity, from which croessmann suffers, is much vaguer. a 2011 study in the journal bmc medicine determined that individuals with gluten sensitivity, as is the case with those who have celiac disease, cannot tolerate gluten, but the overall clinical picture is less severe, and the condition generally does not lead to intestinal damage. \u00bb the latest on traffic, delays and road construction delivered to your mobile phone. click to sign up to receive text alerts! dr. joseph murray, professor of medicine and a consultant in gastroenterology and immunology at the mayo clinic in minnesota and co - author of the recently published study on the prevalence of celiac disease, says gluten sensitivity is likely one of many reasons the 1. 6 million who have cut gluten without a celiac diagnosis are on the restricted diet. others reasons may include advice from practitioners of alternative medicine practitioner, a desire to lose weight, or simply the prevalence of gluten - free products on shelves at health stores. whatever the reason, doctors say, going on a gluten - free diet should be done only after careful consideration. it ' s not necessarily bad for you, but it ' s not for everyone, either. dr. gerard mullin, an associate professor at johns hopkins hospital and author of \" the inside tract, \" says that while there ' s not a particular component of gluten that your body will lack or need to have replaced if it ' s removed from your diet, it ' s best to take a highly individualized approach when determining whether a gluten - free diet is right for you. while celebrities often promote a gluten - free diet as a great way to slim down, mullin says it ' s far from an easy or sure way to lose weight. \" a lot of convenience foods are gluten - laden, \" he says. in removing gluten, you ' re taking away a lot of easily accessible and caloric snack foods \u2014 bagels,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43268839062706915, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.257648"} {"text": "easy or sure way to lose weight. \" a lot of convenience foods are gluten - laden, \" he says. in removing gluten, you ' re taking away a lot of easily accessible and caloric snack foods \u2014 bagels, pizza, cereal and the like, he says. murray agrees, saying that those who lose weight on a gluten - free diet are likely shedding pounds because they ' re simply eating less. however, if dieters are simply replacing the snack foods with their gluten - free counterparts, they ' re probably not seeing results. \" gluten - free cookies are still full of sugar, \" mullin says. croessmann says that often, friends think that gluten - free foods can be labeled as good for you because they are sold at stores like trader joe ' s and whole foods, which tend to be associated with healthful lifestyles. \" most of the gluten - free products are actually denser and higher in calories, \" she says. murray says it ' s also important to note that many of the foods you are removing from your diet, like cereals and breads, are fortified with vitamins that their gluten - free counterparts lack. gluten - free products also tend to be pricier. \" it ' s a lot more expensive, \" croessmann says. \" if you want gluten - free bread, crackers or pretzels, sometimes it ' s three or four times the cost. \" while gluten sensitivity is certainly a good reason to remove gluten from your diet, murray says it ' s a tricky diagnosis that ' s arrived at only by the process of elimination. symptoms of gluten sensitivity, like stomachaches, fatigue, bloating and diarrhea, are identical or similar to those of celiac disease, irritable bowel syndrome and lactose intolerance. though it ' s tempting to remove gluten \u2014 and, if you feel better, keep it out of your diet \u2014 murray says it could delay diagnosis of other conditions, like celiac disease, intestinal obstruction or crohn ' s disease. celiac disease, in particular, often goes undiagnosed. murray ' s study determined that of the 1. 8 million americans that have it, 1. 4 million are unaware. \" if you think you have celiac, go on a gluten - free diet and then ask to be tested, your", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.413783492932942, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.258856"} {"text": "the month of dhul hijjah is once again fast approaching and those fortunate enough to be performing the hajj ( annual pilgrimage to mecca ) will have long been making preparations for this blessed time this ground - work will have included the external often frustrating tasks of obtaining visas and making travel arrangements, and the more important - and certainly more difficult - internal spiritual preparations. but those of us who are unable to perform the hajj this year can still partake in this blessed month. for prophet muhammad ( may god ' s peace and blessings be with him ) encouraged us to work harder in the pursuit of good during this time, saying of the first 10 days of dhul hijjah, in particular : \" there are no days in which righteous deeds are more beloved to god than these ten days. \" this is the period, which precedes the festival of eid al adha ( the feast of the sacrifice ) commemorating the monumental sacrifice in which abraham ( may god ' s peace and blessings be with him ), patriarch of the semitic faiths, willingly obeyed his lord ' s command to sacrifice his beloved son. and as all will know, neither abraham nor his son were found wanting, and the human sacrificial offering was replaced with a ram. each year, in commemoration of this pinnacle of human submission to the will of god, muslims sacrifice an animal, the meat of which is distributed amongst the poor, friends and family. of course, the ritual is merely symbolic of an inner ascent that we are all asked to make. the holy qur ' an reminds us : ` it is not their meat nor their blood that reaches god : it is your piety that reaches him ' ( holy qur ' an 22 : 37 ) and as we offer our sacrifices this year, let us also reflect on what greater sacrifices we can make of our god - given resources - our money, energy and time, to name but a few - to assist those around us who may be in need. fasting is a sacred rite that assists spiritual growth and is observed in most of the world ' s religions. in addition to the fast of ramadan, muslims are also encouraged to fast during the first nine days of the month, and in particular on the ninth of the month which coincides with the day of ' arafah which marks the culmination of the hajj. fasting on this day, the prophet taught, is an expiation of sins for two years - those of the preceding year and of the year ahead.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44809033345148186, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.262636"} {"text": "day of ' arafah which marks the culmination of the hajj. fasting on this day, the prophet taught, is an expiation of sins for two years - those of the preceding year and of the year ahead. gratitude to god is due from any who have been able to grow ( in any measure ), during this period, for as the holy qur ' an advises : ` a \u2026 and that you should magnify god for having guided you so that you may be grateful to him '. ( holy qur ' an 2 : 185 ) this is traditionally observed in the form of chanting the takbeer ( magnifying god ), this being encouraged from sunset on the ninth of dhul hijjah until mid - afternoon on the thirteenth of the month. god ' s blessings are concentrated in certain places and periods of time. whilst those making the hajj have the opportunity to benefit from both, those of us remaining behind should certainly resolve to make the most of the moment for it is only through inner spiritual growth that contentment and true happiness is to be found. ` therefore turn to your lord in prayer and sacrifice ' ( holy qur ' an 108 : 2 ) may god ' s peace and blessings be with us all! dr sangeeta dhami", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4358151969798072, "token_count": 262, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.263266"} {"text": "the art garden program meets criteria of the visual arts standards for california. designed to encourage aesthetic awareness, creative problem solving and skill development in a variety of mediums ( clay, painting, printing, weaving, etc. ) connections are made to science, geography, literature and cultural influences. this information summarizes only the courses taught by specialist teachers. classroom faculty at all levels also may incorporate these subject areas in their curriculum. music studio classes are a synthesis of the orff schulwerk, kodaly and dalcroze methods of music education. children are instructed in singing, playing of instruments, speech, note - reading, movement and rhythm using a whole - child, child - centered approach and drawing on literary, national and global materials. the library program stimulates a love of varied books while supplementing classroom learning in literature, language arts, and social sciences. it develops skills in language, listening, reading, research, analysis, genre studies and library resources and technology. activities range from poetry readings to book reports and thematic studies. the formal physical education classes provide instruction that encourages students to interact, produce, share, rebound from disappointment, accept success with humility, lead and follow, while attaining higher physical fitness, agility and endurance and an interest in recreation. the goal is to expose students to spanish language and cultures at a young and impressionable age, through consistent, formal instruction. we present vocabulary in the context of daily life or through the cultural variety among spanish - speaking nations. the program ' s focus is global and relies on songs, games, manipulative materials, puppets, food, role play, books and tapes. instruction in theater arts develops dramatic and musical skills while building cooperation and self - esteem in activities that range from theater exercises to skits and musicals like \" oliver. \" students work on projection, movement, acting technique, choreography, sets, costumes and props.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49954434622652183, "token_count": 383, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.265522"} {"text": "from our 2008 archives brain training for spinal cord injury latest neurology news bypassing the injury may put brain back in charge of paralyzed muscles, study shows reviewed by louise chang, md oct. 15, 2008 - - scientists at the university of washington in seattle report success in their first attempts to harness the brain to treat paralysis in people with spinal cord injuries. their technique isn ' t ready for patients yet, but researcher chet moritz, phd, says it may one day be used to help paralyzed people walk. \" we haven ' t studied that directly, so it ' s all speculation on my part, but certainly it ' s possible in the next 10 - 20 years, \" moritz said at a news conference. the basic idea is to bypass the spinal cord injury and create a direct route from the brain to the muscles. it ' s a concept that hinges on the brain ' s ability to adapt, with brain cells stepping up to handle tasks that they ' re not used to doing. here ' s a look at the findings, published in today ' s advance online edition of nature. moritz and colleagues tested their treatment on monkeys. first, the monkeys learned to play a simple video game which involved flexing and extending the wrist muscles. a little applesauce was all the reward the monkeys needed to master the game. then, the researchers temporarily paralyzed the monkeys ' wrist muscles with a nerve - blocking drug. the scientists also implanted electrodes in the monkeys ' brains to record the activity of certain brain cells. those electrodes were hooked up to wires running to a computer and then into the monkeys ' wrist muscles - - basically, a direct connection wiring brain cells to the wrist muscles, bypassing the temporary nerve blockage. with that gear in place and their wrist nerves blocked, the monkeys kept trying to play the video game, still motivated by applesauce. and they managed to do it. \" we found that, remarkably, nearly every neuron that we tested in the brain could be used to control this type of stimulation. we also found that monkeys could learn very rapidly to control newly isolated neurons in order to stimulate their muscles, \" even with brain cells that don ' t usually govern the movement of wrist muscles, moritz says. the study is \" very exciting, \" says edelle field - fote, who directs the neuromotor rehabilitation research laboratory at the university of miami miller school of medicine ' s miami project to cure paralysis. other studies have used a similar approach to control robotic devices, but not the muscles themselves, notes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.502727316662207, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.270182"} {"text": "- fote, who directs the neuromotor rehabilitation research laboratory at the university of miami miller school of medicine ' s miami project to cure paralysis. other studies have used a similar approach to control robotic devices, but not the muscles themselves, notes field - fote. still, she sees challenges ahead. one of those challenges is working the muscles just enough to get the task done - - for instance, picking up a can without crushing it. \" just controlling the muscles isn ' t enough to give us fine control of muscles to be able to manipulate objects in space, \" says field - fote. she says walking may actually be easier in that regard, because it relies on large muscles more than small muscles moving in several directions. another hurdle is that switching muscles on externally activates the biggest muscles first, and those muscles tire out faster than smaller muscles. that ' s one of the reasons why electrical stimulation of muscles hasn ' t been widely used in people with spinal cord injury, says field - fote. one way to overcome that might be to stimulate the spinal cord below the patient ' s spinal cord injury, says field - fote. that way, the spinal cord transmits the signal to the muscles, and because the muscles aren ' t being stimulated externally, they turn on in the right order, from smallest to largest. that ' s one of the tasks moritz and colleagues have already set for themselves. \" that ' s good, \" says field - fote. \" it sounds like they ' re barking up the right tree. \" other challenges include developing a system that can safely be implanted under the skin, improving electrodes ' ability to record brain cell activity for longer periods of time, and creating a system where enough brain cells are harnessed so that if one bows out, the patient can still move. and developing a wireless system could cut infection risk, notes university of washington professor eberhard fetz, phd, who worked on the study. moritz predicts that researchers will first target paralysis that only affects one area of the body - - say, teaching the brain to use the hand muscles to pick up a coffee cup or toothbrush. \" if we want to speculate wildly about the future and we want to restore movement to all parts of the body in a quadriplegic patient, where both arms and legs are paralyzed, we ' re going to need a larger set of neurons that can restore all those movements, \" moritz says. for now, the monkey experiment shows that the technique can work, but \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.48654019623754086, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.271990"} {"text": "our dry mouth main article provides a comprehensive look at the who, what, when and how of dry mouth definition of dry mouth dry mouth : the condition of not having enough saliva to keep the mouth wet. this is due to inadequate function of the salivary glands. everyone has dry mouth once in a while when they are nervous, upset or under stress. but if someone has a dry mouth most all of the time, it can be uncomfortable and lead to serious health problems. dry mouth can cause difficulties in tasting, chewing, swallowing, and speaking. if it goes untreated, severe dry mouth can also lead to increased levels of tooth decay and infections of the mouth such as thrush. severe dry mouth is not a normal part of aging. it can be a clue to systemic diseases such as sjogren syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, sarcoidosis, amyloidosis, and hypothyroidism. some medications can also cause dry mouth. dry mouth is medically termed xerostomia. from the greek \" xeros \" ( dry ) + \" stoma \" ( mouth ). last editorial review : 4 / 27 / 2011 5 : 27 : 15 pm back to medterms online medical dictionary a - z list need help identifying pills and medications? get the latest health and medical information delivered direct to your inbox free!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5058763160682622, "token_count": 290, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.273671"} {"text": "whole grains in the teen diet better health for your teen could be as close as your breadbox. the more whole grains teenagers eat, the leaner they are and the less likely they are to develop diabetes, a recent university of minnesota study found. with obesity and diabetes rising among children, that ' s a slice of good news. why are whole grains healthy? \" they provide protein, complex carbohydrates, several vitamins and are good sources of iron and zinc ( important to sexual development ), \u201d says connie diekman, r. d., the 2007 - 2008 president of the american dietetic association. whole grains may also help prevent heart disease and some forms of cancer. what \u2019 s the difference between whole and refined grains? whole grains consist of the entire kernel, inside and out. in refined grains, the milling process removes the kernel ' s outer layer and the fiber. how many servings per day? most teens and adults need at least six servings of grains daily. if you can, make sure three of them are whole grains. to start adding whole grains to your teens \u2019 meals, try a few simple tips on recharging your meals : nutritionists offer some simple ways to add whole grains to your teen ' s diet : serve whole - wheat toast or multigrain muffins instead of pastries. try oatmeal, barley or other whole - grain cereals. lunch and snacks make sandwiches on whole - grain bread or a whole - grain bagel. mix whole - grain cereals together for a snack. bake or buy cookies made with oatmeal or whole - grain flour. serve brown or wild rice instead of white rice. use whole - grain bread in stuffing and meatloaf try whole - wheat pasta. sub whole - grain flour for refined white flour when you bake. add barley to soup. use corn \u2014 not flour \u2014 tortillas. for more nutritious recipes, visit the american heart association \u2019 s site : http : / / www. deliciousdecisions. org. search for \" wheat \" or \" grain. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40825760633597336, "token_count": 429, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.276464"} {"text": "( menafn press ) plastic is a natural product derived from hydrocarbons and is as natural as petrol or diesel, argues the all india plastic manufacturers association ( aipma ), the co - organiser of plastivision arabia scheduled to be held at expo centre sharjah from may 14 \u201c 17, 2012. \" it is the misuse and specifically the littering of plastic which is unwarranted and harmful to the environment, \" said mr. jayesh rambhia, president of aipma. the aipma was making a case for putting an end to littering habits and working towards educating the public that plastics have a lower carbon footprint compared to other materials. for example, plastic bags generate 39 per cent less greenhouse gas emissions than uncomposted paper bags ; plastic bags consume less than 6 per cent of the water needed to make paper bags ; plastic grocery bags consume 71 % less energy during production than paper bags ; and using paper sacks generates almost five times more solid waste than plastic bags. \" more than 90 per cent of plastic bags or any plastic which is disposed of properly is recycled and will not harm the environment. any plastic that does not recycle will find its ways to designated land - fills where it will eventually bio - degrade, only if disposed properly, \" he added. some argue that plastic helps the environment is several ways. after all, plastic has been used to make cars lighter. as a result, less oil is used to mobilize the cars and less co2 is emitted. in addition, plastic containers provide safe ways for disposing of toxic waste products. \" in our society and communities, people litter the landscape with plastics. this not only creates an eyesore with plastic floating at beaches or flying in the desert, but also poses a serious risk to the environment, \" said mr saif mohammed al midfa, director - general of expo centre sharjah, the co - organiser of plastivision arabia. mr midfa cited a report in the ' community reports ' section of gulf news dated april 11, 2012, which had a photograph of a bird struggling to remove pieces of plastic entangled around its neck. \" it is a heart - wrenching sight. had the plastic been disposed of properly, it wouldn ' t have caused this hardship to this poor creature, \" mr midfa said. \" the municipalities are doing their best in trying to curb this menace and the absence of awareness among the public is the main reason for such practices. the recent", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4436048572191849, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.281191"} {"text": "it wouldn ' t have caused this hardship to this poor creature, \" mr midfa said. \" the municipalities are doing their best in trying to curb this menace and the absence of awareness among the public is the main reason for such practices. the recent announcement of sharjah municipality to intensify imposing littering fine will go a long way in reducing littering and promoting recycling of plastic, \" mr midfa said. \" there is no point in hating all plastic products, instead we should actually hate the abuse of plastics. we should hate the way how this incredibly versatile product is made the enemy of public health and environment, \" mr midfa said. among the most crucial improvements in technology over the past few hundred years has been the creation of plastic. today, plastic is used in just about everything we use, and we pay it almost no notice at all. \" plastic is quite indispensable and there is no complete alternative for it, \" said eng. mohamed saleh badri, director general of the emirates authority for standardization & metrology ( esma ). \" we use plastic in almost everything in our daily life, in our cars, at the workplace, in hospitals. however, it is important to manage disposable plastics like shopping bags, packaging, cups and cutlery, \" he added. \" we have introduced a law to use oxo bio - degradable plastic in shopping bags and garbage bags across the uae since the beginning of 2012. information on this, the proper usage of additives, and registration of additive suppliers will be available at our stand at the forthcoming plastivision arabia, \" he said. esma will also create workshop on the specific requirements for registration of oxo biodegradable plastic bags as part of plastivision arabia. plastivision arabia is organised by expo centre sharjah and the all india plastic manufacturers association with the support of the sharjah chamber of commerce and industry.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3796164800129117, "token_count": 394, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.282300"} {"text": "ferdinand ( dave cowan ) and spirits in 2002 production of the tempest. the theatre emphasis offers beginning and intermediate level courses in theatre arts. classes are designed to equip students with a solid understanding of the theatrical process in an atmosphere valuing individual growth. students learn to work cooperatively as members of an ensemble, to appreciate the many arts of the theatre, and to focus their creative energies. while the training is geared toward students at all levels of experience and professional aspiration, theatre is approached as a serious art form demanding commitment and dedication. the busy schedule of productions and workshop presentations allows students ample opportunity to apply their training in public performances. the 105a narrative theatre ( 3 students in this course develop an original ensemble theatre production based on an established theme. the material may be drawn from personal stories, community - based interviews or historical research. the class focuses on the development of ensemble performance skills, techniques for creating original performance material and the role of theatre as community story telling. students learn to utilize theatre to reflect upon the political, social, and cultural dynamic of a particular community, to listen across cultural divides and / or to give voice to their personal stories. the 105b, c & d : play development i, ii & iii ( 1 participate in the development of an original play from page to stage. students may contribute as writers, directors, actors, and / or designers, learning to collaborate with an ensemble of theatre artists in the creation of new plays. to directing ( 3 units ) introduction to fundamental principles of directing. study and practice in the directorial process including research, script analysis, conceptualization, casting and rehearsal techniques. concurrent enrollment in a laboratory production course ( the 105b, 105c or 105d ) is required. recommended preparation : the 202, the 210b and the 210c ). the 119a, b & c : costume construction ( 2 - 3 units ) the 119d : introduction to costume design ( 3 units ) an introduction to the crafts of designing, building, & coordinating theatrical costumes. techniques of basic pattern drafting, cutting and fitting are applied through practical work on the theatre department \u2019 s current production. basic elements of costume design, including period style, color choices, and characterization, are discussed as they relate to the play under construction. recommended preparation : clo 105 the 121a, b, c & d : acting performance i, ii, iii & iv ( 3 units ) participation in college production as a performing member of the cast. variable credit will be determined by the hours involved in rehearsal and performance.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45389166152281846, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.289691"} {"text": "105 the 121a, b, c & d : acting performance i, ii, iii & iv ( 3 units ) participation in college production as a performing member of the cast. variable credit will be determined by the hours involved in rehearsal and performance. all actors will be required to audition for roles. the 125a, b, c & d : production - pcrew i, ii, iii & iv ( 1 - 2 units ) participation in a college production as a member of the production staff or crew. involvement in one or more of the following areas during the development of the play : scenery building and painting, stage lighting, make - up, costumes, publicity and house management. the 170 introduction to this course is designed for both beginning and experienced writers to explore the art of playwriting in a supportive, inquisitive environment. through readings, writing exercises, and continual revision of our works - in - progress, we will explore how plays evolve from fledgling ideas to stage - ready scripts. the 200 : introduction to theatre ( 3 units ) an introduction the principles and purposes of drama. western theatre is surveyed from its origins in ancient greece through the medieval, renaissance, modern and contemporary periods. non - western theatrical styles are also examined, as are emerging multi - cultural and cross - cultural theatrical directions. investigation of the creative contributions made by playwrights, actors, directors, designers, stage managers and technicians enhance the student \u2019 s appreciation of theatre. lectures, films, theatre attendance, assigned reading and practical \" hands - on \" projects acquaint students with some of the joys and challenges of creative work in the theatre. the 201 : introduction to film ( 3 units ) history and background of film and cinematic arts in an international framework. appreciation of the purposes and principles of film as art and the contributions made by actors, directors, and technicians in the film industry. the 202 introduction to dramatic literature ( 3 units ) reading and discussion of american plays. some european and non - western dramatic texts from various historical periods may also be included. students in this course learn to analyze scripts from the perspective of a theatre artist preparing for a production. the viewpoints of the actor, the director and the designer are considered. the course offers an introduction to dramatic literature and the theatrical process. the 210a improvisation ( 3 units ) this class functions as an improv ensemble, creating improvised theatre that is spontaneous, energetic and engaging. fundamental acting techniques such as commitment, spontaneity and concentration are addressed through exercises and performance. most importantly, the course strive", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.438605201359891, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.290780"} {"text": "( 3 units ) this class functions as an improv ensemble, creating improvised theatre that is spontaneous, energetic and engaging. fundamental acting techniques such as commitment, spontaneity and concentration are addressed through exercises and performance. most importantly, the course strives to create an environment of creative risk taking in which each student \u2019 s full imagination may flourish. no previous theatre experience or preparation required. the 210b : beginning acting ( 3 units ) this class is an introduction to fundamental acting techniques. through exercises, scene work, and improvisation, students develop their ability to \" live truthfully under imaginary circumstances. \" topics covered include : relaxation, concentration, listening, ensemble techniques, objectives, inner monologue, and given circumstances. students write critiques of professional and college productions and read scripts and related texts. no prior experience in theatre is required. the 210c : intermediate acting ( 3 units ) students continue to develop the fundamental skills explored in the 210, working on a variety of structured improvisations, scenes, and monologues. the course culminates in a public performance of a group project. topics covered include : commitment, spontaneity, physicalization, and ensemble techniques. students continue to write written critiques of professional and college productions and read scripts and related texts. prerequisite : the 210b. the 210d acting styles ( 3 units ) exploration of the special demands of non - realistic and poetic drama. students rehearse and perform a variety of contemporary and classical scenes, including the works of shakespeare, moliere and the greek tragedians. special topics such as improvisation, vocal production, physicalization, commedia del arte, stage combat and audition techniques may also be included as they relate to the material being studied. prerequisite : the 210b. recommended preparation : eng 200 and the 210c. the 212 the actors voice ( 1 techniques for effective vocal production for the stage. utilizing the techniques of kristin linklater, students develop the basic skills of relaxation, breath, resonance and articulation. ongoing physical and vocal exercises are combined with practical applications through rehearsal and performance of dramatic material. stagecraft ( 3 units ) technical aspects of scenic production, including set construction, painting, rigging and shifting ; basic lighting ; properties construction, and stage management. participation in major productions. the 215b : lighting ( 3 basic concepts of stage lighting, including planning, rigging, and operation of lighting systems ; optics, equipment, electricity and color ; basic lighting design.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4846373745599521, "token_count": 504, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.291947"} {"text": "most of the world doesn ' t have the benefit of picking up food from the corner store \u2014 they grow it themselves. a family ' s plot of land has to provide for their nutritional and economic needs. when food shortages occur due to drought and conflict, mercy corps helps prevent hunger and treat malnutrition in the most vulnerable \u2014 children, pregnant women, the elderly and the displaced. distributing food is necessary in times of crisis, and we always try to procure food from local suppliers to save money, ensure faster delivery and support of the local economy. learn more about the success of this model in niger ( pdf ) in addition to emergency responses, we quickly focus on long - term solutions that strengthen harvests and livestock for the long - term. mercy corps works with families to ensure quality inputs, smart land use, good crop yields and a fair price at local markets. all stories about agriculture & food somalia : shoring up riverbanks - and confidence october 25, 2007 bandarjadid, somalia \u2014 driving off - road toward this riverside village, there are hints of its past glory : the rusted remains of a tractor, a long - abandoned granary. guatemala : promoting peaceful solutions july 18, 2007 decades of civil war, an inequitable colonial legacy and economic downturns have driven rural guatemalan families further into poverty. guatemala : defusing crisis july 18, 2007 olivia ' s calm smile says a lot about her life today. however, just a few months ago, the situation was a lot different. kyrgyzstan : the apple project video july 6, 2007 this nine - minute documentary shows every step of the apple project, mercy corps ' program to help farmers grow better varieties of apples and to increase their financial independence in one of central asia ' s poorest countries. north korea : seeing for the first time june 13, 2007 for many years, i was privileged to hear firsthand stories of the people of north korea from my husband, mercy corps co - founder ells culver. tajikistan : roots of change february 7, 2007 even at the venerable age of 54, sangimoh safarova doesn ' t shy away from hard physical labor. hoe in hand, this spry woman eagerly scrapes eastern tajikistan ' s rocky soil to dig up the last of her bumper potato crop. colombia : room to grow february 1, 2007 bogota, colombia \u2014 greenhouses are not a common sight in colombia ' s crowded capital. but on the southern edge of town, a rocky hillside hosts a half - dozen covered gardens", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4044142890547775, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.294974"} {"text": "by yan zhang - princeton university the 2008 olympic games in beijing have focused attention on the problems of air quality in urban environments and will serve as an important platform for developing and testing new technologies and procedures for analysis and management of air quality problems. regional decisions concerning industrial development, agricultural practice and urban policy can play important roles in air quality problems linked to fine particulate matter. the olympic games will provide an important research venue for addressing these issues and unique opportunities for advancing novel environmental sensor systems and atmospheric models. in our work, we will deploy two environmental sensor systems at the institute of atmospheric physics, chinese academy of sciences near the olympic stadium in beijing from june to august 2008 for continuous monitoring of trace gases, before, during, and after the olympic games. data from these sensors will be incorporated into analyses using the weather research and forecasting model, a state - of - the - art meteorological model which is coupled with an atmospheric chemistry ( wrf - chem ) module. these analyses will be used to examine air quality problems in the beijing metropolitan region and regional climatology problems linked to trends of decreasing precipitation in the beijing metropolitan region associated with increased aerosol loadings. the environmental sensor systems deployed in beijing use quantum cascade lasers ( qcls ) as the core technology for measuring trace gases from \" remote sensing \" and \" point \" sensors. qcls are tiny, tunable mid - infrared ( mid - ir ) semiconductor laser sources that have extremely broad wavelength coverage ( 3 - 20 \u03bcm ), which includes the wavelength range where trace gases have their strongest absorption features. the lasers are designed to emit at aparticular wavelength ; thus, by knowing where a gas absorbs best, a laser can be designed for detection of that specific gas. as a result of new developments of qcls, laser absorption spectroscopy is becoming aviable alternative to other analytical methods for trace gas sensing. qclops ( quantum cascade laser open path system ) is an \" open path \" remote sensing system that uses two qcls for monitoring multiple trace gases. the principal target gases for qclops are ozone, ammonia, and carbon dioxide. elevated ozone levels in urban regions around the world present one of the greatest air quality and public health challenges associated with industrial and automobile emissions. ammonia plays an important and complex role in aerosol chemistry in urban environments and development of sensor systems for ammonia has proven especially challenging. carbon dioxide is broadly recognized as an important greenhouse gas and its measurement in urban environments is an important goal of qclops. the laser radiation is transmitted through the air and reflected", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.6352008032362301, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.301054"} {"text": "in urban environments and development of sensor systems for ammonia has proven especially challenging. carbon dioxide is broadly recognized as an important greenhouse gas and its measurement in urban environments is an important goal of qclops. the laser radiation is transmitted through the air and reflected back by a retro - reflector to a detector. the detector is connected to a data acquisition system and a computer. the computer runs a custom algorithm to calculate concentrations. no and no2 are important ozone precursors and their presence in urban environments is strongly connected to automobile emissions. detection of no and no2 is of great interest for air quality problems linked to elevated ozone concentrations. fast and sensitive detection of no can be realized by faraday rotation spectroscopy. the best no detection limit ( sub - ppbv ; parts per billion by volume ) can be obtained at approximately 5. 3 \u03bcm. an \" externalcavity \" ( ec ) qcl source that precisely coincides withth isoptimum absorption wavelength was developed and a faraday rotation spectrometer based on the ec - qcl was developed for detection of no. the measurement technique will allow for sensitive and selective measurements of no even in the presence of strongly interfering gases ( especially water vapor ). a fully automaticand autonomous ec - qcl faraday rotation spectroscopic sensorsystem will be deployed at the beijing test site for contiuous atnospheric no monitoring. the weather research and forecasting model, coupled with the wrf - chem atmospheric chemistry module ( wrf - chem ), provides a powerful platform for meteorological and air quality forecasting, as well as regional analyses of the impact of anthropogenic emissions on air quality and regional climate. wrf - chem has been used at princeton for analyses of aerosol impacts on regional precipitation climatology in the baltimore and new york city metropolitan region. with the collaboration of the nansen - zhu international center of the institute of atmospheric physics ( iap ), the chinese academy of sciences, wrf - chem will be implemented as a forecasting tool for the beijing olympics. an important element of the forecasting system will be integrating observations from sensor systems like qclops in to the forecasting process. the princeton group will also work closely with iap in studying and understanding how the urban aerosols influence local weather and public health through coupled modeling and monitoring analyses.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.6266328465007989, "token_count": 477, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.302028"} {"text": "and the mining industry protecting those who work in our nation ' s mines requires an awareness and understanding of the conditions which endanger their health and safety. this problem was recognized as early as 1865 when a proposal for a federal mining bureau was submitted to congress. but it was not until 45 years later that a series of mine explosions led to passage of the organic act of 1910. that act created the bureau of mines. laws passed over the next six decades enlarged the scope of legislation aimed at reducing mining hazards. the national mine health and safety academy, at beckley, west virginia, evolved from those laws. dedicated in 1976, the present academy complex houses the largest educational institution in the world devoted solely to health and safety in mining. the academy serves as the central training facility for federal mine inspectors and mine safety professionals from other government agencies, the mining industry, and labor. academy staff provides classroom instruction and produces videotapes, slide presentations, publications, and other training materials. these classes and materials cover safety and inspection procedures, accident prevention, investigations, industrial hygiene, mine emergency procedures, mining technology, management, and many other subjects. all of these items are designed with one central theme in mind to promote and enhance the health and safety of those who work in our nation ' s mines. the courses listed are designed for journeyman mine inspectors and federal, state, mining industry, and labor organization personnel. this file may be downloaded, printed or printed a page at a time. whatever you want. some or all of the files available on this page are pdf. for more information on pdf, pdf readers and accessibility issues, please use this link.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4490941733549605, "token_count": 330, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.306064"} {"text": "if you watched the first video, you now have a good grasp on python. sweet. let ' s plow through some more involved concepts like python juggernauts! with a working knowledge of the python scripting language, and the maya python commands api, we can continue to learn new ways to solve more challenging problems, create complete scripts, and build user interfaces around our tools. we also introduce the maya python api ; a lower - level interface into maya. this video focuses more on breaking down full scripts, as opposed to typing out syntax. its jam packaged with information and moves fast to deliver you as much brain food as possible. the first segment of the video transitions from beginning to intermediate level, with the majority of the video being intermediate, and finishing out by touching on advanced concepts. the included project files are abundant, complete, and full of helpful documentation so that you can take your time and learn about each piece of the tools. classes and inheritance this video has a focus on learning how to design class structures with your code, and why the concept of inheritance is important as you begin to develop larger tools. we take a visual look at what a class is, and how it plays such a vital role as you start working with the api later. a fully functional concept for a basic asset importer tool. more examples of class and inheritance, and working with the filesystem in addition to the python commands module. we take our asset importer and learn how to wrap a user interface around it using the maya commands module. a feature that is new to the maya 2011 suite. since the entire interface has been rewritten using qt, autodesk has made the feature available for designing user interfaces in qt designer, and loading them directly into your maya script. we redo our asset importer to use a ui that was build in qt designer maya python api introduction this is where we cross the line into the advanced waters. the python api is lower level and powerful. we learn how to set up our environment for developing scripted plugins, how to access and read the documentation, and even do a comparison between the commands module, the python api and pymel! dependency graph plugin let ' s learn how we can create new nodes in maya, by building a very simple dependency graph plugin that can drive other objects. bonus : pyqt4 in maya - even better ui this bonus chapter shows you how pyqt4 ( python library for writing qt interfaces ), can be integrated into maya", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.535537858749596, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.310551"} {"text": "judy jablon, amy dombro, and charlotte stetson responded to a selection of questions and comments during an online event september 26 \u2013 30, 2011. read the questions and their responses below! welcome to a conversation about the interactions you have with children all day, every day. we wrote our book, powerful interactions : how to connect with children to extend their learning, for teachers like you because your interactions with children have the potential to make a big, positive impact on their lives, both today and in the future. we define powerful interactions this way : powerful interactions are exchanges between teachers and children that extend learning hand - in - hand with nurturing positive relationships. the combination of relationship building and instruction creates the optimal condition for children to learn. when teachers are intentional and purposeful about doing both, they create powerful interactions! our book is grounded in the reality of your everyday life as a teacher. it is also grounded in research on effective teaching and child development. in it, we offer a three - step process that will transform some of your everyday interactions into powerful interactions and specific, manageable strategies to help you incorporate all three steps into your practice. the three steps of powerful interactions are step one, be present \u2013 in this step, you pause to prepare for a powerful interaction. to do this, you tune in to how you \u2019 re feeling and consider how you might need to adjust to create a \u201c just right fit \u201d with the child. step two, connect \u2013 in the second step, you deepen your relationship with the child by letting him know that you see him, are interested in what he is doing, and want to spend time with him. you help the child feel safe, confident, and open to learning. staying connected and observant allows you to make the most appropriate decision about step three. step three, extend learning \u2013 in step three, you use your strong relationship with the child as the basis for stretching his knowledge, skills, thinking, and / or vocabulary and language. we hope you will enjoy this reflective guide that contains everything you need in order to understand what powerful interactions are, why they are so important, and how to achieve them. we look forward to reading your questions and participating in this online conversation about our new book. \u2014 judy jablon, amy dombro, and charlotte stetson", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5201148845792591, "token_count": 469, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.315212"} {"text": "sciencedaily ( nov. 23, 2009 ) \u2014 a group of researchers at the city college of new york is developing a new way to generate power for planes and automobiles based on materials known as piezoelectrics, which convert the kinetic energy of motion into electricity. they presented their concept at the 62nd annual meeting of the american physical society ' s ( aps ) division of fluid dynamics. about a half - inch by one inch in size, these devices might be mounted on the roof or tail of a car or on an airplane fuselage where they would vibrate inside a flow, producing an output voltage. the power generated would not be enough to replace that supplied by the combustion engines, but it could run some system - - such as batteries that would be used to charge control panels and other small electronic devices such as mobile phones. led by ccny professor yiannis andreopoulos, the researchers are currently attempting to optimize these devices by modeling the physical forces to which they are subjected in different air flows - - on the roof of a car, for instance, or on the back of a truck. when the device is placed in the wake of a cylinder - - such as on the back of a truck - - the flow of air will cause the devices to vibrate in resonance, says andreopoulos. on the roof of car, they will shake in a much more unsteady flow known as a turbulent boundary layer. in minneapolis, andreopoulos and his colleagues will present wind tunnel data showing how the devices work in both situations. \" these devices open the possibility to continuously scavenge otherwise wasted energy from the environment, \" says andreopoulos. the presentation, \" harvesting energy in the wake of a circular cylinder using piezoelectric materials \" by dogus h. akaydin, niell elvin, and yiannis andreopoulos of the city college of new york was on november 22, 2009. source : american institute of physics ( 2009, november 23 ). generating electricity from air flow. sciencedaily. retrieved november 23, 2009, from date : november 23, 2009", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5800415509270496, "token_count": 430, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.318017"} {"text": "i ' ts a matter of size quick intro movie about nanotechnology carbon nanotubes can be broken down biologically a team of swedish and american scientists has shown that carbon nanotubes can be broken down by an enzyme - myeloperoxidase ( mpo ) - found in white blood cells. - previous studies have shown that carbon nanotubes could be used for introducing drugs or other substances into human cells. the problem has been not knowing how to control the breakdown of the nanotubes, which can caused unwanted toxicity and tissue damage. our study now shows how they can be broken down biologically into harmless components, says bengt fadeel, associate professor at the swedish medical university karolinska institutet in a press release. research has shown that laboratory animals exposed to carbon nanotubes via inhalation or through injection into the abdominal cavity develop severe inflammation. this and the tissue changes ( fibrosis ) that exposure causes lead to impaired lung function and perhaps even to cancer. for example, a year or two ago, alarming reports by other scientists suggested that carbon nanotubes are very similar to asbestos fibres, which are themselves biopersistent and which can cause lung cancer ( mesothelioma ) in humans a considerable time after exposure. this current study shows that endogenous mpo can break down carbon nanotubes. this enzyme is expressed in certain types of white blood cell ( neutrophils ), which use it to neutralise harmful bacteria. now, however, the researchers have found that the enzyme also works on carbon nanotubes, breaking them down into water and carbon dioxide. the researchers also showed that carbon nanotubes that have been broken down by mpo no longer give rise to inflammation in mice. - this means that there might be a way to render carbon nanotubes harmless, for example in the event of an accident at a production plant. but the findings are also relevant to the future use of carbon nanotubes for medical purposes, says fadeel. the study was led by researchers at karolinska institutet, the university of pittsburgh and the national institute for occupational safety and health ( niosh ). the findings were presented in nature nanotechnology. read the full press release > >", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5411136520209328, "token_count": 462, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.320245"} {"text": "when u. s. forces went into iraq in 2003, the military had fewer than 170 unmanned aerial systems and only a handful of ground robots. by 2008, the number of unmanned aerial systems had reached 6, 358, and ground robots nearly 12, 000. commanders clearly want armed unmanned systems. but the biggest issue facing weaponization of unmanned systems is the decline in u. s. energetics expertise. these skills are key to the future of armed robots. so far, unmanned systems have been weaponized by retrofitting aircraft to launch munitions that already exist. for example, the predator unmanned aerial system was fitted with two hellfire missiles. the shadow unmanned aerial system may be equipped to drop 81mm mortar rounds. the reaper would be armed with up to four hellfire missiles, two laser - guided bombs and a 500 - pound smart munition. these approaches both rely on munitions made up of yesterday \u2019 s explosives and propellants, called \u201c energetic materials. \u201d a national academies of sciences report noted that \u201c using yesterday \u2019 s energetic materials in today \u2019 s battlefield systems would be as effective as trying to run a ferrari on kerosene. \u201d energetics specialists should be involved in the development of unmanned systems and their munitions. proof of that is the development of the m1 tank. it could outrange iraq \u2019 s soviet - made tanks because energetics experts developed high - energy propellant grains, each the same size and including engineered holes that enabled increased combustion. engineers designed the cannons to withstand the propellant \u2019 s high pressures. energetics experts are needed to address both propellant and warhead issues in unmanned systems weapons. they can help reduce munitions \u2019 size and weight while ensuring effectiveness on a range of targets. they would also enable tactical concepts such as the \u201c swarm \u201d \u2014 multiple, small unmanned systems finding and attacking targets. the ongoing development of the 5 - pound, 25 - inch long, spike missile by the naval air warfare center is an example of what can be done. munitions weight and volume can be reduced more with micro - electrical mechanical systems for fusing, and reactive materials, normally non - explosive solids that upon impact release extraordinary energy. munitions must be developed for their environment. the hellfire missile had to be re - engineered for predator \u2019 s high altitudes, since it was originally designed for launch from helicopters flying below 2, 000 feet. similarly, munitions must be designed for unmanned systems that operate in undersea environments. also, munitions need to be made insensitive to shock. energetics experts will be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4342562768160665, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.326613"} {"text": "since it was originally designed for launch from helicopters flying below 2, 000 feet. similarly, munitions must be designed for unmanned systems that operate in undersea environments. also, munitions need to be made insensitive to shock. energetics experts will be needed to develop munitions for the navy \u2019 s stealthy unmanned combat aircraft, which is planned for suppression and destruction of enemy air defenses and penetrating strike missions. to keep the aircraft low - observable, weapons must be developed in forms that facilitate stowage and launch from inside the aircraft. almost every defense system relies on energetic materials, either in the form of an explosive fill or propellant. as lawrence livermore national laboratory \u2019 s richard behrens wrote in the january issue of this magazine : \u201c over the past 20 years i have worked with the defense department in the area of energetic material development for use in propellants and explosives \u2026 i have observed the contraction of this s & t effort in this area, where the nation currently stands at the point of losing almost all expertise in this area due to retirements, lack of funds to hire new staff, and the inability to create an interesting and challenging s & t environment that will attract some of the brightest to this area of research. \u201d behrens echoed what previous studies have said about u. s. energetics. a rapid drop in research and development funding for munitions, to include explosives and propellants since the mid - 1980s was reported by a 2001 department of commerce study, titled national security assessment of the high performance explosives and explosive components industries. \u201c if support for r & d continues to decline, the ability of the united states to provide world - class munitions in the future could be degraded, \u201d the study said. today, the defense department buys swedish bunker - busters, german environmentally - friendly training ammunition, and it is considering buying south african artillery ammunition. also, many precursors for u. s. propellants and explosives come from other countries. sources of talent are drying up, as was reported in the 2004 national academies of sciences study, advanced energetics material. \u201c the u. s. effort in the synthesis of energetic materials at present involves approximately 24 chemists, several of whom are approaching retirement, \u201d the study said. \u201c if the level of effort that these scientists have contributed is not fostered and maintained, the united states will lose the technological edge that it has gained as a result of their work. \u201d by 2006, the naval surface warfare center at indian head, md., had four molecular", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4495765786029202, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.327729"} {"text": "that these scientists have contributed is not fostered and maintained, the united states will lose the technological edge that it has gained as a result of their work. \u201d by 2006, the naval surface warfare center at indian head, md., had four molecular design and chemical synthesis scientists, down from 13 in 1994. this talent is not easily replaced. it takes five to 10 years to learn military energetics. u. s. industry is not a substitute. it has little interest in long - term energetics research and development and limited interest in manufacturing energetic materials. five major u. s. companies once manufactured propellants. today, that number is two. in 2008, a house armed services committee report expressed concern that the investment required to adequately sustain a robust energetics research, development, and manufacturing technology program has not been maintained. advanced energetics materials have already been adapted for unmanned aerial vehicles. the russian company basalt offers the tbg - 29 rocket - propelled thermobaric warhead, which can be launched from unmanned aerial vehicles and used against troops in the open and in buildings, and lightly armored and soft skinned targets. in recent years, the importance of energetics expertise has been eclipsed. weapons programs have focused more on the platform than the munitions they deliver. others have focused more on the precision of munitions than on the explosives and propellants that go into them. and, still others wrongly believe that there are no more energetics advances to be found. if this research field is not rescued soon, critical future capabilities such as arming robots will become endangered. millard s. firebaugh is a retired u. s. navy rear admiral. he is minta martin professor of practice in the department of mechanical engineering and a member of the center for energetic concepts development at the university of maryland, college park. he is a member of the national academy of engineering.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48114889146791195, "token_count": 380, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.328599"} {"text": "- maintains healthy childhood immunity functioning - supports a developing immune system - supports vitality, vigor and healthy development - supports healthy circulation and oxygen - rich blood flow to all systems in the body - american coneflower ( echinacea purpurea ) is a native american herb that has become well - known for its tonic effect on the immune system. many studies have been conducted with regards to this herb and its benefits to the immune system. ( schoneberger d. \" the influence of immune - stimulating effects of pressed juice from echinacea purpurea on the course and severity of colds \". results of double - blind study. forum immunol 1992 ; 8 : 2 - 12. ) ( taylor ja, weber w, standish l, et al. \" efficacy and safety of echinacea in treating upper respiratory tract infections in children : a randomized controlled trial \". jama 12 - 3 - 2003 ; 290 ( 21 ) : 2824 - 2830 ). - milk - vetch ( astragalus membranaceous ) is a child - safe chinese remedy that has a variety of benefits as an immune - supportive and rejuvenating tonic. studies have shown astragalus to maintain immune responses effectively. ( liu x, wang m, wu h, zhao x, li h. \" isolation of astragalan and its immunological activities \". tianran chanwu yanjiu yu kaifa. 1994 ; 6 : 23 - 31. ) - elecampane ( inula helenium ) is associated with helen of troy by legend, and has been used since the days of the roman poet horace. it is very effective as an encouraging respiratory tonic and is widely respected for its support of good health. ( olechnowicz - stepien w, skurska h \" studies on antibiotic properties of roots of inula helenium, compositae. \" arch immunol ther exp ( warsz ). 1960 ; 8 : 179 - 89. ) - ashwagandha ( withania somnifera ) is one of the most important ayurvedic tonic herbs and is also called ' indian ginseng '. it is recommended for supporting growth, energy, and stamina. regular use can also help to support blood nourishment, and it has been shown to have a tonic effect on the immune system. ( davis l, kuttan g. \" immunomodulatory", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4983639196128279, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.340273"} {"text": "energy, and stamina. regular use can also help to support blood nourishment, and it has been shown to have a tonic effect on the immune system. ( davis l, kuttan g. \" immunomodulatory activity of withania somnifera \". j ethnopharmacol 2000 ; 71 : 193 - 200. ) kiddieboost has saved me \u2026 it has really helped keep my daughter healthy, which means less time off work for me and less doctor bills to pay. - s. w. what is kiddieboost? kiddieboost is a 100 % safe and natural formula containing carefully selected herbal ingredients known for their tonic effects on the immune system, as well as their high safety profile in children \u2019 s remedies. kiddieboost has been specifically formulated to support children ' s immune systems from the age of 12 months and comes in a convenient drop formula that is easy to administer to children. kiddieboost is developed with care by our team of specialists, is 100 % natural, and manufactured according to the highest pharmaceutical standards using the whole spectrum method of herbal extraction. this method ensures the bioavailability and balance of all the active ingredients contained in the remedy. this method of manufacture also significantly reduces the likelihood of side effects and maintains all active ingredients in perfect balance \u2013 exactly as nature intended! the body is a battleground children ' s immune systems are still developing and can be more vulnerable and delicate than that of an adult. without realizing it, their growing bodies are constantly fighting an ongoing invisible battle against daily germs and foreign microbes that they come into contact with \u2013 at home, in the playground, and even as they sleep! the best line of defense to support a child \u2019 s immune system is to maintain structural integrity. in other words, make sure that a child \u2019 s immune system is supported and has a good foundation for health. the natural way obviously diet and lifestyle play a big part in developing a healthy immune system. regular, wholesome meals with lots of fresh ( preferably organic ) food, plenty of time to play outside and lots of love all help to keep children healthy \u2013 and that includes their immune systems. natural remedies have been used in traditional medicine for thousands of years to support childhood immunity, acting as immune system tonics to encourage ongoing good health and vitality in children. in more recent times, research has confirmed this traditional wisdom. there are now many published clinical studies demonstrating the ability of a range of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5049328563514814, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.341391"} {"text": "of years to support childhood immunity, acting as immune system tonics to encourage ongoing good health and vitality in children. in more recent times, research has confirmed this traditional wisdom. there are now many published clinical studies demonstrating the ability of a range of herbs to support normal childhood immunity. ( melchart d, linde k, et al. immunomodulation with echinacea - a systematic review of controlled clinical trials. phytomed 1994 ; 1 : 245 \u2013 54 ) ( hoheizel o, sandberg m, bertram s, et al. echinacea shortens the course of the common cold : a double - blind, placebo - controlled clinical trial. eur j clin res 1997 ; 9 : 261 \u2013 68 ). what ingredients does kiddieboost contain? kiddieboost is a 100 % herbal formula and contains the following ingredients in therapeutic dosage : echinacea, elecampane, astragalus, ashwagandha. native remedies is the leading brand of natural remedies known for safe, effective and quality products. our remedies are formulated by natural health experts and produced under the highest pharmaceutical standards in fda - registered, gmp certified facilities. we utilize the finest quality ingredients in a full spectrum manufacturing process that doesn \u2019 t use any chemical solvents. we use the whole herb, not just a standardized extract, for a more potent, easily ingested remedy that is easy for the body to absorb. native remedies herbal products never contain any animal products, artificial colors, flavors or preservatives, and are not tested on animals. our products are always backed by our one year unconditional money back guarantee. how do i use kiddieboost? dilute drops in a small amount of water, juice or milk. children 1 - 11 : use 1 drop per year of age 2 - 3 times daily. children 12 + : we recommend immunityplus\u2122 special instructions : use kiddieboost for 3 weeks just before winter. a 10 - day booster course is recommended every few months or when needed to support childhood immunity. caution : not recommended for children under 1 year old unless under medical supervision. this product is contraindicated for those with autoimmune conditions because of its immune - stimulating effects. how long until i see results? kiddieboost contains powerful, all - natural proven herbs in concentrated medicinal extract. it is important that it be used consistently in order to provide ongoing support", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4812693362991681, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.342535"} {"text": "##immune conditions because of its immune - stimulating effects. how long until i see results? kiddieboost contains powerful, all - natural proven herbs in concentrated medicinal extract. it is important that it be used consistently in order to provide ongoing support. kiddieboost should be used along with a healthy lifestyle. as with all good tonics, the effects of kiddieboost will be gradually noticed over time. get optimum results with regular use while conventional medicine works by often treating just the symptoms, natural medicine strives to create holistic balance in the body to support systemic health, relieve ailments, and help prevent future disease. unlike pharmaceutical drugs, the natural ingredients in our remedies support overall health and functioning ( rather than just suppressing symptoms ). people respond to natural medicine in different ways, some of our satisfied customers experience immediate results while many others have reported optimal benefits taking effect within 3 - 6 weeks. to ensure you receive optimum results it is important to take natural remedies as directed and remain consistent. you may also find that a smaller maintenance dose is beneficial for ongoing support, many customers report taking a regular maintenance dose as part of a preventative program for continued health and well - being. how long will a bottle last? one 60 ml bottle of kiddieboost will last approximately 80 days if taken on a regular, daily basis. how has kiddieboost helped others? \u201c my children in daycare have been very healthy this year ( aged 2 & 4 years ). the only thing i can [ attribute it ] to is kiddieboost as i haven \u2019 t changed anything else ; i started giving it to them 3 months ago. thank you for a great product. \u201d \u201c kiddieboost has saved me from insanity and poverty. it has really helped keep my daughter healthy, which means less time off work for me and less doctor bills to pay. \u201d \u201c \u2026 we have been boosting [ our daughter \u2019 s ] immunities with kiddieboost to help her heal... i have seen a marked decrease in her outbreaks, and when we ran out of kiddieboost, it got bad again. \u201d \u2014 bella, or, usa \u201c i have a 2 - year - old son that has had a cough from the day he was born. the day after he was born they did a chest x - ray, because they \" heard something in his chest that sounded like balloons rubbing together. \" every month since birth, he has come down with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4578526691641771, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.343679"} {"text": "plants and animals view all location view all true to its name, uplands farm sanctuary retains the appearance of an old dairy farm, complete with a silo and open fields that were once cattle pastures. today, the old farm buildings serve as an office for the nature conservancy ' s long island chapter. a double - loop trail meanders from bird and butterfly meadows, through deciduous forests, into a white pine - shaded ravine. the gravelly, acidic soils of uplands farm are difficult to fertilize, so over the years raising livestock seems to have been preferable to cultivation. in colonial times, the land was most likely used for sheep ranching for wool. in 1920, the nichols family began raising cattle and ultimately ran a dairy at uplands farm until 1962. mrs. jane nichols, a long - time resident and owner of uplands farm, donated three parcels of the preserve to the conservancy. upon her death in 1981, additional parcels were acquired. the sanctuary is dedicated to the memory of mrs. nichols. the marked, mostly level trail ( 2. 41 miles ) makes this a good place for family - friendly hikes. if you \u2019 re interested in longer hikes, the uplands trail connects to the 20 - mile nassau - suffolk trail, part of the long island greenbelt. the preserve is open for hiking and observing nature from dawn to dusk, 7 days a week. office is open mon. to fri., 9 am to 5 pm. if you live locally and are interested in becoming a preserve monitor or steward, please email derek rogers, at email @ example. com. in the eastern woodland, you \u2019 ll see red maple, black cherry and red cedar mixed with oak, ash and hickory trees. in the hilly terrain of the western woodland, flowering dogwood and extensive thickets of mountain laurel bloom below a canopy of oaks, tulip trees and black birch. the sanctuary ' s meadows and hedgerows provide habitat for a wide variety of plants and animals, including butterfly weed and goldenrods, 40 butterfly species and grassland birds such as bobolinks and meadowlarks, which have become rare as their habitat has disappeared. bluebirds, the new york state bird, return in late winter and early spring. they build their nests in bird boxes or tree cavities along forest edges. monarch butterflies return to the region in late summer. both the caterpillars and adult butterflies rely on the butterfly weed and other milkweed species that bloom in the open fields", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4103739165319544, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.346452"} {"text": "sending a submarine to the bottom of the ocean on jupiter ' s icy moon europa is the most exciting potential mission in planetary science, according to one prominent researcher. europa ' s seafloor may well be capable of supporting life as we know it today, said cornell university ' s steve squyres, lead scientist for nasa ' s opportunity mars rover, which is currently roaming the red planet. so a europa robotic submarine mission is at the top of his wish list, though it likely won ' t happen anytime soon. \" this is fantastic stuff, \" squyres said wednesday at a conference called nuclear and emerging technologies for space in the woodlands, texas. \" this is the holy grail of planetary exploration right here. \" a habitable environment? many planetary scientists regard europa, which is slightly smaller than earth ' s moon, as the solar system ' s best bet for harboring life beyond earth. that ' s chiefly because europa appears to have a huge ocean of liquid water sloshing around beneath its icy shell. [ photos : europa, mysterious icy moon of jupiter ] here on earth, all life needs to gain a foothold is liquid water and an energy source. europa likely boasts both, with hydrothermal vents gushing from the seafloor as they do on our planet, researchers say. and earth ' s deep - sea vent systems host vibrant ecosystems. \" you do the calculations for europa, and what you find is that there ought to be hydrothermal activity ; there ought to be volcanic activity at europa ' s seafloor, \" said squyres, who recently chaired the u. s. national research council ' s planetary science decadal survey, which lays out the scientific community ' s goals for planetary science over the next 10 years. \" this is a chance to search for a potentially habitable environment today on another world, \" he added. a tough mission a europa submarine mission didn ' t make the decadal survey ' s list ; it ' s just not feasible at the moment. if scientists want to tackle it, they ' ll have to overcome some serious technical and engineering challenges \u2014 such as how to get through europa ' s icy crust. \" this is one of the hardest missions you can imagine, \" squyres said. \" you need a power system that will enable you to get onto the surface. you then have to some way find your way down through what might be 10 kilometers of ice. and then you have to release some kind of free - swimming vehicle that is able to go down", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48860829901950203, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.350764"} {"text": "power system that will enable you to get onto the surface. you then have to some way find your way down through what might be 10 kilometers of ice. and then you have to release some kind of free - swimming vehicle that is able to go down to the bottom of that ocean and find out what ' s down there. \" the decadal survey did value a mission called the jupiter europa orbiter ( jeo ) highly, ranking it the no. 2 priority among multibillion - dollar \" flagship \" possibilities ( no. 1 was a mars sample - return effort ). jeo would study the icy moon from above ; it, or something like it, could help pave the way for an eventual submarine mission, researchers say, by identifying thin patches in the moon ' s icy shell. space news from nbcnews. com teen ' s space mission fueled by social media science editor alan boyle ' s blog : \" astronaut abby \" is at the controls of a social - media machine that is launching the 15 - year - old from minnesota to kazakhstan this month for the liftoff of the international space station ' s next crew. - buzz aldrin ' s vision for journey to mars - giant black hole may be cooking up meals - watch a ' ring of fire ' solar eclipse online - teen ' s space mission fueled by social media but with an estimated price tag of $ 4. 7 billion, jeo is not likely to get off the ground in the near future, either. in his 2013 budget request, which was released last month, president barack obama allocated just $ 1. 2 billion to nasa ' s planetary science efforts. that ' s a 20 percent cut from the current allotment of $ 1. 5 billion, and further reductions are expected over the next several years. as a result, nasa has temporarily shelved its plans for future flagships to other planets and planetary systems, saying it just doesn ' t have enough money to make them work. the space agency will continue actively planning cheaper missions, and it will be ready to restart flagships if the funding situation improves, officials have said. - target : jupiter \u2014 missions to the solar system ' s largest planet - touring jupiter ' s big moons : io, ganymede, europa, callisto - our solar system : a photo tour of the planets \u00a9 2013 space. com. all rights reserved. more from space. com.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4964407362661406, "token_count": 486, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.351894"} {"text": "what are community resources? on july 14, 1965, president lyndon b. johnson signed the older americans act. this act established the administration on aging and authorized grants to the states to establish agencies on aging to research, plan, and set up services for the aging population. in 2000, the older americans act amendments of 2000 was signed into law, reauthorizing the act and adding a very special amendment known as the national family caregiver support program. the older americans act was updated again in 2006 and addressed such issues as greater flexibility to states to create programs specific to the needs of their citizens ; a greater focus on mental health ; an emphasis on planning for the growing number of aging americans ; and enhanced coordination of efforts to protect elders from abuse, exploitation, and neglect. all of these programs were set up to help provide such basics as nutrition and health promotion as well as disease prevention for the elderly. it also established the long - term - care ombudsman program to oversee standards of care in nursing homes and other long - term - care facilities. the caregiver support program has established grants to state agencies on aging to develop programs to educate, assist, counsel, and provide respite and support to family caregivers who provide the majority of care to the elders in this country. under this act, there is also a special provision for the grandparents who are the caregivers to their grandchildren when the parents are not able to care for their children. community services are more abundant and accessible in larger cities, but even in rural areas there are services available to the elderly. among these are transportation services, nutrition services such as meals - on - wheels, adult day - care centers, and senior centers. your local area agency on aging also supports health fairs, flu - shot clinics, and other health - screening services. it may also provide information and referral services, telephone reassurance programs, respite care, friendly visitor or companion programs, and homemaker chore services. area agencies on aging can be known by myriad other names such as senior concerns, center for elder affairs, eldercare center, bureau on aging, and so on. you can locate your state and local offices by calling the elder locator at 800 - 677 - 1116. their website is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4273894331929142, "token_count": 463, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.355279"} {"text": "penn - designed non - invasive mri screening method is cost - effective, statistically powerful when trying to determine the root cause of a person ' s dementia, using an mri can effectively and non - invasively screen patients for alzheimer ' s disease or frontotemporal lobar degeneration ( ftld ), according to a new study by researchers from the perelman school of medicine at the university of pennsylvania. using an mri - based algorithm effectively differentiated cases 75 percent of the time, according to the study, published in the december 26th, 2012, issue of neurology -, the medical journal of the american academy of neurology. the non - invasive approach reported in this study can track disease progression over time more easily and cost - effectively than other tests, particularly in clinical trials testing new therapies. researchers used the mris to predict the ratio of two biomarkers for the diseases - the proteins total tau and beta - amyloid - in the cerebrospinal fluid. cerebrospinal fluid analyses remain the most accurate method for predicting the disease cause, but requires a more invasive lumbar puncture. \" using this novel method, we obtain a single biologically meaningful value from analyzing mri data in this manner and then we can derive a probabilistic estimate of the likelihood of alzheimer ' s or ftld, \" said the study ' s lead author, corey mcmillan, phd, of the perelman school of medicine and frontotemporal degeneration center at the university of pennsylvania. using the mri prediction method was 75 percent accurate at identifying the correct diagnosis in both patients with pre - confirmed disease diagnoses and those with biomarker levels confirmed by lumbar punctures, which shows comparable overlap between accuracy of the mri and lumbar puncture methods. \" for those remaining 25 percent of cases that are borderline, a lumbar puncture testing spinal fluid may provide a more accurate estimate of the pathological diagnosis. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5917659289273677, "token_count": 405, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.358146"} {"text": "the endometrium ( en - doe - mee - tree - um ) is a membrane that lines the surface of the uterus. endometriosis ( en - doe - mee - tree - o - sis ) occurs when fragments of endometrial tissue develop outside the uterus, such as in or on the ovaries, the fallopian tubes, or other places in the abdominal cavity. less commonly, endometriosis may occur on the bowel or bladder. these fragments respond to the hormonal changes of each menstrual cycle by growing, then being shed as blood, the same way as the endometrial membrane does in the uterus. the blood and other material can irritate or damage adjacent tissue, and scars may form. endometriosis can even lead to infertility. symptoms of endometriosis include chronic pain in the lower abdomen, especially during periods, pain during or after sexual intercourse, painful bowel movements, and irregular menstrual cycles. endometriosis may also exist without any symptoms. treatment options vary from medication to radical surgery, and depend on the extent of the condition. oral contraceptives can lower your risk of developing endometriosis, due to the progesterone ( pro - gess - ter - own ) they contain. for more information on endometriosis, contact a health care provider. \u00a92006 crossroads mobile. all rights reserved. this material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49143858650119304, "token_count": 320, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.360053"} {"text": "historiography & historical practice this course focuses on us history to examine current permutations of historiographical interests, practices, and methodologies. over the last few decades, us history has been a particularly fertile ground for rethinking the historical, although many of these topics are applicable to the study of other nations and societies. american history has been largely rewritten by a generation of scholars who experienced the 1960s and its aftermath and have viewed americas past as a field of inquiry and contest of great political urgency. identity politics, the culture wars, and other forms of organization and debate have also endowed history with unprecedented public resonance in a culture that has been notoriously amnesiac. we explore major trends and controversies in american historiography, the multicultural moment in historical studies, the emergence of race and gender as cardinal categories of historical analysis, the enormous preoccupation with popular culture, the impact of memory studies on historical thinking, and the recurrent agonizing over american exceptionalism and consequent recent attempts to break the nation - state mold and to globalize american history. another focus will be the intersection of analytical strategies borrowed from the social sciences and literary studies with methods and epistemologies of historicization that originated from the historical profession. this course should be taken during a students first year in the historical studies program.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45297494836251295, "token_count": 270, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.362045"} {"text": "the papacy is the office of the pope ( from latin : \" papa \" or \" father \" ), the bishop of rome, who is the leader of the roman catholic church and head of state of vatican city. the pope ' s ecclesiastical jurisdiction is called the \" holy see \" or \" apostolic see. \" the importance of the roman bishop is largely derived from his role as the traditional successor to saint peter, to whom jesus gave the keys of heaven and the powers of \" binding and loosing, \" naming him as the \" rock \" upon which the church would be built. after christianity became the favored religion of the roman emperors in the fourth century, the papacy was involved in a period of close interaction with the rulers of the west, while often struggling for supremacy with the eastern emperors and the patriarch of constantinople. in medieval times, popes played powerful political roles in western europe, crowning emperors, ruling the papal states, and regulating disputes among secular rulers. after the protestant reformation and the rise of powerful nation - states successfully challenged the authority of the papacy in the west, the popes gradually gave up secular power. in the modern period the papacy has come to focus almost exclusively on spiritual matters. over the centuries, the papacy ' s claim of spiritual authority has been ever more clearly expressed, culminating in the proclamation of the dogma of papal infallibility for those rare occasions the pope speaks ex cathedra when issuing a statement of faith or morals. today, the pope is the leader of the largest organized body of religious believers of the world, and arguably the single most powerful voice in moral and spiritual affairs. he has become a major figure in the ecumenical movement, whose voice commands the attention of leaders of virtually every faith. the papacy remains one of the most influential institutions of any kind in today ' s world. in catholic tradition, peter is recognized as the first pope, who was martyred in rome. yet the early bishops of rome were not yet \" popes \" as the word is understood today. rather, the roman church seems to have had a collective leadership involving a council of elders or bishops until the mid - second century. in the earliest christianity, however, it was jerusalem, not rome, that served as the christian movement ' s central city, from which missionaries were dispatched and to which delegates came to resolve disputes. james the just, known as \" the brother of the lord, \" served as head of the jerusalem church, which is still honored as the \" mother church \" in orthodox tradition. antioch and alexandria also had important", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4847071510681714, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.468108"} {"text": "to which delegates came to resolve disputes. james the just, known as \" the brother of the lord, \" served as head of the jerusalem church, which is still honored as the \" mother church \" in orthodox tradition. antioch and alexandria also had important christian congregations. rome, the capital of the roman empire, was one of the first gentile cities to develop a substantial church early in the apostolic period, and it was at rome that the apostle paul was martyred, soon followed by peter, according to tradition. until around 130 c. e., there are few if any references to rome ' s primacy among the churches, and even the idea of peter ' s acting as \" bishop of rome \" is heavily disputed. however, after the jerusalem church was disbanded in the wake of the destruction of jerusalem in 70 c. e., rome gradually came to the fore. in the last years of the first century, clement of rome, probably one of a collective group of roman church leaders but traditionally recognized as the fourth pope, wrote on behalf of rome ' s congregation to the church in corinth to intervene in an internal dispute there. the papacy emerges in the second century, roman bishops received visits and letters from other churches, indicating that rome held a position of increasing centrality and respect. by the second half of the century, it is probable that the tradition of collective leadership at rome had given way to a single ruling bishop, as was the case in several other major cities. because of the relative wealth of the roman church, the early popes were in a position to assist other churches financially and help spread christianity abroad. they were also instrumental in resolving doctrinal disputes, both because of rome ' s position as capital of the empire and on the basis of rome ' s connection with saint peter. in the late second century, bishop irenaeus of lyons wrote : \" because of its superior origin, all the churches must agree [ with rome ]... and it is in her that the faithful everywhere have maintained the apostolic tradition. \" ( against heresies 3 : 3 : 2 ) however, in 195, when pope victor i excommunicated several eastern churches for observing easter on the jewish passover, irenaeus himself disagreed with this action, which was later rescinded. in the third century, several writers appealed to the authority of the rome ' s tradition to justify their theological views and ecclesiastical practices. at the same time, the pope ' s office was sometimes the victim of factional strife, with popes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3909754132540728, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.472704"} {"text": "and constantinople was declared the \" new rome. \" in practice, however, rome and constantinople continued to struggle for supremacy, and several schisms followed. nor did the other major centers of christianity always follow the pope ' s lead, either in administrative or theological matters. in terms of the title of pope, the bishops of several cities in the west had been known by this title, which simply means \" father. \" in the east, however, this title was generally reserved for the bishop of alexandria. from the early sixth century the term began to be confined in the west to the bishop of rome, a practice that was firmly in place by the eleventh century. however, the alexandrian churches, both coptic and orthodox, still refer to their bishops as popes. after the fall of rome to the \" barbarians, \" the roman church served as a source of knowledge, authority, and continuity in the west. pope gregory the great ( c. 540 - 604 ) administered the church with a stern, reforming spirit. however, his successors were sometimes dominated by the eastern emperor. pope stephen ii, seeking protection from the lombards, appealed to the franks to protect papal territory. in 754, pepin the short subdued the lombards, giving the pope the conquered lands, which formed the core of the papal states. in 800 c. e., leo iii crowned charlemagne as holy roman emperor, establishing the precedent in the west that no man would be emperor without anointment by a pope. the east, however, continued its imperial christian tradition without papal authority, upon which it had never depended. around 850, a collection of church legislation was promulgated, known today as the false decretals. containing both forgeries and genuine documents, its principal aim was to free the church and its bishops from interference by the imperial state. the author, a french cleric calling himself isidore mercator, presented various documents purportedly by early popes, demonstrating that supremacy of the papacy dated back to the church ' s oldest traditions. the decretals also included the forged donation of constantine, in which constantine supposedly granted pope sylvester i secular authority over all western europe. the \" pseudo - isidorian \" decretals provided support for papal authority for centuries. nevertheless, during the last two centuries of the first millennium, the popes came under the control of vying political factions, and the papacy ' s prestige was badly tarnished. conflict between the emperor and the papacy continued, and eventually dukes, in league with the emperor", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4413649465466244, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.478725"} {"text": "last two centuries of the first millennium, the popes came under the control of vying political factions, and the papacy ' s prestige was badly tarnished. conflict between the emperor and the papacy continued, and eventually dukes, in league with the emperor, were buying bishops and popes almost openly. in 1049, leo ix became pope and attempted serious reforms. he traveled to the major cities of europe to deal with the church ' s moral problems firsthand, notably the sale of church offices or services and clerical marriage and concubinage. the churches of the east and west split definitively in 1054. this \" great schism \" was caused more by political events than by diversities of creed, although the famous filioque clause inserted into the nicene creed by the popes played no small role in it. shortly afterward, the papacy launched the crusades, the ebbs and flows of which contributed to both the church ' s glory and its great shame. increasing corruption of the clergy \u2014 including some of the popes themselves, as well as their administrative bureaucracy \u2014 also became a major challenge for the papacy. several popes attempted to reform the situation, while others pursued wealth and power in a spirit much at odds with the poverty and humility of their apostolic forbears. from 1309 to 1377, the pope resided not in rome but in avignon. the avignon papacy was notorious for greed and corruption. during this period, the pope was effectively an ally of france, alienating france ' s enemies, such as england. various antipopes also challenged papal authority, especially during the western schism ( 1378 - 1417 ). during this schism, one pope reigned in avignon while another ( or even two ) popes reigned in rome. while the papacy soon reunited, it continued to develop a reputation for wealth and corruption, even while supporting some of the great artistic and architectural projects of the renaissance. during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, the conciliar movement attempted to reform corruption within the papacy by affirming the ancient tradition of church councils as the supreme ecclesiastical authority. however, the councils condemned more fundamental reforms promoted by such leaders as john wycliffe ( 1330 - 1384 ) and jan hus ( 1373 - 1415 ), who was burned at the stake at the council of constance. in the end, the papacy was able to reassert its authority but did not succeed in reforming the culture of the church. reformation to the present spiritually, the pope", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4089588191452992, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.485057"} {"text": "the gates of the netherworld will not prevail against it. i will give you the keys of the kingdom of heaven ; whatever you bind on earth will be bound in heaven, and whatever you loose on earth will be loosed in heaven. \" ( matt. 16 : 18 - 19 ) john 21 : 15 - 17 further shows jesus as appointing peter as the primary \" shepherd \" of christ ' s flock. peter is thus the rock upon which christ ' s church was built, and his successors at rome stand in his position as the \" vicar of christ, \" acting on jesus ' behalf. the reference to the \" keys of the kingdom of heaven \" here is the basis for keys often found in catholic papal symbolism, such as in the vatican coat of arms. in the early church, the popes were chosen by those senior clergymen resident in and near rome. the elections were often contentious, resulting in schisms between factions, and sometimes involved imperial intervention. in 1059 the electors were restricted to the cardinals. the second council of lyons ( 1274 ) decreed that the cardinal electors must meet within ten days of the pope ' s death and that they must remain in seclusion until a pope has been elected. by the mid - sixteenth century, the electoral process had more or less evolved into its present form. under present canon law, the pope is elected by those cardinals who are under the age of 80. the election normally takes place in the sistine chapel, in a sequestered meeting called a \" conclave. \" each elector writes the name of his choice on his ballot and pledges aloud that he is voting for \" one whom under god i think ought to be elected. \" each ballot is read aloud by the presiding cardinal, and voting continues until a pope is elected by a two - thirds majority. once the ballots are counted, they are burned in a special stove, with the smoke escaping through a small chimney visible from st. peter ' s square. if no pope is elected yet, a chemical compound is added to the fire to produce black smoke. when a vote is successful, the ballots are burned alone, sending white smoke through the chimney and announcing to the world the election of a new pope. the dean of the college of cardinals then asks the one who was elected two solemn questions. first he asks, \" do you freely accept your election? \" if he replies with the word accepto, his reign as pope begins at that instant. the dean then asks, \" by what name shall you be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48664699343863804, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.521327"} {"text": "who was elected two solemn questions. first he asks, \" do you freely accept your election? \" if he replies with the word accepto, his reign as pope begins at that instant. the dean then asks, \" by what name shall you be called? \" the new pope then announces the regnal name he has chosen for himself. the pope is then led to a dressing room in which three sets of white papal vestments await : small, medium, and large. donning the appropriate vestments and reemerging into the sistine chapel, the new pope is given the \" fisherman ' s ring \" and receives the obeisance of his former colleagues. the senior cardinal then announces from a balcony over st. peter ' s square : annuntio vobis gaudium magnum! habemus papam! \u2014 \" i announce to you a great joy! we have a pope! \" until 1978 the pope ' s election was followed in a few days by the papal coronation, which has since been suspended. for centuries, the papacy was dominated by italians. prior to the election of the polish cardinal karol wojtyla as pope john paul ii in 1978, the last non - italian was pope adrian vi of the netherlands, elected in 1522. john paul ii was followed by the german - born benedict xvi, leading some to believe the age of italian domination of the papacy to be over. abdication and death the pope ' s term of office is for life. the code of canon law states, \" if it happens that the roman pontiff resigns his office, it is required for validity that the resignation is made freely and properly manifested but not that it is accepted by anyone. \" the canonical right to abdicate has been exercised by pope celestine v in 1294 and pope gregory xii in 1409, who was the last pope to do so. the first pope to abdicate was pontian in 235, although he did not do so freely, but under the duress of a sentence of exile. the current regulations regarding a papal interregnum were promulgated by john paul ii in his 1996 document universi dominici gregis. during the vacancy caused by a pope ' s death the college of cardinals is collectively responsible for the government of the catholic church and of the vatican itself, under the direction of the cardinal chamberlain. canon law specifically forbids the cardinals from introducing any innovation in the government of the church during the vacancy of the holy see. a dead pope ' s body then lies", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4276544884997137, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.532576"} {"text": "the catholic church and of the vatican itself, under the direction of the cardinal chamberlain. canon law specifically forbids the cardinals from introducing any innovation in the government of the church during the vacancy of the holy see. a dead pope ' s body then lies in state for a number of days before being interred in the crypt of a leading church or cathedral. the popes of the twentieth century were all interred in st. peter ' s basilica. a nine - day period of mourning ( novem dialis ) follows after the interment of the late pope. vatican tradition holds that no autopsy is to be performed on the body of a dead pope. the titles of the pope, in the order they are used in the annuario pontificio : the ancient title pontifex maximus, which was formerly associated with the pagan roman emperors, was used until gratian ( 359 - 383 ), who formally renounced the title. the title \" servant of the servants of god, \" although used by other church leaders including augustine of hippo and saint benedict, was first used by pope st. gregory the great in his dispute with the patriarch of constantinople after the latter assumed the title \" ecumenical patriarch. \" it was not reserved for the pope until the thirteenth century. the pope is addressed as \" your holiness \" or \" holy father. \" since, in the eastern churches, the title \" pope \" does not unambiguously refer to the bishop of rome, these churches often use the expression \" pope of rome \" to refer to roman pontiff. regalia and insignia - \" triregnum, \" also called the papal tiara or triple crown, represents the pope ' s three functions as \" supreme pastor, \" \" supreme teacher, \" and \" supreme priest. \" recent popes have not worn the triregnum, although it remains the official symbol of the papacy. in liturgical ceremonies, today ' s popes wear an episcopal mitre ( an erect cloth hat ). - pastoral staff topped by a crucifix, a custom established before the thirteenth century. - the pallium, a circular band or stole worn around the neck, breast and shoulders, with two pendants hanging down in front and behind, and is ornamented with six crosses. until recently, the pallium worn by the pope was identical to those he granted to the primates, but in 2005 pope benedict xvi began to use a larger papal pallium adorned with red crosses instead of black. - \" keys to the kingdom of heaven", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4343890100635933, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.540276"} {"text": "recently, the pallium worn by the pope was identical to those he granted to the primates, but in 2005 pope benedict xvi began to use a larger papal pallium adorned with red crosses instead of black. - \" keys to the kingdom of heaven, \" the image of two keys, one gold and one silver, symbolizing the power to \" bind and loose \" on earth and in heaven. - ring of the fisherman, a gold ring decorated with a depiction of st. peter in a boat casting his net, with the name of the reigning pope around it. - umbraculum, a canopy or umbrella consisting of alternating red and gold stripes, which used to be carried above the pope in processions. - sedia gestatoria ( now discontinued ), a mobile throne carried by 12 footmen in red uniforms, accompanied by two attendants bearing fans made of white ostrich feathers, and sometimes a large canopy carried by eight attendants. the use of the flabella was discontinued by pope john paul i, and the use of the sedia gestatoria was discontinued by pope john paul ii, being replaced by the so - called popemobile. in heraldry, each pope has his own coat of arms, which includes the aforementioned two keys behind the escutcheon ( shield ), and above them a silver triregnum with three gold crowns. the flag most frequently associated with the pope is the yellow and white flag of vatican city, with the arms of the holy see on the right - hand side. although pope benedict xvi replaced the triregnum with a mitre on his personal coat of arms, the triregnum has been retained on the flag. offices and residences the pope ' s official seat or cathedral is the basilica of st. john lateran, and his official residence is the palace of the vatican. he also possesses a summer residence at castel gandolfo. until the time of the avignon papacy, the residence of the pope was the lateran palace, donated by the roman emperor constantine the great. the pope ' s specific ecclesiastical jurisdiction, the holy see, is distinct from his secular jurisdiction of vatican city. the status and authority of the pope in the catholic church was dogmatically defined by the first vatican council on july 18, 1870. in its dogmatic constitution of the church of christ, the council established that : - peter was established by christ as the chief of the apostles, and the visible head of the whole church. - it is heresy to deny that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4629093631028463, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.543195"} {"text": "july 18, 1870. in its dogmatic constitution of the church of christ, the council established that : - peter was established by christ as the chief of the apostles, and the visible head of the whole church. - it is heresy to deny that the roman pontiff is the successor of peter holding the same primacy as him. - it is also heresy to deny that pope ' s authority pertains not only to matters of faith and morals, but also to the discipline and government of the church throughout the whole world. - the roman pontiff, when he speaks ex cathedra, operates with infallibility, and his decisions are unalterable. the second vatican council, while not repeating the anathemas directed by its predecessor against \" heretics \" who deny papal infallibility, nevertheless reaffirmed the doctrine. in 1964, this council declared : \" \u2026 in matters of faith and morals, the bishops speak in the name of christ and the faithful are to accept their teaching and adhere to it with a religious assent. this religious submission of mind and will must be shown in a special way to the authentic magisterium of the roman pontiff, even when he is not speaking ex cathedra \u2026 his definitions, of themselves, and not from the consent of the church, are justly styled irreformable, since they are pronounced with the assistance of the holy spirit, promised to him in blessed peter, and therefore they need no approval of others, nor do they allow an appeal to any other judgment. the papacy today while the papacy has lost considerable political power in recent centuries, its prestige as a moral and spiritual authority has grown considerable. the pope remains the sole ruler of the catholic church, which is not only the largest christian denomination, but the largest organized body of any world religion, with over one billion members, accounting for approximately one in six of the world ' s population. no longer a primarily european faith, the majority the pope ' s flock hail from latin america, africa, and asia. the papacy also controls or supervises a vast network of catholic financial institutions, religious orders, real estate holdings, schools, monasteries and convents, charitable organizations, museums, hospitals, retirement homes, youth organizations, and social groups. the pope commands huge audiences of up to and over a million people when he travels, notably including many young people. his moral teachings remain highly influential, probably more so than any single individual in the world today. politically, the papacy of john paul ii is considered to have been a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4529135265409201, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.545484"} {"text": "up to and over a million people when he travels, notably including many young people. his moral teachings remain highly influential, probably more so than any single individual in the world today. politically, the papacy of john paul ii is considered to have been a major factor in the fall of the soviet union. the pope is a major figure in the ecumenical movement, whose voice commands the attention of leaders of virtually every faith. he frequently meets with the presidents of the greatest nations of the world. it is no exaggeration to say that the papacy remains one of the world ' s most important world institutions today. - roman catholicism - investiture controversy - chapman, john. studies on the early papacy. port washington, ny : kennikat press, 1971. isbn 9780804611398 - duffy, eamon. saints and sinners : a history of the popes. new haven : yale university press, 2002. isbn 0300091656 - fortescue, adrian, and scott m. p. reid. the early papacy : to the synod of chalcedon in 451. southampton : saint austin press, 1997. isbn 9781901157604 - kelly, john n. d., and michael j. walsh. the oxford dictionary of popes. oxford [ u. a. ] : oxford univ. press, 2005. isbn 9780198614333 - loomis, louise ropes. the book of popes ( liber pontificalis ). merchantville, nj : evolution publishing. isbn 1889758868 - maxwell - stuart, p. g. chronicle of the popes : the reign - by - reign record of the papacy from st. peter to the present. new york, ny : thames and hudson, 1997. isbn 0500017980. - walsh, michael j. an illustrated history of the popes : saint peter to john paul ii. bonanza books, 1980. isbn 9780312408176 all links retrieved january 6, 2009. - vatican website : the holy see - the holy father - catholic encyclopedia entry - sortable list of popes - database of more than 23, 000 documents of the popes in latin and modern languages new world encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the wikipedia article in accordance with new world encyclopedia standards. this article abides by terms of the creative commons cc - by - sa 3. 0 license ( cc - by - sa ), which may be used and disseminated with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4445539086649089, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.551182"} {"text": "challenges of autism wed november 10, 2010 inclusion : finding the balance for students with autism these days it \u2019 s not rare to find a child with severe autism actively participating in a public school. a generation ago, parents would have sent those kids to a private school or maybe institutionalized them. but studies show kids with autism improve in a regular public school. there they are able to socialize and learn how to communicate better because they \u2019 re copying the other children. but not everyone agrees this approach is good for all students. in our ongoing series challenges of autism, nhpr correspondent sheryl rich - kern has this report. ( sound of teachers singing in a nursery rhyme tune ) \u201c olivia, emma and lily are ready \u2026 \" at maple wood elementary school, the first grade teacher reins in her class of about 25 kids for a writing lesson. ( sound of teacher writing on board ) \" i \u2019 m going to write a sentence on the board and you are going to find \u2026 \" daniel is a tall six year old with jet black hair. he also has autism and has trouble paying attention. a teacher \u2019 s aide helps him follow along with the lesson. daniel : ( shouting ) \" no, no. \" aide : ( whispering ) \" raise your hand, please. \" teacher : \" daniel, am i missing something else? \" aide : ( whispering ) \" tell her. period. \" teacher : \" period? i don \u2019 t need a period, do i? \" teacher : \" how come? \" daniel is with the multi - age class most of the day. when he has a meltdown, the other kids don \u2019 t really pay attention. laura basdekis is the inclusion facilitator at maple wood. basdekis says she \u2019 s seen other programs where kids with autism were in a classroom \u2014 with kids with autism. basdekis : \" if they need someone to be able to model turn - taking or asking for something that they want and no one in the classroom can do that, it \u2019 s a lot harder to teach them that versus if they can just observe it happening in the classroom. \" daniel sits in a chair and desk \u2014 just like his peers. but he doesn \u2019 t always do the same work. for example, while others are composing sentences, he \u2019 s drawing pictures. his teacher \u2019 s aide writes the words and then he traces the letters. he speaks, but also uses an ipod application that converts symbols to speech. rae sonnenmeier is with the institute on disability at the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.452759858290499, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.566951"} {"text": ", he \u2019 s drawing pictures. his teacher \u2019 s aide writes the words and then he traces the letters. he speaks, but also uses an ipod application that converts symbols to speech. rae sonnenmeier is with the institute on disability at the university of new hampshire. sonnenmeier says that teachers can design a curriculum that \u2019 s universal for different learners. and it \u2019 s important, she says, not to presume what kids do and don \u2019 t understand. that \u2019 s why special educators resist using terms like low and high functioning to define autism. sonnenmeier : \" what we really want to be focusing on is what their talents are. and so many adults on the autism spectrum who, when they \u2019 ve been given a means to communicate, have shown us that they were paying attention, they were learning, even if they weren \u2019 t able to demonstrate it at the time. \" sandi glover of merrimack is the mother of a young adult with an autism spectrum disorder. when curtis was a toddler, doctors weren \u2019 t sure if he would ever speak. today he \u2019 s finishing his senior year of high school while also attending nashua community college. despite her son \u2019 s progress, glover is not a proponent of inclusion education. glover : \" inclusion is not black and white. it is the biggest gray on the planet. i think it is imperative that curtis today has full inclusion. when he was little, it would have been horrible for him. the other kids wouldn \u2019 t have gotten the attention they needed. and that \u2019 s not fair to them. and it wouldn \u2019 t have been fair to curtis to expect another five year old to understand that. \" but does a young child need to behave like everyone else? ne \u2019 eman : \" there is no harm if an autistic child is allowed to hand flap or rock. those are things that often are meaningful to us and are helpful in dealing with the outside world and in coping with stress and anxiety or expressing excitement for us. \" that \u2019 s ari ne \u2019 eman. he heads the autistic self - advocacy network. ne \u2019 eman promotes inclusion as a civil right. he says it \u2019 s the people who don \u2019 t have autism who put too much focus on becoming normal. ne \u2019 eman : \" students with disabilities are done a disservice, and this is the case particularly in autism world because of that historic focus on normalcy instead of quality of life. \" ne \u2019 eman has asper", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4443780469433889, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.569953"} {"text": "ataxia is caused by damage to a part of the brain known as the cerebellum and sometimes part of the spinal cord. the spinal cord is a cable of nerves that runs from the brain to the rest of the body. the cerebellum sits at the base of the brain and is responsible for controlling : - walking and sitting balance - limb co - ordination - eye movements damage can occur as a result of injury or illness ( as is the case with acquired ataxia ) or because the cerebellum or spinal cord degenerates ( as is the case with hereditary ataxia ). in a minority of cases there is no clear cause why the cerebellum and spinal cord become damaged as is the case with idiopathic late onset cerebellar ataxia ( iloa ). acquired ataxia can have a wide range of potential causes, such as : - severe head injury, such as the type of injury that can occur during a car crash or a fall - bacterial infection that affects the brain, such as meningitis or encephalitis ( an infection of the brain itself ) - viral infection \u2013 some types of viral infection such as chickenpox or measles can spread to the brain, although this is very uncommon - conditions that disrupt the supply of blood to the brain, such as a stroke, haemorrhage ( bleeding in or around the brain ) or a transient ischaemic attack ( a so - called mini - stroke ) - cerebral palsy \u2013 a series of conditions that can disrupt a child \u2019 s normal growth and development - multiple sclerosis \u2013 a long - term condition that causes damage to the nerve fibres of the central nervous system - prolonged long - term alcohol misuse - underactive thyroid gland - certain toxic chemicals, such as mercury, lead, solvents and some types of pesticides, can trigger ataxia if a person is exposed to enough of them - certain medications, such as benzodiazepines ( a medication used to relax people who are anxious or have problems sleeping ), can occasionally trigger ataxia as a side effect - health conditions where the immune system attacks healthy tissue ( autoimmune conditions ), such as lupus - in children, epilepsy \u2013 a condition that can cause a person to experience repeated seizures ( fits ) hereditary ataxia is caused by genetic mutations. a genetic mutation is when the instructions carried in all living cells become scrambled in some way meaning that one or more of the functions of the body", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5143128096698617, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.687003"} {"text": "condition that can cause a person to experience repeated seizures ( fits ) hereditary ataxia is caused by genetic mutations. a genetic mutation is when the instructions carried in all living cells become scrambled in some way meaning that one or more of the functions of the body does not work as it should do. read more about genetics. the genetics of ataxia to have a better understanding of the genetics of hereditary ataxia, it is useful to learn about chromosomes. chromosomes are blocks of deoxyribonucleic acid ( dna ). they contain a detailed set of instructions that control a wide range of factors \u2013 from how the body \u2019 s cells develop, to what colour eyes a baby will have and what sex a baby will be. you receive two sets of chromosomes, one from your mother and one from your father. as all the genes in your body are created from these chromosomes, you will receive two sets of every gene, one gene from your mother and one gene from your father. in each pair of genes you receive, one gene is recessive and one is dominant. there are two ways that a genetic mutation can be passed down through families : - autosomal recessive : such as the mutations responsible for friedreich \u2019 s ataxia and ataxia - telangiectasia - autosomal dominant : such as the mutation responsible for spinocerebellar ataxia these are described in more detail below. if the mutated gene is autosomal recessive, it means that you will only develop ataxia if you receive a pair of mutated genes ( one from your mother and one from your father ). if you only receive one of the mutated genes, the other normal gene will cancel out the effects of the mutation. however, you will be a carrier of one of the mutated genes. it is estimated that around 1 person in every 75 is a carrier of the mutated gene that causes friedreich \u2019 s ataxia and around 1 person in 100 carries the mutated gene that causes ataxia - telangiectasia. the chances of two carriers meeting, having a relationship and then having a baby is low, which explains why these types of ataxia are so rare. if two carriers have a baby : - there is a 1 in 4 chance that the baby will receive a pair of normal genes. - there is a 1 in 2 chance that the baby will receive one normal gene and one mutated gene. in this case, they will not develop ataxia but they will be a carrier. -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5477340593198103, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.690417"} {"text": "the baby will receive a pair of normal genes. - there is a 1 in 2 chance that the baby will receive one normal gene and one mutated gene. in this case, they will not develop ataxia but they will be a carrier. - there is a 1 in 4 chance that the baby will receive a pair of mutated genes and will develop ataxia. if you have autosomal recessive ataxia and your partner is a carrier : - there is a 1 in 2 chance that your baby will receive one normal gene and one mutated gene and become a carrier. - there is a 1 in 2 chance that your baby will receive a pair of mutated genes and develop ataxia. if you have autosomal recessive ataxia and your partner does not and is not a carrier, there is no risk that any children that you have will develop ataxia because your mutated gene will be cancelled out by your partner \u2019 s normal gene. if the mutated gene is autosomal dominant, as is the case with the various types of spinocerebellar ataxias, you can develop ataxia if you receive a single mutated gene, either from your mother or your father. this is because the mutation is strong enough to override the other, normal gene. if you have autosomal dominant ataxia, any children that you have will have a 1 in 2 chance of developing ataxia.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.48751375158580185, "token_count": 288, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.692062"} {"text": "national institute of allergy andinfectious diseases ( niaid ) http : / / www. niaid. nih. gov for immediate release monday, jul. 15, 2002 a common bacterium can turn into a potent killer if it picks up the right set of genes, but how and when those genes are acquired has remained poorly understood. in a new study, researchers show that special viruses are the culprits behind the emergence of virulent select new bacterial strains. those viruses, called bacteriophages, specifically infect bacteria, capture some of their genes, and transfer the genes from one microbe to the next. by moving genes among their hosts, bacteriophages can create new bacterial strains with potentially deadly properties. the discovery, which will reported this week in the online edition of proceedings of the national academy of sciences, highlights an important mechanism for bacterial evolution and identifies several potential targets for vaccines or drugs to prevent or treat some severe infections. group a streptococcus ( gas ) bacteria are common microbes that cause many different diseases, including strep throat, wound infections, toxic shock, \" flesh - eating \" disease, scarlet fever, rheumatic fever and kidney ailments. james musser, m. d., ph. d., of the national institute of allergy and infectious diseases ( niaid ), seeks to understand why some gas strains cause severe infections while others lead to milder illnesses. to accomplish that goal, he and his collaborators have turned to the gas genome. by comparing the complete genetic blueprints of bacterial strains isolated from people with different gas infections, the researchers hope to identify specific genes linked with individual diseases. \" we are trying to move past the technical phase of genome research and start using what we have learned from gene sequences to develop new ways to prevent and treat infections and to understand how new, virulent strains emerge, \" says dr. musser, who directs the human bacterial pathogenesis laboratory at niaid ' s rocky mountain laboratories in hamilton, mont. in their most recent study, dr. musser, stephen beres, ph. d., and their colleagues determined the complete genetic blueprints of a so - called m3 gas strain isolated from a person with toxic shock syndrome. m3 strains are known for causing extremely invasive infections leading to an unusually high degree of severe illness and death. the m3 strain contains more than 1. 9 million pairs of the chemical bases that spell out the bacterium ' s genetic instructions. approximately 1.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5517230858321898, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.700906"} {"text": ". m3 strains are known for causing extremely invasive infections leading to an unusually high degree of severe illness and death. the m3 strain contains more than 1. 9 million pairs of the chemical bases that spell out the bacterium ' s genetic instructions. approximately 1. 7 million of those bases are shared with other, less deadly gas strains, leaving about 10 percent of the genome unique to m3. when the researchers looked closely at the unique regions, they found telltale genetic markers indicating that bacteriophages had brought in many of the m3 genes. \" what we have discovered is that bacterial viruses have imported crucial new toxin genes to create new virulence strains, \" says dr. musser. among the unique genes, the researchers identified several that encode bacterial toxins and enzymes that may contribute to the highly infective nature of m3 gas bacteria. amazingly, one of the toxins resembles an enzyme found in potent snake venoms. those molecules may prove to be useful targets for new drugs, diagnostics or vaccines. the research also opens the door to what dr. musser believes is a neglected area of research. \" scientists have known about bacteriophages for a long time, \" he explains, \" but they have not been extensively studied for their indirect contributions to infectious diseases. now that we have shown their importance to bacterial evolution, there is much we need to know about them. \" researchers from the university of minnesota medical school and the national jewish medical and research center in denver also contributed to this study. press releases, fact sheets and other niaid - related materials are available on the niaid web site athttp : / / www. niaid. nih. gov. niaid conducts and supports research \u2014 at nih, throughout the united states, and worldwide \u2014 to study the causes of infectious and immune - mediated diseases, and to develop better means of preventing, diagnosing and treating these illnesses. news releases, fact sheets and other niaid - related materials are available on the niaid web site at www. niaid. nih. gov. about the national institutes of health ( nih ) : nih, the nation ' s medical research agency, includes 27 institutes and centers and is a component of the u. s. department of health and human services. nih is the primary federal agency conducting and supporting basic, clinical, and translational medical research, and is investigating the causes, treatments, and cures for both common and rare diseases. for more information about nih and its programs, visit", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5048837730803379, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.704342"} {"text": "- no upcoming events available. the importance of using accountable language by phyllis b. frank and barry goldstein this article was conceived because of the frequency with which leaders of our movement and presenters at conferences use unaccountable language in our presentations and proposals, even as they deeply care about ending men \u2019 s violence against women and have devoted their lives to helping women partnered with abusive men. like all tools of oppression, unaccountable language is conditioned into our psyches, taught and learned as appropriate vocabulary and in socially acceptable sentence structure. thus, unaccountable language is part of everyday parlance of people acting in complete good faith in trying to end men ' s violence against women. we know this is true because as long as we have trained to avoid unaccountable language, we still sometimes make this error, as well. the movement to end domestic violence has not yet made the use of accountable language a priority. we hope this article will encourage all of us in the movement to do so. this is one program we can afford even in tight economic times. defining unaccountable language unaccountable language refers to the powerful messages embedded in all forms of speech and media that have all of us lapse into sentence structure that obscures perpetrators, minimizes their abuse, and supports blaming victims. one common example is the phrase \u201c an abusive relationship. \" the relationship did not hit the woman, but rather it was the abuser, typically a man who is husband or intimate partner, who was abusive. such statements make the person who committed the offense, invisible. more specifically it is the use of passive language that results in making the perpetrator invisible. for example, a phrase like a woman was raped should be replaced by, \u201c a man raped a woman. \u201d the rape did not just happen, but rather the rapist committed a brutal act. the idea is to focus attention on the person responsible. accountably speaking we might say a woman was in a relationship with an abuser or he is abusive to his intimate partner. another example is exposed by the question, \u201c how many women will be raped or assaulted in this year? \u201d do we ever hear, \u201c how many men will rape or assault this year? \u201d during a dinner conversation, barry, and his partner, sharon, were discussing a series of disastrous calamities in their home caused by the builder who seemed to have deliberately sabotaged their house. after hearing about one emergency repair after another, phyllis said it was the first time she actually understood the true", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5049210976747845, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.710448"} {"text": ", sharon, were discussing a series of disastrous calamities in their home caused by the builder who seemed to have deliberately sabotaged their house. after hearing about one emergency repair after another, phyllis said it was the first time she actually understood the true meaning of an \u201c abusive home \u201c, since too often the phrase \" abusive home \" is misused to invisiblize a man who repeatedly abuses his partner in their home. the police and media often refer to incidents in which a man brutalizes his wife or girl friend as a \" domestic dispute. \" this describes a man ' s criminal assault as if it were some kind of mutual problem, even - sided engagement, or tame dispute, rather than an act of brutality. when a mugger assaults and robs a cab driver, it is not described as a \" fare dispute. \" domestic violence is comprised of a wide range of tactics used by men to maintain power and to control their intimate partners the tactics are part of a pattern of coercive actions designed to maintain, what he believes ( consciously or not ), are his male privileges, to control his significant other. historically, men were assigned, by social and legal norms, control over wives and families. today, even though that is no longer legally, and for so many, morally, the case, an \" abusive relationship \" or \" domestic dispute \" makes it seem like a communications or relationship problem between the parties. it suggests counseling or therapy as a remedy instead of consequences to hold abusers accountable for abusive, controlling, and / or violent tactics. social consequences of unaccountable language if we are going to end or at least reduce the use of unaccountable language in this society, those of us working in the battered women ' s movement must take the lead and must set an example to use accountable language. politicians often use phrases like \" mistakes were made \" instead of saying, \u201c i made a mistake. \u201d we want society to be clear that men, who abuse and mistreat the women they are partnered with, are responsible for their actions. we are asking presenters and others working to end domestic violence to join us in striving to use accountable language. dedicated to our dear friend and colleague jon cohen, who worked with phyllis b. frank in developing the ny model for batterers programs, and with barry goldstein, to find many of the examples of unaccountable language in barry \u2019 s first book, scared to leave afraid to stay. phyllis b. frank, firstname. lastname @", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5111114007988153, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.711541"} {"text": "in the beginning there was nothing. and then something formed quarks. and the quarks organized themselves into composite particles, like protons and neutrons. and these guys, with the help of some friends called electrons, subsequently organized themselves into atoms. and these atoms got together one day and decided to take self - organization to yet another level, and they formed molecules. millions of different molecules were created that way, and they happily crawled all over each other for a while, forming planets and other crazy objects. and then some of the molecules, swimming around in a warm and cozy pool, thought they were the trendiest of the lot, and they decided to replicate themselves. they adopted the trendy name rna. the copying frenzy quickly went in many directions, and soon there were prokaryotes and eukaryotes ( and viruses too ). and boy, it didn ' t stop there either. these biological cells self - organized into millions of different species, and it didn ' t take long for the brain of one of those species ( humans ) to form consciousness. and this new aggregate system decided to take self - organization to even higher levels. it formed tribes, cultures, cities, businesses, and ( as one of its least successful ideas ) governments. from the very beginning of the universe, everything in it was shaped by self - organization... self - organization is a process of attraction and repulsion in which the internal organization of a system, normally an open system, increases in complexity without being guided or managed by an outside source. [ wikipedia ] so you see... self - organization is the norm. self - organization is the default behavior of systems, whether they are atoms, molecules, viruses, species, or businesses. or software development teams... it is a bit silly that self - organization of software development teams is often hailed as a \" best practice \" in agile software development. self - organization is not a \" best practice \". it is the \" default practice \" of any system, including teams. never did anyone direct me in my communication with my peers. nobody told me how to enter the office, how to hold my mouse, how to write lines of code, or how to write wiki - pages. management was never concerned about those things. they always just happened, without direction, even long before agile was a buzzword. but is what happens also happening in the right direction? though every self - organizing system chooses its own direction, the possible directions are limited by its environment.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5812966317687371, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.716119"} {"text": "things. they always just happened, without direction, even long before agile was a buzzword. but is what happens also happening in the right direction? though every self - organizing system chooses its own direction, the possible directions are limited by its environment. the latest theories of the universe suggest that our universe is just one out of many, and that our specific universe is \" special \" ( for us ), in that it has some very specific cosmological constants. it is these cosmological constants that have constrained and given direction to the self - organization of quarks, protons, atoms, molecules, and the whole shebang. ( we can only guess what kind of particles could have formed in other universes. ) likewise, the earth ' s environment has constrained and given direction to the formation of biological cells. and biological cells in their turn have constrained and given direction to the formation of viruses. and so on, and so on... no self - organizing system exists without context. and the context constrains the self - direction of the system. and then humans acquired consciousness, and they invented the concept of value. and humans turned the world upside down. ( to be continued... ) ( in part 2 : how command - and - control was invented after self - organization ) ( image by v2 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5645583899439048, "token_count": 272, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.716684"} {"text": "only one - third of nebraska \u2019 s corn crop is exported out of the state. the rest is processed through livestock and ethanol and then exported as food, fuel and related products. this value - added activity boosts employment and earnings and adds prowess to nebraska \u2019 s agricultural economy, which is unmatched by any other place except south dakota in terms of impact on the entire state, according to a new report from the university of nebraska - lincoln. the report uses statistics from 2010. \" the 2010 economic impact of the nebraska agricultural production complex \" was written by eric thompson, unl bureau of business research ; and bruce johnson and anil giri, department of agricultural economics. some of agriculture \u2019 s share of nebraska ' s total economy in 2010 : - - total sales volume : $ 68. 88 billion ( 41 percent of the state ' s total sales volume ) - - total gross state product : $ 22. 64 billion, 27 percent - - employment : 289, 200 jobs, 24 percent - - total wages and proprietor ' s income : $ 13. 67 billion, 25 percent in short, the agricultural production complex accounts for about one - fourth of nebraska ' s total economy, the report says. but the authors also caution that nebraskans should develop a more comprehensive statewide strategy for long - term sustainability of its ag industry to contend with \" growing external forces that may not have the best long - term interests of nebraska in mind. \" economic downturns in agriculture are inevitable and their impact will be magnified in nebraska. in fact, the report says, economic volatility in agriculture is likely to increase. authors predict continued growth for nebraska ' s ag production complex, with exports likely to grow to china, india and other countries in asia and latin america. they also predict more growth in food processing, agriculture - oriented manufacturers and biotechnology companies and in the transportation industry. \" overall, nebraska is positioned, like few other areas of the country, to capitalize on the strength of its agricultural production complex, \" the authors wrote. \" this state has a thriving bio - economy tied to a rich natural resource endowment and skilled human capital which will only increase in importance in a world of rising global demand for food and other agriculturally based output. \" \" that said, however, economic volatility arising from agriculture will tend to ripple through the state ' s total economy, often triggered by external forces of both national and global origin. \" this signals a clear need of a more comprehensive state - level strategy for long - term sustainable development around its agricultural", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.40936029823788966, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.722103"} {"text": "arising from agriculture will tend to ripple through the state ' s total economy, often triggered by external forces of both national and global origin. \" this signals a clear need of a more comprehensive state - level strategy for long - term sustainable development around its agricultural base, \" the authors wrote. the report said that strategy could include streamlining of regulations, enhancing investment opportunities for new and emerging agricultural technologies, providing workforce training and management education, expanding basic and applied research for innovation in agriculture, sustainable stewardship of natural resources and enhancing quality - of - life for citizens across the state. \" this will involve the need to engage all stakeholders in a shared vision for the state and a commitment to pursue it. to do otherwise could expose the state to growing external forces that may not have the best long - term interest of nebraska in mind, \" the report concludes. the study was a joint effort of the unl department of agricultural economics and the bureau of business research within the department of economics and was funded by the university ' s institute of agriculture and natural resources. it is available online at agecon. unl. edu. hard - copy versions are available for $ 7 per copy from the department of agricultural economics at unl, 102 filley hall, lincoln, ne 68583 - 0922.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43509058858983785, "token_count": 260, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.722990"} {"text": "robert siegel, host : from npr news, this is all things considered. i ' m robert siegel. audie cornish, host : and i ' m audie cornish. a little over a week ago, filmmaker james cameron came back from a submarine trip to the mariana trench and he said this about it. it was a very desolate place, isolated like visiting another planet. siegel : that illustrates the challenge of trips to the deepest parts of the ocean, but next year, an australian company plans to start mining metal from the sea floor. if all goes as planned, they will bring copper, gold, silver and zinc up from the depths off the coast of papua new guinea. npr ' s richard harris reports this pioneering effort will target a natural hot spring that is an oasis for marine life. richard harris, byline : people have thought about mining the sea floor ' s mineral wealth for many decades and now a combination of high metal prices and sophisticated technology is making that possible. nautilus minerals of australia has a license from papua new guinea to mine a site the size of 21 football fields for its rich deposits of copper, gold, silver and zinc. those minerals are found in very high concentrations because a natural hot spring on the sea floor has been laying them down for thousands of years. samantha smith, a vice president for corporate responsibility of the company, says it ' s an operation that involves remotely piloted vehicles prowling around a mile under the surface. samantha smith : you have two machines that cuts and they do different types of cuts and then you ' ve got a third machine that goes along and then effectively sucks the material up from the sea floor. harris : the material is drawn into a long pipe like what ' s used in deep sea oil drilling. the riser pipe brings this slurry to ships on the surface. the mineral - rich material is hauled to shore and the water it came up with is filtered and pumped back to the sea floor. that way, it doesn ' t harm tuna, which swim closer to the surface. and if it seems like a hassle to do all of this offshore, she says, think of the alternative, mining on land. smith : you ' ve got to dig a big hole in the ground to get to the ore body and you might even have to remove a mountain and then dig a big hole in the ground to get to the ore body. harris : offshore, you aren ' t forcing people off their land to dig mines and you aren ' t contaminating rivers and streams", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4905300718687786, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.728159"} {"text": "might even have to remove a mountain and then dig a big hole in the ground to get to the ore body. harris : offshore, you aren ' t forcing people off their land to dig mines and you aren ' t contaminating rivers and streams. smith : there ' s a potential environment advantage and, really, that ' s where the industry got a kick - start. harris : but the same natural hot springs that have deposited all that mineral wealth on the sea floor also support marine life. cindy van dover, a marine biologist at duke university, says the dominant animals at this site are marine snails. cindy van dover : to a biologist, especially, they ' re beautiful. they have symbiotic bacteria that live inside their gills and those bacteria supply the food energy that drives the community of animals that live there. in an otherwise relatively depauperate deep sea, these habitats are generally pretty rich oases of life. harris : van dover is among the scientists that nautilus minerals has been consulting in its attempt to limit the environmental damage. she says you can think of mining as a very aggressive experiment. what happens when you carve away the natural chimneys made of these minerals and grind down the surrounding rock? dover : we know these systems are often exposed to disturbances. the chimneys fall down. there are volcanic eruptions in some places. and so the animals are adapted to re - colonizing new spaces fairly quickly, we think. harris : it ' s possible the marine life will be back in a year, she says, or not. the company will leave some parts of the area undisturbed so animals there can potentially re - colonize the site after the 30 - month mining period is over. still... dover : i don ' t like the thought of messing up a pristine environment. i would rather see the deep sea stay unimpacted by human activities, but that ' s not a very rational view. harris : but george woodwell at the woods hole research institute has a much more visceral reaction to destroying any deep ocean hot spring. george woodwell : the organisms that have evolved to inhabit them are specially adapted to those places and they are well worth examining, looking at them. they are one of the wonders of the earth to be preserved, as far as i ' m concerned. harris : woodwell argues it ' s time to stop degrading the earth to sustain our consumptive lifestyles. woodwell : so i don ' t have any sympathy for the idea that we", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4826547867179503, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.729378"} {"text": ", as far as i ' m concerned. harris : woodwell argues it ' s time to stop degrading the earth to sustain our consumptive lifestyles. woodwell : so i don ' t have any sympathy for the idea that we should be mining the sea floor at this late stage in the development of the industrial society. we ' ve got to be more mature than that. harris : samantha smith from nautilus minerals says our hunger for metals keeps growing, so mining will happen somewhere. smith : what we ' re looking at here is more of a holistic view that, you know, maybe going to the sea floor makes - environmentally and socially - a lot more sense. harris : the mining activity is set to start toward the end of next year and, if it ' s successful, it could be the beginning of a whole new industry operating far from public view and, so far, with very little in the way of international rules and regulations. richard harris, npr news. npr transcripts are created on a rush deadline by a contractor for npr, and accuracy and availability may vary. this text may not be in its final form and may be updated or revised in the future. please be aware that the authoritative record of npr ' s programming is the audio.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4735178533476707, "token_count": 258, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.730041"} {"text": "photo by jeffrey trust yosemite national park provides essential habitat for over 165 species of migrating, wintering, and breeding birds, in addition to nearly 100 species recorded as transient or vagrant. designated a world heritage site and an important bird area, the park harbors diverse avian assemblages and habitats, numerous bird species of special concern, and prized habitat ranging from gently sloping foothill grasslands, through chaparral / oak woodland and giant conifer forests, up to windswept alpine meadows and peaks. the most regularly seen resident birds include steller ' s jay, american robin, acorn woodpecker, common raven, and mountain chickadee. in spring, look for the bright red wing patches on the red - winged blackbird ( most often seen in wet meadows ) or the tropical looking western tanager foraging in the conifers. near rivers and streams, watch the american dipper dart in and out of rapids and listen for their beautiful melodious song. some of the more sought - after birds to see in yosemite include the great gray owl, spotted owl, peregrine falcon, pileated woodpecker, and northern goshawk. in general, quiet forests and meadows away from developed areas ( particularly in the mornings ) are the best places to see some of the less common birds. keep in mind basic birding etiquette ; tread lightly and quietly and please follow park rules by refraining from using broadcast bird calls to elicit responses. learn more about birds : did you know? black bears in yosemite are active both day and night. most bears that rely on natural food sources are active during the day. however, those that get food from people are often active at night, when they can quietly sneak around and grab unattended food. more...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3553215292048561, "token_count": 370, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.732128"} {"text": "overview why we evaluate types of stages hiring an external evaluator managing an the confidentiality plan, usually included as part of the overall data collection plan, details the steps that will be taken to ensure that the data, once collected, are not shared inappropriately. social science evaluation often involves matters that may be personally sensitive. mental health and substance abuse intervention studies, for example, may require the collection of information about participants ' history with mental health or substance use problems, the extent of their problems, as well as information about their families and spouses. in most research, assuring confidentiality is only a matter of following some routine practices : substituting codes for identifiers, removing face sheets ( containing such items as names and addresses ) from survey instruments containing data, properly disposing of computer sheets and other papers, limiting access to identified data, impressing on the research staff the importance of confidentiality, and storing research records in locked cabinets. in some studies, more elaborate procedures may be needed \u2014 either to give subjects the confidence they need to participate and answer questions honestly, or to enable researchers to offer strong, truthful assurances of confidentiality. such elaborate procedures may be particularly necessary for studies in which data are collected on sensitive matters such as sexual behavior or criminal activities. it is important to maintain strict confidentiality at all times. any information collected from or about participants must not be divulged to others without permission, and data must be safely and securely maintained and stored. select \" next \" to continue.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5217820646530582, "token_count": 308, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.733856"} {"text": "- nvidia grid - 3d vision - about nvidia nvidia cuda : naked - eye stereoscopic system for real - time medical imaging one interesting field of imaging technology is naked - eye stereoscopy, which displays 3d stereoscopic images without the need for special eyeglasses. this intriguing technology not only has applications in entertainment, but is being studied as a practical technology for a variety of professional applications. one especially promising application is in medical imaging, where nvidia \u2019 s cuda\u2122 parallel computing platform is being studied by professor takeyoshi dohi and his colleagues in the department of mechano - informatics at the university of tokyo \u2019 s graduate school of information science and technology. naked - eye stereoscopy can be implemented in a variety of ways ; the one being studied by associate professor hongen liao and graduate student nicholas herlambang in profesor dohi \u2019 s research group is called integral videography ( iv ). this method uses a special display comprising a micro - lens array, consisting of convex lenses on a matrix which is bonded to a liquid crystal panel. directly beneath each micro - lens, there are some 100 liquid crystal elements and the convex lens projects the light from each element in various directions. the object to be represented in 3d space is illuminated by light rays from several directions, forming a stereoscopic image which to the user seems to be floating in the air. because this method projects a 3d image into space, it has advantages over the traditional stereoscopic method, where different images are displayed for the viewer \u2019 s left and right eyes. using iv, the 3d image can be observed from a wide area in front of the display by several viewers at once, without using special eyeglasses or viewpoint tracking. since 2000, the university \u2019 s research group has been developing a system where in vivo cross - sections obtained in real time by ct or mri scans are treated as volume textures, which can not only be reconstituted as 3d images through volume rendering, but also displayed as stereoscopic video for use in an iv system. this system could revolutionize real - time, stereoscopic, in vivo imaging. however, the amount of computation is huge ; the volume rendering alone creates a high processing load, then further processing is required for the stereoscopic imaging. for each video frame, a vast number of angles must be displayed at the same time. multiply this by the number of frames in the video and a staggering amount of computation must be done with high precision in a short time. in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5152264655089863, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.739988"} {"text": "take advantage of speed increases in future generations of gpus without modifying the system we have developed. if an environment that makes it easy to debug large cuda programs becomes available, cuda will become an even more powerful development environment for parallel computing and we expect it will find more applications in medical image processing as well. \u201d when images from ct and mri are viewed stereoscopically in real time, physicians can check the state of diseased tissues and make diagnoses without biopsies and surgery. moreover, several physicians can view the images at the same time and consult with one another. and it may eventually make it possible for several physicians to perform arthroscopic surgery and other minimally invasive surgical techniques together, with each surgeon able to visualize the operation in real time. it is difficult to bring a huge parallel computer array into clinical settings, but the powerful computing capabilities of gpus and tesla make it possible to provide compact, parallel computing modules. prof. takeyoshi dohi, advanced therapeutic & rehabilitation engineering laboratory : http : / / www. atre. t. u - tokyo. ac. jp / en / associate professor hongen liao : http : / / bmpe. t. u - tokyo. ac. jp / ~ liao / to laboratory atre lab, dept. of mechano - informatics, graduate school of information science and technology, the university of tokyo, where prof. dohi and his colleagues have pioneered computer - aided surgery, is one of the world \u2019 s top laboratories in the medical engineering field. the 3d stereoscopy technology presented here has given rise to numerous advanced devices, including microsurgery robots, wedge prism endoscopes, and surgical stereoscopic composite displays.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5195101148618233, "token_count": 354, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.741767"} {"text": "multiple myeloma is cancer that affects certain white blood cells called plasma cells. it represents about 1 percent of all cancers in the united states, and about 22, 000 americans are diagnosed with it each year. plasma cells, and other white blood cells, are part of the immune system. plasma cells produce antibodies - - immune system proteins that assist the body in ridding itself of harmful substances. each plasma cell responds to one specific substance by producing one kind of antibody. the body has many types of plasma cells, and, therefore, can respond to many types of substances. when cancer occurs, the body overproduces plasma cells, which are abnormal and alike. these abnormal plasma cells are called myeloma cells. myeloma cells collect in the bone marrow and the outer layer of the bone. because the cells begin in the blood plasma, myeloma is not a bone cancer, but is cancer that affects bones. the exact cause of multiple myeloma is not known, but theories and associations have been suggested as risk factors. a risk factor is anything that may increase a person ' s chance of developing a disease. it may be an activity, such as smoking, diet, family history, or many other things. different diseases have different risk factors. although these factors can increase a person ' s risk, they do not necessarily cause the disease. some people with one or more risk factors never develop the disease, while others develop the disease and have no known risk factors. but, knowing your risk factors to any disease can help to guide you into the appropriate actions, including changing behaviors and being clinically monitored for the disease. suggested risk factors for multiple myeloma include the following : - male gender - age ( occurs rarely under the age of 35 ) - family history - exposure to petroleum and other chemicals - exposure to high amounts of radiation - race ( twice as common among african - americans as white americans ) - being overweight or obese - having another plasma cell disorder, such as monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance the following are the most common symptoms for multiple myeloma. however, each individual may experience symptoms differently. ( some people with early multiple myeloma have no symptoms. instead, it is found during routine blood or urine tests. ) myeloma cells and antibodies may cause the following : - bone pain - fractures in bones - weight loss - repeated infections - problems with urination - weakness or numbness in legs - back pain - rib pain the symptoms of multiple myeloma", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5508550267801802, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.747900"} {"text": ") myeloma cells and antibodies may cause the following : - bone pain - fractures in bones - weight loss - repeated infections - problems with urination - weakness or numbness in legs - back pain - rib pain the symptoms of multiple myeloma may resemble other bone disorders or medical problems. always consult your doctor for a diagnosis. in addition to a complete medical history and physical examination, diagnostic procedures for multiple myeloma may include the following : - x - ray. a diagnostic test that uses invisible electromagnetic energy beams to produce images of internal tissues, bones, and organs onto film. bone scans are used to evaluate for bone involvement with most cancers, but they are unreliable in multiple myeloma. - blood and urine tests. these tests are used to look for proteins or other substances that are more likely to be seen in the blood or urine of people with myeloma. - bone marrow aspiration and / or biopsy. a procedure that involves taking a small amount of bone marrow fluid ( aspiration ) and / or solid bone marrow tissue ( called a core biopsy ), usually from the hip bones, to be examined for the number, size, and maturity of blood cells and / or abnormal cells. - magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ). a diagnostic procedure that uses a combination of large magnets, radiofrequencies, and a computer to produce detailed images of organs and structures within the body. - computed tomography scan ( also called a ct or cat scan ). a diagnostic imaging procedure that uses a combination of x - rays and computer technology to produce horizontal, or axial, images ( often called slices ) of the body. a ct scan shows detailed images of any part of the body, including the bones, muscles, fat, and organs. ct scans are more detailed than general x - rays ( but often not quite as detailed as mri scans ). - positron emission tomography ( pet ) scan. radioactive - tagged glucose ( sugar ) is injected into the bloodstream. tissues that use the glucose more than normal tissues ( such as tumors ) can be detected by a scanning machine. pet scans can be used to find small tumors throughout the body. specific treatment for multiple myeloma will be determined by your doctor based on : - your age, overall health, and medical history - extent of the disease - your tolerance for specific medications, procedures, or therapies - expectations for the course of the disease - your opinion or preference treatment may include : - medications to control pain - fracture treatment - medications to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5170211064864857, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.749065"} {"text": "food - drug interactions can happen with both prescription and over - the - counter ( otc ) medications, including antacids, vitamins, iron pills, herbs, supplements, and beverages. some nutrients can affect the way you metabolize certain drugs by binding with drug ingredients, thus reducing their absorption or speeding their elimination. for example, the acidity of fruit juice may decrease the effectiveness of antibiotics such as penicillin. dairy products may blunt the infection - fighting effects of tetracycline. one kind of antidepressants called mao inhibitors are dangerous when mixed with foods or drinks that contain tyramine ( for instance, beer, red wine, chocolate, processed meat, avocados, and some cheeses ). grapefruit juice can interfere with some blood pressure medications and organ transplant medications by increasing their metabolic breakdown. not all medications are affected by food, but many can be affected by what you eat and when you eat it. sometimes, taking medications at the same time you eat may interfere with the way your stomach and intestines absorb medication. other medications are recommended to be taken with food. be sure to ask your doctor or pharmacist for specific directions on eating prior to or after taking any medication. - ask your pharmacist or doctor if there are foods, beverages, vitamins, or supplements you should avoid with your medications. - read the prescription label on the container. if you do not understand something, or think you need more information, ask your doctor or pharmacist. - read directions, warnings, and interaction precautions printed on all medication labels and instructions. even over - the - counter medications can interact with foods, beverages, or supplements. - take medication with a full glass of water unless told otherwise by your pharmacist or doctor. - do not stir medication into your food or take capsules apart ( unless directed by your pharmacist or doctor ). this may change the way the drug works. - check with your pharmacist or doctor before taking vitamin pills at the same time you take medication - - vitamins and minerals can interact with some drugs. - do not mix medication into hot drinks, because the heat from the drink may destroy the effectiveness of the drug. - never take medication with alcoholic drinks. alcohol can change medication absorption and may increase or deccrease the effectiveness of many medications. - be sure to tell your doctor and pharmacist about all medications you are taking, both prescription and nonprescription. -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4701451421868974, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.752987"} {"text": "almost every day, it seems, there is another alarming study about the dangers of being fat or a new theory about its causes and cures. just this week, vh1 announced a new reality show called ' ' flab to fab, ' ' in which overweight women get a personal staff to whip them into shape. but a growing group of historians and cultural critics who study fat say this obsession is based less on science than on morality. insidious attitudes about politics, sex, race or class are at the heart of the frenzy over obesity, these scholars say, a frenzy they see as comparable to the salem witch trials, mccarthyism and even the eugenics movement. ' ' we are in a moral panic about obesity, ' ' said sander l. gilman, distinguished professor of liberal arts, sciences and medicine at the university of illinois in chicago and the author of ' ' fat boys : a slim book, ' ' published last month by the university of nebraska press. ' ' people are saying, ' fat is the doom of western civilization. ' ' ' now, says peter stearns, a leading historian in the field, the rising concern with obesity ' ' is triggering a new burst of scholarship. ' ' these researchers don ' t condone morbid obesity, but they do focus on the ways the definition of obesity and its meaning have shifted, often arbitrarily, throughout history. mr. stearns, provost and professor of history at george mason university, has written that plumpness was once associated with ' ' good health in a time when many of the most troubling diseases were wasting diseases like tuberculosis. ' ' he traces the equation of obesity and moral deficiency to the late - 19th and early - 20th centuries. in 1914, an article in the magazine living age, for example, stated, ' ' fat is now regarded as an indiscretion and almost a crime. ' ' mr. stearns cites it in an essay he wrote for the aptly named ' ' cultures of the abdomen, ' ' a collection to be published by palgrave macmillan next november, edited by christopher e. forth, a senior lecturer at australian national university, and ana carden - coyne, a lecturer at the university of manchester, in england. during world war i, mr. stearns writes, some popular magazines actually said that eating too much and gaining weight were unpatriotic, presumably because of concerns about food shortages. in ' ' fat boys, ' ' mr. gilman describes how plumpness", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44826791221980994, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.759258"} {"text": "i, mr. stearns writes, some popular magazines actually said that eating too much and gaining weight were unpatriotic, presumably because of concerns about food shortages. in ' ' fat boys, ' ' mr. gilman describes how plumpness used to be associated with affluence and the aristocracy, while today it is associated with the poor and their supposedly bad eating habits. louis xiv padded his body to look more imposing. during the french revolution, obesity inspired a rallying cry, ' ' the people against the fat, ' ' he says. and whereas once the fat man was generally seen as hypersexual, like falstaff, now he is seen as asexual, like santa claus. the first popular modern diet book, ' ' letter on corpulence addressed to the public, ' ' written by william banting, an undertaker, appeared in 1863. banting wrote that when he was fat he was regarded as a useless parasite. he went on a diet and lost 35 pounds. ' ' i can honestly assert that i feel restored in health, ' bodily and mentally, ' ' ' he wrote. before long, mr. gilman points out, the word ' ' banting ' ' became a synonym for dieting. in mr. stearns ' s view, 19th - century changes in attitudes toward obesity were a guilty reaction to the new abundance of food, the rise of the consumer culture and the growth of sedentary work habits. ' ' i don ' t think we were comfortable with it because of religious legacies and hesitations, ' ' he said in an interview. ' ' having a target for self - control, like dieting, helped express but also reconcile moral concerns about consumer affluence, ' ' mr. stearns writes ; the dieting fad become a new kind of puritanism.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45936353622581383, "token_count": 378, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.760037"} {"text": "research guide to the legal system of the kingdom of bhutan by ershadul karim and chhime tshoke dorjee ershadul karim is a non - practicing lawyer of bangladesh supreme court and currently the editor of chancery law chronicles, the first ever - online database of bangladesh laws. chhime tshoke dorjee is a practicing lawyer in the kingdom of bhutan currently working in the ministry of education, royal government of bhutan. published september 2011 table of contents national symbols of bhutan political system of bhutan legislature in bhutan executive in bhutan bhutanese legal system laws of bhutan the structure of the courts trial system of court office of the attorney general universities in bhutan newspapers and journals united nations and bhutan the bhutanese name for the kingdom of bhutan is druk yul, which means \" land of the thunder dragon \". the country lies hidden in the folds of the eastern himalayas and sandwiched between the two giant countries of india in the south and china in the north. bhutan, often revered as the \" land of the peaceful dragon \", is still regarded as one of the last \" shangrilas \" in the himalayan region because of its remoteness, its spectacular mountain terrain, varied flora and fauna and its unique ancient buddhist monasteries. with a total area of 38, 398 sq kilometers, bhutan lies between 88\u00b0 45 \u2019 and 92\u00b010 \u2019 longitude east and 26\u00b040 \u2019 and 28\u00b015 \u2019 north. it is a mountainous country except for a small flat strip in the southern foothills. in the north, bhutan borders with tibet, the autonomous region under china ; in the west with the indian state of sikkim ; in the east with the indian state of arunachal pradesh and in the south with the indian states of assam and west bengal. bhutan, a purely buddhist himalayan kingdom, is unsurpassed in its scenic majesty and vibrant culture as 72 percent of the country is under forest cover. a country of 750, 000 people, the kingdom shares with nepal the world ' s greatest concentration of mountains and living heritage of buddhism. the territory of bhutan comprises twenty dzongkhags ( administrative and judicial district ) with each dzongkhag consisting of gewogs ( a group of villages ) and thromdes ( third - level administrative division ) ( article 1 ( 4 ), the constitution of the kingdom of bhutan, 2008 ). buddhism has played a key role in shaping the life of people, history, government, culture, economy, judiciary, etc. in bhutan. though the recorded history of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4470004016177783, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.782130"} {"text": "1 ( 4 ), the constitution of the kingdom of bhutan, 2008 ). buddhism has played a key role in shaping the life of people, history, government, culture, economy, judiciary, etc. in bhutan. though the recorded history of the country traced back from the 6th century ad, it is the visit of guru rimpoche in the 8th century ad that buddhism flourished in bhutan. in 747 ad, guru rimpoche ( also known as padma sambhava ) visited the land and buddhism took firm root in the country. in the first half of the 13th century the spiritual master, phajo drugom zhingpo, the precursor of the drukpa kagyu tradition of mahayana buddhism arrived the country and ultimately gained pre - eminence. however, it is the arrival of zhabdrung rimpoche ( the precious jewel at whose feet one submits ) that one of the most dynamic era in the history of bhutan started. the religious and secular powers were not clearly delineated until 1616 when zhabdrung ngawang namgyal, the great leader of the drukpa school of mahayana buddhism, established the dual system of governance with the je khenpo ( chief abbot ) as the head of the spiritual and the desi, as the head of the temporal. the zhabdrung constructed numerous dzongs, monasteries, and religious institutions bringing people from all walks of life under one faith and firmly instituted drukpa kagyu as the state religion. the first dzong that he built, simtokha dzong in 1627, stands majestically as one of the sentinels of the bhutanese identity, a few miles away from present day thimphu. the zhabdrung ' s dual system of government, ruled by 54 desis and 60 je khenpos, steered bhutan from 1651 until the birth of the wangchuck dynasty and establishment of hereditary monarchy in 1907. but eventually bhutan became a two - party parliamentary democracy after elections in march 2008. in the election, the pro - monarchy bhutan harmony party of former prime minister jigme thinley had a landslide victory and subsequently formed the government. read the history of bhutan in brief, prehistory, introduction of buddhism in bhutan, the age of the zhabdrung, medieval bhutanese society, how europe heard about bhutan, establishment of monarchy in the website of key to bhutan. for a chronological history of the kingdom of bhutan, visit, druk asia. the first", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45700490278308015, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.783149"} {"text": ", the age of the zhabdrung, medieval bhutanese society, how europe heard about bhutan, establishment of monarchy in the website of key to bhutan. for a chronological history of the kingdom of bhutan, visit, druk asia. the first schedule to the constitution provides that the national emblem of bhutan is a circle that projects a double diamond thunderbolt placed above the lotus. there is a jewel on all sides with two dragons on vertical sides. the thunderbolts represent the harmony between secular and religious power while the lotus symbolizes purity. the jewel signifies the sovereign power while the dragons ( male and female ) stands for the name of the country druk yul or the land of the dragon. the national flag is rectangle in shape that is divided into two parts diagonally. the upper yellow half signifies the secular power and authority of the king while the lower saffron - orange symbolizes the practice of religion and power of buddhism, manifested in the tradition of drukpa kagyu. the dragon signifies the name and the purity of the country while the jewels in its claws stand for the wealth and perfection of the country. the national flower is blue poppy ( meconopsis horridula ), national tree is cypress ( cupressus torolusa ), national bird is the raven, national animal is the takin ( burdorcas taxicolor ). bhutan is a multi - lingual society. today, about 18 languages and dialects are spoken all over the country. the state language is dzongkha, which in the olden times was spoken by people who worked in the dzongs that was the seat of temporal and spiritual power. later, dzongkha was introduced as the national language of bhutan. the national anthem was first composed in 1953, became official in 1966 and finally placed in the second schedule to the constitution, 2008. it is known as druk tshenden kepay gyalkhab na ( the kingdom of bhutan adorned with cypress trees ). the modern political history of bhutan started from 1907 when the bhutanese people unanimously enthroned ugyen wangchuck as the first hereditary king of bhutan and later on by the successive monarchs of under the wangchuck dynasty. in 1953, the third king jigme dorji wangchuck established the national assembly ( tshogdu ) in order to ensure a more democratic governance of the country. every gewog, a group of villages and an intermediate geographic administrative unit between dzongkhag and village, had", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4449318285800723, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.784446"} {"text": "by the constitution of south africa because of its strong protection of human rights. article 7 of the bhutanese constitution provides for fundamental rights and includes most of the internationally recognized human rights e. g. civil and political rights and also provides that these rights as enshrined in article 7 are judicially enforceable. the organs of the bhutanese government comprise of the legislature, judiciary and the executive and the article 1 ( 13 ) of the constitution ensures separation of these three organs. the ruling political party, the opposition and the national council now forms the legislative body. article 10 of the bhutanese constitution, 2008 provides for a bi - cameral parliament which consists of druk gyalpo ( the king of bhutan ), the national council, which is the upper house and the national assembly, which is the lower house shall have all legislative powers under this constitution. it is the responsibility of the parliament to ensure that the government safeguards the interests of the nation and fulfils the aspirations of the people through public review of policies and issues, bills and other legislations, and scrutiny of state functions. the members of parliament shall be elected according to the electoral laws of the kingdom. article 11 deals with national council whereas article 12 deals with the national assembly. the tenure of both these houses is five years. the national council, which is required to convene at least twice in a year, consists of twenty - five non - political members, one member elected by the voters in each of the twenty dzongkhags ( administrative and judicial districts ) ; and five eminent persons nominated by the druk gyalpo ( the king ). besides the legislative functions, the national council shall act as the house of review on matters affecting the security and sovereignty of the country and the interests of the nation and the people that need to be brought to the notice of the druk gyalpo, the prime minister and the national assembly. the national assembly of bhutan shall have a maximum of fifty - five members, elected from each dzongkhag in proportion to its population, provided that no dzongkhag shall have less than two members or more than seven members, for which purpose parliament shall, by law, provide for each dzongkhag to be divided into constituencies through appropriate delimitation, and for the voters in each constituency directly electing one member to the national assembly. ( article 12 ( 1 ) ). the government of kingdom of bhutan is of parliamentary form. the head of the state is the druk gyalpo ( the king", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48065071988730734, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.786543"} {"text": "for the voters in each constituency directly electing one member to the national assembly. ( article 12 ( 1 ) ). the government of kingdom of bhutan is of parliamentary form. the head of the state is the druk gyalpo ( the king ), whereas the head of the government is the prime minister. until the 1950s, bhutan was an absolute monarchy whose sovereign was styled the druk gyalpo ( \u201c dragon king \u201d ). article 20 of the constitution provides that the executive power in bhutan be vested in the lhengye zhungtshog ( council of ministers or cabinet ) which shall consist of the ministers headed by the prime minister. the number of ministers shall be determined by the number of ministries required to provide efficient and good governance. the creation of an additional ministry or reduction of any ministry shall be approved by parliament. the lhengye zhungtshog ( council of ministers ) shall aid and advise the druk gyalpo ( the king ) in the exercise of his functions including international affairs, provided that the druk gyalpo may require the lhengye zhungtshog to reconsider such advice, either generally or otherwise. the prime minister shall keep the druk gyalpo informed from time to time about the affairs of the state, including international affairs, and shall submit such information and files as called for by the druk gyalpo. the lhengye zhungtshog assesses the state of affairs arising from developments in the state and society and from events at home and abroad ; defines the goals of state action and determines the resources required to achieve them ; plan and co - ordinate government policies and ensure their implementation ; and represent the kingdom at home and abroad. it also promotes an efficient civil administration based on the democratic values and principles enshrined in this constitution and is collectively responsible to the druk gyalpo and to parliament. zhabdrung ngawang namgyal promulgated the first set of bhutanese laws, the codification of which was completed in 1652 during the reign of the first temporal ruler, deb umzed tenzin drugyel. the code, which serves as the foundation of the contemporary bhutanese legal system, was based closely on buddhist principles and addressed the violation of both temporal and spiritual laws. these laws contain specific reference to the ten pious acts, known as lhachoe gyewa chu and the sixteen virtuous acts of social piety, referred to as the michoe tsangma", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48395730769576245, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.787538"} {"text": "violation of both temporal and spiritual laws. these laws contain specific reference to the ten pious acts, known as lhachoe gyewa chu and the sixteen virtuous acts of social piety, referred to as the michoe tsangma chudrug. the spiritual laws are said to resemble a silken knot ( dargye duephue ) as the silken knot is light and loose at first but gradually tightens with the accumulation of negative deeds, whereas the secular laws are compared to a golden yoke ( sergyi nyashing ) that grows heavier and heavier with the degree of the crimes committed. in 1959, the national assembly, under the guidance of the third king jigme dorji wangchuck enacted the first comprehensive codified law code, the thrimzhung chhenmo or the supreme law, which covers almost all civil and criminal matters and includes sections on land law, marriage, inheritance, weights and measures, theft and murder. although many of the chapters have been amended by subsequent legislation, the thrimzhung chhenmo is considered to be the basis for all the subsequent laws enacted in bhutan. the legal system of bhutan is based on english common law. the bhutanese judiciary is entrusted to safeguard, uphold, and administer justice fairly and independently without fear, favor, or undue delay in accordance with the rule of law to inspire trust and confidence and to enhance access to justice. laws of bhutan the judicial authority of bhutan is vested in the royal courts of justice comprising of the supreme court, the high court, the dzongkhag court, the dungkhag court and such other courts and tribunals as may be established from time to time by the druk gyalpo on the recommendation of the national judicial commission. ( article 21 ) the druk gyalpo appoints the chief justice of bhutan for a period of five years from among the drangpons ( judge or justice of a royal court of justice ) of the supreme court or from among eminent jurists. the chief justice, appointed for five years and four drangpons, appointed for a period of ten years form the supreme court, the highest appellate authority to entertain appeals against the judgments, orders, or decisions of the high court. besides, the druk gyalpo may seek the opinion of the supreme court in cases of public importance. the bhutanese legal system has a four - tier court system, supreme court, the high court, the dzongkhag courts, the dungkhag", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.504748424606954, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.788541"} {"text": "druk gyalpo may seek the opinion of the supreme court in cases of public importance. the bhutanese legal system has a four - tier court system, supreme court, the high court, the dzongkhag courts, the dungkhag courts. the supreme court is the highest in the hierarchy, followed by the high, dzongkhag and dungkhag courts. there are no courts or tribunals of special jurisdiction in bhutan. the supreme court is the highest court of law in bhutan and is presided over by the chief justice of bhutan. it has appellate, advisory and extra - territorial jurisdiction. where a particular case is not covered or is only partially covered by any law in force and is not otherwise excluded from adjudication, the supreme court has original jurisdiction over it. the supreme court is a court of record and is the guardian of the constitution and the final authority on its interpretation. ( article 1, the constitution of bhutan, 2008 ). under the present constitution, the chief justice and three associate justices of the first supreme court of bhutan were administered the oath of office and secrecy on 21st february 2010. at present, the supreme court of bhutan is temporarily housed in the kuengachholing state guest house. the high court, established in 1958, is made up of three benches. a minimum of two judges comprises a bench. like the supreme court, the high court exercises original, appellate and extra - territorial jurisdiction. it also possesses inherent powers and exercises extra - territorial jurisdiction on the basis of international law principles. it presently stands at the apex of the bhutanese judicial system and is presided over by the chief justice of bhutan. subordinate to the high court in bhutan, there is a dzongkhag or district court in each dzongkhag ( presently, there are total twenty ). the first dzongkhag court was established in 1960 / 61. usually, the dzongkhag court is made up of one bench, though there are some dzongkhag courts that have division benches. the dzongkhag court exercises original jurisdiction in all cases within its territorial jurisdiction and hears appeals from an order of judgment of a dungkhag court. such courts presided over by a dzongkhag drangpon who is assisted by one or more drangpon rabjams. the dungkhag or sub - district court, presided over by a dungkhag drangpon, established in 1978, is the lowest formal court in bhutan. at present, there are three such courts in the country having", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48255429805773703, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.790451"} {"text": "rabjams. the dungkhag or sub - district court, presided over by a dungkhag drangpon, established in 1978, is the lowest formal court in bhutan. at present, there are three such courts in the country having original jurisdiction in all cases within their territorial jurisdiction. there is a research and training bureau of the judiciary which was established in 1994 under the royal command to conduct researches on the sources of bhutanese laws, court etiquette and manners, formal address and titles, legal terminology, in - service legal education, including sessions on procedural code, information technology, and bhutanese literature so that the judicial staffs can develop their skills and knowledge in legal profession. the registrar general, appointed by the chief justice of bhutan for a period of three years, heads the administrative and finance division of the courts. he is supported by other administrative staff, and is responsible for the overall administrative work in the supreme court and the subordinate courts. his responsibility includes the appointment, transfer, supervision and human resource development of court staffs. the bhutanese legal system is primarily based on the adversarial system of procedure with some elements of the inquisitorial system. the courts take no sides and the judges are umpires of the litigants. the judges allow uninterrupted hearing to the litigants or their jabmis ( counsel ). they are given opportunity to make presentation to the court and answer questions posed by the judges. the plaintiff and the defendant or their jabmis can submit evidence to substantiate their legal contentions and the courts decide cases based on the facts and issues submitted by the parties. thus, the burden to proof beyond reasonable doubt lies on the prosecutor in a criminal case and on the plaintiff to prove his case by a fair preponderance of the credible evidence in a civil action. read details about the trial system of courts in bhutan, here. read the hearing procedure, here. presently, the parties in the civil case have to pay only 100 bhutanese ngultrum ( bhutanese currency ) [ 1 usd = 44. 5 bhutanese ngultrum ] as court fee in high court, while the court fees in dzongkhag and dungkhag is only 50 bhutanese ngultrum. under the bhutanese legal system, the court has to establish a hearing calendar ( section 79 of the civil and criminal procedural code ). usually in a day, a maximum of five hearing is to be scheduled. this is done so that the drangpon", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.45643990232863363, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.791401"} {"text": "the bhutanese legal system, the court has to establish a hearing calendar ( section 79 of the civil and criminal procedural code ). usually in a day, a maximum of five hearing is to be scheduled. this is done so that the drangpon and the bench clerks are not overburdened with too many cases and that there is proper time management. individual calendars explicitly link the management of a case to a particular judge, making judges accountable to the public. the judicial process in bhutan follows the following stages - registry of a complaint = > miscellaneous hearing = > preliminary hearing = > production before judge = > show cause = > opening statement = > defence reply = > rebuttal = > evidence = > independent testimony = > exhibit = > cross examinations = > judicial investigation = > closing statement = > judgment the court issues a number of orders in the form of direction, writs, injunction, and compliance as per the provisions of the civil and criminal procedure code of bhutan. the court also issues summon order to the litigants to appear before the court on the specific date. failing to honor the summon order may entail the dismissal of a case, passing of a default judgment or be liable for contempt. find all relevant laws relating to judiciary, here. find the relevant judicial forms here. find the 2011 judgments of the supreme court and 2008 - 2011 judgments of the high court here. read the judicial reforms ( institutional, procedural and penal ) in bhutan, here. national judicial commission and royal judicial service council the national judicial commission of bhutan, established under a royal decree in 2003, is responsible for the appointments and removal of the drangpons of the courts in bhutan. the members of the national judicial commission are the chief justice of bhutan as the chairperson, the senior most drangpon of the supreme court, the chairperson of the legislative committee and the attorney general. the druk gyalpo appoints the members of the commission by warrant under his hand and seal. the commission meets twice a year at such time and place as designated by the chairperson. the commission, usually meets in the chamber of the chief justice in the high court, operates through a network of committees. these committees submit the findings and report to the commission. under article 21 of the constitution of bhutan, 2008 and the judicial service act, 2007, the commission submits recommendation to his majesty the druk gyalpo with regard to the appointment of the chief justice of bhutan and the drangpons of the supreme court ; and the chief justice and the drang", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47581119358469615, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.792449"} {"text": "judicial service act, 2007, the commission submits recommendation to his majesty the druk gyalpo with regard to the appointment of the chief justice of bhutan and the drangpons of the supreme court ; and the chief justice and the drangpons of the high court, to the establishment of courts and tribunals, etc. a drangpon may be censured or suspended by a command of the druk gyalpo on the recommendation of the commission for proven misbehavior, who, in the opinion of the commission, does not deserve impeachment. the judicial service act of 2007 also provides for a royal judicial service council, which with the assent of the chief justice of bhutan shall have the full authority to determine and administer the organizational structure, budgetary and personnel requirements of the judiciary. read the judicial service act of bhutan, 2007, here. article 29 of the constitution of bhutan, 2008 deals with the autonomous office of attorney general, who as the chief legal officer of the kingdom shall be the legal advisor to and legal representative of the government. the office of the attorney general act of bhutan, 2006 was enacted to promote and impart justice through fair, impartial and just proceedings in civil and criminal cases, by enacting enlightened laws and to uphold the rule of law, natural justice and the constitution through responsive and accessible legal process. read the office of the attorney general act of bhutan, 2006, here. the king of bhutan appoints appoint an eminent jurist as the attorney general on the recommendation of the prime minister. chapter 3 of the office of the attorney general act, 2006 ( sections 11 - 18 ) deals with the functions and section 24 deals with the duties and responsibilities of the office of attorney general. chapter 5 provides for code of conduct of office of attorney general. section 50 of the 2006 act provides that on grounds of physical, mental, or other incapacity of a permanent nature, or any violation of this act ; or conviction under any other law the prime minister of bhutan may remove the attorney general. the law relating to legal profession in bhutan is the jabmi act, 2003, which, according to the chief justice, lyonpo sonam tobgye, \u201c will reaffirm and uphold the cardinal principle of fair trial with the help of jabmi ( legal counsel ) to protect and establish people \u2019 s rights at all stages of proceedings \u201d. the act, a guideline for professional ethics, duties, and responsibilities of jabmis, is expected to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44552364650051635, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.794425"} {"text": "fair trial with the help of jabmi ( legal counsel ) to protect and establish people \u2019 s rights at all stages of proceedings \u201d. the act, a guideline for professional ethics, duties, and responsibilities of jabmis, is expected to bring in professionalism to the legal system and \u201c enhance the effectiveness and fairness in the administration of justice \u201d. section 2 and section 14 of the jabmi act, 2003 provide for the establishment of a bar council ( jabmi tshogdey ) and a bar association ( jabmi thuentshog ). the bar council, according to the jabmi act, will have the attorney general as the ex - officio chairperson, two retired drangpons ( judges ) of the supreme court / high court, president of bar association as the vice chairperson, chairpersons of each disciplinary committee and three elected members among the lawyers. the bar council will assist the court, promote and support law reforms, and conduct lawyer selection examinations. the bar association will have an elected president, enrolled members, and an executive body elected by the members. the functions of the association includes assisting the court in expediting the cases and ensuring just, fair, and prompt dispensation of justice, and upholding the integrity of the lawyers. the act also states that no person would be qualified to practice as a jabmi unless he or she is enrolled with the jabmi tshogdey and no retired drangpon would be allowed to practice as a jabmi. the act also states that an eligible jabmi, among other criteria, must be a bhutanese, should have legal qualification recognized by the jabmi tshogdey, should have undergone the national legal course, and should have passed the bar selection examinations. the concept of jabmi featured in various sections of the bhutanese law. someone embroiled in a legal dispute has always sought the aid of the jabmi. the bhutanese legal system provided litigants the option either to represent themselves or to seek legal counsel. it also had an additional clause permitting a member of the family to represent the case on the litigant \u2019 s behalf. therefore, the legal counsel was not an alien practice. it was ingrained in the system. every district court or village had jabmis. according to sources, the presence of the jabmi has been recorded as far back as 1616, when the zhabdrung came to bhutan. they were mostly village elders and retired government", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4776609369820368, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.795494"} {"text": ". every district court or village had jabmis. according to sources, the presence of the jabmi has been recorded as far back as 1616, when the zhabdrung came to bhutan. they were mostly village elders and retired government functionaries respected in their communities for their wisdom, experience and articulate speech. their clients paid them in manual labor, agricultural produce or, in some cases, a small piece of a property that was in dispute. although they had always been consulted by generations of bhutanese litigants, they were never a professional class of people with the requisite credentials common to lawyers and legal counsel elsewhere in the world. from 1996 the jabmi was licensed and the profession formalized by the government. read the jabmi act of kingdom of bhutan, 2003, here. laws of bhutan constitution of the kingdom of bhutan, 2008 laws of bhutan in bhutan government portal laws of bhutan in bhutannica laws of bhutan in national council of bhutan rules and regulations in bhutan government portal national standards of bhutan bills in national council of bhutan national library of bhutan cabinet secretariat of royal government of bhutan national council of bhutan tourism council of bhutan royal court of justice, bhutan other important links universities in bhutan development agencies in bhutan pro bhutan association, germany canadian cooperation office canada \u2019 s international development research centre helvetas ( swiss assistance in bhutan ) netherlands development organization ( snv ) austrian coordination office for development cooperation ( aco ) united nations and bhutan united nations country team in bhutan united nations development programme ( undp ), bhutan permanent mission of the kingdom of bhutan to the united nations united nations office of the high commissioner for human rights and bhutan asian and pacific training center for information and communication technology world health organisation, bhutan bhutan - united nations poverty - environment initiative", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.455158941478114, "token_count": 357, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.796255"} {"text": "the natural response to a natural disaster is to see that it cannot cause as much damage next time. but if the disaster is as rare as a major earthquake and the remedy would remove most or all of our older buildings, does the risk warrant it? that is the question we need to pose in response to proposals from the royal commission of inquiry into the canterbury earthquakes and a review of the building code by the ministry of business, innovation and employment. the royal commission recommended that local bodies should be required to identify all earthquake - prone buildings in their jurisdiction within two years and that the owners be given seven years to either bring them up to the standard or demolish them. the ministry has suggested slightly longer periods - five years for the councils to identify the buildings and 10 years for the owners to strengthen or remove them. the later deadline is the one the government has adopted for the purposes of an important public discussion. it is time to think carefully about the costs - not just to building owners but to the community if heritage is lost - and to weigh the costs against the risk of damaging earthquakes. the risk is very low. the building code in force since 1976 requires new buildings to be able to withstand a magnitude of earthquake likely to occur maybe once in 500 years. the ground forces that hit christchurch on february 22, 2011, were much greater than that, equivalent to an earthquake reckoned to occur once every 2500 years. nobody has suggested we need build to that standard of resistance. ultimately, there is no such thing as an \" earthquake - proof \" building. a shallow quake in unfavourable rock structure can generate much greater shaking than its magnitude normally causes. that is what happened in christchurch and the question should be asked : is the aftermath of such an event really the best time to be deciding the fate of our built heritage? neither the royal commission nor the ministry has suggested raising the new building standard or the definition of \" earthquake - prone buildings \", those assessed to be less than a third of the standard. they simply want all those buildings brought up to at least a third of the standard. the auckland council has told the ministry that a 10 - year notice would be an \" execution order \" for the city ' s areas of special character and heritage. it would prefer that building owners be given 15 years to comply, but even that might be a death warrant for the character of places such as mt eden and devonport. it needs to be remembered that most of those who died in christchurch ' s february aftershock were not in or near the unre", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46431239459080054, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.800302"} {"text": "learn the lessons of the water claim to help nz fulfil its potential as a nation the maori king, tuheitia, has never called a national hui of the sort happening today on water and its significance extends well beyond water rights to all of the other resources and issues maori are making contemporary claims about. it was reported earlier in the week that some ngapuhi claimants will lodge a claim for the commercial use of wind with the waitangi tribunal. over and above historical claims, maori are able under section 2 of the treaty of waitangi act to ask the tribunal to investigate contemporary claims relating to any enactment, policy or practice adopted or an act done or omitted by the crown after september 21, 1992 which breaches the treaty of waitangi. as of january this year, there were over 200 contemporary claims filed with the waitangi tribunal. customary rights to water is one example, but there are many more. some have failed ; others have succeeded, like the water claim. but all of these claims concern the actions of successive governments since 1992 showing that maori believe breaches of the treaty are continuing and that until the crown starts treating them as a proper treaty partner, the grievance cycle will continue. a government can never stop people suing over a contentious policy, but it can act to take away the grievance or to minimise their chances of succeeding in court. contemporary claims are here to stay, so the government has to find a more effective and efficient modus operandi than it adopted for water, especially given its policy on oil and gas exploration. as lord cooke said in the lands case, \" the principles of the treaty do not authorise unreasonable restrictions on the right of a duly elected government to follow its chosen policy. indeed, to try and shackle the government unreasonably would itself be inconsistent with those principles. \" any approach to contemporary claims has to factor in the prior decisions of the courts and the waitangi tribunal about what maori do and do not have rights and interests in and to. forgetting that this jurisprudence exists doesn ' t work. for example, the contemporary petroleum claim in 2000 also resulted in an urgent waitangi tribunal report due to the government ' s intention to sell the crown ' s interests in the kupe licence. the breach alleged was the crown ' s nationalisation of petroleum resources without paying compensation to the landowners or providing for the ongoing payment of royalties. the tribunal found ( very similarly to the interim water reports issued this year ) that where land rights were lost", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41712318090563805, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.806304"} {"text": ". the breach alleged was the crown ' s nationalisation of petroleum resources without paying compensation to the landowners or providing for the ongoing payment of royalties. the tribunal found ( very similarly to the interim water reports issued this year ) that where land rights were lost in a treaty breach, then there is a residual treaty right that should be remedied in natural resources like petroleum. the government ' s current tender round for oil and gas exploration permits closes on october 15. it also released a march discussion paper inviting submissions on crown minerals reform, which includes \" improving dialogue between regulatory agencies, iwi and other important stakeholders, as it relates to the crown minerals act \". another example is the wai 2224 claim lodged in december 2009, which argues that the electromagnetic radio spectrum is a taonga and that maori have interests in the 4g radio spectrum to be used by telecommunications companies to connect smartphones to cellular networks. the claim is currently on hold to give the crown and maori time to develop a joint approach to the spectrum. however, time is running out. by december 1, 2013, the government intends to implement the \" digital switchover \", forcing television broadcasting to go digital which will free up the 4g radio spectrum for commercial use. resisting this maori claim will be made harder given that the previous labour - led government gave maori one quarter of the 3g spectrum. we are also still waiting for the crown ' s response to the wai 262 investigation into flora, fauna and cultural and intellectual property. this claim took the waitangi tribunal over 21 years to investigate and addressed the work of more than 20 government departments and agencies which concern matauranga maori. the many recommendations include a revamped maori language commission, the establishment of a new commission to protect maori cultural works against offensive and unauthorised uses, that the department of conservation take the lead in developing a treaty - compliant bio - prospecting regime and that measures be introduced to give greater recognition to the maori interest in genetic modification. there are also a good many historical claims which have significant contemporary implications for new zealand ' s constitution. the current tribunal inquiry into northland ( te paparahi o te raki ) is considering claims that maori never ceded their sovereignty or tino rangatiratanga ( full chieftainship ) in 1840. the tribunal ' s te rohe potae inquiry in the king country is looking at the crown ' s relationship with the kingitanga movement. claims for greater recognition of maori authority now are inherent in many of these historical claims. we have to learn lessons from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49913964360715624, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.807425"} {"text": "mt tongariro rumbled to life for the first time in more than a century this morning, spewing a giant ash cloud as far as napier. dr thomas wilson, a disaster management lecturer at canterbury university, explains all you need to know about the eruption, its aftermath and what the future may hold. what type of eruption was it? there are three main types of eruptions you can get in an explosive event. there ' s what we call a phreatic eruption, or steam - driven eruption. this is where water has been superheated by magma under the volcano, but it ' s only the water that erupts in an explosive manner. basically the hydrothermal system underneath the volcano erupts, and this is what seems to have occurred on tongariro. another type is a phreatomagmatic eruption, where water has come into contact with magma and caused the magma to fragment in an explosive eruption. then there ' s a magmatic eruption, where there ' s no water interacting, and it ' s just the magma erupting itself. scientists [ from gns ] are out collecting ash samples as we speak, and there ' ll be more information in the near future on those specifics, which are relevant for agriculture and human health. the key thing is that it ' s a very small volume of ash that ' s been produced so far. it ' s a very light dusting. how quickly could things change? things could change quickly. it ' s a bit of an unknown. that ' s the ' volcano problem ', if you like. it ' s difficult to know what the volcano is going to do. there are three main scenarios : # it could stop completely ; # it could continue with these same - size eruptions, and we might get some more very light ash fall across the north island, dependent on the wind conditions on the time ; # it could be the beginning of a bigger eruptive sequence, which would probably mean larger eruptions, with more ash produced, probably leading to more widespread deposition of ash, to a thicker amount. i can ' t give you any probabilities on the likelihood of these scenarios. we do know that there have been eruptions from this part of the volcano in the past, and these have typically been pretty small on a global scale. but we can ' t rule anything out at this stage a steam - driven eruption like this could be a sign that there ' s magma moving into place under the volcano, and we might see a progression through to a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44826505392719634, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.811151"} {"text": "pretty small on a global scale. but we can ' t rule anything out at this stage a steam - driven eruption like this could be a sign that there ' s magma moving into place under the volcano, and we might see a progression through to a magmatic eruption. or it could just be that the volcanic hydrothermal system has been unsettled by these earthquakes, and we ' re seeing an eruption as a result of this. is it unusual that there wasn ' t more warning before this eruption? we saw the volcanic threat level raised about two weeks ago, following seismic activity and volcanic gases on the volcano, and that ' s the same area where the eruption occurred. this is quite normal behaviour for volcanoes. they ' ll show vague signs of unrest, like this, and then we get an eruption. the challenging thing is knowing when and where it will occur. is it similar to any other recent eruption? in jan - feb 2011, there was an eruption in the shinmoedake volcano in southern japan, which is very similar to tongariro, and it erupts a similar composition of magma. it had a magmatic eruption that was much larger than what we ' ve seen today. we studied its impacts on critical infrastructure, on towns and communities and agriculture. it did cause some disruption. there was centimetres - worth of ash across vast tracts of agricultural land and some towns. there were some direct impacts to agriculture, but after six months, things were mostly back to normal. there were some big issues with towns and roads, and that created coordination and management issues. there were some disruptions to electricity supplies as well, and surface irrigation water. as far as health concerns, limiting exposure, wearing a mask and avoiding times when ash was blowing around outside was sufficient to mitigate those issues. it ' s quite a good example of what might happen if there were a much bigger eruption from tongariro.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45731398754006997, "token_count": 386, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.812024"} {"text": "a brief history of aerial photography with the advent of web applications such as google earth, it is a common misconception that aerial photography is relatively new. admittedly because of these websites it is now more commonplace, but in fact aerial photography has been around since the mid nineteenth century. a frenchman called nadar, whose real name was gaspard felix tournachon, took the very first aerial photograph ( fig. 1 ). he was a french writer, caricaturist, photographer and tireless innovator. in 1855 he patented the idea of using aerial photographs in mapmaking and surveying. it was not until 1858, however, that he was able to make a successful aerial photograph, the world ' s first, from a balloon. the oldest surviving photograph taken by nadar was of the arc de triomphe in 1868 ( fig. 2 ). his cameras were bulky and he even took a darkroom with him! on october 13, 1860, james wallace black, accompanied by professor sam king, ascended to an altitude of 1200 feet in king ' s balloon and photographed portions of the city of boston. a cable held the balloon in place. black, the photographer, made eight exposures of which only one resulted in a reasonable picture. this is the oldest conserved aerial photograph ( fig. 3 ). in april 1861, professor thaddeus lowe went up in a balloon near cincinnati, ohio, to make a weather observation. whilst in britain in 1862 the royal society began to do the same. further experiments took place over the next 40 years in paris, england and russia. unfortunately very few of these photographs have survived. in 1903, realising the danger involved in the use of balloons, very light cameras were attached to carrier pigeons ( fig. 4 ). these cameras took a picture every 30 seconds as the pigeon winged its way along a straight course to its home shelter. pigeons were certainly faster than balloons, but their flight paths were unpredictable. kites were also a popular method of taking aerial photographs at this time. in 1906 george r lawrence used a kite to take a panoramic view of the ruins of san francisco after the earthquake ( fig. 5 ). he sold prints for $ 125 each and made a total of $ 15, 000 from just one photograph. the military were quick to realise the benefit of using cameras on balloons to spy on what was happening in adjacent valleys and monitor enemy troop movements. but soon it was clear that the aeroplane was the best platform from which to take aerial photographs. wilbur wright was the first", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.41354586185730036, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.817944"} {"text": "quick to realise the benefit of using cameras on balloons to spy on what was happening in adjacent valleys and monitor enemy troop movements. but soon it was clear that the aeroplane was the best platform from which to take aerial photographs. wilbur wright was the first pilot in remote sensing history that took photographs from an aeroplane. wilbur ' s passenger, l. p. bonvillain, on a demonstration flight in france in 1908, took the first photograph from an aircraft. as with most technological innovations, major advances were made with the onset of war. the first world war saw the introduction of roll film to replace the glass plates. aircraft were also adapted and designed to maximise coverage and optimise quality, by being fast and stable. early in 1918 french units were printing as many as 10, 000 photographs a night during periods of peak activity. the uk, us and germany all had sophisticated aerial reconnaissance units, and many technical hurdles had been overcome. it was however not without its problems ; from above, identifying one soldier from another was not easy. one time a german observer indicated that an english unit was running around in great disarray and appeared to be in a state of panic. the english were playing football. tens of millions of photographs had been taken by the end of the war in 1918 ( fig. 6 ). following the war many companies were set - up to use the newly found skills and techniques for more peaceful purposes, namely mapping. some of these companies are still going to this day, in the uk, us and germany. at this time the uk was well mapped and aerial photography was not taken too seriously as an aid to mapping ; however it proved invaluable in poorly mapped parts of the world that were at the time under british control. for example hong kong was photographed in 1924. from 1930 germany started to map the country at 1 : 25, 000 scale, and the towns at 1 : 10, 000 scale. from the 1930 aerial photography had become relatively commonplace and aerial surveys were regularly practiced. in 1934 the american society of photogrammetry was founded to advance the field of aerial photography. the rate of technical development and innovation increased once again during the second world war and the importance of aerial survey was by now appreciated in the uk. following the conclusion of the war in 1945, unlike after the first world war, the air force was put to work in the uk before demobilisation. the aim was to capture the entire country at six - inch scale ( 1 : 10, 560 ), with the cities at higher", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4660528955527851, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.819060"} {"text": "1945, unlike after the first world war, the air force was put to work in the uk before demobilisation. the aim was to capture the entire country at six - inch scale ( 1 : 10, 560 ), with the cities at higher scales. it was called operation review or revue. in the 40s and 50s huge surveys were undertaken by the us, uk and russian military, including huge areas of mainland europe, for example the ddr and poland. much of this was done in secrecy because of security issues and the onset of the cold war. in the 1950s the major post - war government - sponsored projects and secret military surveys ( fig. 7 ) came to an end except for occasional urgent situations such as the flood disasters of 1948 and 1953, and the aberfan tragedy. of course, the military continue secret reconnaissance probing to this day. aerial photo surveys carried out on behalf of local and central government, utilities and large civil engineering projects became routine as well as essential. these were done by commercial organisations during the 60s, 70s and 80s. during the 80s the transition was made from black and white film to colour film. throughout this time many of these surveys were often used on a ' one - off ' basis, i. e. they were flown for one client who had one use for them. resale of the photographs did happen, but, it was still a relatively specialist subject, so it was not big business. many films and boxes of contact prints languished in dark rooms deep within local authorities. relatively little improved in this time. it was in the mid to late 90s that the resale value of aerial photography was really acknowledged. the shift was made from the survey companies carrying out a survey on behalf of a client, to the survey company actually investing in speculatively acquiring photography and making a commercial business from selling the photos multiple times. aerial photography had entered the digital age. it was now easy to scan and reproduce the photos, and therefore distribute them as large digital seamless mosaics. the range of products and applications of photography also increased, digital elevation models, orthophoto and 3d building modelling became far easier to produce and at a lower cost. as technology improved so did the scale ( and therefore resolution ) of the photos being taken. the users wanted to see more and more detail. in 2004 the first large format digital aerial survey cameras became commercially available. the take up of these cameras was swift in the uk and europe. by 2007 the majority of aerial photography in the uk was taken digitally", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.45823733429818947, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.820240"} {"text": "jump to : general, art, business, computing, medicine, miscellaneous, religion, science, slang, sports, tech, phrases we found 9 dictionaries with english definitions that include the word adducts : click on the first link on a line below to go directly to a page where \" adducts \" is defined. general ( 7 matching dictionaries ) - adducts : collins english dictionary [ home, info ] - adducts : vocabulary. com [ home, info ] - adducts : wordnik [ home, info ] - adducts : wiktionary [ home, info ] - adducts : dictionary. com [ home, info ] - adducts : wikipedia, the free encyclopedia [ home, info ] - adducts : dictionary / thesaurus [ home, info ] computing ( 1 matching dictionary ) - adducts : encyclopedia [ home, info ] medicine ( 1 matching dictionary ) - adducts : medical dictionary [ home, info ] ( note : see adduct for more definitions. ) quick definitions from wordnet ( adduct ) noun : a compound formed by an addition reaction verb : draw a limb towards the body ( \" adduct the thigh muscle \" also see adduct additional searches for adducts... search completed in 0. 03 seconds.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48411315354414336, "token_count": 274, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.822512"} {"text": "the data types you have seen so far are all concrete, in the sense that we have completely specified how they are implemented. for example, the card class represents a card using two integers. as we discussed at the time, that is not the only way to represent a card ; there are many alternative implementations. an abstract data type, or adt, specifies a set of operations ( or methods ) and the semantics of the operations ( what they do ), but it does not not specify the implementation of the operations. that \u2019 s what makes it abstract. why is that useful? when we talk about adts, we often distinguish the code that uses the adt, called the client code, from the code that implements the adt, called the provider code. in this chapter, we will look at one common adt, the stack. a stack is a collection, meaning that it is a data structure that contains multiple elements. other collections we have seen include dictionaries and lists. an adt is defined by the operations that can be performed on it, which is called an interface. the interface for a stack consists of these operations : a stack is sometimes called a last in, first out or lifo data structure, because the last item added is the first to be removed. the list operations that python provides are similar to the operations that define a stack. the interface isn \u2019 t exactly what it is supposed to be, but we can write code to translate from the stack adt to the built - in operations. this code is called an implementation of the stack adt. in general, an implementation is a set of methods that satisfy the syntactic and semantic requirements of an interface. here is an implementation of the stack adt that uses a python list : class stack : def _ _ init _ _ ( self ) : self. items = def push ( self, item ) : self. items. append ( item ) def pop ( self ) : return self. items. pop ( ) def is _ empty ( self ) : return ( self. items = = ) a stack object contains an attribute named items that is a list of items in the stack. the initialization method sets items to the empty list. to push a new item onto the stack, push appends it onto items. to pop an item off the stack, pop uses the homonymous ( same - named ) list method to remove and return the last item on the list. finally, to check if the stack is empty, is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5628347523585309, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.829417"} {"text": "appends it onto items. to pop an item off the stack, pop uses the homonymous ( same - named ) list method to remove and return the last item on the list. finally, to check if the stack is empty, is _ empty compares items to the empty list. an implementation like this, in which the methods consist of simple invocations of existing methods, is called a veneer. in real life, veneer is a thin coating of good quality wood used in furniture - making to hide lower quality wood underneath. computer scientists use this metaphor to describe a small piece of code that hides the details of an implementation and provides a simpler, or more standard, interface. a stack is a generic data structure, which means that we can add any type of item to it. the following example pushes two integers and a string onto the stack : > > > s = stack ( ) > > > s. push ( 54 ) > > > s. push ( 45 ) > > > s. push ( \" + \" ) we can use is _ empty and pop to remove and print all of the items on the stack : while not s. is _ empty ( ) : print s. pop ( ), the output is + 45 54. in other words, we just used a stack to print the items backward! granted, it \u2019 s not the standard format for printing a list, but by using a stack, it was remarkably easy to do. you should compare this bit of code to the implementation of print _ backward in the last chapter. there is a natural parallel between the recursive version of print _ backward and the stack algorithm here. the difference is that print _ backward uses the runtime stack to keep track of the nodes while it traverses the list, and then prints them on the way back from the recursion. the stack algorithm does the same thing, except that is use a stack object instead of the runtime stack. in most programming languages, mathematical expressions are written with the operator between the two operands, as in 1 + 2. this format is called infix. an alternative used by some calculators is called postfix. in postfix, the operator follows the operands, as in 1 2 +. the reason postfix is sometimes useful is that there is a natural way to evaluate a postfix expression using a stack : to implement the previous algorithm, we need to be able to traverse a string and break it into operands and operators.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.555677959062332, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.830440"} {"text": "the reason postfix is sometimes useful is that there is a natural way to evaluate a postfix expression using a stack : to implement the previous algorithm, we need to be able to traverse a string and break it into operands and operators. this process is an example of parsing, and the results \u2014 the individual chunks of the string \u2013 are called tokens. you might remember these words from chapter 1. python provides a split method in both the string and re ( regular expression ) modules. the function string. split splits a string into a list using a single character as a delimiter. for example : > > > import string > > > string. split ( \" now is the time \", \" \" ) [ ' now ', ' is ', ' the ', ' time ' ] in this case, the delimiter is the space character, so the string is split at each space. the function re. split is more powerful, allowing us to provide a regular expression instead of a delimiter. a regular expression is a way of specifying a set of strings. for example, [ a - z ] is the set of all letters and [ 0 - 9 ] is the set of all numbers. the ^ operator negates a set, so [ ^ 0 - 9 ] is the set of everything that is not a number, which is exactly the set we want to use to split up postfix expressions : > > > import re > > > re. split ( \" ( [ ^ 0 - 9 ] ) \", \" 123 + 456 * / \" ) [ ' 123 ', ' + ', ' 456 ', ' * ', ' ', ' / ', ' ' ] notice that the order of the arguments is different from string. split ; the delimiter comes before the string. the resulting list includes the operands 123 and 456 and the operators * and /. it also includes two empty strings that are inserted after the operands. to evaluate a postfix expression, we will use the parser from the previous section and the algorithm from the section before that. to keep things simple, we \u2019 ll start with an evaluator that only implements the operators + and * : def eval _ postfix ( expr ) : import re token _ list = re. split ( \" ( [ ^ 0 - 9 ] ) \", expr ) stack = stack ( ) for token in token _ list : if token = = '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5192173692983395, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.831314"} {"text": "_ postfix ( expr ) : import re token _ list = re. split ( \" ( [ ^ 0 - 9 ] ) \", expr ) stack = stack ( ) for token in token _ list : if token = = ' ' or token = = ' ' : continue if token = = ' + ' : sum = stack. pop ( ) + stack. pop ( ) stack. push ( sum ) elif token = = ' * ' : product = stack. pop ( ) * stack. pop ( ) stack. push ( product ) else : stack. push ( int ( token ) ) return stack. pop ( ) the first condition takes care of spaces and empty strings. the next two conditions handle operators. we assume, for now, that anything else must be an operand. of course, it would be better to check for erroneous input and report an error message, but we \u2019 ll get to that later. let \u2019 s test it by evaluating the postfix form of ( 56 + 47 ) * 2 : > > > print eval _ postfix ( \" 56 47 + 2 \\ * \" ) 206 that \u2019 s close enough. one of the fundamental goals of an adt is to separate the interests of the provider, who writes the code that implements the adt, and the client, who uses the adt. the provider only has to worry about whether the implementation is correct \u2013 in accord with the specification of the adt \u2013 and not how it will be used. conversely, the client assumes that the implementation of the adt is correct and doesn \u2019 t worry about the details. when you are using one of python \u2019 s built - in types, you have the luxury of thinking exclusively as a client. of course, when you implement an adt, you also have to write client code to test it. in that case, you play both roles, which can be confusing. you should make some effort to keep track of which role you are playing at any moment.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5327293059520796, "token_count": 411, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.832089"} {"text": "media contact : mike bradley communications and media relations ornl launches new center for radiation detection materials and systems crdms director lynn boatner : \" we plan to take on more global challenges. \" ( hi - res image ) the goal of the new center for radiation detection materials and systems ( crdms ) is to establish ornl as the nation ' s central national laboratory for innovation and development in the field of radiation detection materials and systems. center director lynn boatner said the program is the latest chapter in a rich ornl history of radiation detection research that includes development of technologies for national security, non - proliferation, worker safety, medical imaging and other applications. \" this center takes what is currently a collection of relatively independent projects and pulls them together into a program with more focus on major goals. it will coordinate and concentrate our efforts by bringing together ornl physicists, chemists, materials scientists, crystal growers, nuclear engineers, and electrical and electronics engineers, \" said boatner, a materials physicist in ornl ' s condensed matter sciences division and an ornl corporate fellow. \" there is a lot of expertise here, but we have lacked a cohesive program. now, in place of individual proposals and relatively small projects, we plan to take on more global challenges. \" radiation detection research at ornl began with reactor and physics instrumentation developed here in the early 1940 ' s. today, ornl is a leader in the technology behind radiation detectors that use scintillators - high density crystal, glass, or polymeric materials that give off photons of light when exposed to radiation. the photons are then amplified and converted to electrons which produce an electrical signal that is measured to give a radiation detection reading. radiation detectors are fabricated from a variety of materials and include electronic materials like germanium and cadmium zinc telluride and scintillators such as lanthanum bromide and lutetium silicate. materials ' properties vary widely : germanium detectors have excellent energy resolution but must operate at cryogenic temperatures, while scintillators operate at room temperature but generally have poor energy resolution. the new center will focus on new crystal growth, fabrication, and characterization methods, continuing an impressive record of scintillator materials development via crystal growth, hot pressing, glass synthesis, sol - gel processes, and other novel methods, boatner said. hot pressing uses pressure and heat to mold ceramic powders to form high density bodies with controlled microstructures. in sol - gel chemistry, nanoparticles are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5360519123161991, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.841018"} {"text": ", sol - gel processes, and other novel methods, boatner said. hot pressing uses pressure and heat to mold ceramic powders to form high density bodies with controlled microstructures. in sol - gel chemistry, nanoparticles are formed in a liquid phase, condensed into a gel, and dried at low temperatures. the process allows scientists to change the structure of the material at the nanoscale ( billionth - of - a - meter ) and create ceramics at near - room temperature. at ornl, boatner and colleagues are using a hot press - based process to develop a more versatile, faster way to produce large inorganic scintillators by first synthesizing zinc oxide nanoparticles doped with gallium. sheng dai, ornl chemical sciences division, has used sol - gel processes to form both nanocrystalline and glass scintillators. boatner said another center priority is to move ornl technology into the marketplace. over the years, ornl scientists have formed companies like ortec and tennelec for commercial applications of radiation detection technologies. more recently, zane bell, ornl nuclear science and technology division, has led the development of a new radiation detector material and detector prototype to be licensed to nucsafe, a local radiation detector manufacturer. bell also is co - developer of the hotspotter, an inexpensive, handheld gamma - ray spectrometer that uses a cadmium tungstate scintillator. boatner said the new center will hone technologies to detect illicit nuclear threats such as \" dirty bombs, \" locate stolen nuclear weapons, and verify international agreements to dismantle and convert nuclear warheads into fuel for u. s. nuclear power plants. it also will exploit ornl ' s world - class facilities for fabrication and characterization of radiation detector materials, boatner said. those facilities include the environmental effects lab, the high flux isotope reactor, the spallation neutron source, the center for nanophase materials sciences, leadership class computing, and the nation ' s best facilities for radioisotope preparation and radiation calibration. \" ornl has the most complete set of materials fabrication capabilities in the nation, \" boatner said. \" we can do almost every known crystal growth technique, and with the capabilities of hfir and the sns, ornl will have the world ' s finest neutron analysis tools to characterize properties of new scintillator and electronic radiation detection materials including the purity, structure and performance of crystals. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5268557500897163, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.842127"} {"text": "media contact : emma macmillan ( ) | communications and external relations in alaska ' s backyard oak ridge, tenn., nov. 23, 2011 making well - informed computational models of an ever changing, vast alaskan landscape presents challenges that oak ridge national laboratory researchers are working to overcome. modeling the ever changing alaskan landscape is the focus of the the next generation ecosystem experiment, a collaborative research project coordinated by ornl. the next generation ecosystem experiments ( ngee ) arctic project, a collaboration between ornl and other national laboratories and universities, seeks to investigate how permafrost degradation and associated effects on hydrology, landscape evolution and vegetation dynamics will affect climate. researchers hope to contribute this information to improving climate models of the arctic. today ' s models do not include all the physical and biological processes of the landscape and there are processes operating at small scales where understanding is inadequate. \" current models can be improved by identifying areas where climate predictions are sensitive to biogeochemical processes, \" said peter thornton, climate modeler. \" the processes that are going on in the arctic are dependent on details in the landscape on scales of feet to miles. \" given its unique model - driven nature, ngee will likely span 10 to 12 years, but with informed predictive abilities, it could have an impact that exceeds centuries. \" there ' s not much modeling of the highly coupled landscape processes in alaska and the arctic, so we want to study processes that are important to climate modeling to contribute to current and future models, \" said stan wullschleger, ngee project coordinator and ornl plant physiologist. as researchers from across the country come together to work in one location, they will be striving to answer a circular question : how will a changing climate affect the arctic, and how will this in turn impact the planet ' s climate? \" for millennia, carbon has been locked into the frozen soil of alaska, \" said rich norby, a member of the ngee team and ornl physiological ecologist. \" with warming, permafrost could thaw and release this stored up carbon. it ' s a real concern for the climate, but our understanding is incomplete. \" in preparation for the project, ornl researchers are working to translate what they ' ve done in the past to what they are now learning about the alaska tundra. alaskan systems are complex and interconnected where a cascading effect leads to one change, which leads to another and then to another. one piece of this enormous puzzle", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5043282677905321, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.845911"} {"text": "done in the past to what they are now learning about the alaska tundra. alaskan systems are complex and interconnected where a cascading effect leads to one change, which leads to another and then to another. one piece of this enormous puzzle is getting a lay of the land and talking with community leaders to figure out what field study sites are most representative of alaska and the arctic. \" it makes a tremendous difference to be able to go to the sites in barrow, nome and elsewhere in alaska to get an idea of where we ' ll be conducting research, \" said norby. thornton agrees. \" it ' s also important for modelers to be on the field site to have an understanding of the dynamics ; otherwise, the models put too much faith or ignore important aspects of the system, \" thornton said. beyond the magnitude and implications of the science behind this project, researchers find themselves struck by the alaskan landscape. norby admires the awe - inspiring vastness. wullschleger values the diversity of the people and enjoys listening to the stories they tell about how ecosystems have changed over their lifetimes. ornl is in charge of the overall coordination of the project and will also ensure that plant and microbiology processes are incorporated into climate models. partners at los alamos, lawrence berkeley, and brookhaven national laboratory and the university of alaska fairbanks make unique contributions in other areas, such geomorphology, geophysics, hydrology, landscape evolution, and modeling. \" we ' ll be working at the microscale, macroscale, global scale and just about everywhere in between, \" norby said.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4726892898957527, "token_count": 331, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.846568"} {"text": "the genuinely modern does not chase after the new ; it makes the old new again. robert pogue harrison, the dominion of the dead if stones had tongues, the din on monte serra, at the eastern end of the island of elba, would be unbearable. so much human activity has come and gone over the years ; surely the stones must have a lot to say. fortunately, humans have tongues. and pens, and keyboards. otherwise the eons of history leading up to a small but important botanical garden, the orto dei semplici elbano, devoted to the rich flora of the tuscan archipelago, would go untold. it would be hard for us to understand the island \u2019 s first human inhabitants, the neanderthals ( homo neanderthalensis ), who arrived on elba over 50, 000 years ago, when it was still connected to the mainland during the last ice age. certainly, they were drawn to the island \u2019 s dense forests of evergreen oak ( quercus ilex ), and abundant game. though they left no words, they left evidence of the first man - made fires on the island. not until the neolithic era, about 20, 000 years ago, did small populations of humans ( homo sapiens sapiens ) begin to settle the island, felling the forests with stone axes to build shelters, to clear land for raising livestock and growing crops, and to make fires. they became, eventually, the first miners of the island around 7, 000 bc, smelting copper for creating bronze tools and vessels. by the ninth century bc, the etruscans began what was to become a long history of iron mining on the eastern end of the island. the iron from these mines traveled as far east as persia, making the island both famous and coveted. the greeks called the island aethalia, meaning \u201c fumes, \u201d because of constant smoke from the smelters, fueled with oak wood. the mining continued through many civilizations, wars, plagues, and acts of piracy until the 1980s, leaving a remarkably altered, yet beautiful landscape of what botanists call degraded ecosystems. these ecosystems, known as garrigue or maquis, include many familiar aromatic plants, such as rosemary ( rosmarinus officinalis ), spanish lavender ( lavandula stoechas ), rock rose ( cistus spp. ) and curry plant ( helichrysum italicum ). it \u2019 s hard to think of these plant communities, so evoca", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44867324672485004, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.861859"} {"text": "the island of eternal spring. a forgotten monastery this garden island, which has intrigued artists, botanists, and writers for centuries, also captivated a relative newcomer, hans george berger, photographer and writer. he moved to the island in the 1970s, setting up residence in rio nell \u2019 elba. from the village, he could see the medieval monastery of santa caterina resting sphinx - like on the flanks of monte serra. still a consecrated church, the eremo di santa caterina, situated where a late thirteenth century monk had a vision of the egyptian saint, sat abandoned since 1850. when berger, who claims to have been \u201c in a romantic phase, \u201d visited the hermitage for the first time in 1977, the gothic beauty of the ruins captivated him. he acquired the keys to the property from the village priest, took over custodianship, and began minor renovations. it became his private retreat. he wrote there and hosted his french colleagues, the writer herve guibert, who wrote most of his novels there, and the philosopher michel foucault. his goal of creating a proper retreat space for artists and researchers did not take shape until years later. in 1988, berger was given a sixty - year lease from the catholic church. with the help of many friends and riesi, the inhabitants of rio nell \u2019 elba, renovations began in earnest. berger and friends excavated the terraces and restacked the old stone walls of the hortus conclusus, the enclosed garden of the monastery where monks once grew vegetables and the figs they dried and sold on the saint \u2019 s feast day. to this day, riesi call the place \u201c l \u2019 eremo dei fichi secchi, \u201d the hermitage of the dried figs. with the hermitage more functional, berger faced the challenge of his first garden. like most first - time gardeners, he worked from memory. his grandmother \u2019 s garden was in the mosel valley of germany ; there, as a boy of five, he hid in the fragrant petals of a \u2018 new dawn \u2019 rose that grew up the side of her house. stirred by these memories, berger imagined a rose garden at santa caterina using the old german hybrids of rosarian peter lambert, father of the hybrid musk rose. hans drove to the world famous rosarium in sangerhausen, germany, and brought back a trunk - load of lambert \u2019 s roses. a garden to match under berger \u2019 s care, the sensuous roses thrived.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38691626339544516, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.864371"} {"text": "musk rose. hans drove to the world famous rosarium in sangerhausen, germany, and brought back a trunk - load of lambert \u2019 s roses. a garden to match under berger \u2019 s care, the sensuous roses thrived. though beautiful, they seemed out of place to him in this arid, hermetic environment. he wanted to revive the monastic tradition of growing medicinal herbs and vegetables. about this time, he met botanists fabio gabari and gabriella corsi, both university of pisa professors who had been studying the island \u2019 s flora. berger, always one to solve problems by finding the experts, saw in gabari and corsi the future of the garden at santa caterina, possibly even as a public garden. corsi \u2019 s field of interest was the medicinal and edible wild plants, while gabari was intrigued by endemism, of which elba offered some good examples. as they walked to the monastery through the maquis in 1991, corsi collected herbs for a salad. over their meal of salad, bread, and wine at the hermitage, the founding ideas were born for the orto dei semplici elbano, the garden of elban simples, based upon medieval herb gardens. by 1995, berger had implored gabbetti and isola, a team of architects from turin, to create a plan for the nascent garden. working in the medieval idiom, they created a modern design that blends beautifully with the older structures and the rugged landscape in which it sits. construction began in 1996. stones lying silent and useless for centuries were once again employed to create a stunning hardscape. native evergreen oak saplings were among the first plantings in the 2. 5 - acre botanical garden. on june 1, 1997, the orto dei semplici elbano opened its gates to the public. though there are many gardens on picturesque elba, they are either acclimatization gardens, like the ottone garden, or villa gardens filled with exotics more than natives. this new garden \u2019 s goal of presenting an island flora in an artful garden setting is unique. two years later, this child of the 460 - year - old botanical garden of pisa, was adopted by the societa botanica italiana, which was a prestigious honor. the garden is meant to be a living library of plants of the archipelago and their relationship with humans, not only in the past and the present but also into the future.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43188045472382647, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.865374"} {"text": "adopted by the societa botanica italiana, which was a prestigious honor. the garden is meant to be a living library of plants of the archipelago and their relationship with humans, not only in the past and the present but also into the future. divided into several specifically focused, smaller themed gardens, the intimacy encourages one to look closely at the plants. this is nowhere more evident than in il labirinto, the labyrinth, whose raised beds feature medicinal plants of the island. it contains plants from the research of professor corsi, who interviewed riesi on the historical and current uses of local plants. her research, published in 1993 as elba, isola d \u2019 erba ( elba, island of weeds ) and illustrated with louisa perno \u2019 s herbarium, was seminal in the creation of the garden. the seemingly pejorative title was chosen to emphasize the long and important use of common plants of the island. an elban pharmacopeia it may be surprising that some things in our refrigerators play prominent roles in the elban pharmacopeia ; for example, peppers ( capsicum annum ) were used to treat stomach infections, and capers ( capperis spinosa ) were used as an aphrodisiac. two of our favorite landscape plants also appear here : strawberry tree ( arbutus unedo ), used to treat stomach complaints, and dusty miller ( senecio cineraria ), used to control menstrual pain. some wellknown weeds also figure in the elban medicine cabinet ; dandelion ( taraxacum officinale ) is used to treat liver ailments, and nettles ( urtica dioica ) are used, strangely enough, to soothe itching. then there are the oddballs, the highly toxic squirting cucumber ( ecballium elaterium ), once considered by the greeks to be a panacea, and pellitory - of - the - wall ( parietaria diffusa ), whose anti - viral properties are being investigated today for use in treatments against hiv. beyond the walls of il labirinto is il frutteto, the fruit orchard, a collection of heirloom fruit trees. botanist augostino stefani arduously searched abandoned and active farms of the archipelago for these trees. his collections, selected over the years for the drier and hotter climate of the islands, are a repository of genetic information that may, with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.465712524191477, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.866426"} {"text": ". botanist augostino stefani arduously searched abandoned and active farms of the archipelago for these trees. his collections, selected over the years for the drier and hotter climate of the islands, are a repository of genetic information that may, with global warming, be important to fruit - breeding programs in the future. an arbor of heirloom grapes of the island, called il vigneto, graces the entrance to the garden ; among others grown there is the aleatico grape, used in making the distinctive elban dessert wine of the same name. although separated from the mainland by the mere twelve - mile - wide piombino channel, there are fifty endemic ( found nowhere else ) and sub - endemic plants on the island, in addition to several endemic animals. dr gabari, who refers to the island as the \u201c galapagos di casa nostra, \u201d the galapagos at home, has taken intense interest in insular plant communities and sees them as laboratories under the sky. these endemics are represented in il giardino delle piante endemiche, the garden of endemics. of these, pink dusty miller ( centaurea gymnocarpa ) is already popular in california ; the fine silver foliage of this vigorous, shrubby perennial, topped with thistlelike lavender blooms, is much superior to the common dusty miller and, although a perennial, blooms in one season from seed. the endemic toadflax ( linaria capraia ) and elban statice ( limonium ilvae ) both show gardenworthy qualities but are not available commercially here. included in the garden is an amphitheater set in an olive grove, with a stone - lined bench carved into the hillside and enclosed by a rosemary hedge. even when there are no performances to be seen, it offers visitors a stunning view, opened by years of mining that leveled a mountain, of the tyrrhenian sea to the east. like most gardens, there are renovations in progress. the ten - year - old il giardino argentato, the silver garden, a long border of silverleafed plants meant to be viewed in moonlight, is in the process of being replanted. there are also new developments : la macchia coltivata, a demonstration garden highlighting the ornamental qualities of maquis plants, is already underway, while il giardino dei venti, the garden of the winds, a meditation garden, is still on the drawing boards. a peaceful retreat even with all the developments at santa caterina", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.421019858790872, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.867489"} {"text": "ornamental qualities of maquis plants, is already underway, while il giardino dei venti, the garden of the winds, a meditation garden, is still on the drawing boards. a peaceful retreat even with all the developments at santa caterina over the past thirty years, it has never lost its original purpose as a place for retreat and study. artists, writers, and gardeners from around the world go there yearly to work in the hermitage and garden. their works can often be found in the church, which doubles as a gallery, but also in the garden itself. the works of artist cesario carena, a longtime friend of berger and santa caterina, have become such integral parts of the garden that it would be hard to imagine it without them. carena \u2019 s latest work, installed in may 2005, entitled \u201c segni della memoria e del silenzio \u201d ( \u201c signs of memory and of silence \u201d ), honors people who have made significant contributions to the hermitage and the garden since its inception. the piece consists of two dozen terra - cotta cubes, each hand engraved with the name and profession of one of these individuals. they are strategically placed among the olives and oak trees and in a wild meadow. like all of carena \u2019 s pieces, they are earthy and inviting, asking visitors to sit and reflect on the natural and man - made beauty around them. with the mining gone and the economy of the elba decidedly shifting toward tourism, a new value is seen in the island \u2019 s dramatic ancient landscape. though it is the beaches that draw the crowds in summer, it is the rugged mountainous landscape crossed with ancient trails that attracts european birders, botanizers, and photographers year - round. acknowledging this incredible natural legacy, the parco nazionale dell \u2019 arcipelago toscano was established in 1989. to date, it has preserved nearly 44, 500 acres of the seven islands. evergreen oaks are already returning to the stony silence of monte serra, now part of this park system, along with other plants nearly grazed to extinction by goats. in this ever - changing landscape, the small the orto dei semplici elbano waits, poised to play an important role in preserving the plants and the human knowledge of these plants, handed down over generations \u2014 perhaps eons \u2014 but still valuable today.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43083616078739145, "token_count": 478, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.868783"} {"text": "a multi - authored encyclopedia on the history of life on earth welcome to palaeos. org! we ' re just getting settled in at the moment, so for now please go to palaeos. com for content, or if you want, sign up and help build what is hoped will be the web ' s most comprehensive project on the history and evolution of life through time, and for that matter of the earth as a whole. | \u03ba\u03bf\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 \u2013 the universe | | \u03b3\u03b7 \u2013 earth | | \u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u2013 life | | \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2 \u2013 mind | as the orientating diagrams of palaeos, coloured menus will allow the visitor or wiki editor to navigate around the site, tracing the lineages of life, whether present - day organisms or the ultimate common ancestor over millions of years of time, drifiting continents and changing geographical features, and through the ecological interaction of every taxon with other organisms and its environment as a whole. and not just life but everything from inorganic features to the development of intelligence and human civilization ( although the evolution of life will be the primary focus ) the above one is the basic starting navigation menu. as the site is developed, the menus will hopefully be standardised, throughout the site. see also the category index page for a list of categories ( more will be added as the site develops ) contents the following list of contents and subject matter is still provisional at present. ( the numbers here are purely arbitrary, and not intended as part of an indexing or reference system. ) unless feedback indicates otherwise, this long list of contents will probably be replaced by a shorter one with links five or however many main portal pages, with the finer - level topics will be subsections therein. with only a couple of exceptions, almost all pages here are still incomplete. - 1 xronos - time ( category : time ) - 2 ge - earth ( category : earth ) - 3 bios - life ( category : life ) - 3. 1 last universal common ancestor ( luca ) - 3. 2 archaea - 3. 3 eubacteria - so far includes a number of mostly incomplete secondary pages and dendrograms - 3. 4 eukarya ( incl. \" protista \" ) - amoebozoa : so far includes a number pages and dendrograms ( most pages incomplete ) - 3. 4. 1 chlorobionta ( green plants ) - 3. 4. 2 fungi : so far includes a number", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5208835070981853, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.877859"} {"text": "amoebozoa : so far includes a number pages and dendrograms ( most pages incomplete ) - 3. 4. 1 chlorobionta ( green plants ) - 3. 4. 2 fungi : so far includes a number of pages and dendrograms ( most pages incomplete ) - 3. 4. 3 metazoa ( multicelluar animals ) - 126. 96. 36. 199 invertebrates - 188. 8. 131. 52 vertebrates - 4 logos - mind ( category : mind ) - 4. 1 animal behavior and sociobiology - 4. 2 human and sociocultural evolution who we are we ' re a bunch of diverse palaeo enthusiasts who have decided to work together to create a huge encyclopaedia of the history of life on earth. and because a project like this is so ambitious, new contributors and contributions are most welcome! current contributors include ( in alphabetical order ) : atw ( toby white of palaeos com ), bill, ckt ( christopher taylor - phylogeny, various clades ), mak ( m. alan kazlev - obsessive encyclopaedist ), mm ( matthew meischke ), paul harris ( admin ), stanton ( stanton f. fink - artist ), roger perkins and user : rursus. ( please add your name or initials and if you want a short description to the above list if you have contributed material. also please sign your initials and the date ( year - month - day ) at the bottom of any new pages you have started, and any page where you have made major edits. this allows people to be acknowledged for their work. ) as a wiki, palaeos org is able to be edited by anyone, and we encourage anyone who wishes to to get involved. this site will only be as good as people are willing to make it. the only request is that it was agreed that a policy of non - anonymity would be preferred, so if you do want to edit, please create an account and put your name to anything you do. you don ' t necessarily have to know specialised topics in science to contribute, although if you do that is great too! see contributing to palaeos wiki for some ways you can participate. or just enjoy browsing through the growing number of pages already set up. editing in wiki if you are unfamiliar with wikis, please see the help page which can be accessed from any", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5379364264407176, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.878838"} {"text": "educators : subject areas include high school science, design / architecture, and social studies. green your school project this project could be started as a competition between the different science classes in one grade to find the winning proposal and action plan. once the proposal is presented / accepted, the entire school can implement the action plan together. 1. read the background essays and discussion questions for the episodes the druk white lotus school - ladakh and greening the federal government. watch the episodes and discuss the post - viewing questions. 2. using this link - http : / / www. epa. gov / climatechange / wycd / school. html - download the environmental protection agency ' s \" climate change emission calculator kit \" ( climate check ) to determine the greenhouse gas emissions of your school. 3. using the resources listed below or any that you can find on your own, research what you can do to make your campus more energy efficient and environmentally friendly. 4. write an action plan to \" green your school \" by reducing the school ' s greenhouse gas emissions, and create a formal proposal to present to the school board or administrative team. 5. implement any changes that you can immediately, and keep the school community updated on the progress of the school ' s greenhouse gas emission reductions. 6. share your action plan with your peers and community through the school newspaper, local paper, and / or web logs! looking for inspiration? read this article about the many schools that are going green : watch a video about the sidwell school, the first secondary school in the country to receive the leed platinum rating, and learn about how they became the greenest school in the world : the alliance to save energy has a green schools program as well as lesson plans to improve the energy efficiency of your school. green schools teams typically save between 5 to 15 percent on school electricity costs. a portion of the savings can be returned to your school to make even more significant changes, like retro - fitting the buildings for increased energy efficiency : in 2004 global green launched a new effort focused on k - 12 schools in southern california called the \" green schools for southern california initiative. \" the web site has lots of research and case studies to help prepare a well - informed proposal : great resources for schools on how and why to go green : see what colleges and universities are doing to take on the green power challenge. some universities are already running on 100 percent green power. make your high school like a green college : personal online emissions calculator : national standards from mc", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4589848108037228, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.883696"} {"text": "to go green : see what colleges and universities are doing to take on the green power challenge. some universities are already running on 100 percent green power. make your high school like a green college : personal online emissions calculator : national standards from mcrel standard standard 1. 9 : writes persuasive compositions that address problems / solutions or causes / effects ( e. g., articulates a position through a thesis statement ; anticipates and addresses counter arguments ; backs up assertions using specific rhetorical devices [ appeals to logic, appeals to emotion, uses personal anecdotes ] ; develops arguments using a variety of methods such as examples and details, commonly accepted beliefs, expert opinion, cause - and - effect reasoning, comparison - contrast reasoning ). standard 5. 6 : knows renewable and non - renewable sources of energy ( e. g., fossil, wind, nuclear, solar ). standard 14 : uses the design process to solve problems. standard 3. 3 : knows that alternatives, risks, costs, and benefits must be considered when deciding on proposals to introduce new technologies or to curtail existing ones ( e. g., are there alternative ways to achieve the same ends? who benefits and who suffers? what are the financial and social costs and who bears them? how serious are the risks and who is in jeopardy? what resources will be needed and where will they come from? ) standard 4. 6 : knows that a design involves different design factors ( e. g., ergonomics, maintenance and repair, environmental concerns ) and design principles ( e. g., flexibility, proportion, function ). download pdf format", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5031519875547871, "token_count": 335, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.884625"} {"text": "many conditions during pregnancy or labor can make a c - section necessary, including : prolonged or ineffective labor placenta issues if the placenta is positioned abnormally low in the cervix ( placenta previa ), it can block the birth canal. the placenta can also suddenly separate from the uterus ( placenta abruptia ), causing the mother to hemorrhage and the baby to have an abnormal heart rate. disproportion or multiple births : if the baby \u2019 s head is too large for the birth canal, or if there is more than one baby to deliver, a c - section may be safer than a vaginal delivery. abnormal presentation : if the baby \u2019 s position in the womb is abnormal, it may be safer to deliver via a c - section. prolapsed cord : if the umbilical cord cord comes before the baby through the vagina, it can strangle the baby during a vaginal delivery. fetal distress or medical problems : if the mother has diabetes, genital herpes, hypertension, cardiac disease, toxemia, or ovarian or uterine cysts, vaginal delivery may be hazardous for both mother and child. if a c - section may be necessary for you, it is important to plan ahead and know what risks may be involved. learn more about potential c - section risks.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.38098227144760255, "token_count": 279, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.886477"} {"text": "hives ( urticaria ) and a swollen face ( angioedema ) are typical hypersensitivity ( or allergic ) reactions to drugs, chemicals, something eaten, or even sunlight. what are the symptoms of hives and angioedema? in hives, small bumps occur within the skin. often, the hair will stand up over these swellings. sometimes, they itch. in angioedema, we see swelling of the face, especially the muzzle and around the eyes. sometimes, the swelling is so severe, the cat cannot open his eyes. angioedema often results in itching. facial swelling and hives generally develop within 20 minutes of being exposed to the allergen ( substance to which the animal is allergic ). in general, these types of allergic reactions are not life - threatening and will go away by themselves. rarely, the swelling in angioedema can affect the throat and make breathing difficult. a more severe allergic reaction, called anaphylaxis, is life - threatening, and requires immediate veterinary attention. how are hives and a swollen face treated? antihistamines are generally the best treatment for angioedema and hives. if severe, steroids are sometimes given. if respiration is affected, epinephrine is administered. if your cat has hives or a swollen face, contact your veterinarian, who will advise you about the proper treatment. can hives and angioedema be prevented? in general, there is no way to predict which animals may develop hives or angioedema as a result of exposure to a certain substance. if a cat has already had an allergic reaction, such as anaphylaxis, angioedema or hives, to a substance, the substance should be avoided. if your cat has ever had a reaction to a vaccine or medication, be sure your veterinarian knows and the information is placed in your cat ' s medical record. if your cat has ever had an allergic reaction to a vaccine, subsequent vaccinations should be given by your veterinarian. your veterinarian will probably administer an antihistamine prior to vaccination and have you remain in the office for 20 - 30 minutes after the vaccination, so you are right there if your pet has a reaction. in some cases, certain vaccines may be excluded from your cat ' s vaccination regimen, or a different type of vaccine will be used. many vaccines contain", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43062353642310336, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.891317"} {"text": "just the right amount of sun should all kids avoid the sun, all the time? as the days grow longer and warmer and as summer approaches, it ' s a question parents wonder about. just the right amount of sun gary emmett, m. d. not every kid or teen needs the same \u201c prescription \u201d when it comes to sun exposure. one of my patients, a 15 - year - old girl, was a self - described tanning bed \" addict. \" too much sunlight ages the skin and makes it leathery. and, indeed, her skin was like shoe leather. even more worrisome : overexposure was tripling her risk for skin cancer. she needed to avoid tanning beds and be careful outdoors, too. should all kids avoid the sun, all the time? as the days grow longer and warmer and as summer approaches, it \u2019 s a question parents wonder about. different doctors have different perspectives. a dermatologist who sees deadly melanoma skin cancers and precancers daily will warn \u201c keep a baby under 6 months completely out of the sun. \u201d but a primary care pediatrician who sees jaundiced infants ( improved by sunlight ) and toddlers with rickets ( caused by a combination of little or no sun exposure and a diet low in vitamin d ) will tell parents children need 15 to 30 minutes of facial exposure to sunlight daily. what \u2019 s best for your child? i believe a little sunlight is good \u2014 but not too much. i have had fair - skinned young patients end up in a burn unit with second - degree burns when they fell asleep in the sun. even dark - skinned individuals are at risk. i have had african - american patients get severe sun poisoning, too. the cdc suggests children should avoid being outdoors at midday and seek the shade as much as possible - cover up children with tightly woven cloth \u2013 loose weaves let uv light through. - have children wear floppy hats. i know this doesn \u2019 t always work. personally, my children would never wear hats and still don \u2019 t. and i didn \u2019 t wear hats until i went bald and the sunburn came too easily. good suggestions are nice only if one actually does them! - encourage little ones to wear sunglasses, but only polarized sunglasses actually block uva and uvb. children also lose sunglasses in about 8 seconds, so buy on price. - apply sunscreen. there are two types of sun protection : sun blocks ( with ingredients like zinc oxide and titanium dioxide \u2014 the white stuff the beach", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4166682752901468, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.895060"} {"text": "uva and uvb. children also lose sunglasses in about 8 seconds, so buy on price. - apply sunscreen. there are two types of sun protection : sun blocks ( with ingredients like zinc oxide and titanium dioxide \u2014 the white stuff the beach lifeguard puts on his / her nose ) are very safe because they do not react with the skin. and they work immediately ( no waiting! ). sun screens work by chemically interacting with the uv light. they come in many strengths, but an spf over 30 buys very little added protection. the problem with sun screens? they have to be on the skin for 30 minutes before they reach maximum protection. and they contain active chemicals which can cause allergic skin reactions. ( to check your child, dab a little bit of the sunscreen on her skin the day before you need it and make sure there is no reaction. ) children \u2019 s sunscreen is not much different from adult sunscreen so the extra expense probably is not worthwhile. what is : reapply as directed after swimming, when your child is sweaty or at least every 2 to 3 hours. gary emmett, m. d., is director of hospital pediatrics at thomas jefferson university hospital. read more : http : / / www. philly. com / philly / blogs / healthy _ kids / meet - our - healthy - kids - bloggers. html # emmett # ixzz1pyrhf6uv watch sports videos you won ' t find anywhere else", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4542866391338718, "token_count": 303, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.895854"} {"text": "portland, or 97203 the columbia boulevard wastewater treatment plant is part of a collection and treatment system that serves nearly 600, 000 residential and commercial customers. the plant operates every day around the clock to manage, monitor and adjust the treatment process. sewage pump stations and pipes convey wastewater to the facility 24 hours a day. - 1952 plant completed - 1969 primary expansion - 1974 addition of secondary treatment - 1982 digester expansion - 1994 secondary modification complete - 1996 new headworks complete - 2000 new dry weather primary clarifiers added - 2005 switched from liquid chlorine to sodium hypochlorite for wastewater disinfection - 2008 adopted new cbwtp facilities plan - 2008 activated cogeneration facility to use biogas to fuel plant operations 2011 two new digesters ( 9 and 10 ) put into service, adding 5. 6 million gallons of sludge treatment capacity and 8 to 10 days of detention time to the process. 2011 willamette river cso tunnel systme becomse fully functional with the east side big pipe joining the west side big pipe to convey combined sewage to the treatment plant. 2011 wwsf ( wet weather screening facility ) goes online to capture excess storm flow debris. 2012 cept ( chemically - enhanced primary treatment ) added to capture excess storm flow solids. \" to protect public health and the environment \" is the mission of the columbia boulevard wastewater treatment plant. stewardship of our natural resources and service to the community are the underlying reasons that many plant employees chose a career in wastewater treatment. the staff is specially trained to manage, monitor and adjust the treatment process. dozens of pump stations and thousands of miles of sewer lines are part of the system that brings wastewater to the facility 24 hours a day. the tryon creek wastewater treatment plant, a second wastewater treatment plant south of portland, is also monitored at the columbia boulevard facility. why we treat wastewater portland first began treating its wastewater in 1952. before then the city ' s industrial discharges, agricultural waste and sewage emptied directly into the willamette river and columbia slough. the water became dangerously contaminated. when portland citizens realized it would take new infrastructure to help clean up the problem, they approved a $ 12 million bond issue to build a wastewater treatment facility. the columbia boulevard wastewater treatment plant is the last stop for portland ' s wastewater. a trip through the treatment plant removes most of the suspended solids and dissolved materials and sends a river water quality effluent to the columbia river. the city recycles some of the solids for use as a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4064829696950657, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.907765"} {"text": "stop for portland ' s wastewater. a trip through the treatment plant removes most of the suspended solids and dissolved materials and sends a river water quality effluent to the columbia river. the city recycles some of the solids for use as a beneficial soil supplement. treatment plant overview the columbia boulevard plant has a two - phase treatment process. the primary phase screens out large debris for landfilling, skims off grease, oil and floatable solids, and collects and thickens settleable solids. in the secondary phase, naturally - occurring microorganisms feed on organic pollutants in the wastewater and the resulting residue is separated. after disinfection, the treated water flows into the columbia river. finally the treatment of solids removed during the primary and secondary phases produces biosolids. processing extracts water to make a concentrated, stable material and speeds natural decomposition. microorganisms living at a constant temperature in an oxygen - free environment aid solids decomposition. the city uses biosolids as a soil supplement on dry pasture land. innovations and the future new and innovative wastewater treatment technology is vital to meet the needs of portland ' s growing population. the city has continually improved and expanded the plant since it was built in 1952. in 1969, the primary treatment process was expanded and modernized. in 1974, the secondary treatment process was added. in 1979, twin belt presses were added. in 1982, anaerobic digesters were expanded. an anoxic flow process added to the secondary phase in 1993 makes columbia boulevard one of the largest treatment plants in the country to convert to this process. the $ 12 million addition eliminates unwanted microorganisms and minimizes the need for chlorination while increasing secondary treatment flow from a maximum of 120 million gallons per day to 200 million gallons per day. construction began in 2009 to upgrade the plant ' s screening facility to allow more wastewater to flow to the supplemental primary sedimentation tanks used during wet weather. in 2012, the plant completed installing a chemically - enhanced primary treatment ( cept ) facility for wet weather wastewater flows. cept makes solid particles in wastewater clump together and settle faster to increase treatment efficiency. construction began in late 2012 on a secondary process improvement ( spi ) project using step feed technology to increase treatment in our biological aeration basins by up to 25 %. in 1997, environmental services opened a new headworks facility, replacing one of the oldest parts of the columbia boulevard plant. the headworks provides preliminary wastewater treatment. large screens remove debris, grit, and sand from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47230773368265866, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.908946"} {"text": "quilt, australian aids memorial quilt, various makers and places of manufacture, australia / united states of america, 1989 - 1994 the australian aids memorial quilt, of which this eight - panel quilt forms a part, is an evocative record of those who were lost to hiv, many of them in their 20s and 30s. the visual diversity of the panels is marked, capturing as they do the character and individuality of the person who died. in the 1980s and 90s, at the onset of aids and in the following decade, societal attitudes were often homophobic. the quilt records memories of those vibrant young people who faced their death in times of ignorance, often with no help, no friends ( many had died already ), family denial and discrimination. some panels are anonymous, while many are now supported by documentation such as written descriptions by the maker, photographs and eulogies. as a result, the aids quilt tells us a great deal about social change and changing attitudes to safe sex, gay culture and death in the late twentieth century in western societies. the quilts are important \u00ac? so there is a record of that person existing, whereas with a lot of people with aids that ( record ) is not there. there\u00ac? s a whole generation of people - unless we tell their stories, they are not there\u00ac?. ( interview with libby woodhams, sydney quiltproject convenor 2010 ). in most western societies, mourning is a fairly private and restrained affair in which depths of emotion are kept out of the public eye. given the prejudices surrounding the aids epidemic, one can understand how difficult it is for those who are mourning their aids victims to express their grief fully and openly. the aids quilt is remarkable because it combined an opportunity to share in the mourning process with a celebration of the life of the deceased. first diagnosed in 1981, hiv / aids is the major infectious epidemic of the late 20th century. the first australian death from aids was recorded in melbourne in 1983. subsequently, public programs undertaken by community organisations and government departments in australia have educated people about the disease and its transmission. the australian aids memorial quilt project, then comprising 35 panels, was formally launched in sydney on 1 december 1988 ( world aids day ), by ita buttrose, chairperson of the national advisory committee on aids ( nacaids ). while the quilt began as a memorial, it has become one of the nation\u00ac? s most valuable resources for promoting a compassionate and educational dialogue about aids within australian communities. its non - threatening nature and artistic and creative", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44754961398504234, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.914189"} {"text": "aids ( nacaids ). while the quilt began as a memorial, it has become one of the nation\u00ac? s most valuable resources for promoting a compassionate and educational dialogue about aids within australian communities. its non - threatening nature and artistic and creative approach enables accessibility to the content and allows people from all walks of life to learn about the aids epidemic from its human side. uk quilt website http : / / www. aidsquilt. org. uk / gallery. asp? quilt = 2 anni turnbull, curatorial design & society, 2011 this quilt was made by various people in sydney, new south wales ; brisbane, queensland, australia ; and new york, united states of america, between 1989 - 1994. in the documentation, ' panel ' refers to a single memorial piece ; several panels stitched together form one ' quilt ' ; many individual quilts make up the australian aids memorial quilt. typically very personalized, individual quilt panels were created by the loved ones of someone who died of aids - related causes. each panel is roughly the size of a human grave ; the panels were given to the australian quilt project, where they were grouped with other similar panels to form a quilt. quilts like this were often the only opportunity people had to remember and celebrate their loved ones ' lives. this quilt was created as part of the australian aids memorial quilt project, which was founded in september 1988 by andrew carter oam and richard johnson in sydney. it was formally launched on world aids day, 1 december 1988 by ms ita buttrose. the founding 35 memorial panels were displayed that day in sydney with visiting panels from the american names project. australian traveller andrew carter saw the american quilt during its 1988 us national tour, and upon his return home he was inspired to found the australian quilt with richard johnson. andrew carter was later awarded the medal of the order of australia in recognition of this work. the australian quilt remains the largest outside the usa. local groups of the quilt now exist in states and territories across australia. in 2007 the quilt project sydney, which became the custodian of the australian aids memorial quilt in 2000 offered the quilt to the powerhouse museum for acquisition into the collection. a lengthy collaborative process ensued, in order to ensure that both the families of those commemorated and the makers of the quilts were in agreement with this proposal. at the same time, photography and documentation of the quilts, together with purpose - designed storage were carried out.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4513238316732129, "token_count": 493, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.916906"} {"text": "alan turing, who conceived of the modern computer decades before it came into existence, earned his ph. d. from princeton university in 1938. his dissertation, titled \" systems of logic based on ordinals, \" made important contributions to both computer science and mathematics. video stills courtesy of zach donnell video feature : turing ' s legacy and computer science at princeton posted may 3, 2012 ; 12 : 00 p. m. considered the father of computer science, alan turing earned his ph. d. in mathematics from princeton in 1938. andrew appel, chair of the department of computer science, discusses turing ' s legacy in this video. princeton is hosting a conference may 10 - 12 in honor of the centennial of turing ' s birth. featured speakers include google executive chairman eric schmidt, a 1976 princeton alumnus, and eight winners of the turing award, often considered the computer science equivalent of the nobel prize. registration to the conference is free and open to the public. play the \" alan turing at princeton \" video. speakers will be discussing turing ' s legacy as well as the future of computing. in addition to schmidt, presenters include internet pioneer and 1964 graduate alumnus robert kahn on managing distributed information ; barbara liskov of the massachusetts institute of technology ( mit ) on modern programming languages ; james murray, princeton university senior scholar of applied and computational mathematics, on mathematical biology ; ronald rivest of mit on cryptography, leslie g. valiant of harvard university on computing as a natural science ; godel prize winner and 1983 graduate alumnus avi wigderson of the institute for advanced study on proving computational hardness ; and andrew chi - chih yao of tsinghua university on quantum computing. appel, a 1981 princeton alumnus, is the editor of a new edition of turing ' s princeton ph. d. thesis that wil be issued by princeton university press this month.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5437295689106723, "token_count": 373, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.919006"} {"text": "action team approach : each school \u2019 s action team for partnerships ( atp ) is made up of parents, teachers, administrators and community members. this team meets monthly at each school to develop a one - year action plan for school & family partnerships, ensures the activities in the plan happen, and evaluates the activities that take place. they also help to publicize events that involve families and gather ideas for new activities. six types of involvement : parenting, communicating, volunteering, learning at home, decision making, and collaborating with the community parents or other family members are essential members of the action team for partnerships. parents and other family members contribute ideas on topics that will be important for families, design ways to involve all families, conduct activities on family friendly schedules, recruit families to lead and implement activities and encourage families to participate in activities. community partnerships are a key element of the atp. community partners can contribute human and material resources, share innovative ideas and give perspectives that result in improved school programs and expanded learning experiences for students. teachers on the atp contribute ideas for family and community involvement activities linked to academic goals for students. teachers also work with the other teachers in the school to reinforce their own best practices to involve families and the community, and encourage other teachers to participate in schoolwide partnership events. what is the national network? established at johns hopkins university in 1996, the national network of partnership schools ( nnps ) invites schools, districts, states, and organizations to join together and use research - based approaches to organize and sustain excellent programs of family and community involvement that will increase student success in school. more information at johns hopkins. you can also find more information about the district ' s atp program on the district website.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5266870630889929, "token_count": 345, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.922502"} {"text": "abdominal aortic aneurysm repair ( aaa repair ) why is the doctor performing this surgery? to repair a weakened portion of the aorta located in the abdomen. the aorta is the largest artery in the body. it carries oxygen - rich blood from the heart to the rest of the body, including the abdomen. the weakened aorta can balloon out, becoming thin, large, and fragile. this ballooning is called an aneurysm. as it progresses, there is risk of rupture, with massive internal bleeding. what is the surgery? traditional aaa repair is an open - abdomen ( or open - chest ) surgery. the bulging aneurysm part of the aorta is removed, an artificial graft is put in its place, and the remaining aortic end - pieces are reattached to the graft. alternatively, a less invasive surgery involves placing a stent graft to cover the aneurysm. blood flows thru the stent, entirely bypassing the aneurysm, thus preventing rupture, and excludes the aneurysm from the circulation. this less invasive procedure can decrease length of stay and recovery time significantly. where is the surgery performed? in the operating room ( or ), under general anesthesia. how long does this surgery take? aaa repair usually takes 3 - 5 hours.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4621296762018904, "token_count": 278, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.924317"} {"text": "it seems as normal as the world dress boys in blue and girls pink. in fact, we would not at all strange if a girl you put a blue outfit but what if a child what to wear pink? it seems unthinkable, right? well, i discovered that in the nineteenth century wore backwards, ie, girls and boys blue rose, though more common than not to do or a color or otherwise, but dressed in neutral colors such as gray, white, brown, veige \u2026 each color is associated with a meaning and is associated with certain qualities or characteristics. thus, the blue is identified with the calmness, purity, tranquility, nature ( the blue sky or the sea ), while red is more about passion, courage, honor, stoicism. pink could be more innocent version of this color and thus was used in childhood. at what point is turned the tables? well it looks like the first signs feminists, the struggle for gender equality, the effort to avoid differences and prejudices between the sexes. they wanted to avoid that already, from small, barriers will be marked distinctions in clothing for infants and was passed to change this tradition. dressing up a blue boy and a girl in pink, was an act of rebellion against stereotypes. although it appears that this industrial action fell into a new tradition. the point is that, without realizing it, and we are making certain conduct prejudiced in infants and there is still too rooted tradition in relation to this issue. many mothers fleeing her and dress their children as they want, regardless of color association is implied. however, it is a losing battle as the market and society are not yet preperados for a change. chances are that the girl likes the dolls, 90 % of cases go dressed in pink and cartoon - like hello kitty, whose world is in pink, while children will feel more attracted to superman or spiderman, painted mainly in red and blue. to see if any brave to create a princess with a blue dress and pink tights superhero. perhaps this could be the beginning of a change.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.527381675239351, "token_count": 420, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.926347"} {"text": "the bufflehead ( bucephala albeola ) is a small american sea duck of the genus bucephala, the goldeneyes. this species was first described by linnaeus in his systema naturae in 1758 as anas albeola. the bufflehead ranges from 32 - 40 cm long ( 12. 5 - 16 inches ) and 270 - 550 g (. 6 - 1. 2 lbs ), with the drakes larger than the females. averaging 35. 5 cm ( 14 in ) and 370 g ( 13 oz ), it rivals the green - winged teal as the smallest american adult males have a glossy, greenish - black head with a large white cap behind the eye and a mainly white body with a black back. adult females have a brown head with a smaller white patch behind the eye and a mainly brown body with a light underside. the name bufflehead is a combination of buffalo and head, referring to the oddly bulbous head shape of the species. this is most noticeable when the male puffs out the feathers on the head, thus greatly increasing the apparent size of the head. distribution and habitat they are migratory and most of them winter in protected coastal waters, or open inland waters, on the east and west coasts of north america and the southern united states. the bufflehead is an extremely rare vagrant to western europe. their breeding habitat is wooded lakes and ponds in alaska, almost entirely included in the boreal forest or taiga buffleheads do not tend to collect in huge flocks ; groups are usually limited to small numbers ( less than 10 ). one duck will serve as a sentry, watching for predators as the others in the group dive in search of food. predators of adults include peregrine falcon ), snowy owl ), bald eagle ), great horned owl ) and cooper ' s hawk ). females may be killed on the nest by mammals, such as weasels spp. ) or mink ), and by goldeneyes over nest competition. they nest in cavities in trees, often using old flicker or pileated woodpecker nests, occasionally 425 m ( 1400 ft ) from water. nest competitors include mountain bluebird ), tree swallow ), northern flicker, and european starling. there was one recorded instance of a female barrow ' s goldeneye killing a bufflehead adult female and her brood. smaller cavities are preferred because of less competition with the larger goldeneyes a clutch may range from 5 to 10 eggs", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41770604392582933, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.930820"} {"text": ". there was one recorded instance of a female barrow ' s goldeneye killing a bufflehead adult female and her brood. smaller cavities are preferred because of less competition with the larger goldeneyes a clutch may range from 5 to 10 eggs. eggs are typically about 36. 3 mm ( 1. 4 in ) in breadth and 50. 6 mm ( 2 in ) in length, weighing about 37. 4 g ( 1. 3 oz ) on average. the incubation period ranges from 28 to 33 days, during which the female is quite attentive. locally, the clutch survival rate may range from 45 % to 5 % based on factors like cold weather, rain, competitors ( i. e. grebes or other ducks ) or predators ( like northern pike ). the female abandons the nest after 5 to 6 weeks, and the young fledge at 45 to 55 days of age. these diving birds forage underwater. they prefer water depths of 1. 2 - 4. 5 m ( 4 to 15 ft ). in freshwater habitats they eat primarily insects, and in saltwater they feed predominantly on crustaceans. aquatic plants eggs can often become locally important food items as well. relationship with humans habitat degradation is now the major threat to this bird, since they almost always return to their hatch site to breed. although buffleheads do use man - made nest boxes, they still need the forest habitat in order to thrive.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.36588656283905563, "token_count": 294, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.931476"} {"text": "kolam ( tamil : \u0b95\u0bc7\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bae ) is a form of sandpainting that is drawn using rice powder by female members of the family in front of their home. it is widely practised by hindus in south india. a kolam is a sort of painted prayer \u2014 a line drawing composed of curved loops, drawn around a grid pattern of dots. kolams are thought to bestow prosperity to homes. every morning in southern india, millions of women draw kolams on the ground with white rice powder. through the day, the drawings get walked on, rained out, or blown around in the wind ; new ones are made the next day. every morning before sunrise, the floor is cleaned with water, the universal purifier, and the muddy floor is swept well for an even surface. the kolams are generally drawn while the surface is still damp so that it is held better. occasionally, cow - dung is also used to wax the floors. cow dung has antiseptic properties and hence provides a literal threshold of protection for the home. it also provides contrast with the white powder. decoration was not the sole purpose of a kolam. in olden days, kolams used to be drawn in coarse rice flour, so that the ants don ' t have to work so hard for a meal. the rice powder is said to invite birds and other small critters to eat it, thus inviting other beings into one ' s home and everyday life : a daily tribute to harmonious co - existence. it is a sign of invitation to welcome all into the home, not the least of whom is goddess lakshmi, the goddess of prosperity. the patterns range between geometric and mathematical line drawings around a matrix of dots to free form art work and closed shapes. folklore has evolved to mandate that the lines must be completed so as to symbolically prevent evil spirits from entering the inside of the shapes, and thus are they prevented from entering the inside of the home. it used to be a matter of pride to be able to draw large complicated patterns without lifting the hand off the floor standing up in between. the month of margazhi was eagerly awaited by young women, who would then showcase their skills by covering the entire width of the road with one big kolam. the ritual kolam patterns created for occasions such as weddings can stretch all the way down streets. patterns are often passed on generation to generation, from mother to daughter. for special occasions limestone and red brick powder to contrast are also used. though kolam", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47843351836634385, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.934980"} {"text": "no legal vacuum in cyber space | publisher | | international committee of the red cross ( icrc ) | | publication date | | 16 august 2011 | | cite as | | international committee of the red cross ( icrc ), no legal vacuum in cyber space, 16 august 2011, available at : http : / / www. refworld. org / docid / 4e5341102. html [ accessed 21 may 2013 ] | | disclaimer | | this is not a unhcr publication. unhcr is not responsible for, nor does it necessarily endorse, its content. any views expressed are solely those of the author or publisher and do not necessarily reflect those of unhcr, the united nations or its member states. | cyber warfare and international humanitarian law. all over the world, policy makers and military leaders are considering the implications of cyber warfare. cordula droege, an icrc legal expert, explains that the existing legal framework is applicable and must be respected even in the cyber realm. what do you mean by \" cyber warfare \" and why is it of concern to the icrc? the concept of cyber warfare is somewhat nebulous and different people appear to mean different things when they refer to it. for the purposes of this discussion, cyber warfare refers to means and methods of warfare that rely on information technology and are used in the context of an armed conflict within the meaning of international humanitarian law as opposed to the traditional kinetic military operations. similarly, such terms as \" cyber attacks, \" \" cyber operations \" or \" computer network attacks \" have no internationally agreed legal meaning and are used in different contexts ( not always limited to armed conflicts ) and with different meanings. let us use the rather broad term of cyber operations to refer to operations against or via a computer or a computer system through a data stream. such operations can aim to do different things, for instance to infiltrate a computer system and collect, export, destroy, change, or encrypt data or to trigger, alter or otherwise manipulate processes controlled by the infiltrated system. the technology can be used in warfare and, under certain circumstances, some of these operations can constitute attacks as defined under international humanitarian law. cyber operations can raise humanitarian concerns, in particular when their effect is not limited to the data of the targeted computer system or computer. indeed, they are usually intended to have an effect in the \" real world. \" for instance, by tampering with the supporting computer systems, one can manipulate an enemy ' s air traffic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5909450419849621, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.945786"} {"text": "to the data of the targeted computer system or computer. indeed, they are usually intended to have an effect in the \" real world. \" for instance, by tampering with the supporting computer systems, one can manipulate an enemy ' s air traffic control systems, oil pipeline flow systems or nuclear plants. the potential humanitarian impact of some cyber operations is therefore enormous. cyber operations that have been carried out thus far, for example in estonia, georgia and iran, do not appear to have had serious consequences for the civilian population. however, it seems that it is technically feasible to interfere with airport control systems, other transportation systems, dams or nuclear power plants via cyber space. potentially catastrophic scenarios, such as collisions between aircraft, the release of poisons from chemical plants, or the disruption of vital infrastructure and services such as electricity or water networks, therefore cannot be dismissed. the main victims of such operations would most likely be civilians. does international humanitarian law apply to cyber operations? international humanitarian law, or ihl, only comes into play if cyber operations are committed in the context of an armed conflict whether between states, between states and organized armed groups or between organized armed groups. therefore, we need to distinguish the general issue of cyber security from the specific issue of cyber operations in armed conflict. terms like \" cyber attacks \" or even \" cyber terrorism \" may evoke methods of warfare, but the operations they refer to are not necessarily conducted in armed conflict. cyber operations can be and are in fact used in crimes committed in everyday situations that have nothing to do with situations of war. a large proportion of operations colloquially termed \" cyber attacks \" are in fact network exploitation attacks carried out for the purpose of illicit information gathering and occur outside the context of armed conflicts. but in armed conflict situations, ihl applies when the parties resort to means and methods of warfare relying on cyber operations. if ihl applies to cyber operations, what does it say about them? ihl does not specifically mention cyber operations. because of this, and because the exploitation of cyber technology is relatively new and sometimes appears to introduce a complete qualitative change in the means and methods of warfare, it has occasionally been argued that ihl is ill adapted to the cyber realm and cannot be applied to cyber warfare. however, the absence in ihl of specific references to cyber operations does not mean that such operations are not subject to the rules of ihl. if the means and methods of cyber warfare produce the same effects in the real world as conventional weapons ( such as destruction, disruption, damage, injury", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5616651995230513, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.947031"} {"text": "specific references to cyber operations does not mean that such operations are not subject to the rules of ihl. if the means and methods of cyber warfare produce the same effects in the real world as conventional weapons ( such as destruction, disruption, damage, injury or death ), they are governed by the same rules as conventional weapons. new technologies of all kinds are being developed all the time and ihl is sufficiently broad to accommodate these developments. ihl prohibits or limits the use of certain weapons specifically ( for instance, chemical or biological weapons, or anti - personnel mines ). but it also regulates, through its general rules, all means and methods of warfare, including the use of all weapons. in particular, article 36 of protocol i additional to the geneva conventions provides that, \" [ i ] n the study, development, acquisition or adoption of a new weapon, means or method of warfare, a high contracting party is under an obligation to determine whether its employment would, in some or all circumstances, be prohibited by this protocol or by any other rule of international law applicable to the high contracting party. \" beyond the specific obligation it imposes on states parties, this rule shows that general ihl rules apply to new technology. this is not to say that there might not be a need to develop the law further as technologies evolve or their humanitarian impact becomes better understood. that will have to be determined by states. in the meantime, it is important to stress that there is no legal vacuum in cyber space. beyond that, however, we are faced with a number of question marks on how ihl will apply in practice. what is it about cyber space that makes it difficult to apply the rules of ihl? the means and methods of cyber warfare are still incompletely understood, except presumably by the technical experts who develop and apply them. the development of new technologies is frequently classified. that being said, to determine whether and to what extent the means and methods of cyber warfare are qualitatively different from those of conventional warfare, the most important thing is to understand how the technology could be used and what effects it could have in armed conflict. but one aspect of cyber space that would seem to pose difficulties is the anonymity of communications. in the cyber operations that occur on an everyday basis, anonymity is the rule rather than the exception. it appears to be impossible in some instances to trace their originator. since all law is based on the allocation of responsibility ( in ihl to a party to a conflict or to an individual ), major difficulties", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5525369308813239, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.948112"} {"text": "is the rule rather than the exception. it appears to be impossible in some instances to trace their originator. since all law is based on the allocation of responsibility ( in ihl to a party to a conflict or to an individual ), major difficulties arise. in particular, if the perpetrator of a given operation and thus the link of the operation to an armed conflict cannot be identified, it is extremely difficult to determine whether ihl is even applicable to the operation. another feature of cyber space is, of course, interconnectivity. the interconnections between computer systems civilian and military could make it difficult to apply even the most fundamental rules of ihl. what rules of ihl are applicable to cyber operations? how can they be applied in the world of interconnectivity? all ihl rules governing the conduct of hostilities are potentially applicable during armed conflict, but whether they are relevant in such a context, and how they could be applied, are real questions. before giving some examples, it is important to recall that one of the main purposes of ihl is to protect the civilian population and civilian infrastructure from the effects of hostilities. let us consider some fundamental rules of ihl to illustrate not only their importance for cyber operations but also the difficult questions that their application to cyber space raises. these rules are related to the principles of distinction, proportionality and precaution. the principle of distinction and the prohibition of indiscriminate and disproportionate attacks the principle of distinction requires that parties to a conflict distinguish at all times between civilians and combatants and between civilian objects and military objectives. attacks may only be directed against combatants or military objectives. indiscriminate attacks, that is attacks which are not or cannot be directed at a specific military objective or whose effects cannot be limited as required by ihl, are prohibited. similarly, attacks against military objectives or combatants are prohibited if they may be expected to cause incidental civilian casualties or damage which would be excessive in relation to the concrete and direct military advantage anticipated ( so - called disproportionate attacks ). this means that, in planning and carrying out cyber operations, the only targets permissible under ihl are military objectives, such as computers or computer systems used in support of military infrastructure or of infrastructure used specifically for military purposes. it follows that attacks via cyber space may not be directed against, for example, computer systems used in medical facilities, schools, and other purely civilian installations. the issue of humanitarian concern in this respect is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5510009705861405, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.949235"} {"text": "infrastructure or of infrastructure used specifically for military purposes. it follows that attacks via cyber space may not be directed against, for example, computer systems used in medical facilities, schools, and other purely civilian installations. the issue of humanitarian concern in this respect is that cyber space is characterized by interconnectivity. it consists of innumerable interconnected computer systems across the world. military computer systems appear to often be interconnected with commercial, civilian systems and to rely on them in whole or in part. thus, it might well be impossible to launch a cyber attack on military infrastructure and limit the effects to just that military objective. for instance, the use of a worm that replicates itself and cannot be controlled, and might therefore cause considerable damage to civilian infrastructure, would be a violation of ihl. obligation to take precautions the party responsible for an attack must take measures, to the maximum extent feasible, to avoid or minimize incidental damage to civilian infrastructure or harm to civilians. this will require verifying the nature of the systems that are being attacked and the possible damage that might ensue from an attack. it also means that when it becomes apparent that an attack will cause excessive incidental civilian damage or casualties, it must be cancelled. also, parties to conflicts have an obligation to take necessary precautions against the effects of attacks. it would therefore be advisable for them, in order to protect the civilian population against incidental effects of attacks, to assess whether military computer systems are sufficiently separate from civilian ones. the reliance of military computer systems and connections on systems run by civilian contractors which are also used for civilian purposes could be a cause for concern. on the other hand, information technology might also serve to limit incidental damage to civilians or civilian infrastructure. for instance, it might be less damaging to disrupt certain services used for military and civilian purposes than to destroy infrastructure completely. in such cases, the principle of precaution arguably imposes an obligation on states to choose the less harmful means to achieve their military aim. what is the icrc doing in relation to cyber warfare? we need to bear in mind that the military potential and the humanitarian impact of cyber warfare despite all the things we read about them in the media are far from fully understood. however, it is certainly possible that cyber operations could have disastrous consequences for civilians. that is why the icrc monitors their development and reminds parties to conflicts of their obligations to comply with ihl. we are also paying close attention to a number of initiatives that aim to clarify the law applicable to cyber operations", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5415996464044286, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.950462"} {"text": "william t. nicholson ( 1834 - 1893 ) was the founder of the nicholson file company of providence, the originator of machine - made files in america, the largest company of its kind in the world, and one of providence \u2019 s \u201c five industrial wonders \u201d of the nineteenth century. nicholson was born on march 22, 1834 in the village of pawtucket, then in the town of north providence. his father, a machinist, moved the family to whitinsville, massachusetts where young william was raised and educated. at age fourteen, he became an apprentice machinist in whitinsville, but moved to providence when seventeen to seek better job opportunities. he found them at brown & sharpe manufacturing company where he rose to the position of shop manager by 1856, and supervised the production of that firm \u2019 s precision instruments. in 1858 nicholson opened his own machine company in partnership with isaac brownell. by 1860, he bought brownell out and moved to a larger facility and eventually turned his skill and attention to developing a machine for making files. in 1864, after patenting his invention, he formed the nicholson file company. eventually this enterprise became world - renowned for the quality of its specialized product and brought nicholson great wealth. in his later years nicholson traveled widely and supported a number of civic projects, including the establishment of the providence public library in 1877. african americans | agriculture / farming | architects & designers | artists & painters | banking / finance | business / entrepreneurs | civic leaders | civil engineer | civil rights / abolitionists | craftsmen | criminals / rogues | dance | education & universities | explorers & adventurers | famous ri families | food / culinary | founders of rhode island | government & politics | historians / historical accounts, preservation | immigrants : chinese | immigrants : irish | immigrants : portuguese | industry - general | industry - jewelry | industry - maritime | industry - textiles | inventors & inventions | labor / unions | law / legal pioneers | literature / writers / newspapers | medicine & health care | military | music ( singers, composers ) | native americans | olympic athletes | philanthropists | religion & churches | retail pioneers | sports - baseball | sports - basketball | sports - football | sports - golf | sports - hockey | sports - other | technology & science | theater | tv & radio | women |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44431172583469614, "token_count": 465, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.953881"} {"text": "like all liberal arts, dance teaches life skills that will benefit the student later in life, regardless of the vocation selected. dance teaches self - discipline, respect, dedication and determination. plato once wrote, \" to sing and dance well is to be well educated. \" he considered the uneducated man achoreutos or danceless ; the educated one, kechoreukos, endowed with dance. it is our mission to endow our students with dance. w. robert sherry director of dance dan 170 ballet i : introduces fundamental concepts and historical background. presents positions and barre exercises to build correct alignment, flexibility, strength, coordination, and ballet vocabulary. dan 175 tap : introduces fundamental concepts and historical background. covers basic time steps, waltz clog, triplets, shim - sham, buffalo, cramp roll, and soft - shoe, along with tap vocabulary. dan 177 jazz i : introduces fundamental concepts and historical background. works in studio on body placement and alignment through highly - structured classical jazz warm - up ( luigi ). values clarity and quality of movement, rhythm, style, and use of dynamics. dan 179 modern dance i : introduces fundamental concepts and historical background. focuses on style, phrasing, mood projection, and changing dynamics. dan 200 dance in america : studies relationships of choreographers, critics, and performers to historical trends in the art form. links dance to contemporary political and social issues. dan 203 dance history : follows evolution of western concert dance from primitive times to late 20 th century : dance in ancient egypt, greece, and rome ; ballet comique ; opera ballet ; ballet d ' action ; and romantic ballet. dan 210 dances of other cultures : explores various regional and ethnic dances with a focus on non - western dance as an expression of cuture. participation in selected will be augmented by lecture and film. dan 220 women leaders in american modern dance : transcending from sylph to heroine : examines the women who led the modern dance movement from 1900 to present. focuses on choreographic works and politics surrounding the development of modern dance in america through its leaders - - isadora duncan, ruth st. denis, doris humphery, martha graham, catherine dunham, and twyla tharp. dan 270 ballet ii : drills pirouettes and longer and more complex \" adages \" and \" allegros. \" completes ballet theory and essentials of technique. prerequisite : dan 170 or consent. dan 275 tap dance ii : explores technique on an intermediate level, including all", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49460693260907146, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.959915"} {"text": "##rouettes and longer and more complex \" adages \" and \" allegros. \" completes ballet theory and essentials of technique. prerequisite : dan 170 or consent. dan 275 tap dance ii : explores technique on an intermediate level, including all time steps ( buck, soft - shoe, traveling, wing ), irish - over, cincinnati, draw - backs, pick - ups, wings, maxiford, and riffs. stresses speed, accuracy, and performance ability. may be repeated for credit. prerequisite : dan 175 or consent. dan 277 jazz ii : concentrates studio work on more complicated combinations, changes of direction, and initiation of pirouettes. includes historical research, critical studies, and vocabulary building. prerequisite : dan 177 or consent. dan 279 modern dance ii : builds on technique and includes history, theory, and vocabulary. prerequisite : dan 179 or consent. dan 300 dance composition : introduces dance composition. highlights personal invention, solo and group focus, and evaluative process in basic choreography. includes readings and writings on choreographers and choreography. may be repeated for credit. intended for dance minors. prerequisite : dan 394 or consent. dan 380 studies in dance : delves into particular period, choreographer ' s work, or special issue, depending on interest of students and faculty. may be repeated for credit. dan 394 intermediate / advanced dance technique : offers heightened movement experience with greater emphasis on technical development and performance. includes weekly classes in ballet, jazz, and modern dance. may be repeated for credit. prerequisite : consent. dan 420 labanotation : teaches system of movement notation invented by rudolph van laban and used in dance, sports, science, and other research areas. does not require knowledge of dance. consists of lecture, studio work, and movement - recording exercises. dan 422 dance production : assigns students to performing or technical / design role in production. prerequisite : consent.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48164611354002945, "token_count": 399, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.960660"} {"text": "image collection : medical anatomy and illustrations - all ( 557 ) - allergic skin disorders ( 31 ) - viral skin diseases ( 26 ) - bacterial skin diseases ( 29 ) - fungal skin diseases ( 17 ) - bites and infestations ( 27 ) - noncancerous, precancerous and cancerous tumors ( 56 ) - diseases of pigment ( 26 ) - papules, scales, plaques and eruptions ( 47 ) - vascular, lymphatic and systemic conditions ( 48 ) - scalp, hair and nails ( 26 ) - pregnancy stages ( 9 ) 43. picture of colon cancer colon cancer : a malignancy that arises from the inner lining of the colon. most, if not all, of these cancers develop from colonic polyps. removal of these precancerous polyps can prevent colon cancer. colon polyps and early colon cancers cause no signs or symptoms. full - blown colon cancer can cause occult ( a microscopic amount of ) blood in the stool, overt rectal bleeding, bowel obstruction, and weight loss. risk factors for colon cancer include a family history of it or of colonic polyps, and long standing ulcerative colitis. the overall risk can be reduced by following a diet low in fat and high in fiber. colon cancer is preventable and curable. it is preventable by removing the precancerous colon polyps. it is curable if detected early when it can be surgically removed before it has spread to other parts of the body. if screening and surveillance programs were practiced universally, there would be a tremendous reduction in the incidence and mortality of colon cancer. text : medicinenet, inc. guide to understanding the image collection gallery categories :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45357324899960483, "token_count": 348, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.962335"} {"text": "many european countries have passed anti - smoking legislation which bans smoking from restaurants, bars and public buildings. after implementation of such a smoking ban on 1 january 2008 in the metropolitan area of bremen in northwest germany ( 800, 000 inhabitants ) a 16 % decline in st - elevation myocardial infarction ( stemi ) was observed. stemi is the severest form of myocardial infarction. for the study, 3, 545 stemis in the bremen - stemi - registry which occurred between 2006 and 2010 were analyzed. figure 1 shows the average number of stemis per month in the total population, smokers and non - smokers in 2006 - 2007 and 2008 - 2010. dr schmucker said : \u201c there were more non - smokers than smokers, which explains why the non - smokers group had more stemis registered. \u201d figure 1 : average number of stemis per month in the total population, smokers and non - smokers in 2006 - 2007 and 2008 - 2010. for the total population in 2006 and 2007, before the smoking ban was passed, averages of 65 stemis were registered per month. in 2008 to 2010, after the smoking ban was passed, the number fell by 16 % to an average of 55 stemis per month. \u201c this confirms that the smoking ban had a positive impact on the population as a whole by decreasing the number of stemis, \u201d said dr schmucker. a nearly constant rate of stemis was observed in active smokers during 2006 - 2010. in 2006 - 2007 active smokers had an average of 25 stemis per month. in 2008 - 2010, they had an average of 26 stemis per month, a 4 % increase. dr schmucker said : \u201c active smokers are inhaling such high doses of tobacco smoke that being exposed to less passive smoke in public venues is not going to change the risk for that particular group. \u201d in non - smokers there was a 26 % decrease in stemis, from an average of 39 stemis per month in 2006 - 2007 to an average of 29 stemis per month in 2008 - 2010. the steepest decline in the non - smoking group was detected in young non - smokers ; in this group the average number of stemis per month was 31 % lower in 2008 - 2010 compared to 2006 - 2007. \u201c the reduction in the occurrence of this severest and deadliest form of myocardial infarction in the metropolitan area of bremen can be partially attributed to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46651286804364606, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.964965"} {"text": "this paper was presented at the twenty - second annual national conference of the society of aeronautical weight engineers at st. louis, missouri, april 29 - may 1, 1963. the decision by douglas aircraft company to rely chiefly on electronic rather than mechanical systems for its overall research and development ( r & d ) missiles and space weighing operations was based on several considerations. these included convenience of use, portability, accuracy, and relative cost. application of the earlier electronic systems, however, left much to be desired. end - to - end calibration was mandatory. repairs usually necessitated return of the entire unit to the manufacturer. additional weighing requirements, involving different capacity load cells, meant procuring a complete new system. still another problem, although not the fault of the systems themselves, was the lack of adequate calibration and evaluation test facilities. the whole operation thus was costly, time - consuming, and otherwise unacceptable. the solution to these problems called for a re - evaluation of the overall weighing requirements. it was then possible to specify a system which would meet these requirements. interchangeability of components was the most essential prerequisite, and upon this concept the universal system was founded. in order to verify the characteristics and capabilities of the universal system, certain tests were necessary. by establishing dead weight loading facilities at its santa monica, california, location, douglas not only could perform these tests, but could also assume the responsibility for accurate periodic certification, a function previously either delegated to the national bureau of standards, performed by inaccurate methods, or foregone altogether. test results did, in fact, demonstrate that load cells, cables, and even the indicating instruments themselves could be interchanged without any significant loss of accuracy. \u201c creep \u201d, the change in load cell output with time, was found to vary from one cell to another ; in some cells, as much as 0. 05 percent creep was present. the lack of a direct reading capability, a consequence of the internal design of the universal system, necessitated the use of correction curves or tables in order to obtain the desired accuracy of 0. 1 percent, but due to the nature of r & d operations, this did not detract appreciably from the system. further tests uncovered errors in the order of 0. 2 percent due to misalignment of the load cell and mechanical fittings. these tests were repeated using various flexures or pivots for isolation of loads into the cells, the results of which showed that the effect of misalignment could be virtually eliminated.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5493727449165128, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.967930"} {"text": "revista panamericana de salud publica print version issn 1020 - 4989 ho, gloria y. f. et al. cancer disparities between mainland and island puerto ricans. rev panam salud publica [ online ]. 2009, vol. 25, n. 5, pp. 394 - 400. issn 1020 - 4989. http : / / dx. doi. org / 10. 1590 / s1020 - 49892009000500003. objectives : examination of cancer rates in a single hispanic subgroup - puerto ricans - and comparison of incidence rates among mainland puerto ricans living in the united states, island puerto ricans in puerto rico, and u. s. non - hispanic whites to reveal ethnic - specific cancer patterns and disparities in puerto ricans. methods : incidence data were obtained from the cancer registries of puerto rico and three u. s. northeastern states ( new york, new jersey, and connecticut ) with a high density of mainland puerto ricans. age - adjusted rates were compared by standardized rate ratios ( srrs ). results : total cancer incidence was the lowest in island puerto ricans, intermediate for mainland puerto ricans, and highest in u. s. non - hispanic whites. compared to mainland puerto ricans, islanders had significantly lower rates ( p < 0. 05 ) for major cancers - lung ( srrs = 0. 36 in males and 0. 29 in females ), prostate ( srr = 0. 71 ), female breast ( srr = 0. 73 ), and colon - rectum ( srrs = 0. 74 in males and 0. 65 in females ) - as well as several less common cancers ( urinary bladder ; non - hodgkin lymphoma ; liver ; kidney and renal pelvis ; pancreas ; thyroid ; leukemia ; and skin melanoma ). overall cancer rates in mainland puerto ricans were modestly lower than those in u. s. non - hispanic whites, but mainland puerto ricans had the highest rates for stomach, liver, and cervical cancers among the three populations. conclusion : despite socioeconomic disadvantages, island puerto ricans have relatively low cancer incidence. identifying contributing factors would be informative for cancer research, and understanding the reasons for increased cancer risk in their mainland counterparts would facilitate the development of ethnic - specific intervention programs. keywords : hispanic americans ; neoplasms ; incidence ; puerto rico ; united states.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47159201419609303, "token_count": 509, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.972928"} {"text": "a park ranger could... | spot a forest fire and help put it out. | | transport injured animals to wildlife clinics for treatment. | | enforce federal laws and park regulations in a park. | | give a guided tour of a national park. | key facts & information | overview | | park rangers are the law enforcement officials of our state and national parks. they protect and preserve parklands, keeping park resources safe from people who might try to damage them, deliberately or through neglect, and keeping people safe from dangers within the park. to achieve this goal, park rangers work in a wide variety of positions, including education and interpretation for park visitors, emergency dispatch, firefighting, maintenance, law enforcement, search and rescue, and administration. there is a large global shortage of park rangers in developing countries. | | key requirements | | love of nature, ability to work well on a team or in remote isolation, excellent physical condition, outstanding communication skills, and an ability to stay calm in an emergency | | minimum degree | | bachelor ' s degree | | subjects to study in high school | | biology, computer science, algebra, geometry, algebra ii, english ; if available, environmental science | | projected job growth ( 2010 - 2020 ) | | more slowly than average ( 3 % to 6 % ) | | interview | | read this article to meet many of the park rangers who work in the south carolina state park system. | education and training park rangers are usually required to have a bachelor ' s degree ; however, high school graduates are sometimes eligible for ranger jobs after three years of progressively responsible experience in conservation work or park operations. interested individuals should study botany, zoology, geology, and ecology in college. other useful subjects include park management, forestry, and the social sciences. candidates with master ' s degrees in these fields often have an advantage over other applicants who are seeking jobs as park rangers. other requirements for park rangers include physical strength, good health, and good eyesight. rangers should enjoy the outdoors and working with people. they should also be creative, resourceful, responsible, and energetic. nature of the work in this video, you ' ll see how urban park ranger sarah aucoin tries to educate people in new york city about nature, and give them a sense of connection to their environment. park rangers teach people to respect the delicate natural balance of our national and state parks and forests. they are employed by the national park service, which is an agency of the u. s. federal government, and by state", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42175957661041086, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.980063"} {"text": "of connection to their environment. park rangers teach people to respect the delicate natural balance of our national and state parks and forests. they are employed by the national park service, which is an agency of the u. s. federal government, and by state agencies. rangers work throughout the country preserving the natural environment for future generations. they protect these areas by enforcing park rules and regulations, preventing forest fires, helping to maintain an ecological balance, and seeing that visitors plan campsites wisely. park rangers are skilled campers with a great deal of knowledge about botany and wildlife. perhaps the greatest danger to our parks is the danger of overuse : rangers watch and regulate the number of visitors to parks. they also provide information regarding park use and points of interest, issue fire permits, and collect fees. in addition to protecting natural resources, park rangers protect people. they may rescue a rock climber who has fallen or chase away a bear that is threatening campers. in addition, rangers act as educators by teaching campers how to use camping equipment, taking visitors on nature walks, setting up exhibits, and lecturing on historic topics. park rangers also help to train new rangers. some rangers specialize in a certain type of patrol. there are backcountry rangers, who load up their mules with supplies and spend weeks at a time in isolated, undeveloped areas checking on hikers and watching for trails that need repairing. snow rangers patrol their area on skis and are skilled in first aid, which includes applying splints to injured skiers. some rangers make their rounds by boat or canoe. many rangers are assisted by park aides. law enforcement is among the many duties of a park ranger. some national park rangers carry guns. park rangers sometimes recover stolen cars or quiet rowdy visitors. they are also in charge of investigating any suspected illegal activity committed in national parks. most rangers work outdoors in all kinds of weather, and their work is physically strenuous. they generally work long hours during the summer and somewhat shorter hours during the winter. rangers in the national park service may have to spend time alone in isolated areas. they can expect to be assigned to several different parts of the country during their careers and receive no assurance that they will remain in a particular area. despite these obstacles, most park rangers derive a great deal of satisfaction from their work. on the job - provide visitor services by explaining regulations ; answering visitor requests, needs and complaints ; and providing information about the park and surrounding areas. - conduct field trips to point out scientific,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4708578246677363, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.982045"} {"text": "park rangers derive a great deal of satisfaction from their work. on the job - provide visitor services by explaining regulations ; answering visitor requests, needs and complaints ; and providing information about the park and surrounding areas. - conduct field trips to point out scientific, historic, and natural features of parks, forests, historic sites or other attractions. - prepare and present illustrated lectures and interpretive talks about park features. - perform emergency duties to protect human life, government property, and natural features of park. - confer with park staff to determine subjects and schedules for park programs. - assist with operations of general facilities, such as visitor centers. - plan, organize and direct activities of seasonal staff members. - perform routine maintenance on park structures. - prepare brochures and write newspaper articles. - construct historical, scientific, and nature visitor - center displays. - research stories regarding the area\u00b4s natural history or environment. - interview specialists in desired fields to obtain and develop data for park information programs. - compile and maintain official park photographic and information files. - take photographs and motion pictures for use in lectures and publications and to develop displays. - survey park to determine forest conditions and distribution and abundance of fauna and flora. - plan and develop audiovisual devices for public programs. companies that hire park rangers explore what you might do on the job with one of these projects... - biodiversity survey - bug vacuums : sucking up biodiversity - day or night? - fighting litter in your neighborhood - here today, gone tomorrow : saving migratory animals - invasive species - making species maps - moss is boss : using plants to determine direction - where did all the stars go? - where, oh where, do the wild wolves wander? do you have a specific question about a career in environmental science that isn ' t answered on this page? post your question on science buddies ask an expert forum. - american forests : www. amercianforests. org - association of national park rangers : www. anpr. org - national park service : www. nps. gov - national recreation and park association : www. nrpa. org - o * net online. ( 2009 ). national center for o * net development. retrieved may 1, 2009, from http : / / online. onetcenter. org / - net industries. 2009. park ranger job description, career as a park ranger, salary, employment - definition and nature of the work, education and training requirements, getting the job. retrieved october 2, 2009, from http : / /", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4011071632825659, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.983142"} {"text": "nov. 26, 2009 a recently devised method of imaging the chemical communication and warfare between microorganisms could lead to new antibiotics, antifungal, antiviral and anti - cancer drugs, said a texas agrilife research scientist. the new article was published nov. 8 in nature chemical biology. it describes a technique developed by a collaborative team that includes dr. paul straight, agrilife research scientist in the department of biochemistry and biophysics at texas a & m university in college station, dr. pieter dorrestein, yu - liang yang and yuquan xu, all at the university of california, san diego. \" microorganisms encode in their genomes the capacity to produce many small molecules that are potential new antibiotics, \" straight said. \" because we do not understand the circumstances under which those molecules are produced in the environment, we see only a small fraction of them in the laboratory. \" an example is the antibiotic erythromycin, which is often prescribed for people who are allergic to penicillin, straight said. \" we know that saccharopolyspora erythraea, the bacteria from which erythromycin is derived, encodes the capacity to produce numerous other small molecules that might be potentially valuable drugs, \" he said. \" conventional microbial culture and drug discovery techniques uncovered erythromycin. other potentially useful metabolites may require some unconventional methods for identification. \" historically, medicinal drugs have been discovered serendipitously or by finding the active ingredient in homeopathic remedies, straight said. for example, the use of blue mold for treating wounds was a folk remedy dates back to the middle ages. but scientists didn ' t isolate and purify the active ingredient, penicillin, until the early 20th century, which marks the beginning of the era of ' natural product ' medicines originating from microorganisms. modern methods of drug discovery rely on screening technologies, knowledge of how infection is controlled and why diseases originate at the molecular level. some new drugs can be designed accordingly from the ground up, often at significant cost, but serendipitous discovery of what nature has to offer is still a valid approach, he said. microorganisms, such as the bacteria that produces erythromycin, have been communicating and battling with each other for millennia using similar small molecules. \" what we learn about how microbes interact and exchange chemicals, and how the presence of one signaling molecule or antibiotic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5567573618799211, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.987526"} {"text": "as the bacteria that produces erythromycin, have been communicating and battling with each other for millennia using similar small molecules. \" what we learn about how microbes interact and exchange chemicals, and how the presence of one signaling molecule or antibiotic changes the output of potential antibiotics from a neighboring microbe, will guide us to new strategies for boosting the number of potential therapeutic drugs from any given bacteria, \" straight said. the national institutes of health recognizes the need to boost development of new drug compounds, he said. \" globally, there is a shortage of new antibiotics that are being discovered by pharmaceutical companies in the traditional way and an ever - increasing number of multiple drug - resistant pathogens and newly emerging pathogens, \" straight said. the method of straight, dorrestein and colleagues employed an instrument called a \" matrix - assisted laser desorption / ionization mass spectrometer. \" the device ionizes part of the sample with a laser beam while a crystalline matrix prevents the bio - molecules from being destroyed. the plate upon which the bio sample sits is moved during the scan, from which hundreds to thousands of spectra are collected. the data is then processed as a grid and rendered as false - color by computer, then overlaid on a visual image of the sample. straight, dorrestein and colleagues used two common bacteria that are cultured in the laboratory for their tests, bacillus subtilis and steptomyces coelicolor, both commonly found in soils. the bacteria were cultured together and their complex chemical interaction recorded using the mass spectrometer. in competition for resources, the bacteria produced small molecules that alter antibiotic production from patterns present when cultured separately, straight said. for example, they found that production of an antibiotic that targets gram - positive organisms ( streptococcus and staphylococcus are examples of gram - positive organsims ) was inhibited in one bacteria by the other. the data reveal the chemical complexity of interspecies encounters. using genetic sequencing, the researchers found that bacteria may dedicate up to 20 percent of their dna to the bio - synthesis of small molecules in their communications and chemical battles with other microorganisms. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : note : materials may be edited for content and length. for further information, please contact the source cited above. - yu - liang yang, yuquan xu, paul straight & pieter c dorrestein. translating metabolic exchange with imaging mass spectrometry. nature", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5478601363170501, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.990486"} {"text": "mar. 11, 2010 distant galaxy clusters mysteriously stream at a million miles per hour along a path roughly centered on the southern constellations centaurus and hydra. a new study led by alexander kashlinsky at nasa ' s goddard space flight center in greenbelt, md., tracks this collective motion - - dubbed the \" dark flow \" - - to twice the distance originally reported. \" this is not something we set out to find, but we cannot make it go away, \" kashlinsky said. \" now we see that it persists to much greater distances - - as far as 2. 5 billion light - years away. \" the new study appears in the march 20 issue of the astrophysical journal letters. the clusters appear to be moving along a line extending from our solar system toward centaurus / hydra, but the direction of this motion is less certain. evidence indicates that the clusters are headed outward along this path, away from earth, but the team cannot yet rule out the opposite flow. \" we detect motion along this axis, but right now our data cannot state as strongly as we ' d like whether the clusters are coming or going, \" kashlinsky said. the dark flow is controversial because the distribution of matter in the observed universe cannot account for it. its existence suggests that some structure beyond the visible universe - - outside our \" horizon \" - - is pulling on matter in our vicinity. cosmologists regard the microwave background - - a flash of light emitted 380, 000 years after the universe formed - - as the ultimate cosmic reference frame. relative to it, all large - scale motion should show no preferred direction. the hot x - ray - emitting gas within a galaxy cluster scatters photons from the cosmic microwave background ( cmb ). because galaxy clusters don ' t precisely follow the expansion of space, the wavelengths of scattered photons change in a way that reflects each cluster ' s individual motion. this results in a minute shift of the microwave background ' s temperature in the cluster ' s direction. the change, which astronomers call the kinematic sunyaev - zel ' dovich ( ksz ) effect, is so small that it has never been observed in a single galaxy cluster. but in 2000, kashlinsky, working with fernando atrio - barandela at the university of salamanca, spain, demonstrated that it was possible to tease the subtle signal out of the measurement noise by studying large numbers of clusters. in 2008, armed with a catalog of 700 clusters assembled by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5567080229146817, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.995145"} {"text": "with fernando atrio - barandela at the university of salamanca, spain, demonstrated that it was possible to tease the subtle signal out of the measurement noise by studying large numbers of clusters. in 2008, armed with a catalog of 700 clusters assembled by harald ebeling at the university of hawaii and dale kocevski, now at the university of california, santa cruz, the researchers applied the technique to the three - year wmap data release. that ' s when the mystery motion first came to light. the new study builds on the previous one by using the five - year results from wmap and by doubling the number of galaxy clusters. \" it takes, on average, about an hour of telescope time to measure the distance to each cluster we work with, not to mention the years required to find these systems in the first place, \" ebeling said. \" this is a project requiring considerable followthrough. \" according to atrio - barandela, who has focused on understanding the possible errors in the team ' s analysis, the new study provides much stronger evidence that the dark flow is real. for example, the brightest clusters at x - ray wavelengths hold the greatest amount of hot gas to distort cmb photons. \" when processed, these same clusters also display the strongest ksz signature - - unlikely if the dark flow were merely a statistical fluke, \" he said. in addition, the team, which now also includes alastair edge at the university of durham, england, sorted the cluster catalog into four \" slices \" representing different distance ranges. they then examined the preferred flow direction for the clusters within each slice. while the size and exact position of this direction display some variation, the overall trends among the slices exhibit remarkable agreement. the researchers are currently working to expand their cluster catalog in order to track the dark flow to about twice the current distance. improved modeling of hot gas within the galaxy clusters will help refine the speed, axis, and direction of motion. future plans call for testing the findings against newer data released from the wmap project and the european space agency ' s planck mission, which is also currently mapping the microwave background. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : note : materials may be edited for content and length. for further information, please contact the source cited above. - a. kashlinsky, f. atrio - barandela, h. ebeling, a. edge, and d. kocevski. a new measurement", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5635150608030348, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.996205"} {"text": "apr. 18, 2011 it ' s one of the world ' s two best - loved flavours, and demand for it is increasing all the time. but now its future in the global food industry could be more secure, thanks to research at the university of nottingham ' s malaysia campus. vanillin is a compound that comes from the vanilla bean, the ' fruit ' of the flowering vanilla orchid. the orchid is a tropical, climbing vine originally cultivated by ancient central american civilisations such as the aztecs and is now grown worldwide with madagascar, indonesia and china by far the biggest producers. the uniquely scented flavour of vanilla is second only to chocolate in popularity on the world ' s palate. it ' s also the second most expensive spice after saffron. but highly labour intensive cultivation methods and the plant ' s temperamental life cycle and propagation mean production on a global scale is struggling to keep up with the increasing demand for the product. scientists in the school of biosciences on the university ' s malaysia campus ( unmc ) are working to create new and robust methods for the cloning of some economic species and some rare species of the orchid through tissue culture. the research is concentrating on the most common cultivated vanilla orchid, vanilla planifolia, a perennial which produces the pods from which the natural vanillin is extracted. traditionally the vanilla orchid is propagated by stem cuttings but this method is labour intensive, time - consuming and not economical because taking cuttings can cause the retardation of the mother plant and a reduction in yield. tissue culture or ' cloning ' of a high quality parent plant from somatic ( non - reproductive ) cells offers a viable and simple method for the large scale commercial production of vanilla plants, but the technique has a current flaw which the scientists are hoping to overcome. problems arise when variations occur in the ' sub - clones ' of one parental line, creating ' off - types ' which are not of the same quality as the parent plant. it can be costly if a high percentage of the micropropagated sub - clones are off - types that have to be scrapped. the scientists have been awarded a fundamental research grant ( frgs ) from the malaysian ministry of higher education to use dna marker systems to investigate how these mutations occur. such marker systems have been widely used to detect the genetic similarities and differences in micro - propagated material in various plants and are simple, quick and cost - effective for routine application. the research is being carried out by dr peter alderson and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4887051257325591, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:40.999752"} {"text": "such marker systems have been widely used to detect the genetic similarities and differences in micro - propagated material in various plants and are simple, quick and cost - effective for routine application. the research is being carried out by dr peter alderson and dr chin chiew foan in the school of biosciences, unmc. dr chin chiew foan said : \" our research will help to provide a tool for tracking abnormality of growth occurring in tissue culture and will also attempt to understand how such abnormalities can occur after a number of cycles of subculturing in tissue culture. currently, we are developing a tool that will explore the internal rna sequence region to detect sequence variations. our initial results indicate that some variability of dna fragments exists among the tissue culture samples under study. we are sending these dna fragments for sequencing to reveal the level of mutations that has taken place. \" the funding is for two years and will meet the costs of a graduate research assistant as well as other research staff. to date, this is the first study investigating the possible occurrence of genetic variants of vanilla planifolia through these types of regeneration protocols. findings from the study will provide useful guidance on the suitability of tissue culture protocols for long term use for vanilla regeneration without risk of genetic instability. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : note : materials may be edited for content and length. for further information, please contact the source cited above. note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5019665807522138, "token_count": 304, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.000341"} {"text": "jan. 27, 2012 dr. susan mallery, a professor in the college of dentistry at the ohio state university and oral pathology consultant at the ohio state university and james cancer hospitals, has dedicated her nearly 30 - year career to studying new strategies to preventing oral cancer. oral cancer is currently responsible for more than 7, 000 deaths each year, and has a particularly high mortality rate. treatment relies on excising cells before they turn cancerous, but as many as one - third of all patients will experience a recurrence within a year. \" while not all oral lesions progress to cancer, we cannot accurately predict which will be the ' bad actors. ' this often results in multiple surgeries and high anxiety in both our patients and clinicians, \" says mallery. since 2003, mallery has been investigating a variety of agents ranging from anti - angiogenesis drugs to natural products, to identify new therapeutics that can suppress the conversion of pre - cancerous to cancerous cells. her first breakthrough was the creation of an oral gel based on anthocyanins, powerful antioxidants found in black raspberries. study results showed that the gel, when applied to the mouth, would suppress genes associated with functions that allow cancerous cells to grow, thus diminishing the risk for recurring lesions. mallery next turned her attention to identifying alternatives to the surgical removal of pre - cancerous lesions. mallery thought she might have good possibilities with fenretinide, a decades - old breast cancer treatment that had been largely abandoned by oral pathologists despite strong clinical evidence that showed fenretinide can induce cell death, encourage the body ' s natural cellular defense system and strangle blood supply to tumors. \" the discrepancy between the established efficacy of fenretinide in other cancer types and in oral cancer was puzzling. then it occurred to me that maybe the structure of the oral mucosa wasn ' t allowing a therapeutic amount to reach the lesions, even at high doses, \" says mallery. \" we knew we needed to come up with a way to deliver the therapy directly to the lesion \" in 2009, the ohio state university college of dentistry, in collaboration with the center for clinical and translational science ( ccts ) awarded mallery and her team funding for a project aimed at developing a way to treat precancerous lesions directly in the mouth and preventing recurring lesions. mallery partnered with two pharmaceutical chemists from the university of michigan ( drs. stephen schwen", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4837348440386076, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.005339"} {"text": "##ery and her team funding for a project aimed at developing a way to treat precancerous lesions directly in the mouth and preventing recurring lesions. mallery partnered with two pharmaceutical chemists from the university of michigan ( drs. stephen schwendeman and kashappa goud desai ) along with two ohio state investigators drs. gary stoner and peter larsen to develop a first of its kind patch that could stick to the inside of the mouth, and deliver a continuous therapeutic dose of fenretinide directly on the lesion. the research team plans to move the patch into pre - clinical and clinical trials, and is already looking at a combination of fenretinide and anthocyanins, as well as testing a combination therapy using the patch and black raspberry - based gel mouthwash to prevent recurrence of lesions. \" if we can effectively treat the lesions with the patch, and then prevent more from coming back, we will completely change - - and improve upon - - the way oral cancer is currently treated, \" said mallery. mallery says the best course of action is to prevent oral cancer in the first place, and provides the following tips : - use of tobacco products - - particularly burned tobacco - - is the greatest risk factor for development of oral cancer. - watch what you drink and eat. alcohol consumption - - in excess and especially during smoking - - can have an additive effect and increase your chances to develop oral cancer. conversely, a diet high in fruits and vegetables can lower your risk. - infection with human papilloma viruses ( hpv ) causes a subset of oral cancers. inoculation of both young women and men with the hpv vaccine would markedly decrease hpv - associated oral cancers. - remember the mouth heals quickly. if you have a sore in your mouth that doesn ' t heal in 14 days, seek prompt treatment from your dentist. - see your dentist at least once a year ( better if twice a year ) for a complete oral health screening. this is extremely important as oral cancer initially develops a precancerous oral lesions ( patient treatment and survival is much better at this stage ). other social bookmarking and sharing tools : the above story is reprinted from materials provided by ohio state university center for clinical and translational science, via newswise. note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44558798735052807, "token_count": 491, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.006699"} {"text": "apr. 15, 2012 in the world \u2019 s largest brain study to date, a team of more than 200 scientists from 100 institutions worldwide collaborated to map the human genes that boost or sabotage the brain \u2019 s resistance to a variety of mental illnesses and alzheimer \u2019 s disease. published april 15 in the advance online edition of nature genetics, the study also uncovers new genes that may explain individual differences in brain size and intelligence. \u201c we searched for two things in this study, \u201d said senior author paul thompson, professor of neurology at the david geffen school of medicine at ucla and a member of the ucla laboratory of neuro imaging. \u201c we hunted for genes that increase your risk for a single disease that your children can inherit. we also looked for factors that cause tissue atrophy and reduce brain size, which is a biological marker for hereditary disorders like schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, alzheimer \u2019 s disease and dementia. \u201d three years ago, thompson \u2019 s lab partnered with geneticists nick martin and margaret wright at the queensland institute for medical research in brisbane, australia ; and with geneticist barbara franke of radboud university nijmegen medical centre in the netherlands. the four investigators recruited brain - imaging labs around the world to pool their brain scans and genomic data, and project enigma ( enhancing neuro imaging genetics through meta - analysis ) was born. \u201c our individual centers couldn \u2019 t review enough brain scans to obtain definitive results, \u201d said thompson, who is also a professor of psychiatry at the semel institute for neuroscience and human behavior at ucla. \u201c by sharing our data with project enigma, we created a sample large enough to reveal clear patterns in genetic variation and show how these changes physically alter the brain. \u201d in the past, neuroscientists screened the genomes of people suffering from a specific brain disease and combed their dna to uncover a common variant. in this study, project enigma researchers measured the size of the brain and its memory centers in thousands of mri images from 21, 151 healthy people while simultaneously screening their dna. \u201c earlier studies have uncovered risk genes for common diseases, yet it \u2019 s not always understood how these genes affect the brain, \u201d explained thompson. \u201c this led our team to screen brain scans worldwide for genes that directly harm or protect the brain. \u201d in poring over the data, project enigma researchers explored whether any genetic variations correlated to brain size. in particular, the scientists looked for gene variants that deplete brain tissue beyond normal in a healthy person. the sheer scale of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5303233942981548, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.011150"} {"text": "brain. \u201d in poring over the data, project enigma researchers explored whether any genetic variations correlated to brain size. in particular, the scientists looked for gene variants that deplete brain tissue beyond normal in a healthy person. the sheer scale of the project allowed the team to unearth new genetic variants in people who have bigger brains as well as differences in regions critical to learning and memory. when the scientists zeroed in on the dna of people whose images showed smaller brains, they found a consistent relationship between subtle shifts in the genetic code and diminished memory centers. furthermore, the same genes affected the brain in the same ways in people across diverse populations from australia, north america and europe, suggesting new molecular targets for drug development. \u201c millions of people carry variations in their dna that help boost or lower their brains \u2019 susceptibility to a vast range of diseases, \u201d said thompson. \u201c once we identify the gene, we can target it with a drug to reduce the risk of disease. people also can take preventive steps through exercise, diet and mental stimulation to erase the effects of a bad gene. \u201d in an intriguing twist, project enigma investigators also discovered genes that explain individual differences in intelligence. they found that a variant in a gene called hmga2 affected brain size as well as a person \u2019 s intelligence. dna is comprised of four bases : a, c, t and g. people whose hmga2 gene held a letter \u201c c \u201d instead of \u201c t \u201d on that location of the gene possessed larger brains and scored more highly on standardized iq tests. \u201c this is a really exciting discovery : that a single letter change leads to a bigger brain, \u201d said thompson. \u201c we found fairly unequivocal proof supporting a genetic link to brain function and intelligence. for the first time, we have watertight evidence of how these genes affect the brain. this supplies us with new leads on how to mediate their impact. \u201d because disorders like alzheimer \u2019 s, autism and schizophrenia disrupt the brain \u2019 s circuitry, project enigma will next search for genes that influence how the brain is wired. thompson and his colleagues will use diffusion imaging, a new type of brain scan that maps the communication pathways between cells in the living brain. project enigma received funding from hundreds of federal and private agencies around the world. thompson \u2019 s ucla coauthors included first author jason stein, derrek hibar, rudy senstad, neda jahanshad, arthur toga, rita cantor, dr. nelson freimer, roel ophoff,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5490393203115264, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.012332"} {"text": "more in this article across two decades and thousands of pages of reports, the world ' s most authoritative voice on climate science has consistently understated the rate and intensity of climate change and the danger those impacts represent, say a growing number of studies on the topic. this conservative bias, say some scientists, could have significant political implications, as reports from the group \u2013 the u. n. intergovernmental panel on climate change \u2013 influence policy and planning decisions worldwide, from national governments down to local town councils. as the latest round of united nations climate talks in doha wrap up this week, climate experts warn that the ipcc ' s failure to adequately project the threats that rising global carbon emissions represent has serious consequences : the ipcc \u2019 s overly conservative reading of the science, they say, means governments and the public could be blindsided by the rapid onset of the flooding, extreme storms, drought, and other impacts associated with catastrophic global warming. \" we ' re underestimating the fact that climate change is rearing its head, \" said kevin trenberth, head of the climate analysis section at the national center for atmospheric research and a lead author of key sections of the 2001 and 2007 ipcc reports. \" and we ' re underestimating the role of humans, and this means we ' re underestimating what it means for the future and what we should be planning for. \" underplaying the intensity a comparison of past ipcc predictions against 22 years of weather data and the latest climate science find that the ipcc has consistently underplayed the intensity of global warming in each of its four major reports released since 1990. the drastic decline of summer arctic sea ice is one recent example : in the 2007 report, the ipcc concluded the arctic would not lose its summer ice before 2070 at the earliest. but the ice pack has shrunk far faster than any scenario scientists felt policymakers should consider ; now researchers say the region could see ice - free summers within 20 years. sea - level rise is another. in its 2001 report, the ipcc predicted an annual sea - level rise of less than 2 millimeters per year. but from 1993 through 2006, the oceans actually rose 3. 3 millimeters per year, more than 50 percent above that projection. some climate researchers also worry that recent institutional changes could accentuate the organization ' s conservative bias in the fifth ipcc assessment, to be released in parts starting in september 2013. the tendency to underplay climate impacts needs to be recognized, conclude the authors of a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47528286255724483, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.016247"} {"text": "the journal science published a paper this week about the increase and spread of dead zones in the world oceans. these dead zones are created when large amounts of nutrients decompose and use up all of the oxygen in the water causing mass deaths ( literally suffocation ) of marine species. there are various causes for this, but changes in wind, temperature and current regimes are increasingly thought to play an important role. interestingly the paper concludes that these dead zones may be a symptom of global warming. description of thousands of dead crabs and other crustaceans found at the bottom of the ocean in one of these dead zones brings to mind the severe coral bleaching event which occurred in the seychelles and elsewhere following the one month extreme warming of parts of the indian ocean in 1998. what was left behind was a mass grave of dead corals and loss of livelihood to islanders and coastal people. in fact in a statement by the us department of state in 1999 the following important conclusion was made : \" these events ( i. e. the coral bleaching of 1998 ) cannot be accounted for by localized stressors or natural variability alone. nor can el nino by itself explain the patterns observed worldwide. rather, the impact of these factors was likely accentuated by an underlying global cause. thus the geographic extent, increasing frequency, and regional severity of mass bleaching events are likely a consequence of a steadily rising baseline of marine temperatures, driven by anthropogenic global warming. \" the number of dead sea zones have effectively doubled per decade, since scientists have started to document them. notable areas include parts of the us coastline, south african and namibian coastline and other parts of the world. these dead zones further threaten the livelihood of people dependent upon the coast to survive. we once believed that the oceans could take all of the worlds waste, we were soon proved wrong. we are also wrong about the atmosphere, it cannot take all of our waste, we need to reduce emissions, we need to promote renewables so that there can be more research and the price can go down and both china and india will be able to afford energy technologies. that is the message i have for the skeptics, the signal for immediate action on climate change can be found in the oceans. islanders have learnt to live, respect and protect the oceans, the continental world needs to understand how important the ocean is to them as well.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4968120358678185, "token_count": 484, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.019529"} {"text": "\u2022 dandelion roots can be roasted as a coffee - substitute, or boiled and stir - fried as a cooked vegetable. \u2022 dandelion flowers can be made into a wine. dandelions are a rich source of vitamins a, b complex, c, and d, as well as minerals such as iron, potassium, and zinc. and in traditional medicine, dandelion roots and leaves were used to treat liver problems. native americans used dandelion decoctions ( liquid made by boiling down the herb in water ) to treat kidney disease, swelling, skin problems, heartburn, and stomach upset. my musings : it makes sense that, at the end of winter, when our ancestors were probably hungry and vitamin deficient, that nature would see to it that they had a great source of vitamins proliferating all around them! no one had to seed them or turn over the soil... the dandelions appeared just for the picking! and today we spend so much money just to make them go away.... something is wrong here.... just make sure to avoid harvesting near roads, since road salt and / or toxins may be present. likewise, you obviously shouldn ' t harvest from a lawn where herbicides have been used. here is a great medical reference book for all health practitioners :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.413390881458662, "token_count": 273, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.024380"} {"text": "the summer is not the only time you are at risk for damage from the sun. find out how to protect yourself no matter what the season. you are probably in the habit of packing sunscreen for a day at the beach or pool. but the sun is up there 365 days a year, and you need protection much of that time to reduce your lifetime sun - exposure total. everyday exposure counts ; you do not have to be actively sunbathing to get a damaging dose of the sun. practice these sun - protection basics all year round to give your skin the best chance of long - term health : use a sunscreen of spf 15 or higher whenever you spend time outdoors. - this applies to all outdoor activities : athletics, shopping, picnicking, walking or jogging, gardening, even waiting for a bus. - use a broad spectrum ( uva / uvb ) sunscreen with an spf of 15 or higher every day. for extended outdoor activity, use a water - resistant broad spectrum ( uva / uvb ) sunscreen with an spf of 30 or higher. - apply liberally and evenly to all exposed skin. the average adult in a bathing suit should use approximately one ounce of sunscreen per application. not using enough will effectively reduce the product ' s spf and the protection you get. - be sure to cover often - missed spots : lips, ears, around eyes, neck, scalp if hair is thinning, hands, and feet. - reapply at least every 2 hours, more often if some of the product may have been removed while swimming, sweating, or towel - drying. - choose a product that suits your skin and your activity. sunscreens are available in lotion, gel, spray, cream, and stick forms. some are labeled as water resistant, sweatproof, or especially for sports ; as fragrance - free, hypoallergenic, or especially for sensitive skin or children. - wear long - sleeved shirts and long pants. tightly woven fabrics and dark colors, such as deep blue and black, or bright colors, such as orange and red, offer more protection. if you can see light through a fabric, uv rays can get through too. water makes fabrics more translucent, so do not rely on a wet t - shirt. - a broad - brimmed hat goes a long way toward preventing skin cancer in often - exposed areas like the neck, ears, scalp, and face. opt for a 3 - 4 inch brim that extends all around the hat", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4533389285332922, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.028527"} {"text": "- shirt. - a broad - brimmed hat goes a long way toward preventing skin cancer in often - exposed areas like the neck, ears, scalp, and face. opt for a 3 - 4 inch brim that extends all around the hat. baseball caps and visors shade the face but leave neck, lower face, and ears exposed. - uv - blocking sunglasses with wraparound or large frames protect your eyelids and the sensitive skin around your eyes, common sites for skin cancer and sun - induced aging. sunglasses also help reduce the risk of cataracts later in life. seek the shade. - be aware, however, that sunlight bouncing off reflective surfaces can reach you even beneath an umbrella or a tree. never seek a tan. - there is no such thing as a healthy tan. a tan is the skin ' s response to the sun ' s damaging rays. stay away from tanning parlors and artificial tanning devices. - the uv radiation emitted by indoor tanning lamps is many times more intense than natural sunlight. dangers include burns, premature aging of the skin, and the increased risk of skin cancer. protect your children and teach them sun safety at an early age. - healthy habits are best learned young. because skin damage occurs with each unprotected exposure and accumulates over the course of a lifetime, sun safety for children should be a priority.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46620710075238914, "token_count": 277, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.029047"} {"text": "best known for its unmistakable flavor, cinnamon is a spice that is derived from the bark of several trees in the genus cinnamomum. cinnamon trees were first cultivated in sri lanka ; today, they are native throughout southeast asia. the trees thrive in tropical countries, such as mexico. cinnamon trees, which can grow to heights of 30 feet, are harvested after three years. the trees grow for the first two years. then, they are pruned in the third year before the tree \u2019 s shoots are stripped on the thin, inner bark, the part of the tree that contains cinnamon. when cultivated, cinnamon is peeled into sticks ; however, it is often sold in ground form. cinnamon \u2019 s primary use is as a sweet and savory food additive. its history as a spice dates back to 2000 bc ; cinnamon is even mentioned in the bible. for many years, cinnamon was a highly sought after spice often used only by the upper class. it was even used as a gift for ancient monarchs and gods. only in time did middle - class citizens begin to use cinnamon, considered a luxury, as a spice. in the food industry, cinnamon is used in many desserts, including pies, doughnuts, cookies, and cinnamon buns. some manufacturers use cinnamon to make chocolate. it is a popular spice to add to coffee, cocoa, tea, and liqueurs. its varied functions make cinnamon a popular spice, one that is often combined with sugar to flavor a range of foods. cinnamon \u2019 s use extends beyond its traditional one as a spice. it also has a history of being used in ayurvedic medicine, which is indian traditional medicine, as well as other asian medicines. as an herbal therapy, cinnamon can help to treat a number of ailments. research has indicated that cinnamon can treat upset stomach and diarrhea as well as gastric ulcers. it can help treat bronchitis, coughs, and respiratory ailments. loss of appetite and hypertension can be remedied by cinnamon as well. it is even believed to help couples conceive when used alternately with damiana. individuals suffering from specific health conditions often turn to cinnamon as a natural remedy. cinnamon \u2019 s anti - inflammatory properties encourage arthritis sufferers to combine it with honey and warm water to create a paste to apply directly to aching or itching body parts. a similar combination of honey, cinnamon, and water in liquid form can help ease cold symptoms. diabetics turn to cinnamon to reduce tri", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4792193763309654, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.032804"} {"text": "combine it with honey and warm water to create a paste to apply directly to aching or itching body parts. a similar combination of honey, cinnamon, and water in liquid form can help ease cold symptoms. diabetics turn to cinnamon to reduce triglyceride and cholesterol levels. in essential oil form, cinnamon can be used in aromatherapy to promote blood circulation. in aromatherapy, cinnamon creates a warm, safe feeling and encourages contented and uplifted feelings. the essential oil also has antifungal and antibacterial properties. in fact, cinnamon can be applied directly to wounds to kill bacteria and prevent infections. cinnamon has aromatic qualities \u2014 it works well as a room freshener by warming cinnamon essential oil or ground cinnamon. cinnamon \u2019 s spicy, warming scent can even serve as an aphrodisiac for some. cinnamon \u2019 s properties prove beneficial in the beauty and skin care industries as well. research indicates that cinnamon can improve collagen production in skin cells. a protein found in the skin that reduces with age, collagen loss can result in less skin elasticity and strength, making skin look older. when applied topically, studies indicate that cinnamon can encourage collagen production, which can have long - lasting effects on the skin \u2019 s elasticity. thus, cinnamon - based skin care products can help skin look healthier and younger. cinnamon \u2019 s antibacterial properties make the spice useful as an astringent in skin care products. cinnamon is an effective ingredient in many acne treatments ; often, acne sufferers can combine cinnamon with other natural ingredients that they can find at home, such as honey, to create a mask that helps combat blemishes, redness, and irritation caused by acne. rich in antioxidants, cinnamon is an ideal skin care ingredient, and it can help reduce skin inflammation caused by a number of conditions. in addition, cinnamon is a common ingredient in shampoos and conditioners, body washes, bubble baths, soaps, and lip balms. in these products, cinnamon is primarily used for its warming, enticing aroma. added to a range of beauty and skin care products, cinnamon can alter the scent of beauty and skin care products, making them more appealing.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4590259307883291, "token_count": 465, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.033668"} {"text": "the new new world order to most of the world, the fall of the berlin wall in 1989 symbolized freedom, democracy, the end of tyranny. to a small band of cognoscenti in washington, new york, and a few university towns, the fall of the berlin wall also symbolized unprecedented professional opportunity. from the moment it happened, the competition was on : who would be the first to describe the new era? george kennan had been the first analyst to describe what was to become the cold war and the first to use the word \" containment, \" in a famous article, \" the sources of soviet conduct, \" published in 1947 in foreign affairs magazine. who would name the new paradigm? there were many contributions to this debate, but two became famous. one was francis fukuyama ' s article on \" the end of history, \" published in the national interest in 1989. the other was samuel huntington ' s \" the clash of civilizations? \" published in foreign affairs in 1993. ( for those who don ' t remember, fukuyama argued \u2014 or was caricatured as arguing \u2014 that liberal democracy had now triumphed for good, ideological struggle was over, and universal peace was just around the corner. huntington, on the other hand, argued that there were still fundamental civilizational differences, mainly between the west, the confucian world, and islam. ) no one, however, predicted the brevity of the post - cold - war era. in essence, it lasted what might be called a long decade, from november 1989 to september 2001. during this long decade, america lacked a real organizing diplomatic principle. george bush sr. spoke of the \" new world order \" but had no policy to fit the phrase. bill clinton had a clutch of policies but never found a neat way to describe them. \" nation building \" was the phrase sometimes used. \" democracy promotion \" is perhaps more accurate. in practice, this meant that all around the world \u2014 in china, in russia, in malaysia, all over africa, and above all in serbia \u2014 the united states lectured and scolded and promoted its system, complaining about the closure of opposition newspapers, protesting the incarceration of opposition leaders. the state department issued annual assessments of other countries ' human rights records. the organization for security and cooperation in europe threw itself into the business of monitoring elections. madeleine albright tried to organize a \" democracy caucus \" within the united nations and pointedly wore miniskirts on visits to the arab world. but although", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5365318211828198, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.042889"} {"text": "rights records. the organization for security and cooperation in europe threw itself into the business of monitoring elections. madeleine albright tried to organize a \" democracy caucus \" within the united nations and pointedly wore miniskirts on visits to the arab world. but although there were some individual successes, democracy promotion will now be remembered as a failure. professional diplomats hated it : one told me this week of the relief he feels, knowing he will no longer have to spend his days pushing american values down other people ' s unwilling throats. members of congress hated it : they could never explain to their constituents where the american national interest lay in kosovo. ordinary americans could never follow the intricacies of democracy promotion and have, as a result, consistently refused to read, think, or even speak about foreign affairs for the past decade. the business community couldn ' t understand why the oppression of tibet need disrupt their lucrative trade with china. human rights activists hated the inconsistencies. everyone knew that the united states complained far more about the anti - democratic policies of indebted kenya than it did about the far nastier anti - democratic policies of oil - rich saudi arabia. everyone knew that the united states put sanctions on india and pakistan for possessing nuclear weapons, but not on israel. many have argued that the hypocrisy of america partly explains the hatred of america, particularly in the muslim world. they are probably right. that explains, in part, the breathtaking speed with which democracy promotion is now being dismantled and the mind - boggling rapidity with which the new paradigm, the war on terrorism \u2014 the new new world order \u2014 is falling into place. already we have new allies ( russia, iran, china ), new goals ( defense of the \" homeland \" ), and a new military strategy. already the fumbling attempts at morality, the naive human rights rhetoric, the teach - yourself - democracy schemes seem as hopeless and as charming as the league of nations or the war to end all wars. and already we have an argument about whether all this is good or bad. claudia rosett of the wall street journal has already written what will be the classic realist defense of the new paradigm : \" [ w ] e cannot reliably reengineer other societies, and we risk enormous resentment when we try. \" slate ' s william saletan has already written an impassioned version of what will become the classic liberal attack : just like the cold war, the war on terrorism puts us in bed with some extremely unpleasant regimes, whose unpleasant", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5106207323325589, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.044206"} {"text": "when we try. \" slate ' s william saletan has already written an impassioned version of what will become the classic liberal attack : just like the cold war, the war on terrorism puts us in bed with some extremely unpleasant regimes, whose unpleasantness will throw our claim to be fighting for \" progress and pluralism \" into doubt. what worries me about the new new world order is something different : how cleanly and easily it explains the world and how like an academic article everything suddenly appears to be. like the cold war, the war on terrorism will tell us everything about abroad that we need to know : who are our friends, who are our enemies, where our priorities lie. like the cold war, the war on terrorism seems to appease both the idealism of americans \u2014 we are, after all, fighting to rid the world of an evil \u2014 and the realism. no intellectual contortions are required to explain why the fight against osama bin laden is well within the sphere of america ' s national interest. yet as saletan wrote, even the war on terrorism is going to get morally complicated further down the road, just as the cold war did. it is also going to require more concentration on the specifics of individual countries, just as democracy promotion did. what happens if we really do unseat the taliban? i ' m afraid we might be forced to engage in some nation building in afghanistan, too. what if we destabilize saddam? we ' ll have to think about how to replace him, to ensure that we aren ' t suddenly confronted with someone worse. more to the point, have we really thought about what terrorism is? george bush spoke of a war against \" terrorism with a global reach. \" i assume that means \" terrorism that can reach the territory of the united states. \" we are not, presumably, at war with the ira, the basque separatists, the tamil tigers, or hamas. not for the moment. but what if it turns out ( as no doubt it will ) that the terrorists we are fighting have made common cause with some of the terrorists we are not fighting? a few months ago, ira members were discovered in colombia, happily exchanging bomb - making information with colombian guerrillas. ( see this \" international papers \" for more on this. ) it isn ' t hard to imagine osama bin laden ' s men involving themselves in clandestine exchanges of information as well. when we find out that they have, this too will draw us into the intricate, complicated, internal politics of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.51340831244246, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.045413"} {"text": "on this. ) it isn ' t hard to imagine osama bin laden ' s men involving themselves in clandestine exchanges of information as well. when we find out that they have, this too will draw us into the intricate, complicated, internal politics of faraway countries. there are other complications. terrorism has the same organic relationship with organized crime that communism had with the secret police : you can ' t have one without the other. nowadays, islamic fundamentalists make use of the same shell companies, the same off - shore accounts, and the same money - laundering operations as the various branches of the mafia. unraveling all of that necessarily involves us in the financial affairs of other nations. i predict we will also find ourselves more interested in other people ' s immigration and asylum policies ; other people ' s police forces ; even other people ' s education systems. the taliban, after all, are the product of the pakistani madrasahs, the islamic school system. hamas is kept going partly thanks to the hate rhetoric taught in palestinian schools. alas, the real world isn ' t like an academic article. it is certainly comforting to have one big idea around which all other policies easily fall into place, and it is easy to see why everyone is so relieved. even i am relieved. but i am also afraid that in the complicated, interlinked, globalized modern world, one big idea isn ' t going to be enough.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5342767673945428, "token_count": 288, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.046082"} {"text": "when you exercise exhaustively, lactic acid builds up within your muscles and pours out into the bloodstream. it refers to the lack of available oxygen which is necessary for exercising and this can cause the pain associated with exercising which can sometimes be rather intense. lactic acid is involved with the way in which your muscles work and how they use energy. as muscles actively contract they obtain adenosine triphosphate ( atp ) from the glucose which is located within the blood. they also retrieve this substance through the breakdown of glycogen which is stored in muscles. when muscles work hard for prolonged periods of time, the amount of oxygen that is delivered to the muscles begins to be put under strain. during these times, lactic acid is produced as a result of glucose being broken down. as more is produced within the muscles, leakages into the blood occur and it is circulated throughout the body. the build up of lactic acid causes the functionality of body mechanics to decline and this can mean that performance and the ability to continue to push your body harder also become diminished. muscle fatigue and overall tiring of the body are the main symptoms of such conditions. at the extreme, this condition is known as the anaerobic threshold or the lactic threshold. removing this substance from the muscles takes around an hour usually. warming down efficiently can mean that the removal is accelerated and performed much more effectively. this warm down period ensures that the muscles receive a continuous and fast supply of essential oxygen to the muscles. despite common belief, this substance is neither responsible for the pain associated with hard exercise nor is it the cause of the aching experienced sometimes following periods of extensive exercise. it actually helps to delay the lowering blood glucose concentrations and this is known as hypoglycaemia. this condition actually causes people to feel the fatigue, aching and lowered performances related to exercising vigorously. by products of exercising include exothermic reactions which cause sweating to occur in order to reduce the heat gained and the conversion of oxygen into carbon dioxide. the body fails to cope with the number of by products produced and cannot effectively remove them from the muscles.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4794739497117395, "token_count": 428, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.048492"} {"text": "by jesse berst if you have friends at san diego gas & electric, then you ' ve heard of the difficulties rooftop solar can cause. with one of the nation ' s highest penetrations of solar pv, sdg & e is racing around to find ways to control the massive swings up and down. they ' re even considering grid scale storage. solar on every rooftop will be enough of a problem as it gradually arrives in other regions. but what if there were solar in every window? that is the possibility held out by scientists at ucla. they have invented a thin, transparent plastic solar cell that could be used on windows to generate power, the los angeles times reported. solar panel is 70 % transparent to the whole human eye. its power conversion efficiency is only 4 %, but that figure would undoubtedly go up if the material is perfected for mass production. this solar - cell material could even be fabricated as a liquid and sprayed on the surfaces a\u20ac \u201c windows, consumer electronics, or even a skyscraper. the ucla team claims the cells can be produced at a very low cost and in high volumes. and that suggests a future where every south - facing wall and window is a power producer. 6 new smart grid ( and related ) technologies : brilliant or bizarre? take a quick tour of 5 smart energy projects with big potential startup wants to be the steve jobs of solar jesse berst is the founder and chief analyst of smart grid news. com, the industry ' s oldest and largest smart grid site. a frequent keynoter at industry events in the u. s. and abroad, he also serves on advisory committees for pacific northwest national laboratory and the institute for electric efficiency. he often provides strategic consulting to large corporations and venture - backed startups. he is a member of the advisory boards of gridglo and calico energy services.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5100877479316932, "token_count": 369, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.050490"} {"text": "do fruit trees like acidic soil? yes, fruit trees like soil that is slightly acidic. there are a few factors to consider in order to successfully grow fruit trees. examples of fruit tree varieties are cranberry trees, japanese wineberries, filberts and medlars. different varieties of fruit trees will have different requirements as to soil drainage, soil fertility, air drainage and sunlight exposure, aside from the general climate of the site. when it comes to fruit trees, the type of soil that is recommended is slightly acidic soil. ideal soil acidity for fruit trees the acidity of soil is measured by its ph number. the ph number refers to the measure of the concentration of hydrogen ( h ) ions in a given substance. soil, as with other substances, are considered acidic if they have a ph level below 7. 0. soil that is slightly acidic is soil that has ph levels between 6 to 6. 5. soil that has medium acidity has ph levels 5. 5 to 6, while soil that is strongly acidic has ph levels of 4 to 5. 5. why is soil acidity important? soil acidity is important because it determines the fertility of the soil. if the soil is too acidic, the amount of nutrients that are available of the trees is reduced. in addition to there being less nutrients being made available to the soil, the presence of toxic nutrients such as aluminum and manganese becomes greater. how to manage soil acidity in order to make the soil more ideal and productive for growing fruit trees, the acidity of the soil must be corrected in order for its ph levels to be within the range of 6 to 6. 5 ( slightly acidic soil ). if the soil is too acidic, lime must be added to moist soil in order to achieve the ideal level of slight acidity for growing fruit trees. this process is called liming. liming removes the toxic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4300754257970186, "token_count": 380, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.053067"} {"text": "fighting the \" venereal menace \" an unspeakable problem the oregon social hygiene society just after war was declared, the society took steps to reach all of the oregon national guard units as they were mobilized. the men were provided circulars on the subject and received lectures on the wisdom of avoiding infection. helping develop an education plan as a result of the work at fort lewis, the army planned an education campaign in which a medical officer was dispatched to speak to every group of men inducted into the service. the campaign also distributed circulars to \" practically every man \" as well as posting warning placards on every latrine. the effort was rounded out by the display of the society ' s \" keeping fit \" exhibit and the showing of the film \" how life begins. \" back in oregon, the education continued with a cooperative arrangement between the society and the army. the army detailed a medical officer from fort lewis to lecture all conscripted men in the state while the society made the arrangements and picked up the tab. meetings were held in every county seat except for gold beach with attendance reaching a robust 40, 890. attacking the civilian problem as an outgrowth of the stepped up enforcement, a \" v. d. hospital \" was installed \" where cases could be observed and treated. \" the city of portland also planned and equipped a \" detention hospital \" that handled the city ' s cases as well as some from around the state. women and girls who were detained at the hospital could work to improve themselves. the society \" employed a young lady especially qualified for this kind of work and she has devoted her entire time to rehabilitation work since march 1918. \" according to the military, even with the law enforcement efforts of the society and local police, the problem persisted with the civilian world. the armed services had instituted effective education that significantly reduced the problem of contracting vd after entry into the service. it continued to blame civilian communities that \" had been afraid to attack the problems of venereal disease.... \" the governor employs shock power the governor first argued that it was treasonous to contract venereal disease during war. since the country was mobilizing with \" both blood and treasure \" to fight the \" war - maddened imperialists, \" everyone needed to contribute. citing the definition of treason in the u. s. constitution as giving aid and comfort to the enemy, withycombe contended that \" if a soldier wilfully injures himself and thereby renders himself unfit for military service, he delivers a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46099543551002503, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.059835"} {"text": "citing the definition of treason in the u. s. constitution as giving aid and comfort to the enemy, withycombe contended that \" if a soldier wilfully injures himself and thereby renders himself unfit for military service, he delivers a blow against this country. if he permits himself to become infected with a dangerous and contagious disease, he deprives the government of his own services and puts in jeopardy the health of all men in the service with whom he may come in contact, \" thereby giving aid to the enemy and committing treason. unafraid to stir up a little hatred for the cause, he deplored the \" fiendish devices of war \" that germany had adopted to weaken its enemies : \" no act of cruelty seems too horrible if she thinks it will accomplish her purpose. we hear tales that are almost unbelievable in their depravity. \" withycombe referred to one report of the enemy sending women and girls infected with syphilis and gonorrhea into cities housing the allies ' soldiers to have sex and render the soldiers unfit for combat. the governor championed education since \" too many of our boys exposed themselves to infection because of ignorance.... \" withycombe wanted to use the information taught by the military to reach boys before they went into the service. he wanted to dispel the popular myth that sexual intercourse was \" necessary to preserve good health, \" and to remind boys that there is \" a nobler purpose than promiscuous indulgence with immoral women. \" praising the military training on the subject, withycombe noted the need to overcome a common double standard among young men : he appealed to the boys ' sense of shame, reminding them of the grief to parents and loved ones that could follow from the wrong decision. the records of the army and navy described conditions, including venereal disease of the soldiers and sailors. what boy would want his parents to know that he had been \" checked up as a noneffective because of having syphilis or gonorrhea? \" and the governor warned those who may have contemplated purposefully contracting the disease to avoid service, saying that it would not exempt them. the draftee would report to camp where his condition would \" be known immediately. \" moreover, \" instead of being welcomed by comrades in arms, you will be isolated in a hospital and given treatment until you are no longer a menace to other human beings. \" adding ostracism to his list, withycombe described how men", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5211814189407723, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.060844"} {"text": "gavin started coughing, just occasionally, one cough here, one cough there. we thought our childhood vaccinations had us covered. whooping cough is highly contagious you could pass pertussis to your baby. if one member of a household has it, there ' s a 90 % to 100 % chance that other susceptible household members will catch it. 2, 9 questions for your doctor talk to your doctor about the tdap pertussis booster and make an appointment to get vaccinated. ask your doctor : 1. how will getting a pertussis booster ( tdap ) help protect my baby? 2. if i got vaccinated when i was a child, why do i need to do this again as an adult? 3. who else should get vaccinated to help protect my baby from pertussis? 4. when is the best time to get vaccinated? 5. will i experience any side effects from the tdap booster? 6. are there any other steps i should take to help protect my baby from pertussis ( whooping cough )? 7. what other diseases should i get vaccinated against ( ie, hepatitis a and b, measles, mumps, rubella, influenza, pneumonia, meningitis, chicken pox / zoster )? even when you get your baby vaccinated, he or she may not be fully protected until he or she has received at least 3 doses of the dtap ( diphtheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis ) vaccine. 15 until babies have received the infant series of immunizations, they are most vulnerable to pertussis. you can create a ' cocoon ' of protection around babies by making sure your infant is fully vaccinated and by getting those who are closest to your baby to receive a single dose of the adult pertussis vaccine. 1, 2, 10, 11, 15 adults need to get vaccinated, too parents, siblings, and other caregivers of infants are often the ones who unknowingly spread pertussis to babies. 11 that ' s why it ' s so important that adults and adolescents, especially those in close contact with an infant, receive a single dose of tdap ( tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis ) vaccine. click here for the most current cdc guidelines. 1, 2 find out more about childhood vaccines the centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4023281684462587, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.063495"} {"text": "spanish phrases sorted into useful everyday topics. spanish vocabulary divided into themed vocabulary lists. about this site the aim of speak spanish! is to provide a high quality resource for adults who wish to learn spanish online. it is part of the speak languages! network of websites. access to the site is completely free. we are currently adding sound, and soon users will also be able to hear all the phrases and vocabulary spoken by native spanish speakers. if you have any comments or suggestions, or spot any mistakes however small, please contact us \u2013 we appreciate your feedback. the alhambra, granada, spain about the spanish language spanish is spoken by about 350 million people worldwide as a first language, with a further 70 million speaking it as a second language. it is the main language of spain, and is also spoken as a first language in most countries in south and central america ( excluding brazil ), north america, and some other countries around the world. so why learn spanish? as one of the world ' s major languages, a knowledge of spanish is almost essential for the traveller in south america, especially outside the major cities. also spain itself has many places of interest where a knowledge of the language would make a visit more enjoyable. spain has some of the richest literature in the world which is best enjoyed in the original to be fully appreciated. the so - called \" golden age \" of spanish literature is the seventeenth century with writers such as cervantes, lope de vega, and calderon. easy to learn spanish is relatively easy to learn. the pronunciation takes some mastering but is regular in the sense that, once having learnt how to pronounce a certain sound, it can be applied consistently to other words. a knowledge of other romance languages such as french, italian, or portuguese gives an obvious advantage as much of the vocabulary is similar.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4238282535605806, "token_count": 368, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.065444"} {"text": "the beginner golfer spends their limited time, money, and formative hours learning \u201c fundamentals \u201d that are not remotely standard among the game \u2019 s best players. this means that they are not fundamental at all. we believe the game of golf is fundamentally misinterpreted. the progression for learning golf is out of order because the fundamentals of the game are poorly defined. furthermore, the rules that govern how the ball flies are fundamentally misunderstood. thus, golfers have no understanding of the essential mechanics of the swing and do not understand how to correct their ball flight. consequently, they default to bits of jargon, handed down dogma, or cliches that have little to no bearing on the problems that afflict them. all of this results in a barrier to entry to golf that is too high for most beginning players. golfers routinely leave the game out of frustration, lack of direction, or improvement that is too slow to justify. golf needs to be presented as a workable challenge for the beginning player that adds sophistication as the players desire to improve increases or as the expert players situation necessities. to make this increase in sophistication or progression workable requires a system of explaining and organizing the game. it must be a system that is broad enough to explain variations in all players but simple enough for the beginning player to use effectively. the science of classification is known as taxonomy, and through it we can organize all swings to understand the essential elements. the problem is that the word system in golf has been used with a negative connotation. the insinuation is that everyone using the same system is given the same lesson or swings exactly the same way. this is short sighted and naive. in fact, any serious discipline has a system of measuring and standardizing procedures. doctors learn to use systematic diagnosis to treat the ill, yet not all illnesses are the same. patients are given systematic directions to follow to implement the doctors orders, yet the medicines are different. a surgeon has procedures they must allow for surgery, yet not all surgeries are the same. these systems are designed to make the procedure easier and more reliable. the same is true in golf. not everyone wants to know the intricate details regarding this classification. golfers just want to know which portions apply to them. this is fine when it comes to training a player as many of the game \u2019 s best players are not necessarily the most sophisticated at understanding how the swing works. what they do have is predictable pattern on the ball and a reliable", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5486016521160619, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.069862"} {"text": "portions apply to them. this is fine when it comes to training a player as many of the game \u2019 s best players are not necessarily the most sophisticated at understanding how the swing works. what they do have is predictable pattern on the ball and a reliable set of feels that they recognize to project the ball in a familiar way. after all we recognize ultimately all golfers are feel players. developing a reliable feel to project the ball in a predictable way is what we are all about. the name stack & tilt\u00ae has made it easy for our critics to dismiss us as a fad ( wall street journal ). to that criticism we would ask this question, \u201d what is the difference between a fad and a paradigm shift? \u201d we see the way golf is being played is in the process of changing. the way the game is being taught to the masses is changing. the interpretation of the game is changing. we believe a paradigm shift is taking place. a paradigm shift can be defined as a dramatic shift in methodology or in a practice that has been universally accepted. the term was first used by thomas kuhn. he stated that paradigm shifts do not just happen, they are driven by agents of change. we believe the process of changing from one way of thinking to another in playing golf has been set in motion. as far as golf instruction is concerned, these agents of change are the early adopters, who will apply new techniques without risk to their reputations as they differentiate themselves. there are many coaches who have adopted many of our techniques but have been exempted from the criticism because the label stack & tilt is not attached. scores of players have adopted a number of these techniques in their swing. others of higher esteem will quietly implement the techniques as they re - brand themselves. often, the paradigm shift does not come from the establishment as they have a vested interest in keeping the status - quo. what are the paradigm shifts in golf? they start with the most basic questions about golf. that is what determines the start line and curvature of the ball. the rules that govern how the ball flies are being rewritten. next, the fundamentals or standards for recognizing how golf is played are being reorganized. how force is applied to the ball is being reexamined. specifically, in the swing itself, a three dimensional understanding of how the spine works for a golfer to catapult the ball is changing the lexicon of golf terminology. this is why we chose the name stack & tilt to convey this concept of the spine changing its flex while keeping the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5701326633049701, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.072717"} {"text": "during the old time, one or two months before norooz people were going to bazaar and buying their norooz clothes. those clothes were bought which had red or yellow color and were bright. they believed if they be sewing their clothes on monday or friday its better than thursday. because on thursday the time is heavy! and their clothes won ' t be sewing soon! and if they cut clothes on tuesday it ' s going to be for thief and on wednesday it ' ll be burned! they thought they have to bake sweet bread or make cookies too ; ( those were works that should be done before norooz ). about ten days before norooz people grew the grassplot in the dishes and one or two weeks before norooz they began house cleaning. the most important thing in norooz is sofreye haft sin [ people lay the table that spread somagh ( sumac ) - senjend ( oleaster ) - samano ( juice of germinating wheat ) - sir ( garlic ) - serke ( vinegar ) - sabze ( grassplot ) - and seke ( coin ) on it ; all of the things on the dinner - cloth have philosophical reasons. for example ( candle ) is a symbol for light, ( qoran ) is a symbol to pay attention to god, ( money ) is a symbol for blessed, ( spand ) is a symbol to avoid harm, ( rice ) a symbol for welfare, ( water ) a symbol for cleanliness, ( little red fish ) bring people good luck, ( mirror ) a symbol for cleanliness and gold metal a symbol for hope to have a good position in new year. the candles should not be turned off with blowing out, but also they should burn completely or turned off with sugar. from morning of the first day of norooz people beginning meet each other. in all families it ' s a custom that first of all, people going to visit the old person of their relatives. in the first day of norooz is a custom that people eating a food that makes from rice, vegetables and fish.... [ continues ] cite this essay ( 2005, 11 ). norooz celebration. studymode. com. retrieved 11, 2005, from http : / / www. studymode. com / essays / norooz - celebration - 70770. html \" norooz celebration \" studymode. com. 11 2005. 11 2005 < http : / / www.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47838646227878356, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.075482"} {"text": "[ name of the writer ] [ name of the institution ] christianity in japan japan has been a home for shinto and buddhist religions for centuries. the christian missionaries during the 16th, 19th and 20th centuries worked hard to evangelize the japanese nation but could not get desired success. there efforts in past failed partly due to sanctions imposed by the local rulers. the jesuits missionaries traveled with spanish and portuguese traders to many areas of america and asia - pacific and established their churches and religious missions. they were funded, sponsored and trained by their respective governments in order to spread christianity. at several places they preached the christian faith by force but the aboriginal population did not accept it wholeheartedly. initially the jesuits targeted the elite class of the country and a large number was converted. the rulers also forced their subject to embrace the same faith. about 300, 000 japanese were converted in the first phase. later on, christianity was prohibited as the rulers started seeing them as a threat to their authority. following a change of regime, the ban was lifted and missionaries were again allowed to enter japan. like many native american tribes, the japanese also resisted the new religion. as a result, presently christians form only 1 % of the total population in japan. this paper is focused on how the christian religion was introduced in japan, the evolution of evangelism, establishment of churches, the restrictions and hurdles faced by the missionaries and priest of the new religion and the response of japanese nation towards an alien faith. all these queries are answered in detail given as follows. christianity in japan spread in various phases. like many other parts of world, it was brought by religious missionaries and the european traders and invaders. it is almost in middle of the 16th century that the portuguese traders arrived on the \" land of rising sun \". the... [ continues ] cite this essay ( 2004, 01 ). the spread of christianity to japan. studymode. com. retrieved 01, 2004, from http : / / www. studymode. com / essays / spread - christianity - japan - 45374. html \" the spread of christianity to japan \" studymode. com. 01 2004. 01 2004 < http : / / www. studymode. com / essays / spread - christianity - japan - 45374. html >. \" the spread of christianity to japan. \" studymode. com. 01, 2004. accessed 01, 2004. http : / / www. studymode. com / essays / spread - christianity - japan - 4537", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47171385678819655, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.078212"} {"text": "in class workshop : the process of writing engc1011 university writing and critical reading kevin l. callahan engc1011 writing instructor the purpose of this class is to discuss the process of writing and to do a diagnostic paragraph and a focused freewriting exercise. - a reminder : i am available on an individual basis for anyone who would like to learn or needs a refresher on how to use a computer, use e - mail, find a website, or search the internet. - a short question and answer period about the syllabus, first two assignments, and handouts. - editing practice and proofreading the syllabus. - a description of the folder that later assignments are to be handed in with. - 5 minute warm up writing exercise. you will write a 3 sentence ( minimum ), handwritten and double spaced diagnostic paragraph for your instructor on the following topics. \" where do you actually go to read and study? if it is a different location or environment, where do you efficiently get written work done? \" \" define what the optimal environment for writing and studying is for you? \" try to edit and proofread this and correct all spelling errors and mechanical errors. 6 ) we will collectively discuss the various steps involved with writing a typical research paper and list them on the board. - 15 minute freewriting exercise. - discussion of the experience of freewriting. instructions for focused freewriting : - think of a topic that is \" autobiographical \" in nature ( a personal experience from your life that you would want to still remember 40 years from now ). it should be an experience that you learned a lesson from i. e. there was a point to it. it can be either serious or entertaining in nature, but it should not be boring. this topic may eventually be discussed in public, so you probably do not want to pick the most embarrassing moment in your life, unless you are no longer embarrassed by it. - \" concentrate entirely on writing without stopping, even if you think you have nothing to say. simply writing \" im stuck, im stuck \" will at least force you to begin writing. \" ( longman, 2000 : 23 ). - do not lift your pen from the paper. do not stop writing. - do not worry about spelling, punctuation, or grammar just keep writing. - do not be concerned about where your mind goes with it. just keep writing.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5193187207692909, "token_count": 487, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.080702"} {"text": "academic standards correlations on teachers ' domain use the achievement standards network ( asn ) database of state and national standards, provided to nsdl projects courtesy of jes & co. we assign reference terms to each statement within a standards document and to each media resource, and correlations are based upon matches of these terms for a given grade band. if a particular standards document of interest to you is not displayed yet, it most likely has not yet been processed by asn or by teachers ' domain. we will be adding social studies and arts correlations over the coming year, and also will be increasing the specificity of alignment. air is a mixture of different molecules. its composition is the result of chemical reactions, atmospheric motion, and emissions from a variety of sources, both natural and manmade. one of these emissions is carbon dioxide ( co2 ). co2 is a greenhouse gas : it traps the heat from sunlight close to earth ' s surface. in their natural balance, greenhouse gases make earth habitable for humans and other living things. however, a change in their concentration may affect atmospheric temperatures dramatically. in fact, most climate scientists are convinced that an increased concentration of co2 in the atmosphere is one of the leading drivers of global warming today. in this lesson, students will discover how carbon dioxide is added into the atmosphere and the effect it ' s having on environmental public health. the lesson begins with a brief review of the molecules that make up air. students use lego bricks to model these molecules, with individual bricks representing the atoms that make up the molecules. continuing with lego bricks, they investigate how co2 enters the atmosphere through a chemical reaction called combustion. next, students learn about the relationship between air and atmospheric conditions, and watch a video that describes environmental disasters associated with atmospheric warming. they learn how the concentration of co2 in the atmosphere correlates with temperature and then explore an interactive activity that details the potential impact of atmospheric warming on human health. the lesson ends with a class discussion of ways to reduce the concentration of co2 in the air. note : this lesson may be followed up with the understanding air : air pollution and modeling pollutants with lego\u00ae bricks lesson plan, which demonstrates other forms of pollution that result from incomplete combustion and other chemical reactions in the air. climate change and human health interactive printing instructions : set scaling to \" 0 % \" or \" none \" so that the lego bricks on the printouts are actual size. print two - page documents back - to - back and laminate, if possible ; or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5554983185447688, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.093661"} {"text": "change and human health interactive printing instructions : set scaling to \" 0 % \" or \" none \" so that the lego bricks on the printouts are actual size. print two - page documents back - to - back and laminate, if possible ; or print one - sided and use a plastic sleeve. 1. explain that air is a mixture of gases and is essential to life. even though air is invisible, it is all around us. air is made up of molecules ( groups of two or more atoms that are bonded together ). the types and amounts of atoms and molecules in air can impact both environmental and public health. 2. to pique student interest, and to uncover any misconceptions students may have about air, conduct a class survey. hand out the what is air made of? guess! document survey, have students look at it, and then have them vote anonymously by raising their hands with their heads down and eyes closed. before revealing the correct answer ( b ), tally their votes and put them up on the board. note : the answer to the survey question is printed on the back of the handout, so tell students not to turn it over. if time allows, have students debate the question, then vote to see whose answer was most convincing. or, ask students to discuss what they know about air that might help them answer the question. you may reveal the correct answer to the class or allow them to discover it for themselves in the next step. 3. tell students they will now have a chance to make a model of air. distribute one lego\u00ae atoms and molecules layout mat document to each group of two or three students. this document explains the contents of the lego brick set. you may also distribute the lego\u00ae atoms and molecules : chemical reactions student worksheet document to refresh the students ' understanding of the types of matter. explain that they will use the lego bricks to model tiny particles of matter that are too small to be seen. each brick represents an atom, and they will use these atoms to build four types of molecules : nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water. using the back of the what is air made of? guess! document as their guide, have them construct a model of air that reflects the correct components and their concentrations. after they have done this, point out the \" 390 parts per million ( ppm ) \" label under the co2 molecule. have students convert 20 percent oxygen and 80 percent nitrogen into ppm. ( that is, convert the fractions 20 /", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5627051517608361, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.094619"} {"text": "after they have done this, point out the \" 390 parts per million ( ppm ) \" label under the co2 molecule. have students convert 20 percent oxygen and 80 percent nitrogen into ppm. ( that is, convert the fractions 20 / 100 = x / 1, 000, 000 and 80 / 100 = x / 1, 000, 000. ) the answers are 200, 000 ppm for oxygen and 800, 000 ppm for nitrogen. compare the figures for oxygen and nitrogen with that of co2. finally, ask students if they know what the number \" 350 \" stands for in the context of co2 and climate change. ( it is the ppm number that climate scientists have determined is the safe upper limit for co2 in our atmosphere. this suggests that the current concentration is unsafe. ) 4. explain to students that the burning of fossil fuels is the largest humanmade source of carbon dioxide, and that driving cars is one of the primary activities during which fossil fuels are burned. tell the class that they are now going to use their lego sets for an inquiry activity to discover how co2 is produced in an automobile engine. first, ask students, what makes conventional car engines run? ( newer electric and hybrid cars should be omitted from the discussion. ) in other words, what three things go into the engine? student answers should include gas, air, and a spark. if they don ' t mention a spark, you might give them a hint by telling them spark plugs are positioned inside the engine chamber, to provide one of the three things the engine needs to run. next, ask, what comes out of the engine when it is running? their answers should include heat, exhaust gases, water, and black particles or soot. if they need prompting, ask them what the hood of a car feels like after a long drive, or if they ' ve ever seen smoke coming out of a car or something dripping from the tailpipe. finally, ask students to summarize what they ' ve learned : \" a car engine runs because it burns fuel. \" or \" fuel + air + a spark ( to start ) makes for combustion. \" be sure to mention the name of the reaction \u2014 combustion \u2014 and give a general description of it. for example, \" when fuels burn, combustion is taking place. \" or, \" if you put a tiny amount of high - energy fuel ( like gasoline ) in a small, enclosed space and ignite it, an incredible amount of energy is released in the form of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5314730816409692, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.095582"} {"text": "when fuels burn, combustion is taking place. \" or, \" if you put a tiny amount of high - energy fuel ( like gasoline ) in a small, enclosed space and ignite it, an incredible amount of energy is released in the form of expanding gas. \" 5. students will now model how co2 is produced during combustion. first, explain to students that fuels, such as the gasoline used in cars, are mixtures of different molecular compounds called hydrocarbons. hydrocarbons contain only hydrogen and carbon atoms. next, have students build oxygen and hydrocarbon molecules using the lego bricks and the burning fuel : complete combustion document as a guide. wait until all students have built the lego molecules and placed them on the pictures on side 1 of the handout. instruct students to return all the other bricks to the kit. note : the handout will provide shapes for c3h8 ( propane ), o2, h2o, and co2 and instructions for modeling the chemical reaction. explain that propane is another type of fuel. students might recognize the name because it is commonly used for outdoor grills. you might mention that octane, which is found in gasoline, is similar to propane but has eight carbon atoms instead of three. for this lesson, propane is easier to model. next, write the following chemical reaction on the board : mention the \" spark! \" then have students turn the burning fuel : complete combustion document over to side 2 and build the products using the same lego - brick atoms from the reactants. students should recognize that water and carbon dioxide ( shown in panels 1 and 2 ) are the products of complete combustion. panel 3 introduces the fact that a co2 molecule has the ability to trap heat, preventing its escape into space. you may want to reiterate to your students that, in reality, co2 molecules are much too small to be seen. note : before moving to part iii, have students put away the lego bricks and close the lid to avoid possible distractions. 6. briefly discuss with the class that the composition of air can affect the temperature in earth ' s atmosphere. emphasize that what ' s contained in the \" less than 1 percent \" has the most influence. then show students the global warming and the greenhouse effect video. it describes some of the types of environmental disasters caused by atmospheric warming and suggests that \" pollution \" caused by humans is to blame for the rise in global temperature. watch the first 1 : 10 of the video, until the narrator says \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5705782008316431, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.096688"} {"text": "effect video. it describes some of the types of environmental disasters caused by atmospheric warming and suggests that \" pollution \" caused by humans is to blame for the rise in global temperature. watch the first 1 : 10 of the video, until the narrator says \" \u2026 to power our energy - intensive world. \" after showing the video, you might mention that in december 2009, epa announced for the first time that greenhouse gases, including co2, contribute to air pollution that may endanger public health. 7. lead a brief discussion about co2. even though it makes up such a small part of air, it is a potent greenhouse gas. most scientists agree that the recent increase in global temperature results at least in part from human activities. data used to support this conclusion show a rise in the concentrations of certain greenhouse gases that correlate with rising global temperatures. 8. to reinforce this idea with respect to co2, have students review the chart in the co2 concentrations at mauna loa observatory hawai\u02bbi document. this chart illustrates co2 ' s rise over time in the atmosphere, from 1958 through 2003. overall, co2 levels have risen from fairly stable levels before the industrial revolution ( 280 parts per million ), to much higher levels today ( 392 parts per million as of 2011 ). before moving on, ask the class why they think average co2 levels increased each year as represented in the graph. 9. next, tell the class they ' re going to review the physics of the greenhouse effect and explore how co2 gets into the atmosphere. show students the global warming : the physics of the greenhouse effect video. after watching the video, ask students to do the following : 10. in the proper balance, greenhouse gases make life on earth possible. however, any increase in the concentration of these gases can alter the natural balance and dramatically change global temperatures. when co2 and other heat - trapping emissions are released into the air, they act like a blanket, holding heat in our atmosphere and warming the planet. lead a brief discussion of the blanket analogy. ensure that students understand that an increased concentration of co2 molecules in the atmosphere means that there are more molecules present to absorb and \" trap \" the energy from the sun, which will cause the temperature of the atmosphere to increase. show students the climate change and human health interactive. it explores how unchecked co2 emissions may affect human health. specifically, it examines the link between atmospheric warming and increased incidence of disease. it also describes the potential consequences of exposures and outbreaks and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5276416542766653, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.097708"} {"text": "the climate change and human health interactive. it explores how unchecked co2 emissions may affect human health. specifically, it examines the link between atmospheric warming and increased incidence of disease. it also describes the potential consequences of exposures and outbreaks and suggests some ways communities, governments, and public health workers can act to reduce the impact. 11. around the world, people are growing increasingly concerned about co2 emissions. while there are skeptics who argue that global warming is a natural phenomenon, the idea that humans are contributing to it is much more widely accepted. ask students to think of some things individuals, scientists, and governments can do to reduce co2 emissions and help slow climate change. students ' ideas might include the following : optional : you may want to direct advanced students to review the carbon cycle diagram image to learn more about human activities and other sources that release co2 into the atmosphere, and the capturing carbon : where do we put it? interactive to learn about some of the places we might store co2 and prevent its release into the atmosphere. these resources may also provide helpful background information for teachers. each group of two or three students should be able to model ( with legos ) the production of co2 from burning hydrocarbons, summarize the physics of the greenhouse effect, and describe some potential effects of atmospheric warming on human health. you might also have students extend their thinking on this subject by asking, what other activities besides driving cars do millions of people do that emit tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere? answers might include breathing, heating our homes by burning wood or coal, cutting down trees, flying on jets, and manufacturing cement \u2014 which by itself accounts for 5 to 10 percent of the world ' s co2 emissions.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5118727083498092, "token_count": 354, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.098520"} {"text": "it ' s been unfairly maligned as sexist, but women and men alike would benefit from bringing it back. this past spring marked the 100th anniversary of the sinking of the titanic. on april 14, 1912, as the ship was on its maiden journey from southampton, uk, to new york city, it hit an iceberg in the north atlantic. about three hours later, it sank. three - quarters of the women on the ship survived ; over three quarters of the men, by contrast, died. in washington dc, there is a memorial to these men. the inscription on it reads : \" to the brave men who perished in the wreck of the titanic... they gave their lives that women and children might be saved. \" about a year ago, a group of today ' s men were tested the way that the men on board the titanic were. when the cruise ship costa concordia hit a rock and capsized off the coast of isola del giglio, tuscany, last january, men pushed women and children out of the way to save themselves. one australian woman on board reported at the time : the people that pushed their way on to the boat were then trying to tell them to shut the door, not to let any more people on the [ life ] boat after they had pushed their way on... we just couldn ' t believe it \u2014 especially the men, they were worse than the women. this contrast is indicative of a larger trend \u2014 the decline of chivalry and the rise of boorish behavior among men. according to a 2010 harris poll, 80 percent of americans say that women are treated with less chivalry today than in the past. this is a problem that all women \u2014 especially feminists \u2014 should push back against. after the women ' s liberation movement of the 1960s, which insisted on the equal treatment of women in all domains of life, feminists dismissed chivalry as sexist. they still do. a new study, published in the feminist journal psychology of women quarterly, questions the entire enterprise of male chivalry, which, in an orwellian flourish, it calls \" benevolent sexism. \" chivalrous behavior is benevolent because it flatters women and leads to their preferential treatment. but it is sexist because it relies on the \" gendered premise \" that women are weak and in need of protection while men are strong. \" benevolent sexism, \" kathleen connelly and martin heesacker of the university of florida write in the study, \" is an ideology", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4391861054355389, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.109743"} {"text": "relies on the \" gendered premise \" that women are weak and in need of protection while men are strong. \" benevolent sexism, \" kathleen connelly and martin heesacker of the university of florida write in the study, \" is an ideology that perpetuates gender inequality. \" they advocate interventions to reduce its prevalence, even though, they found, chivalry is associated with greater life satisfaction and the sense that the world is fair, well - ordered, and a good place. charles murray, the libertarian social scientist at the american enterprise institute, summed up the study with tongue - in - cheek, writing \" the bad news is that gentlemanly behavior makes people happy. \" he goes on to ask, \" when social scientists discover something that increases life satisfaction for both sexes, shouldn ' t they at least consider the possibility that they have come across something that is positive? healthy? something that might even conceivably be grounded in the nature of homo sapiens? \" in an interview, connelly tells me that despite murray ' s points, the problem with chivalry is that it assumes \" women are wonderful but weak. \" this assumption of female weakness puts women down, connelly says. perhaps because of women ' s ambivalence about chivalry, men have grown confused about how to treat women. will holding doors open for them or paying for the first date be interpreted as sexist? does carrying their groceries imply they ' re weak? the breakdown in the old rules, which at one extreme has given rise to the hookup culture, has killed dating and is leaving a lot of well - meaning men and women at a loss. historically, the chivalry ideal and the practices that it gave rise to were never about putting women down, as connelly and other feminists argue. chivalry, as a social idea, was about respecting and aggrandizing women, and recognizing that their attention was worth seeking, competing for, and holding. if there is a victim of \" benevolent sexism, \" it is not the career - oriented single college - aged feminist. rather, it is unconstrained masculinity. \" we should have a clear notion of what chivalry is, \" argues pier massimo forni, an award - winning professor of italian literature and the founder of the civility institute at johns hopkins. \" it was a form of preferential treatment that men once accorded to women generations ago, inspired by the sense that there was something special about women", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5134581217341954, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.110982"} {"text": "an award - winning professor of italian literature and the founder of the civility institute at johns hopkins. \" it was a form of preferential treatment that men once accorded to women generations ago, inspired by the sense that there was something special about women, that they deserve added respect, and that not doing so was uncouth, cowardly and essentially despicable. \" chivalry arose as a response to the violence and barbarism of the middle ages. it cautioned men to temper their aggression, deploying it only in appropriate circumstances \u2014 like to protect the physically weak and defenseless members of society. as the author and self - described \" equity feminist \" christina hoff sommers tells me in an interview, \" masculinity with morality and civility is a very powerful force for good. but masculinity without these virtues is dangerous \u2014 even lethal. \" chivalry is grounded in a fundamental reality that defines the relationship between the sexes, she explains. given that most men are physically stronger than most women, men can overpower women at any time to get what they want. gentlemen developed symbolic practices to communicate to women that they would not inflict harm upon them and would even protect them against harm. the tacit assumption that men would risk their lives to protect women only underscores how valued women are \u2014 how elevated their status is \u2014 under the system of chivalry. a story from the life of samuel proctor ( d. 1997 ) comes to mind here. proctor was the beloved pastor of harlem ' s abyssinian baptist church. apparently, he was in the elevator one day when a young woman came in. proctor tipped his hat at her. she was offended and said, \" what is that supposed to mean? \" the pastor ' s response was : \" madame, by tipping my hat i was telling you several things. that i would not harm you in any way. that if someone came into this elevator and threatened you, i would defend you. that if you fell ill, i would tend to you and if necessary carry you to safety. i was telling you that even though i am a man and physically stronger than you, i will treat you with both respect and solicitude. but frankly, madame, it would have taken too much time to tell you all of that ; so, instead, i just tipped my hat. \" some women are trying to bring back chivalry. since 2009, for instance, a group of women at arizona state university have devoted themselves to res", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4715232592395441, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.112718"} {"text": "much time to tell you all of that ; so, instead, i just tipped my hat. \" some women are trying to bring back chivalry. since 2009, for instance, a group of women at arizona state university have devoted themselves to resuscitating gentlemanly behavior and chivalry on a campus whose social life is overwhelmingly defined by partying, frat life, and casual sex. every spring for the past three years, these women have gathered for the \" gentlemen ' s showcase \" to honor men who have acted chivalrously by, for example, opening the door for a woman or digging a woman ' s car out of several feet of snow. the event has spread to campuses nationwide. its goal is \" to encourage mutual respect between the sexes, \" karin agness tells me in an interview. agness is the founder and president of the network of enlightened women, the organization that hosts gentlemen ' s showcases at colleges each spring. \" the current framework is not generating healthy relationships, \" blayne bennett, the organizer of asu ' s first gentlemen ' s showcase, has said. \" i believe that chivalry provides the positive framework to maximize the overall happiness of men and women. \" women, she said, \" want to be treated like ladies. \" bennett and her fellow chivalry advocates have the right idea. \" if women give up on chivalry, it will be gone, \" sommers tells me. \" if boys can get away with being boorish, they will, happily. women will pay the price. \" if feminists want to level the playing field between men and women, they should find common cause with traditionalist women, like those at asu, on the issue of chivalry. both groups are concerned with how men treat women. they just differ in what that means : feminists want men to treat women as equals ; traditionalists want men to treat women like ladies. are the two mutually exclusive? chivalry is about respect. it is about not harming or hurting others, especially those who are more vulnerable than you. it is about putting other people first and serving others often in a heroic or courageous manner. it is about being polite and courteous. in other words, chivalry in the age of post - feminism is another name we give to civility. when we give up on civility, understood in this way, we can never have relationships that are as meaningful as they could be. if women today \u2014 feminists and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44964036281566194, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.113737"} {"text": "in the age of post - feminism is another name we give to civility. when we give up on civility, understood in this way, we can never have relationships that are as meaningful as they could be. if women today \u2014 feminists and non - feminists alike \u2014 encouraged both men and women to adopt the principles of civil and chivalrous conduct, then the standards of behavior for the two sexes would be the same, fostering the equality that feminists desire. moreover, the relations between the sexes would be once again based on mutual respect, as the traditionalists want. men and women may end up being civil and well - mannered in different ways, but at least they would be civil and well - mannered, an improvement on the current situation. through a tragic event that occurred last summer, our nation was jolted into recognizing chivalry ' s enduring power. during a screening of the dark knight, a deranged gunman opened fire in an aurora, colorado, theater, murdering twelve innocent people. three men, all in their twenties, were in the audience that day with their girlfriends. when the shots rang out across the theater, these men threw themselves over their girlfriends, saving the women ' s lives. all three of the men died. at the time, hanna rosin noted that what these men did was \" deeper \" than chivalry. it was heroic. i agree. but heroism and chivalry share a basic feature in common \u2014 the recognition, a transcendent one, that there is something greater than the self worth protecting, and that there is something greater than the self worth sacrificing your own needs, desires, and even life for. if we can all agree that the kind of culture we should aspire to live in is one in which men and women protect and honor each other in the ways that they can \u2014 and not one in which men are pushing past women and children to save their own lives \u2014 then that is progress that women everywhere should support.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4990393831865535, "token_count": 407, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.114531"} {"text": "faulty gene causes foetal abnormalities, find experts researchers from university of leeds, england together with colleagues in paris, rome, and san diego established that a defective gene tmem216 is the cause of various foetal deformities in infants. defective tmem216 or transmembrane protein 216 was known to cause meckel - gruber and joubert syndromes in kids. the hindu quoted lead researcher colin a. johnson, professor, leeds university as saying, \u201c these findings may ultimately lead to treatments for more common related disorders, such as spina bifida and polycystic kidney disease. \u201d \u201c spina bifida, for example, is one of the most common birth defects, affecting one in every 1, 000 children, \u201d added the researcher. researchers conducted the study on people having a family history of meckel - gruber and joubert syndromes. for the study, researchers collected dna samples from subjects \u2019 skin cells and from in vitro cells ( cells grown in the lab ). researchers also studied zebrafish, which is known to have extremely visible embryos. they learnt that the previously unknown gene tmem216 was known to trigger meckel - gruber and joubert syndromes in subjects. meckel - gruber syndrome is rare genetic disorder characterized by renal cystic dysplasia ( abnormality of development ) and hepatic ( liver ) developmental defects. joubert syndrome is a genetic disorder affecting the area of the brain that controls balance and coordination. the two syndromes are part of a family of disorders called \u2018 ciliopathies \u2019. it is known so because the cilia, or cell \u2019 s finger - like antennae, do not function in the manner they should and do not respond properly to signals. the faulty tmem216 gene hence was found to stop cells from making a protein that is needed for signaling, stated the researchers. they further added that this lack of communication could prevent the neural tube from developing properly in maturing embryos, thus causing abnormalities in the brain. \u201c affected embryos can also develop abnormalities in the eyes, extra fingers or toes, and multiple cysts in their kidneys, \u201d the hindu quoted johnson as saying. \u201c these defects are often only picked up on a 12 week ultrasound scan, \u201d added johnson. researchers also found that meckel - gruber and joubert syndromes were genetic disorders with recessive characteristics. hence, couples who both have a copy of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5049980314323641, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.117233"} {"text": "the machine was described as having a wooden centerpiece, fifteen feet long, covered with a thin piece of brass. from the centerpiece there extended spikes of wood three feet long, over which were placed wooden rings six feet in diameter. over the rings were drawn rubber and canvas sails. in the front there was a rubber balloon, large enough to hold five men and an electric battery, which was to furnish both light and propelling power. the steering apparatus was in the rear. on november 18th, 1896 the sacramento evening bee reported that an \" aerial ship \" had been seen by hundreds of eyewitnesses bobbing in the wind over their fair city. did leon leave early? was his ship faster then he realized? had he indeed achieved his transcontinental flight? the bee went on to say that these eye witnesses stated that the object appeared as a bright light, or an \" electric arc lamp, \" if you will, and that it was \" propelled by some mysterious force. \" moreover some witnesses claimed to have heard \" voices \" coming from the object! one witness said he heard a voice say, \" lift her up quick, your making for that steeple! \" that article which was of course front page news was the beginning of a wave of sightings that continued through the end of 1897 and became a \" national phenomenon. \" today ufo researchers refer to that period as the \" air ships of 1896 - 1897. \" the focus here will be on that very first sighting as reported by the bee, and later by san francisco papers. in analyzing the article ( s ), there are some very interesting observations one can make about our culture during that time period as well as from a psychological standpoint. first let ' s understand the flavor of the times : jules verne had people ' s minds churning with his science fiction novels about mysterious inventors creating \" futuristic machines, \" e. g., captain nemo and his submarine. top astronomers of the time ironically were publishing papers on the question of \" mars being inhabited. \" cities were being illuminated by the installation of electric lights. manned balloon flight had been around since the 1700 ' s. the first successful glider flight was made forty - three years earlier. it was nearing the end of the century, and man knew he was destined to conquer the skies \u2013 it was only a matter of time. having said that, was the sight of this contraption overwhelming for the average man or woman on the street to comprehend? the answer to that, for the most part is mixed.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5013480473681763, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.121213"} {"text": "destined to conquer the skies \u2013 it was only a matter of time. having said that, was the sight of this contraption overwhelming for the average man or woman on the street to comprehend? the answer to that, for the most part is mixed. san francisco papers initially scoffed at the reports of the so - called flying machine. on the 18th, the san francisco chronicle wrote : \" what is probably one of the greatest hoaxes that has ever been sprung on any community has been started in this city, and yet were it not for the improbability of the thing there would be the best of reasons for believing it true. \" on the 20th this was published : \" are there up in the sky four jolly and intrepid human travelers, paying their respects to mars, singing quartets to venus, and saluting the planets generally within hailing distance, or are the people of sacramento affected with the disease known in polite society as ' illuminated staggers? ' \" san francisco ' s skeptical attitude changed the next day when they had a rash of their own sightings. in the mean time sacramentans were still pondering over what they saw. most people, two days after the sightings said it must have been a meteor or a balloon with some sort of light attached to it. the thought of it being some type of aircraft was called \" ridiculous \" by the bee. i find it interesting that even after a hundred years, man still exhibits the same behavioral characteristics. that is to say, when a group of people witnesses something beyond the realm of normalcy, even when the event is clearly seen, it seems they choose to explain it with answers that fall within that realm, e. g., when interviewed by the bee, weather observer barwick admits that the object couldn ' t have been a meteor based on the description of the light and the speed of the object, so he goes onto say that it must have been a hoax. many see strange ' airship ' february 27, 1913 ufo chronicle | 6 - 5 - 1910 : object resembling airship ( ufo ) emerges from ocean report a mysterious airship december 10, 1901 share your ufo experience \u2191grab this headline animator", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4817172656601787, "token_count": 439, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.123306"} {"text": "produced by students for teachers, students, parents, and caregivers students ' take guidelines students ' take release forms (. pdf file ) welcome to thirteen ed online ' s \" students ' take \"! this project provides a place for students to speak out on issues affecting their lives. each month, students create an original web piece, often including interviews, video, articles, graphics, interactive features, and more, based on a thought - provoking theme. we are always impressed and encouraged by the sincerity, thoughtfulness, and candor of the projects. it ' s so important to know what students really think - - that ' s why we publish these projects as we receive them. therefore, the ideas and opinions showcased in \" students ' take \" do not necessarily represent the views of thirteen / wnet new york. this also means that we ask students to take responsibility for securing rights and properly citing the source of any images or other content on the site. this is a valuable lesson in web publishing, and students ' take affords kids a real - life opportunity in the web publishing world. big shots and bad guys of nyc sports sixth and seventh graders from the mott hall ii after - school program give their take on sports heroes and villains from their home town. check it out! our take on the war young people from the intel computer clubhouse research and share their thoughts on war as a friend and mentor prepares to leave for active duty in the middle east. learning more through financial literacy young men and women from the phipps after - school program explore the different ways boys and girls budget their allowances, and create a vision for a future investment. our journey as chinese americans through original art work, poetry and prose, students from the chinese - american planning council explore what it means to \" become american. \" the art of the poetry slam students from video link celebrate the arts by writing and performing original poetry. check out how these \" leading young men and women \" from the bronx have integrated technology into the art of the poetry slam. the green - wood cemetery story students from the project reach youth learning center at m. s. 88 researched the green - wood cemetery, a brooklyn, n. y. landmark located right in their neighborhood. get the story on the cemetery ' s fascinating history and architecture and enjoy the activities designed by the students. students from aspira of new york ( http : / / www. aspira. org ) reflect on different holidays through their words and pictures. a bloody delight students from aspira of new", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47437734397209524, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.132701"} {"text": "and enjoy the activities designed by the students. students from aspira of new york ( http : / / www. aspira. org ) reflect on different holidays through their words and pictures. a bloody delight students from aspira of new york ( http : / / www. aspira. org ) share their artistic perspectives on vampire bats and the mythological creature from puerto rico, the chupacabra. heroes of the world this month read about heroes who inspired the students at the boys ' club of new york - milliken clubhouse. discover how each student defines \" hero \" and learn more about the individuals who inspire them, from politicians to sports stars to musicians to family members. harlem : our community this month listen to what students from harlem live have to say about their community as they share their thoughts on the culture, people, and beauty of harlem. watch their student created videos on their project web site. join students from the digital clubhouse network in the process of self exploration. see how these students used the art of filmmaking in creating their own digital movies and read about their experiences. monitoring scientific progress join these 9th grade students from the school of the future in their exploration of scientific progress in the field of hydrology. see how these students applied this concept in their exploration of new york city ' s water system. in this special edition of students ' take, five after - school groups and classes produced projects on the theme of latino culture. these students - - including students of latino heritage and other diverse backgrounds - - created original artwork and text to express what latino culture means to them. new frontiers in science and space technology in this students ' take project, members of the harriman boys ' club of new york examine some of the benefits of research conducted in space. see what they have to say about innovations in space technology as they explore these new frontiers. the art of the poetry slam the students of video link explore the theme of the arts by writing and performing original poetry. the environment : are people its worst nightmare? the harriman boys ' club put together an exciting multimedia project about how the environment impacts endangered animal populations. in this students ' take project, members of the harriman clubhouse of the boys ' club of new york try out some of the fun and educational math games from the cyberchase web site and tell us their thoughts on why math matters. oldest synagogue & famous jews in america explore a little bit of jewish culture with the harriman boy ' s club, as they examine america ' s oldest synagogue", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4894283251623872, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.134090"} {"text": "math games from the cyberchase web site and tell us their thoughts on why math matters. oldest synagogue & famous jews in america explore a little bit of jewish culture with the harriman boy ' s club, as they examine america ' s oldest synagogue, and one of this country ' s most prominent jews - steven spielberg. the children who care about muslims by crafting \" the children who care about muslims \", members of the harriman clubhouse of the boys ' club of new york offer their perspectives of islamic culture including their thoughts about our muslim friends and factual information about the religion. the world trade center bombing : an american holocaust members of the harriman clubhouse of the boys ' club of new york share their feelings about the events of september 11th and interview fellow new yorkers to get their reactions to the tragedy. the black experience this student - generated project explores how history, heritage, and society have shaped the identities of african and afro - caribbean students. created at the norwalk housing authority ' s computer learning centers, this web site features poetry, interviews, and essays, all celebrating the pride of being black in america today. who am i? this students ' take features a web site entitled \" who am i? \" created by students from the video - link summer media program of 2001. the page features a list of adjectives the students feel best describe who they are and letters by the students describing \" what we really are all about : our likes, our dislikes, our hopes and our thoughts. \" 125 - year history of the harriman boys ' club! students from the harriman boys ' club turn their investigative skills inward on their own environment. in this multimedia project, the boys explore the role that the boys ' club has played in the lower east side of manhattan for more than a century through research, photos, and video interviews with boys ' club alumni. gay and lesbian rights students from the after - school drop - in center of the hetrick - martin institute banded together to share their thoughts about gay and lesbian life. check out their web pages for their insightful personal essays and poetry on the topic! the history of chinatown in new york city students from the boys ' club explore part of the new york asian american community in \" the history of chinatown in new york city, \" with pictorial references, video clips, and interviews. members of the boys ' club did research, interviews, and artwork on air pollution. the boys explored both human and natural causes of air pollution, and provided information on their program through text", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5010642871214136, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.135307"} {"text": "city, \" with pictorial references, video clips, and interviews. members of the boys ' club did research, interviews, and artwork on air pollution. the boys explored both human and natural causes of air pollution, and provided information on their program through text, video, and drawing. women ' s history month the grand street settlement ' s girl ' s and young women ' s initiative ( gywi ) has produced a special web piece in celebration of women ' s history month. find out why eleanor roosevelt, toni morrison, and rosa parks are some of these girls ' favorite women. speaking out about culture students from the video - link after school program in ms 321 in community school district 10 in the bronx, new york, speak about culture in their community. \" heart in the middle of the world \" an installation created by students at the united nations international school dedicated to children surviving war and ethnic conflict. teachers and learning environments students from girls ' and young women ' s initiative try to find out what makes a good teacher and a good learning environment. they write thoughtfully about their learning environments, discuss the importance of education, interview their teachers, analyze teaching styles, and offer suggestions. diversity in school find out what kids have to say about race, gender, and equality in the classroom. high school students from talent search produced this piece on diversity in school. students grades 8 - 12 from harlemlive produced this piece on teen smoking. breaking the glass ceiling who is bessie coleman? high school students from harlemlive have submitted profiles of this and other accomplished women. also, find out what students think about women in the military, abortion, and pop media. this students ' take focusses on the inequity of access to technology in schools, cities, and suburbs. check out a video clip that students from harlemlive produced and read some of their comments.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4860705356204749, "token_count": 375, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.136151"} {"text": "if you came to this page directly and do not see a navigation frame on top, please go to the home page. dessau - ro\u00dflau is situated at an altitude of 61 m at the confluence of the rivers elbe and mulde. the town was formed by merger of the towns dessau and ro\u00dflau ( elbe ) on 1 july 2007. dessau - ro\u00dflau is the third town of saxony - anhalt by population ( 2006 : ca. 91, 200 ), after magdeburg and halle ( saale ). dessau is the largest population centre within dessau - ro\u00dflau, with approximately 77, 000 inhabitants ( 2006 ). most of the town is located on the left bank of the mulde, south of its confluence with the elbe. dessau was first mentioned in 1213, and became the capital of a small state ( anhalt - dessau ) in the 14th century. between 1863 and 1918, it was the capital of anhalt. since the second half of the 19th century, dessau is an industrial city. the famous art and architecture school bauhaus was located in dessau between 1925 and 1932. the erbprinzen - palais [ left ] was originally built in 1740 / 1741 by prince leopold i of anhalt - dessau as one of two palais for his sons leopold maximilian and friedrich heinrich eugen ( second and fourth son ). eugen died in 1781 and in his last will confirmed that the palais should always remain in the family. in 1792 it became the home of hereditary prince friedrich ( son of leopold iii of anhalt - dessau ) and his wife princess amalie of hesse - homburg. the old palace was demolished in 1884 / 1885 and was replaced by a new palais in historicist style ( depicted on glass no. 2625 ). in 1927 the palais was demolished to make place for a new theatre. however, the theatre was not built due to the great depression of 1929. the park, however, was opened to the general public. ro\u00dflau has approximately 13, 000 inhabitants ( 2006 ). it is located on the right bank of the elbe, near its confluence with the mulde, about 7 kilometers north of the centre of dessau. before it merged with dessau, it was part of the district anhalt - zerbst. ro\u00dflau was first mentioned as rozelowe in 1215. the name is of dutch origin an refers to a settlement founded by immigrants from the area of reuzel in northern brabant. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43025841352438005, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.141385"} {"text": "of the district anhalt - zerbst. ro\u00dflau was first mentioned as rozelowe in 1215. the name is of dutch origin an refers to a settlement founded by immigrants from the area of reuzel in northern brabant. the first bridge across the river elbe was built in 1583, and already 20 years later ro\u00dflau was granted the privileges of a market town. between 1765 and 1767 ro\u00dflau was the point of departure of many colonists who were called into russia by empress catherine the great, a princess of anhalt - zerbst by birth. the berlin - anhalt railroad company was founded in 1839 ; the first section between kothen and dessau was opened in 1840. in 1841 the section to wittenberg was added and in the same year the line between berlin and juterbog was completed. the final section between juterbog and wittenberg followed later in the same year. a tram line between dessau and ro\u00dflau was opened in 1907. between 1935 and 1946 ro\u00dflau ( elbe ) was incorporated into the municipality of dessau. in 1994 the districts ro\u00dflau, zerbst and parts of the district grafenhainichen were merged to become the district anhalt - zerbst. on 1 july 2007 the district was dissolved and divided between the districts anhalt - bitterfeld, jerichower land and wittenberg ; at the same time the municipality of ro\u00dflau ( elbe ) was merged with dessau to become the new municipality dessau - ro\u00dflau. the town church sankt marien [ left ] was first mentioned in 1316. in 1626 it was completely destroyed during a battle. in 1651 prince johann vi of anhalt - zerbst gave the permission to rebuild the church. in 18511854 the church was remodeled in gothic revival style by christian conrad hengst.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4112957360792786, "token_count": 376, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.142094"} {"text": "yomtov, vol. i, # 37 the shofar : a wake - up call by : rabbi yehudah prero we find that when the torah speaks of rosh hashana, it tells us \" yom teru ' ah yih ' yeh lachem \", \" a day of teru ' ah ( sounding the horn ) should be to you \". although the verses do not elaborate on what type of horn or instrument is being sounded, our sages have taught us that it refers to the shofar, which is usually a ram ' s horn. why do we sound the shofar? what is it supposed to accomplish? the sefer hachinuch tells us that we must understand the nature of \" man \", human beings. as ' man ' is a creature from the physical realm, he is only aroused and inspired to action by something stirring, something that will cause him to snap out of the ordinary routine. we see this concept in practice at a time of war : in order to stir up the troops, trumpets are sounded, in hope that this arouses and motivates the soldiers to action. on rosh hashana, we do the same. we \" awaken \", by means of the shofar, all who are to be judged on this day. we try to incite all who have sinned to plead with hashem and request mercy from him when judging. hashem is receptive, as he is gracious, compassionate and forgiving, of those who return to him with a complete heart. if the sounding of the shofar has its intended effect, hashem will graciously accept the repentance of all on rosh hashana. the sound that eminates from and the shape of the shofar are meant to inspire us as well. the sefer hachinuch writes that the shofar is a reminder that man should strive to break the impulses of his heart which are evil with the sinful cravings of the world. how does the sound of the shofar accomplsih this? the actual sound emitted from the shofar is broken ; it is not one straight note, but a series of staccato blasts. the broken sound reminds us that we have a job of \" breaking \" to do as well - the breaking of our evil the shape of the shofar is not straight like a trumpet. rather, the end of the shofar is curved and bent. this bent shape is to remind us that we should bend", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4778853589070848, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.145193"} {"text": "\" breaking \" to do as well - the breaking of our evil the shape of the shofar is not straight like a trumpet. rather, the end of the shofar is curved and bent. this bent shape is to remind us that we should bend our hearts in subservience to hashem. check out all of the posts on elul and rosh hashana. head over to http : / / www. torah. org / learning / yomtov / to access the yomtov page. then click on the icon for the holiday of your choice. for questions, comments, and topic requests, please write to rabbi yehudah prero. a bed of potential roses rabbi label lam - 5761 the father of prophets shlomo katz - 5772 rabbi raymond beyda - 5766 yours is greater than theirs rabbi yissocher frand - 5767 when you rise rabbi berel wein - 5766 rabbi yaakov menken - 5758 it ' s summertime, and the parshiyos are depressing rabbi yissocher frand - 5764 shlomo katz - 5764 our eyes and ears shlomo katz - 5762 rabbi pinchas avruch - 5765 let ' s step up to the plate rabbi naftali reich - 5772 was moshe really humble? rabbi yaakov menken - 5762 mo ' better jews rabbi mordechai kamenetzky - 5760 eldad and meidad : the rest of the story rabbi yissocher frand - 5771 chance of a lifetime rabbi raymond beyda - 5767 a depression that impresses buy rabbi prero ' s book now", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.469369444134477, "token_count": 344, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.145720"} {"text": "susan solomon : service to america medalist on september 15, 2010, in recognition of her pioneering work that altered the course of atmospheric research, noaa senior scientist susan solomon was awarded the career achievement service to america medal. \" it ' s been a privilege doing science to serve the american public, and receiving this wonderful award is one of the most humbling experiences of my life, \" said solomon, who is based at noaa ' s earth system research laboratory in boulder, colo. solomon is the second noaa scientist to win a samuel j. heyman service to america medal, or \" sammie. \" in 2008, eddie bernard, director of noaa ' s pacific marine environmental laboratory in seattle, won for his work in establishing an international tsunami detection and forecast system. \" at noaa, i am proud to say that our standards for achievement are quite high. we have a team of scientists who are consistently producing awe - inspiring and important work. they provide much of the knowledge we need to address many of our world ' s environmental challenges, \" said jane lubchenco, under secretary of commerce for oceans and atmosphere and noaa administrator. \" but susan exceeds anyone ' s standards. the nation has benefited from her three decades at noaa, and we celebrate her accomplishments. \" solomon is best known for her groundbreaking work identifying the cause of the ozone hole. solomon and her colleagues showed that this ozone depletion is caused by unusual chemistry involving human - made chlorofluorocarbons that occurs under the extremely cold conditions of antarctica. her work was one of the scientific cornerstones on which the international montreal protocol was built, which curbed the use of ozone - destroying substances. \" science is there to inform, but the choices of what to do are up to all of us, \" solomon often says, referring to how science is used to make an important policy decision. solomon recently led another breakthrough study, one focused on global warming. her detailed research demonstrated how changes in surface temperature, rainfall and sea level are largely irreversible for more than 1, 000 years after carbon dioxide emissions are completely stopped. in 2002, she was elected co - chair of working group 1 of the intergovernmental panel on climate change that published \" the physical science basis \" in 2007. the ipcc was a co - winner of the nobel peace prize that year. in addition to her scientific research, solomon is generous with her time as a science communicator \u2014 she often speaks about her work to audiences of all ages and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5048400794407137, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.148430"} {"text": "common flame retardant linked to social, behavioral and learning deficits study highlights the interaction between epigenetics and genetics and exposure to a flame retardant in mice click here to view this release en espanol. mice genetically engineered to be susceptible to autism - like behaviors that were exposed to a common flame retardant were less fertile and their offspring were smaller, less sociable and demonstrated marked deficits in learning and long - term memory when compared with the offspring of normal unexposed mice, a study by researchers at uc davis has found. the researchers said the study is the first to link genetics and epigenetics with exposure to a flame retardant chemical. the research was published online today in the journal human molecular genetics. it will be presented during a symposium on saturday, feb. 18, at the annual meeting of the american association for the advancement of science ( aaas ) by janine lasalle, a professor in the department of medical microbiology and immunology in the uc davis school of medicine and the uc davis genome center. ( lasalle will discuss her research during a news briefing with her colleagues at 9 a. m. on feb. 19 in room 221 on the second level of the vancouver convention center ). \" this study highlights the interaction between epigenetics and the effects of early exposure to flame retardants, \" said janine lasalle, the study ' s senior author and a researcher affiliated with the uc davis mind institute. \" our experiments with wild - type and mutant mice indicate that exposure to flame retardants presents an independent risk of neurodevelopmental deficits associated with reduced sociability and learning. \" epigenetics describes the heritable changes in gene expression caused by mechanisms other than those in the dna sequence. one such mechanism is dna methylation, in which genes are silenced when their activation no longer is required. dna methylation is essential for normal development. the researchers chose a mouse that was genetically and epigenetically susceptible to social behavioral deficits in order to understand the potential effect of this environmental pollutant on genetically susceptible humans. lasalle and her colleagues examined the effects of the chemical bde - 47 ( tetrabromodiphenl ether ), a member of the class of flame retardants called polybrominated diphenylethers, or pbdes. pbdes have been used in a wide range of products, including electronics, bedding, carpeting and furniture.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5057541420348373, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.159390"} {"text": "a member of the class of flame retardants called polybrominated diphenylethers, or pbdes. pbdes have been used in a wide range of products, including electronics, bedding, carpeting and furniture. they have been shown to persist in the environment and accumulate in living organisms, and toxicological testing has found that they may cause liver toxicity, thyroid toxicity and neurodevelopmental toxicity, according to the u. s. environmental protection agency. bde - 47 is the pbde found at highest concentrations in human blood and breast milk, raising concerns about its potential neurotoxic effects during pregnancy and neonatal development. the research was conducted in the offspring of mice genetically engineered for the autism phenotype found in rett syndrome, a disorder that occurs primarily in females and causes regression in expressive language, motor skills and social reciprocity in late infancy. the condition affects about 1 in 10, 000 children. autism spectrum disorders are a group of neurodevelopmental disabilities that can cause significant social, communication and behavioral deficits. the u. s. centers for disease control and prevention estimates that an average of 1 in 110 children born in the united states today will be diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder. rett syndrome is causally linked to defects in the methyl - cpg - binding protein 2 gene mecp2 situated on the x chromosome. mutations in mecp2 result in a nonfunctional mecp2 protein, which is required for normal brain development. the researchers evaluated the effects of exposure to bde - 47 on mice genetically engineered to have mutations in mecp2 and their offspring, or pups. the genetically engineered mecp2 mother mice, or dams, were bred with non - mutant wild - type males. the dams were monitored for 10 weeks - - for four weeks prior to conception, three weeks during gestation and three weeks of lactation. they were then compared with a control group of normal, unexposed dams and pups over several generations and hundreds of mice. the study found that that the weights of the pups of the lactating bde - 47 - exposed dams were diminished when compared with the controls, as were their survival rates. to assess the effects of the flame retardant exposure on the pups and their genotypes, the researchers placed them through more than 10 cognitive, social and physical tests. female offspring of dams exposed with bde - 47 spent half as much time interacting with another mouse", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5297155757688339, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.160376"} {"text": "the flame retardant exposure on the pups and their genotypes, the researchers placed them through more than 10 cognitive, social and physical tests. female offspring of dams exposed with bde - 47 spent half as much time interacting with another mouse in a 10 - minute sociability test compared to controls. the reduced sociability in bde - 47 exposed females corresponded to reduced dna methylation in females regardless of genotype. in addition, genetic and environmental interaction effects in this study were specifically observed in females. in a short - term memory test of social novelty, although all mice showed the expected preference for interacting with a novel over a familiar mouse, bde - 47 - exposed mutant female mice spent about half as much time interacting with the familiar mouse than their non - mutant littermates. in a long - term memory test of swimming to reach a hidden platform in a cloudy pool, female mice who were both mutant and bde - 47 exposed did not learn to reach the platform faster after fourdays of training. these behavioral changes in social and cognitive learning specifically in the interaction group corresponded to changes in a known epigenetic regulator of dna methylation in brain, dna methyltransferase 3a ( dnmt3a ). lasalle said that the study results are important because better understanding of the epigenetic pathways implicated in social behavior and cognition may lead to improved treatments for autism spectrum disorders. \" while the obvious preventative step is to limit the use and accumulation of pbdes in our environment, this would likely be a long - term solution, \" lasalle said. \" these pollutants are going to be hard to get rid of tomorrow. however, one important preventative that all women could do tomorrow is to start taking prenatal vitamins before becoming pregnant, as these may counteract the toxins in our environment through dna methylation, \" she said. a study by researchers at uc davis conducted in 2011 found that women who reported not taking a daily prenatal vitamin immediately before and during the first month of pregnancy were nearly twice as likely to have a child with an autism spectrum disorder as women who did take the supplements - - and the associated risk rose to seven times as great when combined with a high - risk genetic make - up. other authors of the research are rima woods, roxanne o. vallero, mari golub, joanne k. suarez, tram anh ta, dag h. yasui, lai - har chi, isaac n. pessa", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5238512955951748, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.161353"} {"text": "background and objectives : the intensive urbanization process in mexico has created many social and economic obstacles to sustainable and inclusive urban development. mexico is predominantly an urban country and it is estimated that in 25 years 85 per cent of the country \u2019 s population will be living in cities. the metropolitan regions are clearly affected by social inequality. more than 10 per cent of the urban population does not have piped water ; 25 per cent lack sewerage or adequate sanitation facilities, and more than 60 per cent does not have stormwater drains. the project objectives have been to contribute to reducing urban poverty in order to improve sustainable urban development and also promote partnerships with state and local governments. the main activities included : - participation in the technical committee of best practices award evaluation in mexico, and transfer cases of best practices from four mexican cities - training and technical assistance to sedesol in urban policy development - development of urban information systems, especially local urban observatories - promotion of gender inclusive strategies in programmes and projects of sedesol. the results achieved were : - more than 40 local urban observatories established, under the overall coordination of sedesol, conforming a national network - several technical workshops for training of staff from municipalities, state governments and their partners in the civil society for building local urban indicators and organizing monitoring systems - best practices national programme \u2013 elaborated methodology for selection of the best practices ; dissemination of best practices on urban poverty reduction in mexico to cities and local authorities. - initiated national campaign for social participation on urban development with sedesol participation - advanced discussions for the incorporation of two state governments and several municipal governments into this national strategy.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48210510600551426, "token_count": 328, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.163230"} {"text": "friday, june 29, 2012 as part of a trivia series on polio, aufderheide cites several studies showing that the widespread use of chemical pesticides such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, or ddt, and heptachlor following world war ii, actual exacerbated viral disease outbreaks across the united states. on a visual graph, it is clearly seen that the production and use of pesticides throughout the mid - 20th century is directly correlated to polio outbreaks, including the worst polio epidemic in known history, which occurred in 1952. you can view the graph here : http : / / vactruth. com / 2012 / 06 / 03 / 7 - trivia - facts - about - polio / according to a report compiled by the secretary of the interior that was presented before the 85th congress back in 1958, polio really only became a problem after the 1940s, when chemical companies began to produce large amounts of ddt, heptachlor, dieldrin, tetraethyl pyrophosphate ( tepp ), malathion, benzene hexachloride ( bhc ) and other pesticide chemicals for use on agricultural crops. prior to that time, polio was not nearly as virulent or problematic as many people believe it was. as ddt and other pesticides were eventually phased out, cases of polio also began to decline, which suggests that vaccines may not have been primarily responsible for eradicating polio. improvements in sanitation, which are hardly ever mentioned by mainstream health authorities, also played a major role in eradicating polio. pesticide - contaminated milk also responsible for polio outbreaks many people during the 1950s became ill as a result of pesticide - contaminated milk, much of which ended up having to be quietly pulled from store shelves in subsequent years. this contaminated milk was also known to be a primary carrier of polio, and was directly responsible for spreading the disease until the contaminating pesticides were eventually phased out, and the milk supply effectively remediated. interestingly, milk - induced disease outbreaks were responsible for the later creation of milk pasteurization mandates. but it was the pesticides and their tolerance of polio virus, not the fact that milk was raw, that was responsible for spreading disease. and yet the belief that raw milk is inherently dangerous is still prevalent today, while few have any real understanding of the role pesticide - tainted milk played", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4481896366720809, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.166395"} {"text": "of polio virus, not the fact that milk was raw, that was responsible for spreading disease. and yet the belief that raw milk is inherently dangerous is still prevalent today, while few have any real understanding of the role pesticide - tainted milk played in spreading disease, and particularly polio. right around the time that dangerous pesticides were being retired and sanitation was being improved, authorities released a polio vaccine that they claimed would eradicate the disease. the precise timing of this strategic release would later be used to claim that the vaccine, and not agricultural and sanitation improvements, was responsible for ending polio. revisionist history continues to fuel myth that vaccines are responsible for eradicating disease because of the way drug companies and vaccine manufacturers have influenced governmental and health authorities over the years, the myth that vaccines are responsible for eradicating disease has prevailed. truth be told, the polio vaccine has been shown to actually cause many of the paralysis symptoms associated with polio, including in india where there has been a 1, 200 percent increase vaccine - associated polio paralysis ( vapp ) since the introduction of massive polio vaccine campaigns throughout the country ( http : / / www. naturalnews. com / 035588 _ polio _ vaccine _ india _ paralysis. html ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.48226133363107326, "token_count": 260, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.166898"} {"text": "| \u00a9 unicef / mlia2009 - 00256 / giacomo pirozzi | | an adolescent boy behind bars in the detention centre for minors in the town of mopti, central mali. unicef support partners to help children in prison, while advocating that prisons should only be used as a last resort. | children encounter the justice system as victims, witnesses, because they are in conflict with the law or as parties to a justice process, such as in custody arrangements. while detention should be used as a last resort and for the shortest period of time, children suspected or accused of having committed an offence are often detained. children are also detained for various reasons : because they were accompanying a parent to detention or seeking asylum in another country ; for vagrancy, begging, missing school ; for reasons such as after being removed from an abusive home situation ; or for reasons such as race, religion, nationality, ethnicity or political views. unicef estimates that more than one million children worldwide are deprived of their liberty by law enforcement officials ( unicef, progress for children, 2009 ). many justice systems do not have child - sensitive procedures due to lack of resources or political will and those services for a child \u2019 s development may not be available to promote the child \u2019 s rehabilitation and reintegration into society. in detention, children may suffer violations of their rights - they may be detained with adult prisoners \u2013 and are exposed to torture, physical and emotional abuse. legal, social, cultural norms, as well as practical constraints may complicate issues of justice for children. justice for children is designed for the benefit of all children in contact with the justice system to ensure that the children are better served and protected ( sg gn j4c 2008 ). unicef promotes the strengthening of all parts of the child protection system, including the justice mechanisms, to operate in the best interest of the child. unicef promotes alternatives to detention, such as diversion, as well as restorative justice that emphasizes repairing the harm caused or revealed by criminal behaviour. unicef supports the training of police, prosecutors, judges, lawyers, social services and health professionals to effectively protect children in contact with the justice system. unicef works with the traditional or customary justice mechanisms, of which current estimates indicate that in many developing countries, handle 80 per cent of the total caseload. unicef encourages the establishment of child sensitive courts and police procedures that give primary consideration to a child \u2019 s right to protection and are consistent with the convention on the rights of the child and other non - binding international standards, guidelines,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4768525452528746, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.169383"} {"text": "mdg 1 : eradicate extreme poverty and hunger \" those who suffer or who benefit least deserve help from those who benefit most \" the widening gap between rich and poor worldwide is a major threat to global security and economic integration. poverty is a vicious circle, being both the cause and effect of the lack of opportunities that exist for the poor to help themselves. as a primary driver of economic growth and employment creation, the private sector plays a central role in reducing poverty. however, in many developing countries the majority of the population faces obstacles in starting or expanding industrial activities. few small and micro - enterprises have the capacity to become stable small and medium enterprises ( smes ) and to respond to the opportunities available in the export sector and the global economy. for mdg1, unido aims to unleash the productive potential of the poorer groups in the world by promoting productive activities, industrial policies, institution - building and industrial support services. unido implements the following activities directly related to mdg1 : \u2022 policy support for competitive industries and private sector development \u2022 rural and women \u2019 s entrepreneurship development \u2022 agro - based industries \u2022 food processing \u2022 textiles and leather \u2022 restoring agro - industries \u2022 sharing innovative agribusiness solutions \u2022 investment and technology \u2022 rural energy for productive use example of unido project under mdg1 : sme cluster development programme the programme for sme cluster development aims at addressing the challenges associated with the lack of linkages among small businesses and support institutions, which often prevents smes from realizing their full growth potential particularly in the context of global value chains. to strengthen its contribution to poverty reduction, the cluster development programme increasingly focuses on working directly with the poor. projects for sme cluster development are under way in colombia, ecuador, ethiopia, india, the islamic republic of iran, morocco, nicaragua, pakistan and senegal. example of successful sme initiative in india : the united kingdom ' s department for international development ( dfid ), unido, together with the government of the state of orissa, developed a stone carving cluster support programme. the programme had the following impacts : \u2022 artisans in self - help groups and cooperatives were given low - interest loans that were invested in productive activities. \u2022 products of the cluster are sold in new markets ; the increased sales and prices for high - quality products have raised the income of both skilled and semi - skilled artisans. \u2022 productivity has increased by 15 to 20 per cent, product quality has improved and the cost of production has decreased, while mechanization has made work easier and improved", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49072313192081735, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.173499"} {"text": "- michael a. healy was born on 22 september 1839 in georgia. his father, michael morris healy, was a white planter and his mother, eliza clark, was variously reported as a slave or a former slave. - his father sent him and his nine siblings north to be educated and escape slavery. - michael a. healy ran repeatedly ran away from any of the schools he was sent to and finally \" ran away to sea \" in 1855 as a mate on board the clipper ship jumna, bound for calcutta from boston. he sailed on merchant vessels for the next ten years until he applied for an appointment as an officer in the u. s. revenue marine in 1864. - he was commissioned as a third lieutenant in the u. s. revenue marine by president abraham lincoln on 4 march 1865. - healy was promoted to second lieutenant in 1866. he served as a junior officer on board the cutters reliance, vigilant, moccasin, and active and was promoted to first lieutenant on 20 july 1870. - he became the second officer on the cutter rush in 1874. - healy obtained his first command, the cutter chandler, in 1877. - he was ordered to take command of the thomas corwin in 1882, a post he held until 1886. - the revenue cutter service promoted healy to the rank of captain on 3 march 1883. - in 1884 he and the corwin participated in an attack and bombardment of the alaskan - native village of angoon at the request of an officer of the u. s. navy. - the revenue cutter service acquired the ship bear and ordered healy to take command in february 1886. the bear was designated as the flagship of the bering sea force. he commanded the cutter through 1895. - in 1888 the bearis crew rescued 160 sailors from whaling vessels trapped near point barrow, alaska. - in 1890 he was investigated by a board of investigation for charges of drunkenness and cruelty to some merchant sailors. the board cleared healy of the charges. - from 1892 through 1895, healy transported reindeer to alaska, establishing a plentiful food source for the native population. - on 8 june 1896 a court - martial found healy guilty of seven charges. the treasury secretary ordered him dropped to the bottom of the captainis list and placed out of the service for a period of four years without pay. the charges he was found guilty of were : - healy was given temporary command of the cutter mcculloch in 1900. he was then given command of the cutters golden gate and hartley. - in january", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.39684299312876914, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.176366"} {"text": "historic cemetery alliance dorado house cemetery resources preservation commission on pacheco cemetery public title. bills introduced in the state legislature dorado county historic cemeteries ( check here for information on the historic cemeteries ) mile house ( aka camino ) cemetery of el dorado cemetery advisory committee boards & commissions ( see title 8 - health & safety ; the cemetery ordinance is sec. cemetery advisory committee california state website cemetery and funeral bureau statutes & laws ( see health & safety code beginning at sec. 7000 ) ca health & safety code ca business & professions code professional and vocational regulations code sec. 594 ( vandalism management and control of gold rush \" pioneer \" cemetery ; california attorney general opinion history of california cemetery laws ( edc saving graves ) this site is in a process of continuing construction. please check on our progress from time to time! becoming a member purpose and objectives message from the el dorado county recorder for visiting our website... gold was discovered in january of 1848 by james wilson marshall while he was building a saw mill for captain johann ( john ) sutter on the south fork of the american river in what is now el dorado county, little did the world anticipate the events that followed. the word of the gold discovery in the newly won territory of the united states, drew thousands of men, women, and children from every civilized and uncivilized corner of the earth to this california, the land of golden treasure. have well documented these events, detailing for readers and students the way in which california became settled as the country ' s 31st state in the union. the vast wealth that was produced from nuggets and flakes of the golden metal, made millionaires of some and beggars of others. more went home empty handed than ever walked away with their pockets full of gold. has been written, however, about the thousands of men, women and children who came here and made california their final resting places - their last homes on this earth. in el dorado county, alone, it is estimated that some five to ten thousand people died between 1848 and 1900 whose graves within the historic cemeteries cannot be found either by record document or by graves marked in the cemeteries. sons and daughters, some have called them, for their unmarked graves were left to the care of the people of el dorado county in graveyards and cemeteries that, today, remain as the only evidence of many of our early towns and mining camps. several of these hallowed burying grounds, like the communities they once represented, have also disappeared in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4368069758115768, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.180924"} {"text": "people of el dorado county in graveyards and cemeteries that, today, remain as the only evidence of many of our early towns and mining camps. several of these hallowed burying grounds, like the communities they once represented, have also disappeared in the years since the world first rushed in. of mining camps and towns with the strange names of bottle hill, georgia slide, rattlesnake bar, wisconsin bar, maine bar, and others, quite simply cannot be found, although the documentary evidence is that they once existed. many of these places, like the towns and camps, were simply just abandoned as word of gold strikes elsewhere rippled through the mother lode. however, have begun to disappear or suffer in more recent times. with residential and commercial development at an all time increase in el dorado county, we have documented the wholesale destruction and desecration of our historic cemeteries that appears to match the new rush of humanity now emigrating to this once rural county. appalled we were that, in 1996, a small group of citizens founded and chartered the el dorado county pioneer cemeteries commission ( edcpcc ) to research and study the history of the cemeteries to learn and document what has occurred and is occurring to these valuable and irreplaceable historic and cultural resources. we have performed extensive research documenting the cemetery histories, establishing their extensive use ( some are still being used by the public today ), as well as lack of plat maps or records, since our formation, the single biggest obstacle we have faced has been to try to convince the county of el dorado that california state law vested title to these places in accept our invitation to review our findings for the many cemeteries we have studied. what you may learn will not always be pleasant. we have attempted to learn the truth of what has happened and is happening to our historic cemeteries. their stories are nearly as dismal as their physical next time you visit an historic cemetery, look around. take note of the common rock grave markers, the mounds and depressions devoid of any marker at all. if the cemetery is still being used for current interments and you do not see these evidences of early unmarked and unknown graves, ask yourself, \" what ' s wrong with this picture. \" and then contemplate who is or will serve as guardian of the graveyards and cemeteries where your loved ones rest in peace. how peaceful is fourth generation californian cameron park, california * my herrick and page families came from wisconsin to california between 1850 and 1851. they first settled at drytown", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4558760522822809, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.181938"} {"text": "the sweetwater union high school district reinvented english classes at its middle and high schools to better prepare graduates for college and life. old : literature - heavy reading lists included novels, nonfiction, poetry and short stories. new : reading materials now include newspaper editorials, speeches, advertisements and short stories. \u201c the old man and the sea, \u201d \u201c the house on mango street, \u201d and \u201c the great gatsby \u201d are so last century when it comes to high school english classes in chula vista and national city. once literature - based, english classes throughout the sweetwater union high school district \u2014 and elsewhere in california \u2014 have been revamped in an attempt to better prepare students for college and the real world. that means reading lists once dominated by the classics now consist of newspaper editorials, historic documents, advertisements and some nonfiction. assignments no longer dwell on the symbolism in a poem or focus on an entire novel. instead, they emphasize expository, analytical and argumentative writing. developed by professors from the california state university system with help from high school teachers, the new \u201c rhetorical approach \u201d to english was designed to curb the growing number of high school graduates who need remedial instruction in college. most college freshmen enroll in composition classes, not literature courses, and are unprepared for the demands to write research papers and employ critical thinking skills, said glen mcclish, a writing professor at san diego state university who helped sweetwater establish its new curriculum. \u201c the idea is to prepare students to be able to read and respond to a wider variety of text. this is not to denigrate literature by any means, \u201d mcclish said. \u201c you don \u2019 t need to equip most high school students with a thorough command of english literature. if they have the reading ability, they can read more later. for most students, what \u2019 s really most important for their participation in college, life and work is basic literacy and critical thinking skills that allow them to read and write and understand, so they can join the conversation. \u201d although sweetwater educators have mostly embraced the shift, some english teachers have been reluctant to let go of the classics. imagine a whole generation of students never exposed to austen, dickens, steinbeck and salinger? \u201c when we started moving away from literature, we had to let go of the old ways, \u201d said debbie maghirang, who has taught english for a dozen years and once looked forward to introducing her students to ernest hemingway \u2019 s \u201c the old man and the sea", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40003603235521645, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.184915"} {"text": "vanderbilt researchers have discovered that early visual areas, long believed to play no role in higher cognitive functions such as memory, retain information previously hidden from brain studies. researchers made the discovery using a new technique for decoding data from functional magnetic resonance imaging ( fmri ). the findings, published feb. 18 online by nature, represent a significant step in understanding how we perceive, process and remember visual information. \u201c how do people maintain an active representation of what they have just seen moments ago? this has long been a conundrum, \u201d says frank tong, co - author of the research findings and an associate professor of psychology. \u201c before, we knew that early visual areas of the cerebral cortex that are the first to receive visual information were exquisitely tuned to process incoming visual signals from the eye, but not to store this information. we also knew that the higher - order brain areas responsible for memory lack the visual sensitivity of early brain areas, but somehow people are able to remember a visual pattern with remarkable precision for many seconds \u2014 actually, for as long as they keep thinking about that pattern. our question was, where is this precise information being stored in the brain? \u201d the researchers found that fine - scale activity patterns in early visual areas reveal a trace of \u201c something like an echo of the stimulus that the person is actively retaining, \u201d says tong, \u201c even though the overall activity in these areas is really weak after the stimulus is removed. \u201d before this discovery the visual cortex had not been implicated in cognitive processes such as memory or active maintenance of information, says stephenie harrison, lead author of the research and a graduate student in the vanderbilt psychology department. \u201c by using a neural decoding technique, we were able to read out what people were holding in their visual memory. we believe this sustained visual information could be useful when people must perform complex visual tasks in everyday life. \u201d research subjects were shown two examples of simple striped patterns at different orientations. they were then told to hold one of the orientations in their mind while being scanned using fmri. orientation has long been known to be one of the first and most basic pieces of visual information coded and processed by the brain. \u201c through both evolution and learning, the visual system has developed the most efficient ways to code our natural environment, and the most efficient way to code any basic shape or contour is orientation, \u201d tong explains. \u201c we used a decoding method to see if the activity patterns contained information about the remembered orientation, and we found that they do. \u201d analyzing responses over several trials", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5419243032153607, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.188326"} {"text": "biologist at amyris biotechnologies are using e. coli bacteria to turn sugar into carbon - neutral gasoline. by adding enzyme genes to the bacteria, carbon - absorbing crops like sugarcane can be turned into hydrocarbons. as amanda schaffer says in the article \u201c breeding the oil bug \u201d at popsci. com : amyris is [... ] betting that, with the help of bacteria, the long - term answer to our gasoline woes will actually be \u2026 gasoline. others, like scientists at argonne national laboratory, believe that raw algae used to make biocrude is the best way forward. biocrude is touted to be \u201c the renewable equivalent of petroleum \u201d. it can be processed at existing oil refineries to make anything from gasoline to chemical feedstocks for plastics. but our stance remains. the answer to our climate and energy crisis is not to make new things that can be burned in combustion engines. we have to find entirely new approaches by using renewable and natural energy sources like water, wind and sun. and our belief is that electric cars are the way of the future. recommended watching : who killed the electric car? learn more about how gasoline is made from sugar : \u201c breeding the oil bug \u201d ( popsci. com ) learn more about algae that makes biocrude : \u201c algae - based fuels set to bloom \u201d ( technologyreview. com ) award barcelona base station biofuel cleantech communicasia diesel energy event fuel globalwarming green growth gsm gsma india infrastructure innovation interview microfinance microtelecom mobile mobile world congress mwc network networks news oil phone photo power press rajiv mehrotra rural singapore solar solar powered sustainability telecom the microtelecom revolution blog trade show village vnl wireless worldgsm", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4485714734312236, "token_count": 364, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.192329"} {"text": "keeping up with the demands of small children is hard enough for parents, but it can be especially difficult when you have kids with special needs. five - year - old maxwell was diagnosed with asburger syndrome, a form of autism, a couple of years ago. he spends an hour each week with an occupational therapist working on motor skills, social interaction and more. toby black works both in her home and in her clients homes to help children reach their full potential in spite of health limitations or a diagnosis they may have. \" the children i work with have special needs, maybe were preemies. parents have a soft spot not to make them cry and the child controls the home. then they get bigger and things get out of control. \u201d behavior modification is a big part of therapy offered to kids like maxwell and angelo. \" he has behavior issues at home he doesn ' t know how to express them. working on daily with things that bother him so mom doesn ' t have to go through all the tantrums. \u201d black says the interaction she has with the children often changes the relationship between the parent and the child because they see how crucial it is to spend time teaching the child about the world around them. \" i play with child and with toy. too many parents set child down with toy and left to explore. \u201d black says rather than just pushing a button, she teaches the children to examine the cause and effect of the toy. maxwell ' s mother says she learns along with her son. and the earlier you get your child additional help they need, the sooner their daily struggles will get easier. if you suspect your child has developmental delays, the state offers an evaluation through its \" first steps \" program. for information, go to http : / / chfs. ky. gov / dph / adminupdate. htm. also, the clinical education complex being built at western will combine five agencies to provide better care for children with special needs. it ' s expected to be operational this fall.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43570891456754707, "token_count": 406, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.196691"} {"text": "what to ask your doctor about heart disease keep these questions in mind during your next appointment during your next visit to the doctor, consider asking these questions to learn if you could be at risk for heart disease : 1. what is my risk for heart disease? 2. what is my blood pressure? what does it mean for me, and what do i need to do about it? 3. what are my cholesterol numbers? ( these include total cholesterol, ldl or \" bad \" cholesterol, hdl or \" good \" cholesterol, and triglycerides. ) what do they mean for me, and what do i need to do about them? 4. what is my \" body mass index \" and waist measurement? do they indicate that i need to lose weight for my health? 5. what is my blood sugar level, and does it mean i ' m at risk for diabetes? 6. what other screening tests for heart disease do i need? how often should i return for checkups for my heart health? 7. what can you do to help me quit smoking? 8. how much physical activity do i need to help protect my heart? 9. what is a heart - healthy eating plan for me? should i see a registered dietitian or qualified nutritionist to learn more about healthy eating? 10. how can i tell if i ' m having a heart attack? \u00ae the heart truth, its logo, and the red dress are trademarks of hhs. participation by internet broadcasting and its partner stations does not imply endorsement by hhs / nih / nhlbi. distributed by internet broadcasting. this material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.443589671291219, "token_count": 350, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.198351"} {"text": "- north america - united states of america - district of columbia - delaware ( 2 ) - maryland ( 2 ) - virginia ( 2 ) - west virginia ( 2 ) - maine ( 1 ) - massachusetts ( 1 ) - new hampshire ( 1 ) - new jersey ( 1 ) - pennsylvania ( 1 ) - rhode island ( 1 ) - vermont ( 1 ) - architectural drawings ( 1 ) - atlantic coast ( north america ) ( 1 ) - canals ( 1 ) - capitols ( 1 ) - civil rights leaders ( 1 ) - colonial america ( 1 ) - competition drawings ( 1 ) - engravings ( 1 ) - none ( 1 ) - jefferson, thomas, 1743 - 1826 ( 1 ) - kennedy, john f., 1917 - 1963 ( 1 ) - king, martin luther, jr., 1929 - 1968 ( 1 ) - landscape architecture drawings ( 1 ) - liberty ( 1 ) - manuscript maps ( 1 ) - middle atlantic states ( 1 ) - monuments and memorials ( 1 ) - netherlands - - colonies ( 1 ) - new england ( 1 ) - new netherland ( 1 ) - nixon, richard m., 1913 - 1994 ( 1 ) - peace corps - - united states ( 1 ) - portrait prints ( 1 ) - post roads ( 1 ) - postal service ( 1 ) - presley, elvis, 1935 - 1977 ( 1 ) - proclamations ( 1 ) - railroads ( 1 ) - rock musicians ( 1 ) - slavery ( 1 ) - slaves - - emancipation - - southern states ( 1 ) - united states - - history - - civil war, 1861 - 1865 ( 1 ) - vietnam war, 1961 - 1975 ( 1 ) - volunteers ( 1 ) - watercolors ( 1 ) type of item map of new netherland, virginia, and new england joan vinckeboons ( 1617 \u2013 70 ) was a dutch cartographer and engraver born into a family of artists of flemish origin. he was employed by the dutch west india company and for more than 30 years produced maps for use by dutch mercantile and military shipping. he was a business partner of joan blaeu, one of the most important map and atlas publishers of the day. vinckeboons drew a series of 200 manuscript maps that were used in the production of atlases, including blaeu \u2019 s atlas maior. this pen - and - ink and watercolor map... thomas jefferson, head - and - shoulders portrait, facing right thomas jefferson was the third president of the united states of america and one of the founding fathers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4167458136255421, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.204299"} {"text": "white house, saying that he wanted to meet nixon to present him with the gift of a world war ii - era pistol and ask for credentials as an agent in the national war on drugs. convinced that presley was sincere and believing that he could be an asset in the fight against drug use... president john f. kennedy greets peace corps volunteers, white house, south lawn this photograph shows president john f. kennedy greeting peace corps volunteers on the south lawn of the white house on august 9, 1962. kennedy first proposed what became the peace corps in a speech at the university of michigan on october 14, 1960, in which he challenged students to give two years of their lives to helping people in countries of the developing world. at the time, kennedy was a member of the u. s. senate campaigning for the presidency. following his election, he signed an executive order establishing the... initially, the civil war between the north and the south was fought by the north to prevent the secession of the south and preserve the union. ending slavery was not a goal. that changed on september 22, 1862, when president abraham lincoln issued his preliminary emancipation proclamation, which stated that slaves in those states or parts of states still in rebellion as of january 1, 1863, would be free. one hundred days later lincoln issued the emancipation proclamation declaring \u201c that all persons held as slaves \u201d within the rebellious areas \u201c are... civil rights march on washington, d. c. : dr. martin luther king, jr., president of the southern christian leadership conference, and mathew ahmann, executive director of the national catholic conference for interracial justice, in a crowd the march on washington for jobs and freedom took place in august 1963 and was the setting for the celebrated \u201c i have a dream \u201d speech by the reverend dr. martin luther king, jr., president of the southern christian leadership conference. a. philip randolph, a labor leader and founder of the brotherhood of sleeping car porters, proposed a large march on the capital as a way of prodding congress and the administration of president john f. kennedy to act on civil rights. others involved in its planning included king himself, national... map of virginia, maryland and delaware david h. burr ( 1803 \u2013 75 ) was a surveyor and cartographer, who served as topographer to the united states post office department in 1832 \u2013 38 and as geographer to the house of representatives in 1838 \u2013 47. under the direction of the postmaster general, burr compiled information from postmasters throughout the country", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41921086231594706, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.207007"} {"text": "what is panic disorder? panic disorder is a mental condition in which you have repeated, unexpected panic attacks and constantly worry about having another attack. a panic attack is a sudden feeling of extreme anxiety along with intense and frightening, but not life - threatening, physical symptoms. an attack usually lasts from 5 to 20 minutes but may last even longer, up to a few hours. you feel most anxious about 10 minutes into the for more information, see the topic panic attacks and panic disorder. what are the risks of panic disorder? disorder can reduce your quality of life and interfere with your relationships and your ability to work. if you have panic disorder, you are more likely to other conditions such as depression or agoraphobia, which is a fear of being in public places or of being in situations from which it might be difficult to escape ( such as crossing a bridge or standing in line ). what types of medicines are used to treat panic disorder? the two types of medicines that are generally used to treat panic disorder are antidepressants and benzodiazepines. sometimes a combination of both may be prescribed. the most common medicines used to treat panic disorder are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ( ssris ), such as fluoxetine ( prozac ), sertraline ( zoloft ), or paroxetine ( paxil ). other antidepressants such as tricyclic antidepressants ( tcas ) or monoamine oxidase inhibitors ( maois ) can also be effective. antidepressants with mixed neurotransmitter effects, such as venlafaxine ( effexor ), may also be used to treat panic disorder. benzodiazepines such as alprazolam ( xanax ), diazepam ( valium ), lorazepam ( ativan ), or clonazepam ( klonopin ) are prescribed, either alone or combined with an antidepressant. benzodiazepines are most commonly used for rapid, short - term relief of symptoms and may also be used as a part of ongoing treatment either alone or combined with an antidepressant. benzodiazepines work quickly to treat anxiety and may be especially helpful if you have agoraphobia. unlike antidepressants, they can be taken as needed. but symptoms often recur when you stop taking them, and they have the potential to what to expect", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.49365738663137365, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.210688"} {"text": "quickly to treat anxiety and may be especially helpful if you have agoraphobia. unlike antidepressants, they can be taken as needed. but symptoms often recur when you stop taking them, and they have the potential to what to expect if you take medicines to treat panic disorder antidepressants can help balance the chemicals in your brain ( neurotransmitters ) and reduce the intensity of your symptoms. you may start to feel better within 1 to 3 weeks of taking antidepressant medicine. but it can take as many as 6 to 8 weeks to see more improvement. if you have questions or concerns about your medicines, or if you do not notice any improvement by 3 weeks, talk to your doctor. benzodiazepines provide more immediate relief for symptoms of anxiety and may be prescribed alone or combined with an antidepressant such as an ssri. it is important to remember that people respond differently to medicines, and the first medicine you try may or may not be effective in relieving your symptoms of panic disorder. if the medicine is not effective after several weeks, you may need to try another medicine. although antidepressant medicines have potential side effects, these side effects are usually mild and may diminish after several weeks of therapy. what to expect if you do not take medicines to treat panic disorder even if you decide not to take medicine, it is wise to try professional counseling, such as cognitive - behavioral therapy, which focuses on modifying certain thinking and behavior patterns. therapy can help you deal with immediate problems and learn ways to better cope with future anxiety and panic attacks. other treatments, such as support groups, relaxation exercises, or mindfulness activities, can also be helpful. untreated panic disorder may get worse or may be unmanageable without help, especially if you also have another condition that commonly occurs along with panic disorder such as agoraphobia or depression. if you do not take medicines to treat panic disorder, continuing to monitor how much your symptoms interrupt your life and the lives of those around you can be helpful. some people are able to overcome panic disorder without taking medicine. but if other methods aren ' t effective enough, medicines can be added to your treatment.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.43239368557889907, "token_count": 453, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.211556"} {"text": "short for liquid crystal on silicon, it is micro - display technology related to lcd, where liquid crystal material has a twisted - nematic structure but is sealed directly to the surface of a silicon chip. * the electronic drivers controlling the crystals ' alignment are etched into the silicon. using these, several million pixels can fit in an area as small as one square inch. the chip is coated with an aluminized layer, which means that lcos is highly reflective allowing more light to pass on. [ adapted from digital home magazine ] there are two classes of lcos. - in a single - chip system, light is filtered through a color - wheel system where the sequence of colors produced is coordinated with the modulation of light by the liquid crystals, producing subtle color variations. - in a three - chip system lcos uses a system of prisms to split a single light source into its red, green and blue components. video modulations are applied individually to the three resulting light paths, which are then recombined by another prism array to create the composite image. featured partners sponsored - increase worker productivity, enhance data security, and enjoy greater energy savings. find out how. download the \u201c ultimate desktop simplicity kit \u201d now. \u00bb - find out which 10 hardware additions will help you maintain excellent service and outstanding security for you and your customers. \u00bb - server virtualization is growing in popularity, but the technology for securing it lags. to protect your virtual network. \u00bb - before you implement a private cloud, find out what you need to know about automated delivery, virtual sprawl, and more. \u00bb", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5269049410089757, "token_count": 324, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.214679"} {"text": "chagas test kit evaluations infection with trypanosoma cruzi causing chagas disease is mainly endemic in south and latin america. nevertheless, other parts of the world such as the usa and parts of europe are considering testing all blood donations for t. cruzi due to migration of people from endemic areas and changing travel patterns ( e. g. eco tourism ). composition of the panel evaluations of test kits that are primarily produced in latin america are carried out by the who collaborating centre, fundacao pro - sangue, sao paulo, brazil on the who reference panel of serum / plasma specimens collected from within the region. a total of 18 tests have been evaluated, including 11 elisas, 7 agglutination tests. four confirmatory assays, including an immunofluorescence, immunoblot, western blot and radio - immunoprecipitation ( ripa ) tests were used to characterise the panel. the obtained data are being used for the development guidelines and appropriate testing strategies. circonstances et modalites d \u2019 utilisation des tests d \u2019 infection recente pour estimer l \u2019 incidence de l \u2019 infection a hiv au niveau d \u2019 une population. when and how to use assays for recent infection to estimate hiv incidence at a population level hiv rapid assays : operational characteristics report 16 - view all documents - who prequalification of medicines, diagnostics and vaccines : 6th consultative meeting with stakeholders, 4 - 5 april 2011 - who technical working group meeting on cd 4 technologies, 17 - 19 november 2009 - who technical working group meeting on prequalification of hiv virological technologies, 21 - 23 september 2009 - view all events", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44071908648409225, "token_count": 347, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.218720"} {"text": "health statistics and health information systems the goal of who ' s work in health statistics is to improve country, regional and global health information. this information is vital for public health decision making, health sector reviews, planning and resource allocation and programme monitoring and evaluation. who contributes to improved health information through its activities in the three following areas : the global health observatory, the common gateway to the wealth of who data and statistics, analysis and reports on key health themes ; standards, tools and methods for data collection, compilation, analysis, and dissemination and country measurement and evaluation, collaborating with countries on data collection, analysis and approaches to address priority data gaps and strengthen country health information systems. the commission on information and accountability for women ' s and children ' s health delivered its report with ten recommendations in september 2011. the multi - stakeholder workplan to implement the commission ' s recommendations focuses on : ( 1 ) strengthening of country mechanisms and practices for better accountability for health with special attention for women and children in the 75 countries referred to in the commission ' s report, and ( 2 ) the improvement of global accountability mechanisms and practices. the global health observatory is a single point of entry to who ' s data and analyses on health priorities, providing comparative health data and analysis on the heatlh situation, trends and determinants to inform global and country decision making. users can download data sets in various formats, display data for selected indicators, health topics, countries and regions, and download the customized tables in excel format. the service availability and readiness assessment ( sara ) is a health facility assessment tool designed to assess and monitor the service availability and readiness of the health sector and to generate evidence to support the planning and managing of a health system. sara is designed as a systematic survey to generate a set of tracer indicators of service availability and readiness. it has been developed by who in conjunction with global partners to fill critical data gaps in measuring and tracking progress in health systems strengthening.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4570128044806289, "token_count": 393, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.222757"} {"text": "wildmind meditation news aug 16, 2010 outdoors and out of reach, studying the brain five neuroscientists go on a rafting adventure to see how the brain reacts when in a natural environment. todd braver emerges from a tent nestled against the canyon wall. he has a slight tan, except for a slim pale band around his wrist. for the first time in three days in the wilderness, mr. braver is not wearing his watch. \u201c i forgot, \u201d he says. it is a small thing, the kind of change many vacationers notice in themselves as they unwind and lose track of time. but for mr. braver and his companions, these moments lead to a question : what is happening to our brains? mr. braver, a psychology professor at washington university in st. louis, was one of five neuroscientists on an unusual journey. they spent a week in late may in this remote area of southern utah, rafting the san juan river, camping on the soft banks and hiking the tributary canyons. it was a primitive trip with a sophisticated goal : to understand how heavy use of digital devices and other technology changes how we think and behave, and how a retreat into nature might reverse those effects. cellphones do not work here, e - mail is inaccessible and laptops have been left behind. it is a trip into the heart of silence \u2014 increasingly rare now that people can get online even in far - flung vacation spots. as they head down the tight curves the san juan has carved from ancient sandstone, the travelers will, not surprisingly, unwind, sleep better and lose the nagging feeling to check for a phone in the pocket. but the significance of such changes is a matter of debate for them. some of the scientists say a vacation like this hardly warrants much scrutiny. but the trip \u2019 s organizer, david strayer, a psychology professor at the university of utah, says that studying what happens when we step away from our devices and rest our brains \u2014 in particular, how attention, memory and learning are affected \u2014 is important science. \u201c attention is the holy grail, \u201d mr. strayer says. \u201c everything that you \u2019 re conscious of, everything you let in, everything you remember and you forget, depends on it. \u201d echoing other researchers, mr. strayer says that understanding how attention works could help in the treatment of a host of maladies, like attention deficit disorder, schizophrenia and depression. and he says that on a day - to - day basis,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5269220795551445, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.226664"} {"text": "understanding microelectronics : a top - down approach december 2011, \u00a92011, wiley - blackwell this price is valid for united states. change location to view local pricing and availability. for today \u2019 s students, the most beneficial approach to learning is this top - down method that demonstrates a global view of electronics before going into specifics. franco maloberti uses this approach to explain the fundamentals of electronics, such as processing functions, signals and their properties. here he presents a helpful balance of theory, examples, and verification of results, while keeping mathematics and signal processing theory to a minimum. presents a new learning approach that will greatly improve students \u2019 ability to retain key concepts in electronics studies match the evolution of computer aided design ( cad ) which focuses increasingly on high - level design covers sub - functions as well as basic circuits and basic components provides real - world examples to inspire a thorough understanding of global issues, before going into the detail of components and devices discusses power conversion and management ; an important area that is missing in other books on the subject end - of - chapter problems and self - training sections support the reader in exploring systems and understanding them at increasing levels of complexity a supporting website ( http : / / www. wiley. com / wileycda / wileytitle / productcd - 047074555x, desccd - relatedwebsites. html ) presents the interactive student lab, elvislab, where students can conduct virtual experiments on circuits together with powerpoint slides for lecturers. inside this book you will find a complete explanation of electronics that can be applied across a range of disciplines including electrical engineering and physics. this comprehensive introduction will be of benefit to students studying electronics, as well as their lecturers and professors. postgraduate engineers, those in vocational training, and design and application engineers will also find this book useful.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.613006456450222, "token_count": 373, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.228605"} {"text": "microcalorimetry of macromolecules : the physical basis of biological structures this price is valid for united states. change location to view local pricing and availability. other available formats : e - book examining the physical basis of the structure of macromoleculesproteins, nucleic acids, and their complexesusing calorimetric techniques many scientists working in biology are unfamiliar with the basics of thermodynamics and its role in determining molecular structures. yet measuring the heat of structural change a molecule undergoes under various conditions yields information on the energies involved and, thus, on the physical bases of the considered structures. microcalorimetry of macromolecules offers protein scientists unique access to this important information. divided into thirteen chapters, the book introduces readers to the basics of thermodynamics as it applies to calorimetry, the evolution of the calorimetric technique, as well as how calorimetric techniques are used in the thermodynamic studies of macromolecules, detailing instruments for measuring the heat effects of various processes. also provided is general information on the structure of biological macromolecules, proteins, and nucleic acids, focusing on the key thermodynamic problems relating to their structure. the book covers : - the use of supersensitive calorimetric instruments, including micro and nano - calorimeters for measuring the heat of isothermal reactions ( isothermal titration nano - calorimeter ), the heat capacities over a broad temperature range ( scanning nano - calorimeter ), and pressure effects ( pressure perturbation nano - calorimeter ) - two of the simplest but key structural elements : the \u03b1 and polyproline helices and their complexes, the \u03b1 - helical coiled - coil, and the pyroline coiled - coils - complicated macromolecular formations, including small globular proteins, multidomain proteins and their complexes, and nucleic acids - numerous examples of measuring the ground state of protein energetics, as well as changes seen when proteins interact the book also reveals how intertwined structure and thermodynamics are in terms of a macromolecule ' s organization, mechanism of formation, the stabilization of its three - dimensional structure, and ultimately, its function. the first book to describe microcalorimetric technique in detail, enough for graduate students and research scientists to successfully plumb the structural mysteries of proteins and the double helix, microcalorimetry of macromolecule", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5889958978322609, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.231380"} {"text": "cindy chapman grabs some pea pods at a farmers market tuesday, june 24, 2008, in west allis, wis. the floods that damaged farms in southern wisconsin earlier this month are likely to result in fewer fruits and vegetables at farmers markets this summer and help boost already high prices for organic eggs and meat in the fall. ( ap photo / morry gash ) with all the talk about pesticides in regular grocery store produce and the price you pay for the organic produce, we are left with few options. so how about growing your own! growing your own organic food seems time consuming but many people are opting to do so. you know that there are no pesticides and you can help reduce your carbon footprint by limiting trips to the grocery store. there are several ways to start your own garden. if you have a yard, pick a spot that gets at least half a days sunshine and has easy access to water. walk your garden daily to look for pests and weeds and most importantly do your research on what types of plants have a good local track record. if you live in an apartment, you ' ll most likely be growing your plants in pots. stick to herbs and small vegetables like basil, parsley, cilantro, mint, rosemary, cherry or grape tomatoes and jalapeno or chili peppers. worried that you don ' t have a green thumb? how about a compact aeroponics system. it suspends plant roots, getting their nutrients from the air rather than in soil. with special lighting and nutrient cycling, you can have your first harvest in about a month. visit aerogrow. com for more information. happy organic harvesting!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41307636804992987, "token_count": 336, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.232922"} {"text": "1999 - - a year in review... news story originally written on january 6, 2000 it was another exciting and frustrating year for the space science program. it seemed that every step forward led to one backwards. either way, nasa led the way to a great century of discovery. unfortunately, the headline of the year must be the problem with mars exploration. the mars climate orbiter was lost because of a simple math error. the next attempt, landing the mars polar lander, also failed. scientists are still looking for the cause of this disaster. the good news is, not every mission was a failure. the far ultraviolet spectroscopic explorer ( fuse ) was deployed in june without a hitch, and the chandra x observatory had a successful launch in july. fuse will use a spectrograph to study the big bang. chandra takes images in x ray light, allowing scientists to see distant objects in a new way. the hubble space telescope continues on its path to success. with its help, scientists found the true hubble constant. images of the ring nebula and distant objects shed new light on these relatively unknown stellar phenomenon. the liberty bell 7 was rescued from its watery grave this past summer, and is now being cleaned for future display. the liberty bell was flown by astronaut gus grissom as part of the mercury program. it sank to the floor of the atlantic ocean before it could be rescued. it remained there until now. and lets not forget the last solar eclipse of the millennium. it occurred on august 11, 1999, and was viewed by millions in the middle east and europe. scientists used this rare opportunity to study a theory that solar eclipses change gravity. finally, the lunar prospector was sent crashing into the moon in search for water. scientists say that no water vapor was found. so, we still don ' t know for sure if there is water on the moon. overall, it was a busy year in space science. although several discoveries were made, the loss of the two mars spacecraft has left a sour taste in our mouths.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49779674805513063, "token_count": 414, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.234891"} {"text": "once again, daily events remind us of the importance of earth and space science. at the time of this writing, hurricane sandy is expected to cause billions of dollars of damage, and will undoubtedly cost many lives as well. this massive storm that formed in late october and headed up the east coast of the u. s., impacted large population centers, and it reminds us of the power of the forces at play in the earth system. at the same time, we have experienced recent earthquakes in the pacific northwest, and recent upticks in solar activity. k - 12 earth and space science teachers are the leaders at the front, tasked with helping students develop the understandings needed to be able to live safely on this planet and make wise decisions as citizens. thank you for what you do! welcome to recent subscribers of this newsletter! we have just returned from presenting seven workshops at the nsta area conference in louisville, kentucky. they were well attended and based on the feedback we received, well appreciated. assuming the weather cooperates, at the time you receive this, we will be doing another seven workshops at the nsta in atlanta, and we hope to see you there! please note that there are several particularly attractive professional development opportunities available for nesta members and windows to the universe educator members. one opportunity includes partial support, including travel, to a meeting in vienna next april. if you are a member, please login and apply! if you aren ' t a member, join today to take advantage of these opportunities, several of which have application deadlines in early november! you can join as an educator member of windows to the universe at http : / / www. windows2universe. org / membership. html. one of the biggest events in the news lately has been the development and progress of hurricane sandy, which started in mid - october as an extended low - pressure system in the caribbean. by october 22, it had become a tropical depression and was named \u2018 sandy. \u2019 it began to move northward, and was upgraded to hurricane status on october 24th as it neared jamaica. it made landfall, crossed jamaica, and was upgraded to a category 2 hurricane as it neared cuba. by october 26th, it had increased significantly in size, and was on a course up the eastern coast of the united states. on the evening of october 29th, sandy made landfall in the united states just south of atlantic city, new jersey. it had weakened somewhat over the course of the day, and so was no longer officially a hurricane but a \" post - tropical", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5196110970572202, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.264339"} {"text": "states. on the evening of october 29th, sandy made landfall in the united states just south of atlantic city, new jersey. it had weakened somewhat over the course of the day, and so was no longer officially a hurricane but a \" post - tropical \" storm, but sandy still carried 80 + mph winds and a huge storm surge that set flood records in many places including new york city. it moved off toward the midwest, and even as it weakened it caused major snowfalls in higher elevations and flooding in lower areas of pennsylvania, ohio, and michigan. the storm ' s impact continues to be felt in the areas it passed over. more than 15, 000 flights were cancelled because of the storm, and other mass transit systems struggle to start up again because of damage to tunnels, train tracks, and bridges. more than 65 deaths across haiti, jamaica, other areas in the caribbean, and the u. s. have been attributed directly to the storm, and early estimates placed the overall economic impact at more than $ 25 billion. the photo to the left shows the water aisle at a local grocery store where i live in mid - maryland just before hurricane sandy hit. it ' s clear that many people in my neighborhood were concerned with having enough water to last through this emergency. preparing for water service to be cut off or for possible water contamination brings to mind how important clean, usable water is! did you know that only about 2. 75 % of the water on earth is freshwater? and that most of that ( ~ 2 % of earth ' s water ) is frozen in glaciers? that leaves only a very small fraction of earth ' s water to support the needs of people around the world, and it is clear that this resource is only going to become more limited as global population increases. it ' s important to take a few minutes to think about the ways we use this critical resource every day, as well as ways we might be able to conserve water. for instance, did you know that even a very quick shower in a typical american house uses at least 4 gallons of water, and that using an automatic dishwasher on its shortest cycle uses about twice that much? even brushing our teeth uses a half gallon, and that \u2019 s only if we don \u2019 t let the water run while we brush \u2014 otherwise it could be much more! there are some really easy ways to conserve water. installing low - flow showerheads and faucets in your home can save 45 gallons of water per day in a typical american household. installing a low - flow toilet", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4466612156224846, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.265376"} {"text": "otherwise it could be much more! there are some really easy ways to conserve water. installing low - flow showerheads and faucets in your home can save 45 gallons of water per day in a typical american household. installing a low - flow toilet can add another 50 - 75 gallons in savings per month, and together those two steps can cut a typical household ' s water use ( and water bills! ) in half. we can also be careful in the ways we use water, like only watering the grass at night when less of it will evaporate, and only running the dishwasher or washing machine when it \u2019 s full. the world health organization estimates that people around the world need at least 20 liters ( 5. 28 gallons ) of clean water per day, and that much of the world ' s population will have difficulties accessing safe water supplies by 2025. with that in mind, please think about how you can help conserve water and make our limited supplies stretch even further. do you want to learn more? read about the world health organization ' s latest studies of water resources. access some really good tips on water conservation. use a water consumption calculator to determine your water footprint. then challenge your household to bring that number down! a major 7. 7 magnitude earthquake hit just off the coast of western canada on october 28, causing evacuations of many communities in northwest british columbia. this earthquake was the strongest quake to occur in canada in more than 50 years, and was followed by many smaller aftershocks that reached magnitudes of up to 6. 4. many scientists considered it a lucky near miss, since an earthquake of that magnitude would have caused major damage and loss of life if it had occurred near a large population center. the earthquake did prompt tsunami warnings to be issued for coastal areas of canada, alaska, and hawaii. the tsunami warnings caused traffic jams and chaos in hawaii as residents sought higher ground, but the waves proved to be smaller than predicted as the day went on, and the tsunami alert was cancelled. see the iris site for a teachable moment presentation, animations and other educational resources regarding this earthquake and many other recent seismic events. we are working on a mobile version of windows to the universe, and we appreciate your feedback! if you have a smartphone, you can test the mobile version using the following link : after you visit the test mobile site, please complete our short survey to let us know what you think! we hope the new site will make it more convenient for you to plan your", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4671966855835026, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.266386"} {"text": "a smartphone, you can test the mobile version using the following link : after you visit the test mobile site, please complete our short survey to let us know what you think! we hope the new site will make it more convenient for you to plan your lessons or explore earth and space science while on the road. please note that, depending on your phone, some java and flash games might not work. if you notice any problems other than that, please let us know using the survey link above. do not forget to tell us your phone model and page where you noticed the problem. thanks! everyone needs some inspiration sometime! we ' ve added a page on the windows to the universe website that brings together motivational quotes with relevance to science teachers that you may enjoy, or find useful in your work, play, or everyday life. the starting point for this was an energetic conversation on the esprit listserve for earth science teachers. enjoy! it will soon be possible for you to submit your favorite quotes to the list. note that all quotes will be reviewed for appropriateness before they are posted. we will also be adding a link for corrections, in case there are any mistakes in the quotes or attributions. in a thrilling new video, nasa scientists depict the hair - raising challenges of the mars rover curiosity \u2019 s final minutes before landing on the surface of the \u201c red planet. \u201d the five - minute video - entitled \u201c seven minutes of terror \u201d - shows how the one - ton rover, hanging by ropes from a rocket backpack, touched down onto mars on august 5, 2012, to end a 36 - week flight and to begin a two - year investigation. in 2012, the antarctic ozone hole was at its second smallest level in 20 years, according to data from nasa and national oceanic and atmospheric administration ( noaa ) satellites. scientists attribute the change to warmer temperatures in the antarctic lower stratosphere. nasa and noaa have a mandate under the clean air act to monitor ozone - depleting gases and stratospheric depletion of ozone, and they have been monitoring the ozone layer on the ground and with a variety of instruments on satellites and balloons since the 1970 ' s. to monitor the state of the ozone layer above antarctica, visit this noaa page. utilize the introduction to ozone reading activity on windows to the universe for a warm - up activity or homework in your class. the history of the study of saturn is a good example of how scientists have persevered through time to learn more, building on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5417851884193507, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.267444"} {"text": "utilize the introduction to ozone reading activity on windows to the universe for a warm - up activity or homework in your class. the history of the study of saturn is a good example of how scientists have persevered through time to learn more, building on the work of others. although saturn can be seen with the naked eye, galileo was the first to observe saturn with a telescope in 1610. because of the rudimentary nature of his telescope, he couldn ' t determine what saturn ' s rings were. in 1655, the dutch astronomer christiaan huygens solved the mystery of saturn ' s \" arms \". due to improved telescope optics, he correctly deduced that the \" arms \" were actually a ring system. huygens also discovered saturn ' s moon titan. in 1675, the italian - french astronomer giovanni cassini discovered 4 other major moons of saturn : iapetus, rhea, tethys, and dione. cassini also discovered a narrow gap that splits saturn ' s ring system into two parts, and the gap has since been known as the cassini division. the german - born british astronomer william herschel discovered two more moons, mimas and enceladus, in 1789. the irregularly - shaped satellite hyperion, which has an orbital resonance with titan, was discovered simultaneously in 1848 by british astronomer william lassell and by the american father - and - son team of william and george bond. in 1859, scottish physicist and mathematician james maxwell deduced that saturn ' s rings could not be solid and must be made of \" an indefinite number of unconnected particles \". in 1899, the american astronomer william henry pickering discovered phoebe, an irregular moon that does not rotate synchronously with saturn as the larger moons do. saturn was first visited by pioneer 11 in september 1979. in november 1980, the voyager 1 probe visited the saturn system. almost a year later, in august 1981, voyager 2 continued the study of the saturn system. the study of saturn continues even now with the cassini - huygens mission. this mission was designed and planned as a cooperative effort between the european space agency and nasa, and included a saturn orbiter ( cassini ) and a titan probe ( huygens ). it was launched in 1997, with the goal of studying saturn \u2019 s rings, as well as the surface and atmosphere of both saturn and titan. cassini \u2019 s main mission was completed in 2008, and has been extended by nasa to allow for continuous observation of saturn until 2017, when its orbit is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4970180798584979, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.268445"} {"text": "studying saturn \u2019 s rings, as well as the surface and atmosphere of both saturn and titan. cassini \u2019 s main mission was completed in 2008, and has been extended by nasa to allow for continuous observation of saturn until 2017, when its orbit is expected to deteriorate, sending the orbiter into the planet \u2019 s atmosphere. recently, cassini was in position to observe a massive storm on saturn, and recorded data are proving invaluable to scientists who study the dynamic atmospheres of other planets in our solar system. to read more about information about cassini and this observation, visit : http : / / www. nasa. gov / cassini at the end of november, millions of turkeys are served on u. s. dinner tables as part of thanksgiving. consequently, this is the month in the u. s. when many people ask questions like, \" how big a bird did you cook? \" ask questions about life adaptation skills and evolutionary processes with our bird beaks activity - complete with an accompanying powerpoint presentation and group and class handouts for data collection. this activity uses very simple materials, is aligned to the national standards ( see activity for more details ) and can be used for upper elementary through high school levels. school is in full swing. the time for beginning - of - the - year class meetings and assemblies is dying down. maybe it ' s time to plan a field trip! when i was teaching, we went on quite a few ( very ) local field trips - - we went on a walk along the river behind our school and visited the wetlands across the street. of course, field trips to the closest state quarry and the imax theater downtown were highlights too. whatever the trip, using our snapshot activity could make your field trip more significant. it also brings writing into your science classroom. if you can ' t fit in a field trip due to scheduling or funding, why not invite a scientist to visit your classroom? there are scientists in every town! maybe there ' s a wetland engineer who works in your local army corps of engineers or a meteorologist who works at the nearest airport. show them the scientists in schools section on how to make a classroom visit more meaningful. it even includes a checklist for a classroom visit and steps so the scientist can make their own lesson plan. what a great way to get your kids interested in science as a career! the american geophysical union ( agu ) is committed to fostering the next generation of earth and space scientists. we work on this commitment", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.508363304470286, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.269418"} {"text": "can make their own lesson plan. what a great way to get your kids interested in science as a career! the american geophysical union ( agu ) is committed to fostering the next generation of earth and space scientists. we work on this commitment in many ways, one of which is partnering with the national earth science teacher \u2019 s association ( nesta ) to hold the annual geophysical information for teachers ( gift ) workshop at our fall meeting. gift allows k \u2013 12 science educators ( both classroom and informal ) to hear from scientists about their latest earth and space science research, explore new classroom resources for engaging students, and visit exhibits and technical sessions during the fall agu meeting. six teams of leading scientists and education / public outreach professionals will give talks and lead teachers through interactive classroom activities over the course of 2 days at gift 2012. view this year ' s agenda. agu encourages you to register to attend gift if you are a k \u2013 12 educator, and to spread the word about gift to other k - 12 educators through your networks. this year \u2019 s workshop will be held on 3 \u2013 4 december from 7 : 30 a. m. to 3 : 30 p. m. in the golden gate a room of the san francisco marriott marquis. to attend, simply register for the fall meeting at http : / / fallmeeting. agu. org / 2012 /. indicate that you are a k \u2013 12 educator, and you will be directed to provide documentation to that effect and you will be invited to register for the gift workshop. as always, the workshop is free for k \u2013 12 educators who are registered by 2 november ( after this date, the registration fee for teachers will be $ 90 ). more information about gift can be found at http : / / education. agu. org / education - activities - at - agu - meetings / gift /. last year ' s gift workshop materials are online on this windows to the universe page - complete with presentation descriptions, and links to powerpoint presentations, activities, supplementary materials, and videos. enjoy these valuable resources, and the accompanying videos! nesta is pleased to announce our sessions at the nsta area conferences in atlanta and phoenix. want to present at one or more of our share - a - thons? \u2013 sign up to present at a nesta share - a - thon at http : / / www. nestanet. org / cms / content / conferences / nsta / shareathons / apply. nesta sessions in atlanta friday,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5102423394892879, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.271283"} {"text": "sign up to present at a nesta share - a - thon at http : / / www. nestanet. org / cms / content / conferences / nsta / shareathons / apply. nesta sessions in atlanta friday, november 2 - all events on friday are in the georgia world congress center, b401 / b402 saturday, november 3 nesta sessions in phoenix friday, december 7 - all events on friday are in the phoenix convention center, 132 a - c daylight saving time ( dst ) ends on november 4th this year in most of the u. s. don ' t forget to turn your clocks one hour back. daylight saving time ( or summer time as it is called in many countries ) is a way of getting more light out of the day by advancing clocks by one hour during the summer. ancient civilizations had to adjust daily schedules to the sun more flexibly than we do. romans divided daylight into 12 equal hours, so the length of each hour was longer during summer. in 1784, benjamin franklin, then an american envoy to france, anonymously published a satirical letter suggesting that parisians economize on candles by rising earlier to use morning sunlight. the new zealand entomologist, george vernon hudson, first proposed modern dst in 1895. english builder, william willett, independently conceived of dst in 1905 when he noticed during an early summer morning ride that many people were still sleeping. he became an advocate of dst but didn ' t live to see it adopted. many european countries started to switch their clocks in 1916, in an effort to conserve fuel during world war i. the united states adopted dst in 1918, but it was inconsistent till 1966, when president johnson signed the uniform time act. different nations start and end dst on different dates. in the southern hemisphere, beginning and ending dates are reversed. some nations shift time year - round, and some do not observe dst at all. and just to keep you on your toes, sometimes different areas of one country have different time shifts! the second solar eclipse of 2012 occurs on november 13. the path of the moon ' s umbral shadow will cross the south pacific ocean. the only populated region where it will be visible lies in northern australia. the partial eclipse, produced by the moon ' s penumbral shadow, will be visible from a much larger region covering the south pacific ( including australia and new zealand ), southern south america, and part of antarctica. the words \" umbral \" and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4693580294527844, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.272619"} {"text": "eclipse, produced by the moon ' s penumbral shadow, will be visible from a much larger region covering the south pacific ( including australia and new zealand ), southern south america, and part of antarctica. the words \" umbral \" and \" penumbral \" are astronomical terms for the different parts of the shadow of any celestial body ( moon for solar eclipses, earth for lunar eclipses ). the umbra ( latin for \" shadow \" ) is the innermost and darkest part of a shadow, where the light source ( sun ) is completely blocked by the occluding body. the penumbra ( from the latin paene meaning \" almost, nearly \" and umbra meaning \" shadow \" ) is the region in which only a portion of the sun is obscured. an observer in the penumbra experiences a partial eclipse. sometimes there is also an antumbra ( from the latin ante meaning \" before \" ) - this is the region from which the occluding body appears within the disc of the light source. an observer in this region experiences an annular eclipse, in which the bright ring of the sun is visible around the moon. for more details about solar and lunar eclipses, check out nasa ' s eclipse website. the leonid meteor shower is expected to peak this year on the evening of november 17th. the leonids are an unpredictable shower ; most years it is quite tame, displaying only 10 - 15 meteors per hour at its peak. however, the leonids occasionally produce meteor \" deluges \", with hourly meteor counts soaring into the hundreds. during a spectacular storm in 1883, observers estimated that they could see more than 1, 000 leonids per hour! the leonid showers of 1998 - 2002 were also quite eventful. scientists are predicting that 2012 will be a good year to spot leonids. the crescent moon will set soon after sunset, so there should be dark skies in which to spot meteors. this shower is definitely for night owls, as the peak of the shower is expected to be after midnight and before dawn. bundle up and enjoy! tasa graphic arts, inc. produces award - winning, interactive, educational software programs on cd - rom covering planetary geology, plate tectonics, topographic maps, rocks and minerals, weather and climate, the processes that shape earth \u2019 s surface, and more. these are available for purchase through the windows to the universe science store by nesta. each program presents a comprehensive, organized, interactive study of a specific area of earth", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5032303525731723, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.273937"} {"text": ", weather and climate, the processes that shape earth \u2019 s surface, and more. these are available for purchase through the windows to the universe science store by nesta. each program presents a comprehensive, organized, interactive study of a specific area of earth science. these programs are intended to enhance the topics presented in earth science texts, through video clips, animated sequences, and activities. first the subject is introduced, then the user answers review questions, performs exercises, analyzes data, labels diagrams, plots graphs, learns geology terms, and more. instructors may use these programs for self - directed study by students and for classroom demonstrations. in addition to producing cd - roms, we also create educational apps for the ipad and iphone. a collection of activities and resources for teaching astronomy asp \u2019 s \u201c greatest hits \u201d of astronomy education, designed to help teachers, curriculum specialists, museum educators, and astronomers find the most effective way of teaching basic space science concepts! this 2. 0 dvd rom includes : \u2022 133 field - tested hands - on activities \u2022 17 topic specific guides to information in print and on the web \u2022 52 background articles on astronomy and education \u2022 12 short videos with instructions discounts are available for bulk orders and to catalogs, museum stores, and other resellers. for more information and how to order, please visit www. astrosociety. org / uayf or call the asp at 415 - 715 - 1414. mineral and fossil specimens ( made available through nature ' s own ) include amber with insects, ammonites ( pairs of phylloceras inflatum, black and white ammonites ), banded iron, bismuth, celestite, charoite, compressed labradorite, coprolites ( 50 million year old fossilized turtle poop ), fluorite, fossilized shark teeth ( megalodon and odotus obliuus ), almandine garnets, hematite with rutile, meteorites, native copper, nautiloids, olivine xenoliths in basalt, phlogopite mica, pyrite \" dollars \", \" penetration twins \", black tourmaline, and trilobites, in addition to a wonderful mineral and fossil collection including 18 minerals and 12 fossil specimens. for those inclined to show their love of minerals and fossils by wearing them, we also offer a fabulous assortment of jewelry including : pendants of ammonite, amethyst, jade, ruby", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5229093877130764, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.274828"} {"text": "and fossil collection including 18 minerals and 12 fossil specimens. for those inclined to show their love of minerals and fossils by wearing them, we also offer a fabulous assortment of jewelry including : pendants of ammonite, amethyst, jade, ruby, and ruby zoisite ; earrings of amethyst and peridot ; pendant and earring sets of charoite, eudialyte, and paua shell ; and beautiful necklaces of kyanite and ruby. alternatively, you may want to show your love of rocks and minerals through your household goods - for instance, with banded onyx wine goblets, bowls ( 8 \", 12 \", or a pair of 5 \" noodle bowls ), vases ( 5 \" or 6 \" ), or a mortar and pestle. with the school year in full swing, the national earth science teachers association has made printed copies of back issues of tes available at a reduced rate of $ 5 / copy ( plus shipping and handling ) through the windows to the universe online store - - when 4 or more copies of tes are ordered. many issues include impressive posters for you to display in your classroom! the online store shows the content of each issue, which include multiple classroom activities you can use to cover a variety of earth and space science topics. nesta members can access pdfs of back issues of tes online through the nesta website at http : / / www. nestanet. org / cms / content / publications / tes / archive. if you ' re not a member, join nesta today and get access to our back issues in pdf format ( alas, the posters are only available in with the print copies ). classroom activities are a great way to engage students in their science learning. the teacher resources section on windows to the universe includes over 100 k - 12 science activities for you to use with your students. topics range from geology, water, atmospheric science, climate change, life, ecology, environmental science, space weather and magnetism, to science literacy and art. html versions of the activities, worksheets, and supplementary materials are all freely available, as are ppt shows that you can use with your students. windows to the universe educator members have free access to all downloadable pdf activities, worksheets, supplementary materials and powerpoints ( a $ 230 value! ), in addition to other benefits and services for earth and space science teachers. if you are not a windows to the universe educator member, you can purchase individual", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5110430383406869, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.275775"} {"text": "pdf activities, worksheets, supplementary materials and powerpoints ( a $ 230 value! ), in addition to other benefits and services for earth and space science teachers. if you are not a windows to the universe educator member, you can purchase individual pdf - formatted student worksheets, classroom activity descriptions, and supplementary materials ( including downloadable powerpoints ) in our online store. if you ' d like to save time collecting and prepping classroom materials, we offer several classroom activity kits for purchase : glaciers : then and now, traveling nitrogen game, co2 : how much do you spew?, and feeling the heat - part 2. most activity kits are available in a variety of sizes to fit your classroom needs. we ' ve just added a bunch of new educational dvds from tasa graphics to the windows to the universe online store. new additions include : these are in addition to our previous offerings from tasa graphics : we also offer quality dvds on climate change and astronomy : as always, windows to the universe educator members get a 10 % discount on all purchases from the online store - and this is on top of publisher discounts! windows to adventure, a book series devoted to geology, astronomy, the planets, atmospheric science, oceans, and climate, uses fantasy characters, magical realms, and legends from regions around the world, to make science accessible to readers of 3rd or 4th grade. angie and rashad find a strange object in the woods that can take them on adventures, and into a magical realm of talking mountains and planets. the first two books in the series have been released and future titles will come out approximately once a quarter through 2014. the books, translated into english, spanish and french, will be available in e - book or print - on - demand format via kindle, nook, and kobo books. they can also be ordered through the science - learning website windows to the universe at the science store. learn more about this exciting series at http : / / www. redphoenixbooks. com or follow red phoenix books on twitter ( redphoenixbooks ) or facebook. table of contents 7 mins of terror ozone hole status nesta at nsta daylight saving time tasa graphic arts minerals and fossils fall tes sale! windows to adventure ams datastreme proj geography - nov high alt balloons edward c. roy award big ideas videos epa climate resource food and tiles announcements from partners information about opportunities with stipends, honorariums, or awards for teachers / students", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5262958045355326, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.276936"} {"text": "adventure ams datastreme proj geography - nov high alt balloons edward c. roy award big ideas videos epa climate resource food and tiles announcements from partners information about opportunities with stipends, honorariums, or awards for teachers / students the american meteorological society \u2019 s datastreme project is an expenses - paid, professional development program for in - service k - 12 teachers. graduate - level courses in meteorology, oceanography, and climate science are offered each fall and spring semester by local implementation teams ( lits ) across the country. teachers construct a plan of action for educational peer - training following course completion. please contact your nearest lit leader by late fall to register. the spring 2013 course offering begins in mid - january. for more information on datastreme, go to www. ametsoc. org / amsedu and follow the links to course pages for the list of lit leaders. datastreme receives support from noaa, nasa, and nsf. did you know geography awareness week is coming? gaweek is sponsored by national geographic during the third week in november. it focuses on the importance of geo - literacy and geo - education. this year ' s gaweek has the theme of interdependence, and will explore the idea that we are all connected to the world we live in by the decisions we make every day. learn more about the activities and online resources associated with geography awareness week at the national geographic gaweek page. nasa is seeking proposals for small satellite payloads to fly on rockets planned to launch between 2013 and 2016. these miniature spacecraft, known as cubesats, could be auxiliary payloads on previously planned missions. for additional information about nasa ' s cubesat launch initiative program, visit : watch \u201c changing planet : past, present, future \u201d live! the 2012 holiday lectures presented by howard hughes medical institute will be webcast live on november 15 and 16. dr. andrew h. knoll of harvard university ; dr. naomi oreskes of the university of california, san diego ; and dr. daniel p. schrag of harvard university will guide us on an exciting exploration of the history of life on earth and will discuss present \u2010 day concerns about climate change. click here to register for the webcast and to receive a free classroom poster. if you are interested in information about hosting a live webcast event at your school, museum, or other organization, send an e \u2010 mail to : firstname. lastname @ example. org. know a science", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5251622385939301, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.277938"} {"text": "to receive a free classroom poster. if you are interested in information about hosting a live webcast event at your school, museum, or other organization, send an e \u2010 mail to : firstname. lastname @ example. org. know a science student in middle or high school who \u2019 s fascinated by climate? harvard university \u2019 s journal of emerging investigators ( jei ) is collaborating with the institute for earth science research and education to publish a series of peer - reviewed climate - related papers authored by middle - and secondary - school students. have you ever wondered how the objects orbiting around our solar system get their names? if so, your opportunity to engage your students in just such an adventure has arrived! the albert einstein distinguished educator fellowship program is now accepting applications for the 2013 - 2014 fellowship year. the einstein fellowship program is available to current k - 12 science, technology, engineering, and mathematics ( stem ) educators with a demonstrated excellence in teaching and leadership. the goal of the einstein fellowship program is to provide an opportunity for teachers to inform u. s. national policy and improve communication between the k - 12 stem education community and national leaders. nasa is accepting applications from graduate and undergraduate university students to fly experiments to the edge of space on a scientific balloon next year. the balloon competition is a joint project between nasa and the louisiana space consortium ( laspace ) in baton rouge. the astronomical society of the pacific ( asp ) has a mission to increase the understanding and appreciation of astronomy and to advance science literacy. the group is comprised of both professional and amateur astronomers, informal and formal educators. one of its awards is particularly reserved for high school teachers : the thomas j. brennan award. the asp is now accepting nominations. in order to be considered, nominees must be involved in activities relating to the teaching of astronomy at the high school level \u2014 in the classroom or planetarium, in teacher training, and / or by other appropriate means. letters of nomination should highlight how the nominee has distinguished himself or herself in this endeavor and / or cite exceptional achievement. recipients receive a cash award and engraved plaque, as well as travel and lodging to accept the award at the society \u2019 s 125th annual meeting in san jose in july 2013. the nomination deadline is december 31, 2012. submission guidelines and lists of past recipients can be found at http : / / www. astrosociety. org / membership / awards / awards. html. for additional information, please contact albert silva at 415 - 715 - 1400 or via email email @ example. com the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5429304154301785, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.279005"} {"text": "recipients can be found at http : / / www. astrosociety. org / membership / awards / awards. html. for additional information, please contact albert silva at 415 - 715 - 1400 or via email email @ example. com the peya program promotes awareness of our nation \u2019 s natural resources and encourages positive community involvement. since 1971, the president of the united states has joined with the epa to recognize young people across the u. s. who are protecting our nation \u2019 s air, water, land, and ecology. it is one of the most important ways the epa and the administration demonstrate commitment to environmental stewardship efforts created and conducted by our nation \u2019 s young people. one outstanding project from each region is selected for national recognition. projects are developed by young individuals, school classes ( k - 12 ), summer camps, and youth organizations to promote environmental stewardship. thousands of young people from all 50 states and the u. s. territories have submitted projects to the epa for consideration. winning projects in the past have covered a wide range of subject areas, including : evaluation results consistently demonstrate that the experience is a life - changing event for many of the young people and sponsors who participate. find out how to apply. the annual deadline for the regional award program is december 31. the american geosciences institute ( agi ) is accepting nominations for the edward c. roy award for excellence in earth science teaching. given annually, this award is presented to one full - time k - 8 teacher in the u. s. or u. k. whose excellence and innovation in the classroom elevates students \u2019 understanding of the earth and its many processes. nasa ' s aeronautics research mission directorate is accepting scholarship applications from graduate and undergraduate students for the 2013 - 2014 academic year. the application deadline is jan. 14, 2013. nasa expects to award 20 undergraduate and five graduate scholarships to students in an aeronautical engineering program or related field. undergraduate students who have at least two years of study remaining will receive up to $ 15, 000 per year for two years and the opportunity to receive a $ 10, 000 stipend by interning at a nasa research center during the summer. the international children \u2019 s painting competition on the environment is organized every year by the united nations environment programme ( unep ), the japan - based foundation for global peace and environment ( fgpe ), bayer and the nikon corporation. it has been held since 1991 and has received more than 3 million entries from children in over 150 countries. the theme of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48485656106135344, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.280008"} {"text": "atmosphere over time. the team then incorporated the data into six new weather models. how will these models affect our perceptions of the changing arctic? read the whole story online. nasa has a new online science resource for teachers and students to help bring earth, the solar system, and the universe into their schools and homes. the u. s. geological survey ' s website states it in no uncertain terms : \" there is no such thing as ' earthquake weather. ' \" yet, from at least the time of aristotle, some people have professed links between atmospheric conditions and seismic shaking. for the most part, these hypotheses have not held up under scientific scrutiny and earthquake researchers have set them aside as intriguing but unfounded ideas. however, in the last decade, new efforts to identify effects of weather - related or climate - related processes on seismicity have drawn new interest. agi now offers award - winning videos and other electronic resources to help students, educators, and others explore the \u201c big ideas \u201d of earth science all year long. agi \u2019 s big ideas videos recently won three prestigious awards : digital video ( dv ) winner in education, dv winner in nature / wildlife, and videographer award of excellence. much has been written about the court decision passed down earlier this week by an italian judge, convicting seven members of the italian serious risks commission to six years in prison. the \" l ' aquila seven \" were convicted for inadequate warnings to residents of l ' aquila, italy, before a magnitude - 6. 3 earthquake struck the region on april 6, 2009, killing more than 300 people. though the story has received international attention and has ignited tensions throughout the scientific community, little attention has been paid to the exact roles each of the seven played in delivering the final advice to the public. now, max wyss, a seismologist and director of the world agency of planetary monitoring and earthquake risk reduction ( wapmerr ) in geneva, switzerland, explains in a comment on earth magazine ' s website that five of the infamous seven may have been convicted for saying nothing \u2014 when they were deprived of the chance of saying anything at all. read the story online now http : / / www. earthmagazine. org / article / voices - judged - unfairly - laquila - roles - and - responsibilities - should - have - been - considered the american geosciences institute ( agi ) recently announced plans for an initiative to address the critical need of increasing geoscience literacy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.520595940440436, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.282036"} {"text": "judged - unfairly - laquila - roles - and - responsibilities - should - have - been - considered the american geosciences institute ( agi ) recently announced plans for an initiative to address the critical need of increasing geoscience literacy. agi \u2019 s center for geoscience education and public understanding will serve as a hub for geoscience educational tools and materials, current information on geoscience topics, and geoscience critical issue forums defining the state of science knowledge on key topics. the u. s. environmental protection agency ( epa ) offers a climate education web site for students, teachers, and school administrators, including information and activities related to reducing greenhouse gas emissions. now museums across the united states are eligible to receive these pieces of space history, in addition to the schools and universities that have received them since the end of the space the source of this material is windows to the universe, at http : / / windows2universe. org / from the national earth science teachers association ( nesta ). the website was developed in part with the support of ucar and ncar, where it resided from 2000 - 2010. \u00a9 2010 national earth science teachers association. windows to the universe\u00ae is a registered trademark of nesta. all rights reserved. site policies and disclaimer.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5304959269821411, "token_count": 264, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.282695"} {"text": "the getcontext ( ) function accesses a different context object for each thread. having separate thread contexts means that threads may make changes ( such as getcontext. prec = 10 ) without interfering with likewise, the setcontext ( ) function automatically assigns its target to the current thread. if setcontext ( ) has not been called before getcontext ( ), then getcontext ( ) will automatically create a new context for use in the current thread. the new context is copied from a prototype context called defaultcontext. to control the defaults so that each thread will use the same values throughout the application, directly modify the defaultcontext object. this should be done before any threads are started so that there won ' t be a race condition between threads calling getcontext ( ). for example : # set applicationwide defaults for all threads about to be launched defaultcontext. prec = 12 defaultcontext. rounding = round _ down defaultcontext. traps = extendedcontext. traps. copy ( ) defaultcontext. traps [ invalidoperation ] = 1 setcontext ( defaultcontext ) # afterwards, the threads can be started t1. start ( ) t2. start ( ) t3. start ( )... see about this document... for information on suggesting changes.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4826723586079124, "token_count": 274, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.283971"} {"text": "a century of comet data suggests a dark, jupiter - sized object is lurking at the solar system ' s outer edge and hurling chunks of ice and dust toward earth. \" we ' ve accumulated 10 years ' more data, double the comets we viewed to test this hypothesis, \" said planetary scientist john matese of the university of louisiana. \" only now should we be able to falsify or verify that you could have a jupiter - mass object out there. \" in 1999, matese and colleague daniel whitmire suggested the sun has a hidden companion that boots icy bodies from the oort cloud, a spherical haze of comets at the solar system ' s fringes, into the inner solar system where we can see them. in a new analysis of observations dating back to 1898, matese and whitmire confirm their original idea : about 20 percent of the comets visible from earth were sent by a dark, distant planet. this idea was a reaction to an earlier notion that a dim brown - dwarf or red - dwarf star, ominously dubbed nemesis, has pummelled the earth with deadly comet showers every 30 million years or so. later research suggested that mass extinctions on earth don ' t line up with the nemesis predictions, so many astronomers now think that object doesn ' t exist. \" but we began to ask, what kind of an object could you hope to infer from the present data that we are seeing? \" matese said. \" what could possibly tickle [ comets ' ] orbits and make them come very close to the sun so we could see them? \" rather than a malevolent death star, a smaller and more benign companion called tyche ( nemesis ' good sister in greek mythology ) could send comets streaming from the oort cloud toward earth. the cosmic snowballs that form the hearts of comets generally hang out in the oort cloud until their orbits are nudged by some outside force. this push could come from one of three things, matese said. the constant gravitational pull of the milky way ' s disk can drag comets out of their icy homes and into the inner solar system. a passing star can shake comets loose from the oort cloud as it zips by. or a large companion like nemesis or tyche can pull comets out of their comfort zones. computational models show that comets in each of these scenarios, when their apparent origins are mapped in space, make a characteristic pattern in the sky. \" we looked at the patterns and asked, ' is there additional evidence of a pattern that might be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48011297217992654, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.287487"} {"text": "the bbc news articles below address privacy concerns over states ' and corporations ' use of personal data. i think you will find the links useful. the basic summary is the following : 1. states collect personal info by various methods ( eg : cctv / closed - circuit tv in roadways ). corporations collect personal info by various means ( eg : credit card transactions ). 2. the info collected by a single entity ( state / corporation ) is considered seperately by itself. the combination of data collected by different entities is not considered by many people. 3. corporations are now building their businesses by data mining on previous customer interactions with them. this is common practice. 4. if there are no safeguards to prevent corporations from * * sharing * * personal info with other corporations / state, then in the future, an economy based on personal info will come up ( eg : a business targets only rich customers based on info obtained from their bank records, insurance companies may turn down requests based on info obtained from health services etc ). 5. if there are no safeguards to prevent state agencies from * * sharing * * personal info with other state agencies / corporations, it could lead to social discrimination. ( eg : traffic police may stop cars to do checks based on info obtained from other state agencies regarding race of the driver of car. ie. linking number plate to name, name to race, and race to probability of person committing a crime ). 6. different ways outlined are cctv ( closed - circuit tv ), number plate recognition, shop rfid, mobile phone triangulation, store loyalty cards, credit card transactions, electoral rolls, health service records, tv preferences recording, worker although some of them apply to only developed countries ( like cctv ), many could also apply to developing countries ( like credit card transactions, mobile phones ). 7. concerns outlined are a. loss of privacy b. loss of choice / consent by consumers 8. in the future, when rfid ( radio - frequence id ) tags become cheap, they could create ' an internet of things '. 9. there are great risks if the info contained in the databases are wrong / inaccurate or if it falls into wrong hands. * how we are being watched - http : / / news. bbc. co. uk / 2 / hi / uk _ news / 6110866. stm * britain is ' surveillance society ' - http : / / news. bbc. co. uk / 2 / hi / uk _", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5366397499830465, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.291511"} {"text": "american heritage\u00ae dictionary of the english language, fourth edition - n. any of a class of yellow to red pigments, including the carotenes and the xanthophylls. - adj. of or relating to such a pigment. - n. organic chemistry any of a class of yellow to red plant pigments including the carotenes and xanthophylls. - adj. organic chemistry of, or relating to such a class of pigments. - n. any of a class of highly unsaturated yellow to red pigments occurring in plants and animals \u201c he was soon drawn deeply into studies of how the small variations in carotenoid structures are involved in biological functions. \u201d \u201c it starts with shorter days, which triggers a whole series of processes, says ed hedborn, a botanist who manages plant records at the morton arboretum outside chicago in lisle, ill. with less daylight, trees and other plants stop making chlorophyll, whose absence unmasks the yellow, orange and brown hues of the pigment carotenoid, which is always in the leaves, but hidden by the green. \u201d \u201c carotenoids are a group of over 600 compounds known as the carotenoid pigments. \u201d \u201c hey, protection from free - radical damage all day long - - can ' t beat that, especially when it comes to one type of cancer : oj contains something called carotenoid cryptoxanthin, and it ' s associated with a 15 - 31 percent reduced lung cancer risk. \u201d \u201c tomatoesone of the nutritional highlights of this fruit is the ' carotenoid ' nutrient lycopene, which research links with protection from conditions such as heart disease and cancer. \u201d \u201c tomatoestomatoes are rich in a so - called \" carotenoid \" nutrient, which has links to a reduced risk of heart disease. \u201d \u201c computer eye strain formula, a daily supplement sold by eyescience labs llc of columbus, ohio, contains astaxanthin, lutein and zeaxanthin, which are carotenoid antioxidants in the same family as those found in carrots. \u201d \u201c since birds with a high parasite load cannot store as much carotenoid pigments, their colouring is not as brilliant as that of healthier individuals. \u201d \u201c kale is an incredibly rich source of immune - boosting carotenoid and flavanoid antioxidants, as well as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5717509544126047, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.293930"} {"text": "american heritage\u00ae dictionary of the english language, fourth edition - n. a method of painting with opaque watercolors mixed with a preparation of gum. - n. an opaque pigment used when painting in this way. - n. a painting executed in this manner. century dictionary and cyclopedia - n. a method of painting with water - colors mixed and modified with white, so as to be opaque and to present a dead surface. this process is much used in italy to supply at a small price views of landscapes, ancient monuments, etc. it is well adapted to produce, in skilful hands, an excellent effect with little labor, especially when the observer is at some distance. the method is useful also for scenery in theaters and the like. - n. work painted according to this method. \u2014 - n. a pigment used in such painting. - noting the method of painting known as gouache, or a work executed by that method. - n. art a thick, opaque watercolour paint made with gum containing an inert white pigment to make it opaque - n. art a painting made with this paint gnu webster ' s 1913 - n. a method of painting with opaque colors, which have been ground in water and mingled with a preparation of gum ; also, a picture thus painted. - n. an opaque watercolor prepared with gum - n. a watercolor executed with opaque watercolors mixed with gum - borrowing from french. ( wiktionary ) - french, from italian guazzo, from latin aquatio, watering, from aquatus, past participle of aquari, to fetch water, from aqua, water ; see akw - a - in indo - european roots. ( american heritage\u00ae dictionary of the english language, fourth edition ) \u201c the standout image, though, was an 11 by 14 inch painting in gouache by brian floca from his \" moonshot : the flight of apollo 11. \u201d \u201c illustrator stephanie buscema has that perfect \u201c retro cute \u201d thing going on with paintings of children, skillfully rendered in gouache. \u201d \u201c new yorker nancy stahl, whose specialty is wpa - style mock - heroic illustrations ( like the image at right ), says the fragility of her traditional medium - - the opaque watercolor known as gouache - - used to drive her crazy. \u201d \u201c for s. paolo, in verona, francesco painted a panel - picture in gouache, which is very beautiful, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5343687760172466, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.296889"} {"text": "of her traditional medium - - the opaque watercolor known as gouache - - used to drive her crazy. \u201d \u201c for s. paolo, in verona, francesco painted a panel - picture in gouache, which is very beautiful, and another, also most beautiful, for the \u201d \u201c here she is working with both bodycolor and watercolor, in particular gouache, which is watercolor made opaque through the addition of an opacifier - - typically chalk - - which allows it to cover whatever is painted underneath. \u201d \u201c in this case, it ' s probably watercolor from his palette mixed with chinese white and gouache, which is watercolor that has an opacifier, typically chalk, added. \u201d \u201c they sell holbein gouache which is very good paint as is schmincke horadam. \u201d \u201c old masters - a way of working that was then common in commercial art, before being superseded by more modest media such as gouache, watercolour and digital image - making. \u201d \u201c about the contributor : diahn ott is an eclectic, self - taught artist, working primarily in water - based media such as gouache, watercolor and acrylics. \u201d \u201c once she has built and decorated a shrine in her studio, she sits down and paints it in lovely watercolor gouache. \u201d these user - created lists contain the word \u2018 gouache \u2019. more words for intermediate and advanced spellers. inspired to publicity by the conversation at segway. thanks, pals! o before u. my favorite words the title says it all looking for tweets for gouache.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46760326014130665, "token_count": 341, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.297441"} {"text": "century dictionary and cyclopedia - n. tobacco : an indian name said to be still in use in some parts of canada. \u201c then taking out a short wooden pipe, he filled it with the coarse and bitter tobacco of brazil, of which the leaves belong to that old _ \" petun \" _ introduced into france by nicot, to whom we owe the popularization of the most productive and widespread of the solanaceae. \u201d \u201c they originated in south america, are part of the tomato and potato family and the name is french from the word \" petun, \" meaning tobacco. \u201d \u201c then taking out a short wooden pipe, he filled it with the coarse and bitter tobacco of brazil, of which the leaves belong to that old \u201c petun \u201d introduced into france by nicot, to whom we owe the popularization of the most productive and widespread of the solanaceae. \u201d \u201c moon, came out of the far woods, they took great care to propitiate the evil intelligences which sit upon her horns, plotting mischief to mortals, by liberal gifts of _ petun _, or collars of beads, or ears of maize, or skins of animals. \u201d \u201c they throw petun ( tobacco ) into the fire, and if, for example, they are addressing heaven, they say \u201d \u201c the natives of this continent call it _ petun _ ; those of the islands, _ yoli _. \u201d \u201c here they saw in cultivation the rank narcotic _ petun _, or tobacco, just beginning to spread out its broad velvet leaves to the sun, the sole luxury of savage life. \u201d \u201c _ tubb [ = a ] q _ and _ petun _ are the ancestors of the indian names for the weed, that by 1503, negroes in large numbers were living in america, deserting their masters to join the indians, that the negroes in \u201d \u201c _ petun _ became imbedded in several indian languages. \u201d \u201c _ petun _ ; the natives of the islands called it _ yoli _. \u201d looking for tweets for petun.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45502341227710835, "token_count": 429, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.299262"} {"text": "- v. to find something again. gnu webster ' s 1913 - v. to find again ; to get or experience again. - from re - + find. ( wiktionary ) \u201c apparently that humour is way to classic for a man of your refind tastes. \u201d \u201c he has to refind the middle ground that made him so effective and such a valuable on - court presence earlier this season. \u201d \u201c it sounds like very intense emotional response in french while in english it is not. and of course ' retrouver ' meaning to see you somewhere and not to refind. xoxo ps - of course i may be wrong but this is what i can recall \u201d \u201c sometimes i ask him to call out when he sees one so i can refind it, which is just sad by any father - son measurement standard. \u201d \u201c i myself had received a battered gold locket that i lost intermittently, only to refind with great joy every time. \u201d \u201c can he refind the form that he had before his injury? \u201d \u201c after all, an index is a way to refind things you know you ' ve read as well as find out what you might read. \u201d \u201c people who use google ' s search history will also see a section \" all results \" with links to visited pages, and not yet visited - thus making it much easier to refind pages. \u201d \u201c obama being elected was, and still is, the best hope that our country can refind our values. \u201d \u201c to refind its voice, we must reclaim that center ground that refuses to pose everything in the black and white terms of fundamentalism, but also refuses to lose all sense of conviction by embracing a thoroughgoing relativism. \u201d \u2018 refind \u2019 hasn ' t been added to any lists yet. looking for tweets for refind.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5710639404324942, "token_count": 376, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.301008"} {"text": "american heritage\u00ae dictionary of the english language, fourth edition century dictionary and cyclopedia - not common ; not usual ; infrequent ; rare ; hence, remarkable ; extraordinary ; strange. - synonyms scarce, unusual, unwonted, unique, singular, queer. see common. - exceedingly ; very : as, uncommon cheap. gnu webster ' s 1913 - adj. not common ; unusual ; infrequent ; rare ; hence, remarkable ; strange. - adj. marked by an uncommon quality ; especially superlative or extreme of its kind - adj. not common or ordinarily encountered ; unusually great in amount or remarkable in character or kind \u201c now, this is what i call uncommon jolly, \" said captain bunting, sitting down on his saddle before the cheerful blaze, rubbing his hands, and gazing round, with a smile of the utmost benignity on his broad, hairy countenance. \u201d \u201c that right there is what we call uncommon valor, \" myer said. \u201d \u201c not uncommon from the ideologically interested pews of academe. \u201d \u201c it is the fuel that allows common people to attain uncommon results. - unknown \u201d \u201c again, paba banned a specific and rare method chosen for the good of the woman and used almost solely in uncommon, often serious second - trimester abortions. \u201d \u201c good question - i ' d call it uncommon, expecially as compared to polycystic ovarian syndrome, which is seen in up to 10 % of women and can also impact fertility. \u201d \u201c obama answers rezko questions in uncommon detail.... \u201d \u201c i swooned over the everyday ingredients in uncommon combination. \u201d \u201c the bird is sometimes described as uncommon to rare, although in appropriate habitat it may actually be quite common. \u201d \u201c kristine found it somehow right that her boss had a name uncommon for women. \u201d these user - created lists contain the word \u2018 uncommon \u2019. listening to this as an audio book for the second time. tim o ' brien uses simple words and phrases to great effect. very few unfamilar and big words. the writing style reminds me of words from joh... words i use in my writing to paint pictures. looking for tweets for uncommon.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.523873200639233, "token_count": 466, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.303089"} {"text": "| about us | what ' s new | search | site map | contact us | this week ' s theme : words about words. lipogram ( lip - uh - gram ) noun a piece of writing that avoids one or more letters of the alphabet. [ from greek lipo - ( lacking ) + gram ( something written ). ] today ' s word in visual thesaurus. in spite of what it sounds like, a lipogram is not a message with a kiss. lipogram is a work written with a constraint. imagine you ' ve just started your great epic novel and one of the keys on your keyboard is broken. it would be trivial to manage without a q, x, or z, but writing without a single e - - ah, that ' d be some challenge. if it sounds undoable, consider that whole books have been written without an e, the most used letter in the english language. without an e, one has to give up some of the most common pronouns such as he, she, we, me, and so on. what ' s more, even the article \" the \" is barred. coming back to books written without es ( i ' m sure writing them is not something everyone can do with ease ), ernest vincent wright ' s 1939 novel gadsby is written without the second vowel. one of the best known e - less works is georges perec ' s lipogrammatic french novel, la disparition ( the disappearance ). its plot is full of wordplay, puzzles, and other word - fun. for example, a character is missing eggs, or is unable to remember his name because it needs e in the spelling. though it may be hard to believe considering the restriction under which it is written, the novel is said to be quite engrossing. apparently, many reviewers were not even aware that a special constraint was used in writing it. after writing the novel, perec faced a protest from the a, i, o, and u keys on his keyboard that they had to do all the work and e was leading an e ' sy life. so perec had no choice but to write a short work called les revenentes, where he put to work all those idle es : the only vowel used was e. if that doesn ' t sound incredible enough, here is more. la disparition has been translated into english as \" a void \" by gilbert adair. of course, the translation also doesn ' t have any e in it.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5550053673263307, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.305928"} {"text": "stop being so defensive! have you ever been in a conversation with a colleague, friend or family member about a sensitive topic and ended up in a power struggle, conflict or shutting down? or perhaps in response to someone else \u2019 s criticism, you find yourself justifying your behavior, blaming the other person or avoiding him or her all together? it sounds like defensiveness is at play. so, how do you stop being so defensive? you can start by practicing powerful, effective communication. one option is to ask curious, innocent, and neutral questions to understand accurately what the other person means, believes, or feels. for example, if someone acts upset, simply ask him / her directly about your assumption so he / she can confirm, deny, or qualify. for example, \u201c are you angry ( upset, frustrated, irritated ) about something? \u201d try to avoid questions that start with \u201c why \u201d as they tend to put others on the defense. for example, \u201c why are you so upset? \u201d makes an assumption ( which may or may not be accurate ) and will likely make the other person feel like they \u2019 ve done something wrong. instead, try \u201c i get the sense that you may be upset. am i reading this accurately? \u201d nothing more than feelings another way to approach a sensitive conversation is to make statements that start with \u201c i feel \u201d. if you \u2019 re simply stating what you genuinely feel and you use a neutral tone, the other person can \u2019 t say you \u2019 re wrong. your feelings are your feelings and clearly stating them will help to stave off a power struggle from the get - go. for example, instead of saying to your partner \u201c you \u2019 re always late \u201d, try \u201c i feel disappointed when we don \u2019 t get to eat dinner together. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4627831464840739, "token_count": 360, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.307548"} {"text": "while solar power gets a lot of attention in the us as a possible alternative energy source, european countries are focusing a great deal of attention on wind power. denmark gets 20 % of its power from wind, a percentage that ' s set to rise to at least 25 % by the end of the decade. most the danish wind farms use giant turbines ; these can be efficient, but expensive. another up - and - coming wind power nation, scotland, has decided to take a different approach : rooftop turbines. according to the financial times, the first five rooftop turbines in a pilot program have now been installed in fife, using a new turbine technology from the edinburgh - based firm renewable devices. not designed to totally replace grid power, the turbines are intended to provide supplemental power. the renewable devices design is the first to be able to dampen the noise and vibration enough to allow rooftop installation. for now, the turbines cost \u00a310, 000, but renewable devices believes that they can get the price down to \u00a31, 500 in short order. the buildings in fife installing the turbines received government subsidies, part of scotland ' s overall plan to generate 10 % of the country ' s power from renewable resources by 2010, and 40 % by 2020. for those of us without access to the ft article, the scottish executive website has a press release : launch of rooftop wind turbine pilot the first installation of a world - leading rooftop turbine took place today at a fife school. one rooftop turbine is being installed at each of five fife primary schools in the new pilot, and if successful, the turbines could be sited on houses and buildings across scotland. the revolutionary swift turbine has been developed by edinburgh company renewable devices limited, and is at the cutting edge of global renewables technology.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5255327185278396, "token_count": 350, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.309200"} {"text": "neither snow, nor sleet, nor hail, nor driving rains, not even invasive pat - downs and body scans at the airport can keep many of us from traveling long stretches of terrain this thanksgiving weekend to reunite with family and loved ones. as we get ready, then, to make our final holiday plans, i prepared some historical nuggets to remind us of our rich history associated with thanksgiving in america. \u2022 on december 4, 1619, captain john woodlief and 37 other english settlers arrived on what is now berkeley plantation at charles city, virginia. during a brief religious service, they gave thanks for their safe arrival after months at sea. this is believed to have been the first thanksgiving in the english - speaking new world. the new settlers didn \u2019 t participate in a feast \u2022 on december 13, 1621, plymouth colony governor william bradford announced a day of feasting and prayer in thanksgiving for the harvesting of a bountiful crop and having survived a harsh winter the year before. \u2022 historical records show that in america, thanksgiving feasts occurred in settlements in what is now texas, florida, maine, and virginia prior to the celebration in plymouth \u2022 the first official thanksgiving in plymouth took place in the summer of 1623. \u2022 between 1692 and 1705, nine days of thanksgiving were approved by virginia ' s legislature. \u2022 president george washington reserved november 26, 1789, as \" a day of public thanksgiving and prayer \" and as an official national celebration. \u2022 thanksgiving in the early 19th century was primarily popular in new england and to a lesser extent in the mid - atlantic states. \u2022 prior to president lincoln \u2019 s proclamation, three presidents : george washington, john adams and james madison issued informal proclamations of a national day of thanksgiving. \u2022 even before thanksgiving was designated a national holiday in the 19th century, the day became associated with traveling long distances to reunite with family and loved ones. in 1858, more than 10, 000 new york city residents reportedly headed to new england to spend thanksgiving with relatives. \u2022 beginning in 1846, sara joseph hale, editor of godey \u2019 s magazine published editorials, encouraging governors of states and territories to make thanksgiving a legal holiday. \u2022 in 1863, president lincoln proclaimed the last thursday in november as the national day of thanksgiving. the presidential proclamation was written by lincoln \u2019 s secretary of state, william h. seward. \u2022 the intercollegiate football association scheduled its first championship game ( yale vs. princeton ) on thanksgiving day in 1876, initiating an annual tradition that would last well over a century. \u2022 as late as the 1880 \u2019", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.38236298388792556, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.314672"} {"text": "of state, william h. seward. \u2022 the intercollegiate football association scheduled its first championship game ( yale vs. princeton ) on thanksgiving day in 1876, initiating an annual tradition that would last well over a century. \u2022 as late as the 1880 \u2019 s, the u. s. catholic church opposed the celebration of thanksgiving, viewing it as a protestant rite, while many southerners considered it strictly a ` ` yankee day. \u2019 \u2019 \u2022 william deloss love, a congregationalist minister and member of the sons of the american revolution wrote the first history of thanksgiving in 1895 : ` ` fast and thanksgiving days of new england \u2019 \u2019 \u2022 well before the tradition of the thanksgiving day parade, new york city became famous for its neighborhood societies, including the gilhooley musketeers, the original hounds of the eighth ward, and the secondhand lumber dealers association who participated in all - male carnivals or parades, called \" fantasticals \" which were comprised of musicians and participants dressed in gaudy costumes parading through the streets on their way to picnics and all - night dances. the new york times reported on november 28, 1884, the presence of \" robbers, pirates, fiends, devils, imps, fairies, priests, bishops, gypsies, flower girls, kings, clowns, princes, jesters - - all in variegated and bewildering attire. \u2019 \u2019 \u2022 the first thanksgiving parade sponsored by r. h. macy and company began in 1924. by 1926 an average of 5, 000 children, attracted to the parade and other promotions, made their way through macy ' s every day during the christmas season. \u2022 november 25, 1925 : in the first professional football game played on thanksgiving day, fritz pollard, the first african - american quarterback in the nfl, led the akron pros to a 7 - 0 victory over jim thorpe and the canton bulldogs. the game marked the start of the thanksgiving tradition of pro football in america. \u2022 in 1927, president calvin coolidge delivered his thanksgiving proclamation over the radio before an evening musical program that culminated with mozart \u2019 s opera the magic flute. \u2022 in an issue of the saturday evening post in 1931, a thanksgiving advertisement for camel peddled cigarettes as something to be thankful for. \u2022 in 1934 on thanksgiving day, the chicago bears beat the detroit lion 19 - 16 in the first nfl game to be broadcast on national radio, nbc. \u2022 in 1939, in order to boost christmas sales, president franklin roosevelt moved thanksgiving up one week earlier. \u2022 in 1941,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3810259342808815, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.315566"} {"text": ", the chicago bears beat the detroit lion 19 - 16 in the first nfl game to be broadcast on national radio, nbc. \u2022 in 1939, in order to boost christmas sales, president franklin roosevelt moved thanksgiving up one week earlier. \u2022 in 1941, congress reestablished that the 4th thursday in november would be observed as thanksgiving, making it a permanent national holiday. \u2022 in 1947, the first official national thanksgiving turkey was presented to president harry truman, who followed president lincoln \u2019 s example by pardoning it. \u2022 nbc began televising the thanksgiving parade in 1948. \u2022 by 1956, football games on thanksgiving began to be televised. \u2022 november 11, 1962 : before a national televised audience, 57, 598 fans at tiger stadium watch the lions sack green bay packers quarterback bart starr 11 times for 110 yards lost. it was the packers \u2019 only loss of the year. \u2022 from 1970 - 2005, the nfl played two games on thanksgiving, often featuring the detroit lions and the dallas cowboys. in 2006, the thanksgiving tripleheader began the same year nfl network launched its package of live primetime thursday games \u2022 in 1971, first lady patricia nixon presided over the traditional presentation of the thanksgiving turkey by the poultry and egg board and national turkey, while president nixon visited the washington redskins training camp. \u2022 november 25, 1976 : buffalo bills \u2019 running back o. j. simpson rushes for a league record 273 yards for a thanksgiving day game. \u2022 november 26, 1998 : troy aikman of the dallas cowboys throws for 455 yards against the minnesota vikings, an nfl record for thanksgiving day. \u2022 in 2003, president george w. bush spends thanksgiving day with american troops stationed in iraq. \u2022 in 2009, president barack obama pardons a north carolina turkey named \u201c courage \u201d during a ceremony attended by his daughters sasha and malia. courage would be retired to disneyland after leading the thanksgiving day parade there at the annual presentation of the thanksgiving turkey by the poultry and egg board and national turkey federation \u2022 of the number of places in the united states named after the holiday, turkey, texas, was the most populous in 2009, with 445 residents, followed by turkey creek, la. ( 362 ) and turkey, n. c. ( 272 ). there are also nine townships around the country named turkey, three in kansas. \u2022 minnesota was tops in turkey production with 47 million, followed by north carolina ( 31. 0 million ), arkansas ( 28. 0 million ), missouri ( 17. 5 million ), indiana ( 16. 0 million ) and virginia (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.3931459967745367, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.316463"} {"text": "most active stories wed february 6, 2013 mothra? no, it ' s just a robot exoskeleton controlled by a moth originally published on wed february 6, 2013 9 : 24 pm what could go wrong? \" researchers at the university of tokyo have strapped a moth into a robotic exoskeleton, with the moth successfully controlling the robot to reach a specific location inside a wind tunnel, \" writes extremetech. but there is, apparently, a reason for this research. \" fortunately, the japanese researchers aren ' t actually trying to construct a moth master race, \" extremetech says. \" in reality, it ' s all about the moth ' s antennae and sensory - motor system. the researchers are trying to improve the performance of autonomous robots that are tasked with tracking the source of chemical leaks and spills. ' most chemical sensors, such as semiconductor sensors, have a slow recovery time and are not able to detect the temporal dynamics of odors as insects do, ' says noriyasu ando, the lead author of the research. ' our results will be an important indication for the selection of sensors and models when we apply the insect sensory - motor system to artificial systems. ' \" of course, mothra was once a hero. so maybe no one except godzilla should be worried. the scientists ' paper \u2014 \" odour - tracking capability of a silkmoth driving a mobile robot with turning bias and time delay \" \u2014 is posted here.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4814739518432636, "token_count": 296, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.317784"} {"text": "by ken ward jr. why does west virginia ' s timber industry mostly consist of loggers and sawmills? why doesn ' t the state have many furniture factories? forestry professors have made a career of trying to answer these questions. governor after governor has faced the problem. businessmen scratch their heads when confronted with this quandary. over the years, a list of possible answers has been compiled. basically, they point to problems that make production costs higher in west virginia than in surrounding states, making location here less desirable. among the problems commonly cited : - transportation - problems with west virginia ' s road system have become legendary. loggers in the state can ' t avoid the fact that heavy, bulky lumber must be hauled over winding, narrow roads. in many places, bridges are not sturdy enough to carry huge log trucks safely. industry experts say this situation has improved over the years. many support construction of corridor h from elkins to virginia as a further improvement that could help the timber industry. - the west virginia development office says it is disadvantaged because of the furniture industry ' s reliance on trade shows in north carolina. twice each year, producers, buyers and others connected with the furniture industry gather in the high point - winston salem area of north carolina to display their wares and take and place orders for the coming season. these shows give the western carolin a and virginia areas a distinct advantage as a location for this industry. - others have pointed to a lack of training of west virginia workers in woodworking skills required for furniture factories and other secondary wood processing businesses. - mingo county coal and timber baron buck harless blames the lack of furniture factories on west virginia ' s reputation for labor disputes and a high level of unionization among workers. harless believes this image is no longer accurate, particularly as the labor movement has lost political power and membership, but continues to plague state development efforts. - david e. white, a former west virginia university forest economist, blames a more complicated combination of wages and transportation problems. it costs more to transport timber products from rural timber counties like webster or randolph, so furniture plants would be better off in areas like charleston, with interstate highways and river barge transportation. but wages are higher in kanawha county than in rural, timber counties. low wages in those rural counties have helped make their sawmills competitive and offset high transportation costs for raw lumber. this hasn ' t been the case for secondary wood process ing. \" in short, the comparative advantage that west virginia has for the primary processing of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.40673533407368845, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.320888"} {"text": "eleven people have died so far from an outbreak of a rare non - contagious fungal meningitis, an inflammation of membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. the discovery of the outbreak, linked to an injectable steroid the patients were getting to treat pain, was first reported late last week by centers for disease control and prevention in atlanta. on tuesday the cdc said 119 people had been infected, and warned that the number will likely rise. fungal meningitis is very rare and, unlike viral and bacterial meningitis, is not contagious. how has this happened and does it touch your life? who is affected? the patients were injected in their spine with a preservative - free steroid called methylprednisolone acetate. some time after their treatment, the patients began reporting that they were feeling the hallmark symptoms of meningitis - - headache, fever, stiff neck and a sensitivity to bright lights. the potentially contaminated injections were given starting may 21, 2012, with tennessee so far reporting the most number of overall cases - - 35 cases, including four deaths. other states reporting deaths are maryland, michigan and virginia. updated case counts can be followed on this link to the cdc ' s site. in addition to the states where deaths have occurred, other states with confirmed cases are florida, indiana, minnesota, north carolina and ohio. the cdc says as many as 13, 000 people may have received medicine from the potentially contaminated injections. what should you do if you think you were infected?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43144899093316824, "token_count": 311, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.322634"} {"text": "in the 17th and 18th centuries mukha was famous as the center for exporting coffee grown in the yemeni highlands ( the coffee being given the name mocha in the west ). it was once a sprightly, whitewashed, cosmopolitan city spreading around a crescent - shaped bay, with superb buildings, palaces, mosques, coffee - houses, open squares and caravanserais capable of accommodating vast camel trains. before the 17th century sources are scarce. the anonymous greek seafarer who wrote the periplus of the erythrean sea, probably around ad100, describes the trade between egypt and india and mentions the region of \" mouza \" and of course mukha is mentioned by the tenth - century yemeni historian al - hamdani. visiting the port in 1616 on the nassau, a senior dutch merchant, pieter van den broecke, wrote that the \" famous trading city is adorned with mosques and beautiful houses \" and by 1618 the dutch and british east india companies have set up permanent \" factories \" or trading stations there. the french, belgians and danes ) and ultimately, the americans ) followed, as coffee drinking began to spread, and gold and silver poured into the city in payment for the exports. dominating the centre of the harbour front was an impressive governor ' s palace flanked by the great friday mosque ( still seen today ) with its imposing minaret used by sailors as a navigation mark as they made for harbour. beside the central jetty were a weighing house, a toll - house for the payment of import - export duties and warehouses. also, there were large numbers of flat - roofed merchants ' and administrators ' houses built of stone and brick, as well as, smaller rectangular mud - and \u2013 reed houses of tihama style strung out around the bay on the outskirts of town.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4370637398065839, "token_count": 371, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.324412"} {"text": "the end of the long summer it \u2019 s time for each of us to have a talk with our inner economist. if humanity is to survive the hardships that lie ahead due to climate change, we \u2019 ve got to abandon the now universal, but originally western, ethos of economic growth. that onward - and - upward, more - is - better paean to the accumulation of individual wealth and to the idea of earth - as - tool has led us blindly into a very tight spot. if we don \u2019 t abandon those notions and change the way our societies operate, we may face utter collapse. so argues veteran environmental journalist dianne dumanoski in the end of the long summer : why we must remake our civilization to survive on a volatile earth. the book skillfully weaves evidence from climatology, biology, history, anthropology, economics, and other fields to dispel any feel - good misconceptions about global warming, explain its causes, and try to prepare us for what \u2019 s ahead. if you were picturing a gradual climb in earth \u2019 s temperatures potentially making northern areas more hospitable, think again. \u201c volatile \u201d is the key word here. before the last 12, 000 years of nearly unprecedented climate stability \u2014 the period known as \u201c the long summer \u201d that allowed complex civilizations to develop \u2014 chaotic climate swings were the norm. climate varied more from decade to decade than it has in the past 12, 000 years. picture an ice age developing in the span of a lifetime, or even a decade \u2014 this scenario may confront us, depending on how the earth reacts to our toxic influences. the earth \u2019 s volatility is a key point, dumanoski stresses. science does not ( and cannot ) predict all, and she says that in the century ahead, we need to prepare for swift, wild surprises. \u201c nature is not like a mechanical escalator but like a leaping dragon, \u201d she writes. we \u2019 ve got to prepare for the worst even as we try to stop our ongoing damage to the earth. it \u2019 s not an original notion, but only a few have acted on it so far. for example, the san francisco chronicle reports that in california, known for its regulations to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, a panel of leaders is forming a \u201c plan b \u201d to deal with the disruptive effects of climate change. the end of the long summer helps readers get the big picture and think globally, but it is less clear on how we should act locally. the idea", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4723765866400028, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.330343"} {"text": "of leaders is forming a \u201c plan b \u201d to deal with the disruptive effects of climate change. the end of the long summer helps readers get the big picture and think globally, but it is less clear on how we should act locally. the idea that we must redirect western civilization is daunting, so dumanoski suggests strategies drawn from human history of surviving past climate crises. what will it take to avert disastrous climate change? we thought we had 20, 30, 50 years to take on the climate crisis. we were wrong. the scary science, smart policies, and critical actions that could still avert disaster. read more she advocates a two - pronged strategy of \u201c survivability \u201d ( which she differentiates from individualistic, run - for - the - hills survivalism ) : reduce the activities that are \u201c disrupting the earth \u2019 s metabolism, \u201d she says, and improve the resilience of our communities and institutions by changing systems that make us vulnerable to climate change. dumanoski urges us to transform our global, must - keep - growing, too - big - to - fail economy and social systems. these systems prioritize the accumulation of financial capital over the generation of social capital. in the future, they will need to be based on trust and cooperation. there may be no one to bail us out if climate change interrupts international trade. we must revise our systems of producing food and \u201c essential \u201d goods to incorporate principles of functional redundancy, diversity, and compartmentalization. in crudely simple terms, we can \u2019 t rely on apples from washington or clothing and steel from china being delivered on demand if climate change rapidly destroys croplands and interrupts transportation. strong communities will be partially self - sufficient yet rely on multiple sources. they will have allies willing to help, and will warehouse a variety of foods and goods to get through hard times. dumanoski offers a number of policy suggestions \u2014 her own and others \u2019 \u2014 toward these ends. we could reinstitute grain stockpiles, which have largely disappeared from countries around the world since the 1990s, due to the policies of the united states, the world bank, and the international monetary fund. governments could mandate that manufacturers use diverse sources of raw materials, components, and services, and require companies to disclose their sources and suppliers, so that investors reward those who spread their risk. given the weak agreements that came out of the copenhagen climate talks, however, it \u2019 s hard to imagine world leaders agreeing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.496076316248137, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.332065"} {"text": ", components, and services, and require companies to disclose their sources and suppliers, so that investors reward those who spread their risk. given the weak agreements that came out of the copenhagen climate talks, however, it \u2019 s hard to imagine world leaders agreeing to change the underpinnings of the world economy. when the economy is mentioned in the same breath as climate change, it \u2019 s usually in reference to climate policies potentially hurting \u201c the economy \u201d or kick - starting a \u201c green economy. \u201d dumanoski suggests that the fundamental ideas that drive economic theory have to change in order to cope with the climate crisis. what would it look like to have a resilient community that functions in cooperation with the earth? could some indigenous societies serve as models? notably, the idea is not explored in the book. dumanoski does point to some encouraging trends in the growing activism for organic and locally grown food, the preservation of seed and farmland, crop diversity, and the acknowledgment of earth as gaia, a living organism. the end of the long summer gives us another in a string of much - needed wake - up calls. while it may be hard to imagine humanity responding as dumanoski very convincingly says we should, she emphasizes that we have the capacity to surprise ourselves. \u201c the only certain thing about the coming century is its immense uncertainty, \u201d she writes. it \u2019 s time to embrace that uncertainty and start preparing for climate change as best we can. sherry boschert is author of plug - in hybrids : the cars that will recharge america ( new society publishers ) and a cofounder of plug in america. interested? climate heroes : meet some of the people on the front lines of climate action. that means, we rely on support from our readers. independent. nonprofit. subscriber - supported.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48881472229490264, "token_count": 376, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.333224"} {"text": "distributed systems and applications dr. e. tuosto computer networks and distributed applications have a paramount role in all - day life. nowadays, it is hard to imagine stand - alone systems or applications. practically, any modern computing device offers the possibility of being connected with other devices. at higher level, applications aim at exploiting networking capabilities of systems and tend to be more and more interconnected and communicating themselves. programming this kind of distributed applications can result a hard task if not done at the appropriate level of abstraction. there are two main complex aspects to face with : ( i ) distributed systems are frequently made of heterogeneous devices and interact through many different communication infrastructure ; ( ii ) modern distributed systems have different tiers ( e. g., tcp / ip level, operating system, network system, etc. ). middlewares provide an abstraction of many low - level details of systems. they are meant to simplify software development and application integration by interfacing the application level with lower tier of distributed systems so that the programmer does not have to worry about implementation details. also, middlewares allow the programmer to integrate applications developed for different execution context and in different times. the course reviews some notions of concurrent and distributed programming ( e. g., threads and rmi ) and presents the main models and principles behind the middlewares that in the last years many vendors ( microsoft, ibm, sun, oracle ) have proposed. in fact, these proposals differ each other not only with respect to the technologies or architectures adopted, but also with respect to the underlying coordination models. the course also presents the use of some of the most common middlewares in the development of web - based and distributed applications.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5562706498063814, "token_count": 348, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.336063"} {"text": "about this site the main goal of across cultures is to celebrate canadian cultural diversity by highlighting the extraordinary contributions that different communities have made to canada, as well as the many challenges they have had to face, while acknowledging the less praiseworthy moments in canadian history regarding cultural diversity. the site is also intended as a tribute to filmmakers from various cultural and ethnic communities who have made it their work to show the canadian population the great richness of their cultures. lastly, the site is designed to help teachers present the issues around canadian multiculturalism in a dynamic and inviting way that also matches the goals of their academic programs. films and film clips the site features 120 films from the nfb collection ( 60 in english ; 60 in french in the french part ). of those, 48 ( 24 in english ; 24 in french in the french part ) include an audio description for the blind and visually impaired ; and 49 films ( 27 in english ; 22 in french in the french part ) are available with closed - captioning. users will also find 164 film clips ( 80 in english ; 84 in french in the french part ). these 120 films are only a fraction of nfb productions on canada \u2019 s ethnic and cultural communities ; however, they are representative of communities from all over the country, and altogether more than 60 years of film production are covered. the selection does not include films on aboriginal peoples, since another site \u2013 aboriginal perspectives \u2013 is devoted entirely to them. some people may be surprised at the omission of well known works from our list. they are absent because we were unable to obtain online broadcast rights for all the films we might have wanted to include and because the project, which is supported by the canadian memory fund, had to leave aside some newer works to give pride of place to those of high heritage value. how the site is organized the across cultures web site is divided into five sections : themes to explore ; cinema and representation ; points of view ; see everything, hear everything ; and for teachers. the themes section covers 6 themes formulated as questions. each theme includes film clips with accompanying questions, original articles and interviews with experts, public opinion polls, archival materials and classroom activities. cinema and representation considers the ways in which ethnic and cultural communities have been represented in nfb documentaries. in it, you will find film clips, archival materials, original articles by nfb experts, interviews with filmmakers and a classroom activity. the third section, points of view, addresses issues of racism, identity and social integration in canada. it comprises original articles by canadian experts", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47504088209566064, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.343083"} {"text": "will find film clips, archival materials, original articles by nfb experts, interviews with filmmakers and a classroom activity. the third section, points of view, addresses issues of racism, identity and social integration in canada. it comprises original articles by canadian experts in the field, film clips and discussions. the see everything, hear everything section gives users access to all the complete films, film clips, archival artefacts and other types of audiovisual content available on the site. finally, for teachers offers lesson plans, web links and bibliographic resources. it contains a glossary of terms ( also available on the tools menu ) to familiarize users with the language of cultural diversity. our main focus is on the complete films, but we also include film clips as an easy introduction to each section. the clips allow teachers, students and other users to quickly pinpoint specific content \u2013 the issues raised in each theme, expert viewpoints, or aspects of ethnic and cultural representation, for example. of course, the complete films are always available and easily accessed for viewing. clearly, we cannot claim to cover every aspect of diversity, describe every issue, raise every question, or mention the challenges and achievements of every ethnic and cultural community in the country. across cultures does, however, provide an excellent introduction to the area for anyone interested in multiculturalism and the issue of cultural diversity in canada. we encourage users to visit two other sites our team has built with support from the canadian memory fund, which also deal with issues of cultural diversity : documentary lens and aboriginal perspectives.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47847469420786065, "token_count": 311, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.344381"} {"text": "the fairs can be treasure troves of free information, but they can be tough to navigate. imagine a gymnasium crammed with tables for a hundred or more college reps, and snaking lines of overwhelmed teens and parents trying to figure out where to go. basically, you need a game plan : before you go : - first, go online and download the list of participating colleges and any information sessions. have your child decide which sessions he wants to hear, and which schools interest him most. - print out a stack of mailing labels with his name, address, anticipated graduation date, intended major ( if he knows it ), and e - mail address. if he \u2019 s still using an e - mail address such as hotstuff9 or firstname. lastname @ example. org, this would be an excellent time to pick a new one. printing labels will save him from writing the exact same information over and over on 50 clipboards at the fair. - lines tend to be long at college fairs, particularly at tables manned by reps from very popular colleges, so prioritize your time and your list of questions. admission requirements and majors are listed online, so ask the questions that are not : \u201c will professors or grad students teach my classes? \u201d \u201c how many freshmen return the next year? \u201d and \u201c how will i sign up for classes - with assistance from the same faculty advisor for all four years, or on my own, via computer screen? \u201d at the fair : - wear comfortable shoes, and bring a notebook and pen. vendors usually provide bags so you can tote all those brochures and free pencils, but it \u2019 s a good idea to bring your own, just in case. - plan your route by picking up a map when you first enter. some fairs group state schools in one section, or put all the military academies together, but there \u2019 s always some alphabetical arrangement, so organize your \u201c must see \u201d list alphabetically, then compare it to the map. - if you \u2019 re planning to attend a session on financial aid or another aspect of college admissions, double check the schedule when you first arrive and keep an eye on the time. - start making the rounds, spending the most time at colleges on your child \u2019 s list, but making sure you at least glance at other possibilities. there may be other schools here that would be a good fit too. keep an open mind. - encourage your child to move to the front of the lines - he may", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.40378012494411514, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.347727"} {"text": "the name aculeata is used to refer to a monophyletic lineage of hymenoptera. the word \" aculeata \" is a reference to the defining feature of the group, which is the modification of the ovipositor into a stinger ( thus, the group could be called stinging wasps ). in other words, the structure that was originally used to lay eggs is modified instead to deliver venom. not all members of the group can sting ; in fact, a great many cannot, either because the ovipositor is modified in a different manner ( such as for laying eggs in crevices ), or because it is lost altogether. this group includes the bees and ants and all of the eusocial hymenopterans ; it is, in fact, commonly believed that the possession of a venomous sting was one of the important features promoting the evolution of social behavior, as it confers a level of anti - predator defense rarely approached by other invertebrates. the use of the name aculeata has a long history at the rank of infraorder or division, and it is only with the advent of modern phylogenetics that the higher classifications of insects ( and other organisms ) have come to reject artificial ( paraphyletic ) grouping categories. while the aculeata is a good natural group, containing all the descendants of a single common ancestor, the supposed \" other infraorder \" of the apocrita - the \" parasitica \" or \" terebrantia \" - is not a natural group, just as the \" sawflies \", the basal lineages of hymenoptera, are not. the aculeata are therefore maintained as a taxon, either at infraorder or division rank or as an unranked clade. however, the \" parasitica \" must be considered a paraphyletic assemblage ; the taxon \" parasitica \" is discarded and their interrelationships are subject of further study. provisionally, they all can be treated as s uperfamilies incertae sedis in the apocrita, without being placed in an infraorder. it is highly likely that at least some of these parasitic wasps - for example the stephanoidea - are as closely related to the aculeata as to other \" parasitica \". on the other hand, among the parasitic wasps the ichneumonoidea seem particularly closely related to the aculeata. if taxonomic ranks are used,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47921913737980776, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.360546"} {"text": "- are as closely related to the aculeata as to other \" parasitica \". on the other hand, among the parasitic wasps the ichneumonoidea seem particularly closely related to the aculeata. if taxonomic ranks are used, it may therefore be best to treat the latter as a division and divide the apocrita into some 6 infraorders representing lineages of about equal standing, one of which would unite the aculeata and the ichneumonoidea. note that having the same taxonomic rank does not imply equal evolutionary standing, whereas placement in the same higher - ranked taxon ideally does, or at least implies that regardless of what specific rank they have, the lower - ranked taxa are all part of the same evolutionary radiation. therefore, would the aculeata and the ichneumonoidea be placed in an infraorder, the former would still be considered a division and the latter a superfamily. despite having different ranks, they would be members of the same taxon and sister lineages. - tree of life web project : aculeata the series aculeata is further organized into finer groupings including : - superfamily ( 3 ) : apoidea \u00b7 chrysidoidea \u00b7 vespoidea - family ( 35 ) : ampulicidae \u00b7 andrenidae \u00b7 angarosphecidae \u00b7 apidae \u00b7 armaniidae \u00b7 baissodidae \u00b7 bethylidae \u00b7 bethylonymidae \u00b7 bradynobaenidae \u00b7 chrysididae \u00b7 colletidae \u00b7 crabronidae \u00b7 dryinidae \u00b7 embolemidae \u00b7 falsiformicidae \u00b7 formicidae \u00b7 halictidae \u00b7 heterogynaidae \u00b7 limnetidae \u00b7 megachilidae \u00b7 melittid ae \u00b7 mutillidae \u00b7 paleomelittidae \u00b7 plumariidae \u00b7 pompilidae \u00b7 rhopalosomatidae \u00b7 sapygidae \u00b7 sclerogibbidae \u00b7 scolebythidae \u00b7 scoliidae \u00b7 sierolomorphidae \u00b7 sphecidae \u00b7 sphecomyrmidae \u00b7 tiphiidae \u00b7 vespidae the ampulicidae, or cockroach wasps, is a small ( approx. 200 species ), primarily tropical group of sphecoid wasps, all of which use various cockroaches as prey items for their larvae. they tend to have elongated jaws, a pronounced neck - like constriction behind the head, a strongly petiolate abdomen, and deep grooves on the thorax", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4250698774024042, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.361472"} {"text": "all of which use various cockroaches as prey items for their larvae. they tend to have elongated jaws, a pronounced neck - like constriction behind the head, a strongly petiolate abdomen, and deep grooves on the thorax. many are quite ant - like in appearance, though some are brilliant metallic blue or green. [ more ] the family andrenidae is a large ( nearly ) cosmopolitan ( absent in australia ) non - parasitic bee family, with most of the diversity in temperate and / or arid areas ( warm temperate xeric ), including some truly enormous genera ( e. g., andrena with over 1300 species, and perdita with nearly 800 ). one of the subfamilies, oxaeinae, are so different in appearance that they were typically accorded family status, but careful phylogenetic analysis reveals them to be an offshoot within the andrenidae, very close to the andreninae. [ more ] the apidae are a large family of bees, comprising the common honey bees, stingless bees ( which are also cultured for honey ), carpenter bees, orchid bees, cuckoo bees, bumblebees, and various other less well - known groups. the family apidae presently includes all the genera that were previously classified in the families anthophoridae and ctenoplectridae, and most of these are solitary species, though a few are also cleptoparasites. the four groups that were subfamilies in the old family apidae are presently ranked as tribes within the subfamily apinae. this trend has been taken to its extreme in a few recent classifications that place all the existing bee families together under the name \" apidae \" ( or, alternatively, the non - linnaean clade \" anthophila \" ), but this is not a widely - accepted practice. [ more ] bradynobaenidae is a family of wasps similar to the mutillidae. these species are often found in arid regions. [ more ] commonly known as cuckoo wasps, the hymenopteran family chrysididae is a very large cosmopolitan group ( over 3000 described species ) of parasitoid or cleptoparasitic wasps, often highly sculptured, with brilliantly colored metallic - like bodies ( thus the common names jewel wasp, gold wasp, or emerald wasp are sometimes used ). they are most diverse in desert regions of the world, as they are typically associated with solitary bee and wasp species, which are also most diverse in such areas. [", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4135614012734292, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.362439"} {"text": "the common names jewel wasp, gold wasp, or emerald wasp are sometimes used ). they are most diverse in desert regions of the world, as they are typically associated with solitary bee and wasp species, which are also most diverse in such areas. [ more ] colletidae is a family of bees, and are often referred to collectively as plasterer bees or polyester bees, due to the method of smoothing the walls of their nest cells with secretions applied with their mouthparts ; these secretions dry into a cellophane - like lining. there are 5 subfamilies, 54 genera, and over 2000 species, all of them evidently solitary, though many nest in aggregations. two of the subfamilies, and hylaeinae, lack the external pollen - carrying apparatus ( the scopa ) that otherwise characterizes most bees, and instead carry the pollen in their crop. these groups, and in fact most genera in this family, have liquid or semi - liquid pollen masses on which the larvae develop. [ more ] crabronidae is a large family of wasps, that includes nearly all of the species formerly comprising the now - defunct superfamily sphecoidea. it collectively includes well over 200 genera, containing well over 9000 species. crabronids were originally a part of sphecidae, but the latter name is now restricted to a separate family based on what was once the subfamily sphecinae. as this change is very recent, it seems likely that the subfamilies of crabronidae will each eventually be treated as families in their own right, as they have been treated as such by many authorities in the past ( as in the catalog linked below ). [ more ] dryinidae is a family of hymenopteran insects with about 1, 400 described species found worldwide. these are solitary wasps whose larvae are parasitoids on other insects. the only known hosts are hemiptera, especially leafhoppers. [ more ] ants are social insects of the family formicidae ( ) and, along with the related wasps and bees, belong to the order hymenoptera. ants evolved from wasp - like ancestors in the mid - cretaceous period between 110 and 130 million years ago and diversified after the rise of flowering plants. more than 12, 500 out of an estimated total of 22, 000 species have been classified. they are easily identified by their elbowed antennae and a distinctive node - like structure that forms a slender waist. [ more ] halictidae is a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4332291659176806, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.363462"} {"text": ". more than 12, 500 out of an estimated total of 22, 000 species have been classified. they are easily identified by their elbowed antennae and a distinctive node - like structure that forms a slender waist. [ more ] halictidae is a cosmopolitan family of the order hymenoptera consisting of small ( > 4 mm ) to midsize ( > 8 mm ) bees which are usually dark - colored and often metallic in appearance. several species are all or partly green and a few are red ; a number of them have yellow markings, especially the males, which commonly possess yellow faces, a pattern widespread among the various families of bees. they are commonly referred to as sweat bees ( especially the smaller species ), as they are often attracted to perspiration ; when pinched, females can give a minor sting. [ more ] the megachilidae are a cosmopolitan family of ( mostly ) solitary bees whose pollen - carrying structure ( called a scopa ) is restricted to the ventral surface of the abdomen ( rather than mostly or exclusively on the hind legs as in other bee families ). megachilid genera are most commonly known as mason bees and leafcutter bees, reflecting the materials they build their nest cells from ( soil or leaves, respectively ) ; a few collect plant or animal hairs and fibers, and are called carder bees. all species feed on nectar and pollen, but a few are cleptoparasites ( informally called \" cuckoo bees \" ), feeding on pollen collected by other megachilid bees. parasitic species do not possess a scopa. the brightly colored scopa leads to a colloquial name used occasionally in north america - \" jelly - belly bees. \" megachilid bees are among the world ' s most efficient pollinators because of their energetic swimming - like motion in the reproductive structures of flowers, which moves pollen, as need ed for pollination. one of the reasons they are efficient pollinators is their frequency of visits to plants, but this is because they are extremely inefficient at gathering pollen ; compared to all other bee families, megachilids require on average nearly ten times as many trips to flowers to gather sufficient resources to provision a single brood cell. [ more ] the family melittidae is a small bee family, with some 60 species in 4 genera, restricted to africa and the northern temperate zone. historically, the family has included the dasypodaidae and meganomiidae as subfamilies, but recent molecular studies indicate that melitt", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.479590624677077, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.364401"} {"text": "small bee family, with some 60 species in 4 genera, restricted to africa and the northern temperate zone. historically, the family has included the dasypodaidae and meganomiidae as subfamilies, but recent molecular studies indicate that melittidae ( sensu lato ) was paraphyletic, so each of the three historical subfamilies is now accorded family status, with dasypodaidae as the basal group of bees, followed by meganomiids and melittids, which are sister taxa.. [ more ] mutillidae are a family of more than 3, 000 species of wasp whose wingless females resemble ants. their common name velvet ant refers to their dense pile of hair which most often is bright scarlet or orange but may also be black, white, silver, or gold. their bright colors serve as aposematic signals. they are known for their extremely painful sting, facetiously said to be strong enough to kill a cow, hence the common name cow killer or cow ant is applied to some species. unlike a real ant, they do not have drones, workers, and queens. however, velvet ants do exhibit haplodiploid sex determination similar to other members of vespoidea ( jh hunt 1999 ). [ more ] wasps in the family pompilidae are commonly called spider wasps ( in south america, species may be referred to colloquially as marabunta or marimbondo, though these names can be generally applied to any very large stinging wasps ). the family is cosmopolitan, with some 5, 000 species in 6 subfamilies. all species are solitary, and most capture and paralyze prey, though members of the subfamily ceropalinae are cleptoparasites of other pompilids, or ectoparasitoids of living spiders. [ more ] rhopalosomatidae is a family of hymenoptera. it contains about 68 extant species in four genera that are found worldwide. three fossil genera are known. [ more ] scoliidae, the scoliid wasps, is a small family represented by 6 genera and about 20 species in north america, but they occur worldwide, with a total of around 300 species. they tend to be black, often marked with yellow or orange, and their wing tips are distinctively corrugated. males are more slender and elongate than females, with longer antennae, but the sexual dimorphism is not as extreme as is common in the tiphiidae, a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43186334129954534, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.365393"} {"text": "with yellow or orange, and their wing tips are distinctively corrugated. males are more slender and elongate than females, with longer antennae, but the sexual dimorphism is not as extreme as is common in the tiphiidae, a closely related family. [ more ] sphecidae ( latreille, 1802 ) is a cosmopolitan family of wasps that include digger wasps, mud daubers and other familiar types that all fall under the category of thread - waisted wasps. both of the traditional definitions of the sphecidae ( the conservative one, where all the sphecoid wasps other than ampulicids and heterogynaids were in a single large family, and the more refined one, where the 7 large sphecid subfamilies were each elevated to family rank ) have recently been shown to be paraphyletic, and the most recent classification is closer to the conservative scheme ; the families heterogynaidae and ampulicidae are the sister taxa to what are now two families ( instead of one ), the sphecidae and crabronidae. thus, the bulk of the sphecoid wasps are now placed in crabronidae, and sphecidae per se is a much more restricted concept, equivalent to what used to be the subfamily sphecinae. [ more ] the vespidae are a large ( nearly 5, 000 species ), diverse, cosmopolitan family of wasps, including nearly all the known eusocial wasps and many wasps. each social wasp colony includes a queen and a number of female workers with varying degrees of sterility relative to the queen. in temperate social species, colonies usually only last one year, dying at the onset of winter. new queens and males ( drones ) are produced towards the end of the summer, and after mating, the queens hibernate over winter in cracks or other sheltered locations. the nests of most species are constructed out of mud, but polistines and vespines use plant fibers, chewed to form a sort of paper ( also true of some stenogastrines ). many species are pollen vectors contributing to the pollination of several plants, being potential or even effective pollinators. [ more ] at least 4, 081 species and subspecies belong to the family vespidae. more info about the family vespidae may be found here. - the text on this page is licensed under the gnu free documentation license. it includes material from wikipedia retrieved wednesday,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4477085085525424, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.366307"} {"text": "farming for our future november 29, 2012posted by acroanmph in global health, public health. tags : agriculture, climate change, farming, food, global health, public health, renewable resources, sustainability, transitional farming, water we \u2019 re on track to deplete the earth of it \u2019 s ability to produce food. global crop land increased by 12 % but agricultural production by 150 % over the last 50 years. we \u2019 ve managed to keep barely ahead of the curve for overall food production. but not sustainably. the projected world population growth will pass 9 billion by 2050, and that means an increase in food production by 70 % and better methods of distribution to meet the food security demand. agriculture \u2019 s continued dependence on non - renewable fossil fuels for production / fertilizer / irrigation, machinery, processing, transportation, packaging and marketing has direct and unsustainable consequences for farmlands. a recent united nations study indicates that \u201c all continents are experiencing land degradation, with particularly high incidence along the west coast of the americas, across the mediterranean region of southern europe and north africa, the sahel and the horn of africa, and throughout asia. the greatest threat is the loss of soil quality, followed by biodiversity loss and depletion of water resources. \u201d farmed animals consume 70 % of the grains produced on u. s. farms. droughts have already caused food riots and war in recent years. irrigation currently accounts for 70 % of all water use and 19 % of farm energy use in the u. s. once groundwater sources are depleted, the amount of land available for cultivation will diminish substantially. groundwater levels of the north china plains have declined to the point where rice production, which accounts for 90 % of water usage there, are overexploited and now scarce. maintaining and improving ecosystems, including coastal habitats and oceans is also critical, as time reports \u201c the world has ignored the ominous constellation of factors that now make feeding humanity sustainably our most pressing task \u2013 even in times of economic and climatic crisis, \u201d writes professor cribb. but professor cribb isn \u2019 t the only scientist clamoring for politicians to take climate change seriously. in a recent study by the arc center of excellence for coral reef studies, it warned of a potential mass extinction as the number of ocean dead zones \u2013 waters starved of oxygen \u2013 increase at an accelerating pace. the tyndall centre for climate change research also put out a study that shows the increasing likelihood of frightening changes to rainfall, water", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4551649136069169, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.369593"} {"text": "of a potential mass extinction as the number of ocean dead zones \u2013 waters starved of oxygen \u2013 increase at an accelerating pace. the tyndall centre for climate change research also put out a study that shows the increasing likelihood of frightening changes to rainfall, water supplies, weather systems, sea levels and crop harvests by the end of the century. progress exists somewhat in alternative forms of energy \u2013 nuclear, coal, wind and solar \u2013 but none produce liquid fuels. countries gather regularly to discuss these impending changes, but have yet to enact solutions on the largest crop lands. pickards mountain eco - institute, a chapel hill, nc educational farm and sustainability living center, was established by tim toben, an eco - revolutionary who believes sustainability will require more personal responsibility and that farms will be plentiful in rural areas by 2050 as americans minimize their grandiose lifestyles out of necessity. this transitional farming is self - sustaining and, he believes, is likely to become the new american dream. what kind of connection do you want to have with your food? will you make any changes to help ensure our planet is able to produce enough food for us in the next decades? would you live in a cob cottage or stop eating industrial meat in order to preserve the land? the future of farming : eight solutions for a hungry world ( www. popsci. com ) the association for the study of peak oil & gas ( www. peakoil. net ) regreening africa ( www. thenation. com ) children of our fields ( www. acroan. com ) hidden hunger in the heartland ( www. acroan. com )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5125046018736062, "token_count": 332, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.370186"} {"text": "nairobi \u2014 a rare monkey species, the tana river red colobus, that is only found in kenya, faces extinction due to encroachment on their habitat by human activities, the international union for conservation of nature and natural resources says. these monkeys are found in the kenya wildlife services ' only primate reserve in the country - the tana river primate reserve. the kws warden in charge of the reserve, mr francis mbaka, who has confirmed the developments, said human encroachment on the primate reserve that include farming, grazing and logging were the main cause of the declining population of the tana river red colobus monkey. \" we have now embarked on a massive awareness campaign among communities living around the tana river primate reserve on the need to preserve the reserve for posterity, \" he said. mr mbaka said human encroachment on the primate reserve had led to its fragmentation, posing a major threat to the tana river red colobus and the crested mangabey monkeys. \" the most affected area of the reserve is around the mchelelo tented camp, which is home to the rare monkey species and more than 260 bird species, \" he said. mr mbaka said 11 square kilometres of the 169 square kilometre reserve that is closed forest has been fragmented into patches, leading to a decline in the population of key monkey species. the tana river red colobus monkey is among 25 primates which have been included on iucn ' s list of endangered species. the world conservation body warns that the primates are in danger of becoming extinct due to unprecedented threat from destruction of tropical forests, illegal wildlife trade and commercial bush meat hunting. primates from 24 other countries in africa, asia and south america are also endangered.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3773671586007926, "token_count": 355, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.374611"} {"text": "pink dolphin \u2013 boto or albino? pink dolphins? no, you ' re not drunk. they really exist. but, they should be differentiated because the cause of their pink color is not the same in all dolphins. bout or boto ( lat. inia geoffrensis ) belongs to a group of primitive dolphins and differs significantly from other species. most interestingly, silver - gray offspring become pink with age. beautiful pink! scientists still do not know the exact cause of their beautiful pink color. these jumps are a rarity! you will almost never see bout that pops out of the water like its oceanic cousins, because they are less active. their eyes are almost stunted, so because of their poor vision they must rely on well - developed natural sonar and echo - locating capability. as in the spinal cord they have one unconnected vertebra, boto dolphins have the ability to turn their head for 180 degrees, which enables them to spin faster and to penetrate easier through the underwater trees, especially during the rainy season when the rivers flood large areas of forests and wetlands. at their round head they have a long snout with bristly hairs, which resembles a bird ' s beak, and it is of great importance when the prey must be drawned out of it hiding place, hollow tree or flooded scrub vegetation. their teeth are not used for chewing food, they usually tear it apart. they usually hunt independently, but when they notice a shoal of fish, they quickly group in order to improve and facilitate the catch. they hunt the fish by hitting it hard and stunning it until it stops struggling, or they throw it above the water level to eat it, or let ' s say swallow it, more correctly. they feed on small fish such as piranhas, but and armored catfish, squid, shrimp, crab, crayfish, small turtles and other small animals can be found on their menu. in order to digest fish bones and armor of turtles, they have developed three stomachs. females are usually larger than males, they may be long up to 2 - 3m, and heavy up to 100 - 160 kg. males are usually about 2 meters long and weigh about 94 kilograms. babies at birth are about 80 inches long and weighing 15 kilograms. their homeland are the rivers of south america, the amazon and orinoco, and therefore they ' re often called the amazonian river dolphins. we used to enjoy watching the dolphins cruising the seas and oceans, but boto dolphins are the exact opposite - they", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46351025019448655, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.377890"} {"text": "are the rivers of south america, the amazon and orinoco, and therefore they ' re often called the amazonian river dolphins. we used to enjoy watching the dolphins cruising the seas and oceans, but boto dolphins are the exact opposite - they are great loners, who are rarely met with members of their species, which is why they avoid major river flows, and would rather remain in a slightly marshy backwaters. the only enemies of boto dolphins are humans and fishing nets. today, unfortunately, they ' re endangered species. pollution, excessive and uncontrolled fishing, destruction of boto dolphins habitat, did not only reduce the number of dolphins, but it also destroyed and reduced the areas where they could live. unlike these natural and normal pink dolphin, albino dolphins are wonderful, but unnaturally pink. their color comes from the inability of their organism to create melanin, the pigment that gives color to the skin. because of the sensitivity of skin to sunlight albino dolphins spend more time under water. obviously, the nature itself took care for those unique species to survive and be a part of its flock. apart from this lack, albino dolphins are completely healthy. love for the color pink and the dolphins, especially the pink ones, awaken the imagination and creativity, so you can try the making a cake in the shape of this unique dolphin and give it to your barbie doll...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4149931891474411, "token_count": 288, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.380058"} {"text": "background : hepatitis c virus ( hcv ) is the most common bloodborne pathogen in the united states and is an important cause of patient morbidity and mortality, but it is unclear whether screening to identify asymptomatic infected persons is appropriate. purpose : to synthesize the evidence on risks and benefits of screening for hcv infection. data sources : medline ( through february 2003 ), cochrane clinical trials registry ( 2002, issue 2 ), reference lists, and experts. study selection : controlled studies of screening and antiviral therapy and observational studies on other interventions, risk factors, accuracy of antibody testing, work - up, harms of biopsy, and long - term outcomes. data extraction : using preset criteria, the authors assessed the quality of included studies and abstracted information about settings, patients, interventions, and outcomes. data synthesis : there are no published trials of screening for hcv infection. approximately 2 % of u. s. adults have hcv antibodies, with the majority having chronic infection. risk factor assessment could identify adults at substantially higher risk. antiviral treatment can result in a sustained virologic response rate of 54 % to 56 %, but no trials have been done specifically in asymptomatic patients likely to be identified by screening. data are insufficient to determine whether treatment improves long - term outcomes. there are no data to estimate the benefit from counseling or immunizations. although risks of biopsy and treatment appear minimal or self - limited, data on other adverse effects of screening, such as labeling or anxiety, are sparse. conclusions : antiviral treatment can successfully eradicate hcv, but data on long - term outcomes in populations likely to be identified by screening are lacking. although the yield from targeted screening, particularly in intravenous drug users, would be substantially higher than in the general population, data are inadequate to accurately weigh the overall benefits and risks of screening in otherwise healthy asymptomatic adults.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4759509382279274, "token_count": 400, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.383124"} {"text": "the flash provides a way to pass temporary objects between actions. anything you place in the flash will be exposed to the very next action and then cleared out. this is a great way of doing notices and alerts, such as a create action that sets flash [ : notice ] = \" post successfully created \" before redirecting to a display action that can then expose the flash to its template. actually, that exposure is automatically done. example : class postscontroller < actioncontroller : : base def create # save post flash [ : notice ] = \" post successfully created \" redirect _ to posts _ path ( @ post ) end def show # doesn ' t need to assign the flash notice to the template, that ' s done automatically end end show. html. erb < % if flash [ : notice ] % > < div class = \" notice \" > < % = flash [ : notice ] % > < / div > < % end % > since the notice and alert keys are a common idiom, convenience accessors are available : flash. alert = \" you must be logged in \" flash. notice = \" post successfully created \" this example just places a string in the flash, but you can put any object in there. and of course, you can put as many as you like at a time too. just remember : they \u2019 ll be gone by the time the next action has been performed. see docs on the flashhash class for more details about the flash.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4689404221872597, "token_count": 307, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.385987"} {"text": "architect : william deane butler & iarnrod eireann architects originally constructed for the drogheda and dublin railway company, this was the first of the four major dublin railway termini to be constructed. still in use today, it has been renamed connolly station after james connolly who was executed for his part in the 1916 rising although many people still refer to it as amiens station. the station was built between 1844 - 46, and it is constructed on an axis with talbot street allowing the central tower to act as a signpost for the station. a symmetrical five bay facade with three towers and an enormous entrance arch \u2013 the main facade does not hang together particularly well as an integrated design. in the late 20th century iarnrod eireann architects renovated the building by adding a new entrance foyer to the south and cleaning the brickwork inside the shed. in addition to the mainline trains, connolly also services the local dart and suburban rail services. these trains operate from platforms adjacent to the main railway shed, on an elevated railbed before crossing the river via the loopline bridge. the removal of the traffic access ramp to the south has allowed a terminus of sorts for the luas light rail system, which had now been negated by the extension of the route to the point on north wall quay.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3991196546121044, "token_count": 258, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.390188"} {"text": "ash dieback, caused by chalara fraxinea has increasingly been observed in european countries on ash trees ( fraxinus excelsior ) in the last ten years. because ash dieback may represent a serious threat to forest, amenity and nursery ash trees, c. fraxinea was added to the eppo alert list. however, much data is lacking on its pathogenicity ( other biotic and abiotic factors could be involved in ash dieback ), biology, geographical distribution and economic impact. therefore eppo organized a workshop to bring together researchers and experts in forestry quarantine to discuss recent research progress and advice nppos how to slow down the spread of this disease. at the kind invitation of the \u201c norsk institutt for skog og landskap \u201d ( norwegian forest and landscape institute ) the workshop was organized in oslo. a total of 44 experts from 23 countries participated in this workshop. warm thanks are due to mr bj\u00f8rn \u00f8kland and his colleagues for the fine organization of the meeting and their warm welcome in oslo. the workshop discussed in particular the following main topics : the workshop participants agreed, based on the current knowledge of this pest, several observations, conclusions and recommendations which are considered essential for nppos. technical visit ( view more pictures of the workshop > > ) the causal agent of dieback of european ash ( fraxinus excelsior ) was first ( 2006 ) described as chalara fraxinea. study of the teleomorph of c. fraxinea revealed a species complex but that the strain causing ash dieback should be re - assigned as hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus ( 2009 ). a new real - time pcr test for the identification of chalara fraxinea was presented which has been recently accredited by the french accreditation body. the test is specific for c. fraxinea and does not cross react with the non - pathogenic hymenosciphus albidus. f. excelsior and f. angustifolia are susceptible but c. fraxinea has not been reported on f. ornus ( although some susceptibility was seen in inoculation experiments ). regarding american and asian fraxinus spp. more information is required regarding their susceptibility to c. fraxinea. many uncertainties still remain regarding the life cycle, infection process and the influence of environmental conditions and further research is required to address these. reports of the spread and impact of c", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4760894329403315, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.396983"} {"text": "is required regarding their susceptibility to c. fraxinea. many uncertainties still remain regarding the life cycle, infection process and the influence of environmental conditions and further research is required to address these. reports of the spread and impact of c. fraxinea were presented from austria, czech republic, denmark, estonia, finland, germany, latvia, lithuania, norway, slovakia, slovenia and sweden. a large endangered area of the eppo region is however not infested yet ( in particular the western part of europe ). the economic and environmental impact of this disease is very substantial. for instance in denmark it is estimated that 60 - 90 % of ash stands are affected and will disappear. comparable impacts were reported from germany, including serious losses in nurseries growing ash plants. the ecological value of f. excelsior is very important e. g. as a valuable species on river banks and in cultural landscapes. it is necessary to systematically collect data regarding the impact of c. fraxinea, including survey results regarding the spread of the disease and its presence in nurseries, number of diseased trees removed, costs of measures. in infested areas c. fraxinea is not only found in forest and amenity plantations but also in nurseries ( including on 1 - year old seedlings ), as reported by austria. severe impacts on young ash plants in nurseries were reported by germany. the importance of maintaining apparently tolerant specimens in infested stands was underlined as these may form a basis for the development of future tolerant populations. if trees in the urban environment are infested, the progress of the disease may be slowed down by removing leaves on the ground during autumn to lower ascospore production. it is observed that ash dieback symptoms are more serious in ash trees planted in wet and organic rich soils. although questions regarding spread mechanisms still remain, it is likely that natural spread is the most important factor on the continent. however, for endangered areas which are not infested yet the introduction ( uk, irl ) or spread can be slowed down by preventing the spread associated with plants for planting. plants for planting which are produced in nurseries outside infested areas from disinfected seeds and traded in spring ( to avoid trade of asymptomatic plants ) pose a lower risk. chalara fraxinea identity, hosts and life cycle hymenoscyphus species associated to european ash a. m. hietala & h. solheim ( no ) mechanisms of spread and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4604102503476402, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.398116"} {"text": "the un general assembly chose january 27 as the official day for the commemoration, as it was on this day in 1945 that soviet troops liberated the auschwitz extermination camp, the last such camp still functioning. throughout europe, tributes will be paid to the 53 million people who died during world war ii, of whom 31 million were civilians. commemoration has linked usually also to international holocaust remembrance day. auschwitz - birkenau was the largest extermination center created by the nazis. it has become the symbol of the holocaust and of wilful radical evil in our time. few people know that 3rd biggest extermination center was jasenovac. two reasons maybe explain this : 1st it is located in croatia and 2nd the main part of victims were serbs. the death tolls in extermination centres vary but rough estimations are following ( source wikipedia ) : auschwitz ii 1, 400, 000 - belzeg 600, 000 - chelmno 320, 000 - jasenovac 600, 000 - majdanek 360, 000 - maly trostinets 65, 000 - sobibor 250, 000 - treblinka 870, 000 upon the occupation of yugoslavia, the german nazis and the italian fascists formed an \u201c independent \u201d state in croatia, which was basically a nazi puppet state. immediately upon the establishment of its puppet government, the ustashe set up militias and gangs that slaughtered serbs, jews, romas and their political foes. catholic priests, some of them franciscans, also participated in the acts of slaughter. the cruelty of the ustashe was so great that even the commander of the german army in yugoslavia complained. the partisans, led by the croat communist josip broz tito, and the chetniks \u2013 nationalist serb royalists \u2013 fought the ustashe. under the leadership of the ustasha leader ante pavelic \u2019 s right - hand man andrija artukovic, who earned the nickname \u201c the himmler of the balkans, \u201d the ustashe set up concentration camps, most notably at jasenovac. according to various estimates, about 100, 000 people were murdered at the camp, among them tens of thousands of jews ( it is interesting to note that some of the heads of the ustashe were married to jewish women ). throughout croatia about 700, 000 people were murdered. located in croatia 62 miles south of zagreb, jasenovac was croatia \u2019 s largest concentration and extermination camp. jasenovac,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39291309537826635, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.409377"} {"text": "the ustashe were married to jewish women ). throughout croatia about 700, 000 people were murdered. located in croatia 62 miles south of zagreb, jasenovac was croatia \u2019 s largest concentration and extermination camp. jasenovac, was a network of several sub - camps, established in august 1941 and dissolved in april 1945. jasenovac was not the only place where serbia \u2019 s neighbour croatia ran several concentration camps where jews, serbs and roma have been murdered. bosnian muslims and kosovo albanians were allies of hitler as well. ( more about jasenevac in my document library under headline croatia ) in april 1945 the partisan army approached the camp. in an attempt to erase traces of the atrocities, the ustasa blew up all the installations, killed most of the internees and tried to hide all evidence about brutalities in jasenovac, all material evidence disappeared as if there had not been any camp in that place. later \u2013 during tito \u2019 s time \u2013 the state and the authorities tried to implement \u201c brotherhood and unity \u201d motto, with the aim of creating tolerance between the nations and the crime had to be forgotten as soon as possible. encyclopedia of the holocaust, edited by yisrael gutman, vol. 1, 1995, pp. 739 - 740 gives following description about problems to find exact numbers : \u201c it is difficult to establish the number of victims killed in the jasenovac concentration camp, since many documents were destroyed. the prisoners \u2019 files were destroyed twice ( at the beginning of 1943 and in april, 1945 ) and even if they had been preserved, they would have been of little help discerning the truth, because the ustasha often killed the newly arrived prisoners immediately, without putting their names into the files. this is particularly true of those who arrived from slavonia, srem and kozara, because it was only noted down that 9, 830, or 155 wagons had arrived. for instance, a very small number of gypsies was filed, only a few hundred, while it is known that all 25, 000 - 35, 000 of them from the ndh were killed in jasenovac. the jewish community in yugoslavia has established the number of 20, 000 jews that were killed in jasenovac. the numbers of killed serbs are truly varied. the sources from abroad mention numbers from 300, 000 to 700, 000. be that as it may, most of the people killed in jasenovac were serbs. exact number being still unknown, but it surely amounts to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40744124819704747, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.410574"} {"text": "killed serbs are truly varied. the sources from abroad mention numbers from 300, 000 to 700, 000. be that as it may, most of the people killed in jasenovac were serbs. exact number being still unknown, but it surely amounts to several hundreds of thousands. the national committee of croatia for the investigation of the crimes of the occupation forces and their collaborators stated in its report of november 15, 1945 that 500, 000 - 600, 000 people were killed at jasenovac. \u201d the yad vashem center claims that over 500, 000 serbs were killed in the ndh ( now croatia ), including those who were killed at jasenovac, where approximately 600, 000 victims of all ethnicities were killed. a documentary film \u201c jasenovac \u2013 the cruellest death camp of all times \u201d can be found from here! while for nazi - germany jasenovac was more a tool for ethnic cleansing for ustashe religious aspect played crucial role. the aim and its implementation efficiency is described differently by people who actually were in balkans during that period. ustashe leaders declared they would slaughter a third of the serb population in croatia, deport a third and convert the remaining third from orthodoxy to roman catholicism. anyone who refused to convert was murdered. one may claim that the religious motivation and the brutality of butchers were leading principles in jasenovac. the fact that 743 roman catholic priests were members of the ustashi and personally murdered serbs, jews and gypsies. jasenovac was for a time, run by fr. filipovic - majstorovic, a catholic priest who admitted to killing \u201c 40, 000 serbs with his own hands. \u201d so at one point, a franciscan monk was camp commandant of what the second largest concentration camp of the war. the jasenovac system of croatian camps also included a camp for children run by catholic nuns who used toxic soda to save bullets. roman catholic priests who participated in the killing of tens of thousands of serbs, jews and gypsies and the running of jasenovac escaped europe through the \u201c vatican ratline \u201d run by fr. draganovich, a croatian catholic priest who helped morons like clause barbe escape from europe. those catholic priests escaped to argentina where they also escaped justice. in 1999 a class action law suit was filed at a court in san franciso against the vatican bank ( institute for religious works ) and against the franciscan order, the croatian liberation movement ( the ustashe ), the national bank of switzerland and others to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3667119438351468, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.411580"} {"text": "1999 a class action law suit was filed at a court in san franciso against the vatican bank ( institute for religious works ) and against the franciscan order, the croatian liberation movement ( the ustashe ), the national bank of switzerland and others to recover $ 100 million in damages for the vatican \u2019 s participation in these war crimes and money laundering the proceeds from their serb, jewish and roma victims. the suit was filed by jewish, ukrainian, serb and roma survivors, as well as relatives of victims and various organizations that together represent 300, 000 world war ii victims. the plaintiffs demanded accounting and restitution. franciscans in rome helped smuggle the ustasha tresury and assisted ustasha war criminals in escaping justice. the vatican bank is alleged to have laundered a portion of the ustasha treasury. the vatican not only hoarded the gold the croats looted, it also helped them escape \u2013 with a nod and wink from the oss and mi6. in 1986 for example, the us government released documents that revealed the vatican had organised the ustasha leader ante pavelic \u2019 s safe - flight from europe to argentina, along with 200 senior officials of his regime. pavelic was given refuge by the vatican, fascist spain, and peronist argentine. the ustasha minister of the interior, artukovic, lived openly in california from 1949 - 1986 when he was finally deported to yugoslavia and convicted of murder. thousands of ustasha escaped justice for their crimes due to their wealth and influence and the backing of the roman catholic church and who along with certain rogue elements in the us and uk governments portrayed these war criminals as anticommunist freedom fighters. as the war ended, it is now known that the vatican bank and other world banks helped to launder and transfer funds out of the reich, and helped many war criminals to escape justice in what is now nicknamed the \u201c vatican ratline \u201d the vatican bank has claimed ignorance of any participation in ustasha crimes or the disappearance of the croatian treasury. the vatican has refused to open its wartime records despite requests from the us government, jewish and roma organizations. my main source about vatican connection has been \u201c vatican bank claims \u201d a class action law suit against the vatican bank to recover $ 100 million in damages for the vatican \u2019 s participation in these war crimes and money laundering the proceeds from their serb, jewish and roma victims is still ongoing. vatican lawyers have three times tried to get this case thrown out of court. the supreme court has rejected their claims. in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.416460149732942, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.412822"} {"text": "the vatican \u2019 s participation in these war crimes and money laundering the proceeds from their serb, jewish and roma victims is still ongoing. vatican lawyers have three times tried to get this case thrown out of court. the supreme court has rejected their claims. in us district court the case against the vatican bank ( but not the franciscan order ) was dismissed on grounds the vatican bank is an organ of a sovereign entity, the vatican, which is immune from lawsuits. the just filed appeal however argues that the vatican bank is not sovereign and engages in commercial activity in the united states and therefore should be held accountable in a united states federal court. on summer 2008 israel \u2019 s ambassador to croatia, shmuel meirom, harshly criticized the funeral given to a head of a wwii jasenovac concentration camp in zagreb, saying also that it insulted the memory of those killed in the camp run by croatia \u2019 s nazi - allied ustasha regime. \u201c i \u2019 m convinced that the majority of the croatian people are shocked by the way the funeral of the jasenovac commander and murderer, dressed in an ustasha uniform, was conducted, \u201d ambassador meirom said in a written statement. \u201c at the same time, i strongly condemn the inappropriate words of the priest who served at the funeral and said that sakic was a model for all croats \u201d meirom said. ( more about this in my article \u201c nazi \u2019 s funeral shadows croatias past \u201d ) yearly commemoration is important remainder for fair picture of history. at least one day per year is good to think what ultra nationalism can be at its worst level, what kind of interests, power game, attitudes and hidden motivations are creating possibilities for murdering civil populations or ethnic groups.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4299177115689812, "token_count": 344, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.413634"} {"text": "quicksand and other non - newtonian fluids share properties with both liquids and solids. non - newtonian fluids consist of tiny grains suspended in liquid, with the appearance of a solid or gel. stand on quicksand and you will sink ( though not as rapidly as movies and cartoons suggest ). but strike it quickly and it will briefly harden. previous explanations of quicksand behavior relied on the presence of containment walls and effects like grain dilation under stress. however, a new experimental study challenges prior assumptions, showing that new concepts may be needed to explain non - newtonian fluids. scott r. waitukaitis and heinrich m. jaeger at the university of chicago created a quicksand - like substance called \" oobleck \" out of cornflour and water, which they then struck with an aluminum rod. by measuring the position, speed, and acceleration of the rod as it interacted with the oobleck, they determined that its solidification arises from compression that propagates away from the impact point. by using a huge amount of fluid ( 25 liters ), the researchers showed the bizarre non - newtonian effects were independent of the size of the container, so the presence of confining walls is irrelevant. through x - ray imaging, they discovered a nearly cylindrical solid region forms directly below the impact point. the detailed analysis led the authors to develop a simple model for the impact, which bears striking similarity to models for objects falling into liquids, but produces very different effects. this may have been the most carefully monitored bowl of starch ever devised. in the experiment, the researchers mounted the aluminum rod using guide rails to make sure it impacted along a single axis. for different trials, they either dropped the rod ( free fall ) or used a slingshot to drive it more quickly downward. the rod was fixed with an accelerometer, and the whole process was recorded on high - speed video to measure the instantaneous position, speed, and acceleration. the grains of the cornflour in the oobleck are irregularly shaped and range in size from 5 to 20 microns ( 0. 005 to 0. 02 millimeters ), which is typical of quicksand and other non - newtonian fluids. additionally, the suspension contained tracer particles that could be imaged with x - rays ; motion within the oobleck could be tracked with the tracers. the authors positioned a force sensor directly below the rod at the bottom of the container to examine how the impact", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5640448996266489, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.417421"} {"text": "contained tracer particles that could be imaged with x - rays ; motion within the oobleck could be tracked with the tracers. the authors positioned a force sensor directly below the rod at the bottom of the container to examine how the impact distributed itself through the fluid. they also used a laser line across the surface to determine how its shape changed. to measure the effect of container size, the researchers tested fluid containers ranging from 8. 5 cm to 20. 5 in depth. they found that the rod experienced a rapid deceleration upon impact with the surface at the same point in time, regardless of the container depth. however, shallower containers experienced a rebound effect : after a time, the rod began accelerating upward again. additionally, x - ray images showed the tracer particles didn ' t spread much to the sides in the region immediately below the rod. instead, they moved as a nearly cylindrical unit, acting almost like a second rod within the suspension. this plug of material was surrounded by a conical region where the suspension flowed outward and upward in response, lifting the surface slightly beyond the impact zone ( as shown in the image above ). after some time, the plug \" melted, \" restoring the suspension to its usual quasi - liquid state. combining their data, the researchers constructed a simple model for the suspension, including the size of the solid - like plug and the conical displaced mass. the equation bore some similarities to ordinary fluid displacement models, again demonstrating the hybrid nature of suspensions. it also contrasts greatly with the usual approach to non - newtonian fluids, where the walls of the container play a role and, instead of generating a nearly cylindrical plug, the force distributes itself along angles. the physical picture of the process is clear : momentum from the impact was carried directly downward, and rebounded when it hit the bottom of the container ( if it had sufficient time to do so before melting ). while the study used cornflour for simplicity and cost - effectiveness, the authors argued the similarity in grain size and shape should make their model applicable to other suspensions.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5537451173875795, "token_count": 420, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.418202"} {"text": "the need to sleep has long plagued scientists. why do we \u2014 and in fact every other animal with a nervous system \u2014 spend such large portions of our day sleeping? after all, there are so many other aspects of life that need our attention. studies have suggested that sleep may function to consolidate memories, help us solve difficult problems, and boost our immune system. however, there \u2019 s still no conclusive answer to why sleep is so vital. this week, one hypothesis is gaining ground. it suggests that sleep is a \u201c state of adaptive inactivity \u201d that conserves energy when activity is either not required or is not particularly advantageous. in the most recent issue of science, a group of scientists from the max planck institute for ornithology tested this theory by looking at a system where near - constant activity, and therefore a lack of sleep, might benefit fitness. in pectoral sandpipers, male fitness is determined by access to females, and at the high arctic latitudes in which these birds live, extremely long days enable males to engage in near - constant mating displays during periods of high female fertility. if giving up sleep to spend more time wooing potential mates increases the reproductive success of males, sleep in this species might depend more on the value of wakefulness, rather than the benefits of resting. the researchers recorded electrical activity from the brains and the muscular systems of several male sandpipers via electroencephalogram and electromyogram dataloggers, in order to determine the amount of time the males spent sleeping each day. the sleeping patterns of males varied greatly ; some males slept as little as 2. 4 hours per day, while others slept more than three times as much. males that spent the least time sleeping during periods of high female fertility were rewarded ; those that slept less interacted with more females, sired young with more females, and sired greater numbers of young overall than males that slept more. because male pectoral sandpipers generally return to their breeding grounds yearly, it was possible for the scientists to assess survivorship by using return rates as a proxy ; males that didn ' t return the next year were likely to have died. if sleep deprivation during the breeding season is detrimental to long - term health, males that give up sleep might be less likely to survive until the next year. however, the researchers found that males that were successful in breeding the previous year \u2014 those that slept less \u2014 were ten percent more likely to return the next year than other males. this suggests that males were not rendered less", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5194303811417599, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.421831"} {"text": "to survive until the next year. however, the researchers found that males that were successful in breeding the previous year \u2014 those that slept less \u2014 were ten percent more likely to return the next year than other males. this suggests that males were not rendered less healthy over the long term by giving up sleep ; in fact, they actually returned to breed at greater rates than birds that took more time out of their breeding season to sleep. the take - home message is surprisingly simple : self - imposed sleep deprivation is positively correlated with both reproductive success and survival in male arctic sandpipers. furthermore, this study lends some credence to the theory that sleep may not be particularly beneficial when animals have something better to do. however, the period during which females are fertile is a relatively short three - week window. so males may be able to \u201c catch up \u201d on their sleep after the breeding season when females are not fertile. additionally, the study did not test any short - term health risks of this strategy, or whether sleep deprivation in these males led to any type of reduced cognitive performance. it is possible that there are ramifications for sleep loss. but, in the grand scheme of biology, reproductive success is what matters, as it determines what traits are passed on to the next generation. and for male pectoral sandpipers, sacrificing sleep for sex appears to be a good strategy.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49042989804429954, "token_count": 282, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.422567"} {"text": "for several million smokers around the world, cigarettes are considered almost as important as oxygen for their survival. they have fallen prey to a deadly addiction. nicotine is an active ingredient in tobacco and is present in cigarettes in large quantities. in small doses, nicotine acts as a stimulant. however, an overdose of nicotine is lethal. a large proportion of cigarette smokers suffer from a variety of disorders. from respiratory diseases and skin ailments to heart problems and cancer, the complications are many. to save the body from damage, one must quit smoking at an early stage. although they say it is never too late, letting go of the habit at a later stage is more difficult. there are several ways to quit smoking. while some methods require professional guidance and counseling, the person may practice others independently. the \u201c cold turkey \u201d method is practiced by several smokers and is quite popular. this way, a person quits smoking abruptly, by entirely giving up smoking. there is no tapering off. nicotine replacement therapy is another popular method employed by many. when a person is trying to quit, he or she might experience severe withdrawal symptoms because the supply of nicotine to the smoker \u2019 s blood has been taken away. in this method, the nicotine delivered through cigarettes is replaced by nicotine delivered through the skin. nicotine patches, nicotine gum and nicotine nasal sprays are the options available in this therapy. experts suggest a step tapering method when following this policy, as it eases the withdrawal symptoms gradually. cognitive behavioral therapy is probably the best way to go about quitting. this method requires a great amount of self - control and determination to ward off the urge to smoke. getting rid of external influences that promote smoking, delaying every smoke session, creating an aversive condition by smoking and focusing on the positive rewards are all part of this therapy. other methods used to quit smoking are counseling sessions, acupuncture and hypnosis. these methods, along with a firm resolve will help a person on the path to recovery. it is essential that a smoker feels the need to quit from within himself and is not trying methods to quit smoking due to external pressure. when the smoker is determined to quit, though, their chosen way to quit smoking will have a greater chance of success. quit smoking provides detailed information on quit smoking, how to quit smoking, ways to quit smoking, quit smoking tips and more. quit smoking is affiliated with stop smoking help. article source : http :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.44187136942222777, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.425120"} {"text": "\u00ab previous pageresearch category restoration ecology processes to advance natural landscape design professor steven n. handel, honorary asla, new brunswick, nj ecological services from restored natural habitats can enhance landscape design. controlled experiments on urban landscapes, including landfills and brownfields, determined that woody species can thrive on thin engineered soils, but traditional hydroseeding must be modified, and diverse plant genotypes are needed for degraded sites. the surrounding landscape matrix contributes seeds and pollinators onto designed sites, changing the biodiversity trajectory, including non - native invasive habitat threats. these ecological links impact the future functioning of all urban landscapes. most people now live in urban areas and need the ecological services supplied by natural habitats to support our communities. the potential to restore habitats into our urban centers is difficult, challenged by highly degraded conditions, small, fragmented parcels, and political conflicts in land uses. landscape architects are increasingly interested in incorporating natural habitats into design schemes but the potential for restoring sustainable landscapes in these degraded conditions is poorly understood. most ecological work has been done in rural or wild conditions, not urban centers. pragmatic solutions are needed to make ecological restoration a functioning, cost - effective, and compatible element in our urban designed landscapes. the ecological target for practical restored habitats must be clear before design decisions can be made. a wide series of field experiments on degraded urban lands has been conducted to define ecological processes important for restoring natural habitats in the stressful conditions. what are the ecological links that can be reestablished on parcels that are often surrounded by dense populations and extensive infrastructure zones? my lab addresses this by exploring experimentally two topics, first, the limits to initiating populations of native plants on degraded urban land, and second, the impact of the surrounding matrix landscape on newly restored habitats that are part of a designed landscape. these principles were then tested for their applicability to new urban parks by partnering with landscape architecture teams wanting to incorporate ecological restoration as integral elements of design schemes. these studies were done on highly degraded urban areas within the new york - new jersey metropolitan area, including sanitary landfills, brownfields, and isolated urban lots. these types of landscapes are common in urban areas and may have the potential to be sustainable natural areas if certain hurdles can be crossed. restoration of woodland habitats on degraded soils such as landfills has been limited due to concerns regarding root penetration of protective caps. traditionally, erosion control and waste management, the narrow management foci of these sites, results in degraded monocultures of hydroseeded alien grasses. in reality, landfills have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5178700986345718, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.434368"} {"text": "has been limited due to concerns regarding root penetration of protective caps. traditionally, erosion control and waste management, the narrow management foci of these sites, results in degraded monocultures of hydroseeded alien grasses. in reality, landfills have the potential to be transformed into islands of biodiversity within urban centers. to test the compatibility of woodland habitats to landfills and other engineered soils, large series of native tree and shrub species were installed across the fresh kills landfill, and a control series was installed in an adjacent deep soil habitat. root dynamics were measured in both treatments after two years. similarly another landfill was explored where natural invasion of 12 native woody species occurred over the past 9 years. the second landfill soil was less than 30cm deep over the clay cap. we tested the hypothesis that woody species could persist under constrained rooting conditions without compromising the integrity of the engineered cover. in a parallel experiment we tested whether seeds of 27 native woody species could emerge and grow on a landfill that had been closed using the typical practice of high compaction and then hydroseeding with perennial grasses. we planted 15, 620 seeds on the landfill and recorded emergence and survival for three years. if direct seeding of these native species were possible, then restoration of many closed landfalls to woodland parcels would be feasible and cost - effective. smaller urban habitats are stressful in many ways, including atypical soils that are hot, relatively sterile, polluted with concrete dust, salt, or heavy metals, compacted, or highly variable over very small scales. we tested whether special plant genotypes would be needed to survive conditions in degraded soils of urban areas using the common garden technique. seeds of five herbaceous species were collected at degraded urban sites and also at a rural, post - agricultural site. these were grown into seedlings, and then out - planted in five urban test gardens. the experiment asked whether seed from urban provenances such as a landfill, a highway edge, or a railroad yard, would grow better in similar habitats than seedlings derived from non - urban sources. that is, has there been selection for plant performance at small - scales in highly stressed urban land? if so, then urban derived plants rather than routine nursery stock must be used as founders of new urban habitats. finally, all urban restorations are surrounded by modified and biotically degraded landscape matrices. to test the influence of these surroundings on the potential for sustainable new natural communities we studied which seeds and pollinators came into experimental plantings. to do this work we planted 20 patches", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48492483716535956, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.435370"} {"text": "restorations are surrounded by modified and biotically degraded landscape matrices. to test the influence of these surroundings on the potential for sustainable new natural communities we studied which seeds and pollinators came into experimental plantings. to do this work we planted 20 patches of native trees and shrubs ( fig. 6 ), and then recorded what seeds were brought in by birds or the wind into traps in the test patches. also, we sampled the bee community visiting flowers in our test patches and compared these pollinators to those visiting flowers of the same species in natural areas. to understand the changing plant species complex around urban parcels destined for restoration, we studied data from historic floras, 129 years old, in comparison to recent floras of staten island. we also revisited a suburban woodland well characterized 53 years ago and studied how the plant species had changed in response to new habitat stresses over this half - century. to apply ecological principles based on our research, we subsequently partnered with landscape architecture teams to effectively rebuild natural habitat parcels within multi - use large public parks undergoing master planning. initiating new populations roots of the woody species tested do not pierce landfill caps ( fig. 1 ). roots of naturally occurring woody trees that grew up to 5m in height did not reach deeper than a few inches above the clay cap. our results support the conclusion that no conflict exists between increasing biodiversity through woodland restoration in an urban area and the need to protect the solid waste. in fact, woody plants become a bioengineering advantage of intercepting and transpiring water, lessening the leachate. in the direct seeding experiment ( fig. 2 ), only 1 % of native seed emerged ( fig. 3 ). seedlings were suppressed by the high bulk density soil and competition from the total fescues. traditional hydroseeding practice must be replaced by erosion control methods which allow ecological succession and a more comprehensive approach. simply introducing new seed into soils for a specific engineering purpose is not sufficient for restoring landscapes. tests with seeds from urban genotypes of species showed that what is called \" urban \" is a collection of diverse habitats having different soil and microclimatic conditions ( fig. 4 ). seed from any one urban source cannot be predicted to grow well in another urban setting ( fig. 5 ). although the post - agricultural site showed the highest productivity and biomass among all genotypes tested, seed source performance could not be predicted on any one of the urban sites. characterization of any one urban site is expensive and rarely possible during restoration planning. the most successful and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4902577781787451, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.436377"} {"text": "- agricultural site showed the highest productivity and biomass among all genotypes tested, seed source performance could not be predicted on any one of the urban sites. characterization of any one urban site is expensive and rarely possible during restoration planning. the most successful and cost - effective seeding scheme is a mixture of seed from different urban sources that allows natural selection to determine which plants eventually succeed on a specific urban site. influence of landscape matrix on fate of ecological restorations even when a restoration site is surrounded by industry or residential zones, the experiments show there is a complex interaction between these urban adjacencies and new sustainable plant communities. experiments with seed deposition showed that thousands of seeds from dozens of species would be quickly carried in during the first few years ( fig. 6 ). biodiversity of woody plant species increased from the 7 installed to over 30 after two years. nearby habitat remnants, ignored by development, are native seed sources spread by birds into new designed areas. a few species that appeared were alien species. these data show that rapid management of alien species is needed because they threaten the desired natives. tests for the reappearance of bees, as an indicator for the potential of restored plantings to reproduce and spread, were also positive after three years. over 60 bee species appeared on flowers, even up to 350 m into the site ( fig. 7, 8 ). the percentage of flowers that set seed was statistically the same as on plants of the same species in habitat reserves. this suggests that after the initial restoration, seeds are produced within the new site. my lab ' s data show that the urban habitat matrix is suffused with alien species that can overwhelm native habitats. our research into the changing flora of staten island over a century shows that the percentage of alien species is increasing in all major habitat types ( fig. 9 ). consequently all restoration designs must include management and monitoring plans that address new invasives until the preferred habitat becomes established. the focused study of 53 years of change in one old woodlot shows that significant change has occurred in all strata ( fig. 10 ). deer over - abundance and the alien plant species together yield a new habitat lacking the structure of 50 years ago. use of local remnant habitats as vegetation models may be inappropriate due to the amount of invasion. similarly, a study of the alien tree, norway maple, demonstrates that these trees restrict the growth of native shrubs and saplings more than the native canopy trees ( fig. 11 ). the dominating nature of norway maple negatively affects restoration of biodiversity. conclusions and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4720049260741735, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.438844"} {"text": ", a study of the alien tree, norway maple, demonstrates that these trees restrict the growth of native shrubs and saplings more than the native canopy trees ( fig. 11 ). the dominating nature of norway maple negatively affects restoration of biodiversity. conclusions and significance taken together these 15 years of experiments demonstrate ways that newly restored habitats can enhance ecosystem services of heavily degraded urban centers ( fig. 12 ). a strong interplay exists between a site design undergoing ecological restoration and its landscape matrix. planning for biodiversity and mutualistic relationships ( seed dispersers and pollinators ) will improve landscape design and insure sustainable habitats. since urban areas are suffused with alien species, in all habitats, management and monitoring of native stands it is still required to prevent alien threats. application to landscape architecture practice these findings have been applied to the master planning of new urban parks. at the brooklyn bridge park of new york city, plans for new wildflower meadows, shrublands, and woodlands have been included ( fig. 13 ). these experiments have informed this work by showing the success of many native species on urban sites with poor rooting zones. also, use of urban genotypes will help secure a low - maintenance and successful future. similarly, in california, the completed designs for the new orange county great park include large areas that will be native woodlands, meadows, and sage scrub ( fig. 14 ). these parcels are arranged in a mosaic so population expansion and contraction can occur over the decades as local climate conditions vary ( fig. 15 ). the design goal is to create a dynamic landscape that reflects and illustrates natural ecological processes, instead of static plantings requiring intensive maintenance resulting in higher costs for the future. the rapid growth of urban centers throughout the world suggests that these kinds of urban restorations will be valuable to supply ecological services that can be managed on low budgets. restoration ecology of diverse urban habitats provides added value in supplying less stressful urban microclimates, enhances biodiversity which allows for inevitable dynamics in species proportions, particularly important with ongoing climatic change. the joining of modern landscape design skills with plant community ecology will yield landscape parcels more valuable, persistent, and cost - effective than projects centered on aesthetic and recreational aims alone. rutgers university dept. of ecology, evolution, and natural resources duke farms foundation greenbelt native plant nursery george r. robinson michael van valkenburgh \" well done! intriguing conclusions that provide extremely useful data for the profession, clients, and the public at large. such a usable resource. \" \u2014 2009 professional awards jury", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49580325415677107, "token_count": 508, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.440490"} {"text": "early last week, i wrote about parallax and distance measurements. this is a follow - up post to that one. stellar parallax is very small, and thus correspondingly difficult to measure. the closest star has a parallax of 0. 772 arc - seconds ( that is nearly 1 / 4700 of a degree ). that is a very tiny angle to measure, and so it is no wonder that it took so long for astronomical technology to advance to where the measurements could be made. the capability to make such small measurements finally came in the early nineteenth century. one problem for astronomers trying to measure parallax is that the stars are vast distances away. the farther a star is from us, the smaller the parallax, and the harder that parallax is to measure. even today, most stars are simply too far away to reliably measure parallax. in the early nineteenth century, it was worse. the technology was such that only a handful of the nearest stars had big enough parallaxes to measure. but, there are a lot of stars in the sky? which ones would be the best candidates to study and to attempt to measure? the measurements would be time consuming, and an astronomer would not be able to measure many stars, so he \u2019 d have to pick a star and stick with it. but, if the selected star were too far away, then he \u2019 d never be able to measure parallax. at first, astronomers had thought all stars to be similar, so the brighter stars were presumed to be the nearer ones. but, that idea had begun to fall by the wayside by the eighteenth century. astronomers realized that brightness may not correlate at all with nearness ( and it largely doesn \u2019 t ). eager attempts to measure parallax inevitably resulted in failure. the stars were simply far more distant than anyone had been prepared to imagine. but, along the way, there were a lot of interesting discoveries. for example, the search for parallax led to the discovery of the aberration of starlight. but, there was another important factor, besides brightness, that astronomers looked to when trying to decide on a target star : its proper motion. edmund halley discovered that some stars had apparently shifted position over historic times. the stars are not fixed in space relative to one another. this apparent shift of the stars, as seen from earth, is their proper motion. assuming that most stars are moving at similar speeds, then the nearer stars might appear", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5162547252105968, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.446396"} {"text": "position over historic times. the stars are not fixed in space relative to one another. this apparent shift of the stars, as seen from earth, is their proper motion. assuming that most stars are moving at similar speeds, then the nearer stars might appear to have higher proper motion than the more distant ones. you can see this same effect by looking out the window of a car as you drive down the highway. the nearer objects seem to be going past the window far more quickly than the more distant objects. but, that only really holds true when you are looking at stationary objects. other cars driving in the same direction as you may be far closer than cattle or trees alongside the road, but they will not appear to be moving very quickly with respect to your window because they have very nearly the same speed as your car. likewise, stars quite near the sun might not be seen to have a high proper motion if they share the sun \u2019 s motion through the galaxy. still, this seemed to be a far more promising correlation with distance than the brightness measure. so, the hunt was on. numerous astronomers were eagerly working to make the first parallax measurements. among these were thomas henderson, working in south africa, friedrick wilhelm struve, and friedrick wilhelm bessell ( both in europe ). henderson actually got the jump on the others, making measurements of alpha centauri. in 1833, he packed up and went back to england, along with his data. he was in no hurry to reduce his data, so it languished for years. when he finally did get to looking at his measurements, he found that there did seem to be what may have been a parallax shift in alpha centauri, but he did not trust his data. he had only 19 measurements, far too few to be certain or conclusive in his findings. furthermore, the instrument that he had been using had been damaged in shipping to south africa. he had painstakingly applied corrections to the measurements, but he realized that other astronomers would cast doubt on his findings. he decided to wait for better measurements made with another instrument by his successor at the far southern observatory. alpha centauri is indeed the nearest star ( actually it is a triple star system, and the closest of the three, proxima centauri, is the nearest star other than the sun ), and it really did have a large enough parallax to measure. and, as it turns out, henderson \u2019 s corrections to his data were approximately correct.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5081336485477388, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.447345"} {"text": ", proxima centauri, is the nearest star other than the sun ), and it really did have a large enough parallax to measure. and, as it turns out, henderson \u2019 s corrections to his data were approximately correct. however, he didn \u2019 t know all of that, so he held off publishing his findings until he had more data sent to him. in the mean time, bessell had acquired a spectacular and very precise instrument ideally suited for the task. it had originally been designed for measuring the sizes of features on the sun, but he expertly adapted it to measure the distances between stars. giuseppe piazzi had shown the star 61 cygni to have a particularly high proper motion. in fact, it was dubbed the \u201c flying star \u201d and at the time held the record as the star with the highest proper motion ( a record that it was to eventually lose to groombridge 1830, and then to barnard \u2019 s star ). this made it an excellent target star. however, after only a few months, bessell gave up the endeavor because he found the comparison star that he \u2019 d selected to be too dim to follow in poor sky conditions. other concerns took him away from the task for a number of years. then, in 1837, struve announced that he \u2019 d measured the parallax of the star vega. the number that he gave was 0. 125 \u2033. bessell poured over struve \u2019 s data, but was not convinced that it was really believable. he feverishly resumed his measurements of 61 cygni. for the next year, any clear night that he could observe the star, he did, often a dozen times per night, making measurements. after a year, he had hundreds of positions determined using thousands of individual measurements. his data showed no doubt that 61 cygni moved back and forth as the earth moved around the sun. he had found clear evidence of parallax. bessell computed the parallax of 61 cygni to be 0. 314 \u2033, and he published his results in late 1838. soon afterwards, struve revised his parallax measurement of vega to a value nearly double what he had originally found. that huge change cast serious doubt as to the reliability of his measurements. so most astronomers, including struve himself, ceded the first parallax measurement to bessell. with bessell and struve \u2019 s measurements available, henderson finally published his own findings for alpha centauri. interesting", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.468649699329562, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.448291"} {"text": "measurements. so most astronomers, including struve himself, ceded the first parallax measurement to bessell. with bessell and struve \u2019 s measurements available, henderson finally published his own findings for alpha centauri. interestingly enough, despite struve \u2019 s uncertainty in his own measurements, his original value for vega \u2019 s parallax is amazingly close to the modern accepted value of 0. 129 \u2033. bessell \u2019 s parallax for 61 cygni is also not far off of today \u2019 s accepted value of 0. 285 \u2033. it really is hard to say who should get credit for the first parallax measurements. all three, struve, bessell, and henderson, were working at about the same time. henderson didn \u2019 t believe his measurements, so he didn \u2019 t publish them right away, and thus is seldom given credit. struve published his measurements a year before bessell, but his measurements were deemed somewhat uncertain, a fact that he most clearly stated himself. struve, himself, gave bessell credit for the first unambiguous measurement of stellar parallax. but, i think that all three deserve some mention. if you want to read more about this episode in the history of astronomy, an excellent resource is alan hirshfeld \u2019 s book parallax : the race to measure the cosmos. finder chart for 61 cygni created using starry night pro software.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45850771712826566, "token_count": 302, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.448864"} {"text": "dinosaur ridge is a spine of sedimentary rock about 3. 5 miles long between i - 70 and the town of morrison to the south. important discoveries have been made on this ridge, beginning in 1877 when arthur lakes first found bones from what would prove to be an apatosaurus. in 1937, when alameda parkway was being built, iguanodon and some ostrichlike tracks were discovered, then in 1992 more tracks were found. in 1989 the friends of dinosaur ridge formed a nonprofit group to protect the ridge and further develop it as an educational park. before going to see the dinosaur bones and tracks, stop at the morrison natural historymuseum to brush up on your geologic time scales and such ( 501 highway 8, on the southedge of morrison ). be sure to check out the very interesting dinosaur egg exhibit. watch a videopreviewing the history of dinosaur ridge, then watch your little ones dig in a sand pit and \" discover \" real fossils. or try your hand at the tedious job of removing a dinosaur bone from therock its been embedded in for the last fifty million years or so. by the way, volunteers are alwaysneeded, not only to chip away at rock but also to help with exhibits and educational programs. what a great way for the family to learn more about the dinosaurs that once roamed the areaaround interstate 70. if you have an extra hour, stop at the nearby \" point of geologic interest \" at the junction of i - 70and highway 26. this road cut provides a half - mile interpretive trail on which you can learn toappreciate the different layers of rock and discover life - forms that lived during thatperiod. it kind of makes your head spin to know that in half an hour you ' ve just walked throughtwenty million years of earth history! it ' s the closest thing we ' ve got to a time machine. the best way to see and understand the tracks, bones, and microfossils along dinosaur ridge is tovisit on one of the open ridge days. one saturday a month from april through october alamedaparkway is closed to traffic and guided tours are given. this activity is free if you walk the 2 - mileround - trip trail, or you can pay a small fee to walk halfway and ride the bus back. either way, it ' sa much safer way to view the ridge because the road shoulders are very narrow and there are fewsafe places to pull off. where : west of denver on alameda", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4964046344540933, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.451487"} {"text": "thursday, august 6, 2009 why i teach the parts of speech actually, i wanted to write about phrases and clauses and about teaching them as adjectives and adverbs. however, that reminded me how many teachers i \u2019 ve run into over the years who disagree that the names of parts of speech should be taught to students. i argued with a publisher over this for at least three years, actually, before being \u201c allowed \u201d to teach the parts of speech in a textbook for lower - level students. so let me take a brief diversion to defend this position. the arguments against teaching the names of the parts of speech are mainly that the terms are too difficult for students to learn, and further, that they aren \u2019 t helpful. i disagree with both of these arguments. minimally, i think students should know noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, and article. with advanced students i might add in determiner. ok, that \u2019 s seven words. is that too high a vocabulary load, especially when most of those concepts exist in the learner \u2019 s native language? i think if they can learn seven objects in the classroom, or seven modes of transportation, or seven irregular verbs, then seven parts of speech isn \u2019 t going to short out the brain. a larger issue is whether they \u2019 re helpful. this depends, of course, on whether the teacher uses the labels. i use them all the time. i use them to talk about - different word forms ( accept is a verb, acceptance is the noun form of that verb ) ; - the placement of different parts of speech ( your sentence \u201c is late again, \u201d is missing a noun or a pronoun as the subject ) ; and - the functions of subordinate clauses and prepositional phrases and so on. and now i \u2019 m back to where i wanted to be... it seems to me that one of the challenges of forming correct and elegant sentences in english is in knowing where to put the different elements. where does the subject go? where does the verb go? how about the direct object? and those are the easier things to teach. where my more advanced students trip up is in knowing where to put longer elements, such as - in the morning, - running for the bus, - while on his way to the bakery, or - on the corner. the problem is that students don \u2019 t know what these elements are \u2014 that is, how they function. therefore, they can \u2019 t place them correctly in a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49103271422885547, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.456112"} {"text": "the bus, - while on his way to the bakery, or - on the corner. the problem is that students don \u2019 t know what these elements are \u2014 that is, how they function. therefore, they can \u2019 t place them correctly in a sentence. pretty much, they \u2019 re adjectives and adverbs \u2014 more correctly called adjectivals and adverbials, but i use adjective phrase and adverb phrase with my students at first, and then just adjective and adverb, once we \u2019 re all on the same page. suppose we have a simple sentence : - he fell. even lower - level students have probably seen the structure subject + verb + adverb, and might be able to write a sentence such as - he fell slowly. however, the most common adverbs are actually not the one - word ones that end with ~ ly, even though those are the easiest ones to identify. an adverb tells us where, when, why, or how. if students know that phrases can be used to talk about when, where, why, or how, then they can write - he fell to the ground. - he fell when he tripped. - he fell as soon as he tried to stand up. - he fell with a strange choking sound. the trick is in knowing that to the ground ( where? ) functions as an adverb, as do when he tripped ( when? ) and as soon as he tried to stand up ( both when? and why? ) and with a strange choking sound ( how? ). english allows ( and even encourages! ) one to combine adverb phrases and clauses, as in - he fell to the ground with a strange choking sound as soon as he tried to stand up. getting this concept down is huge. it doesn \u2019 t bother me terribly much if a student writes - * he fell at the ground. - * he fell as soon as tried to stand up. those sentences contain errors, of course, but the basic pattern of subject + verb + adverb is still there. adverbs are movable elements, more so than most others. but students need to know that adverb clauses and phrases move as units, and where they move to \u2014 for instance, to the beginning of a sentence : - as soon as he tried to stand up, he fell. to take another example : a student who is writing short, careful, simple sentences and wishes to expand them might wish to add some adjectives.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5119658711328006, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.457138"} {"text": "mexico city - mexican archaeologists say they have determined that the ancient mayas built watchtower - style structures atop the ceremonial ball court at the temples of chichen itza to observe the equinoxes and solstices, and they said friday that the discovery adds to understanding of the many layers of ritual significance that the ball game had for the culture. the structures sit atop the low walls of the court, where the mayas played a game that consisted, as far as experts can tell, of knocking a heavy, latex ball with their elbows, knees or hips, through a stone ring set in the walls. the bases of the structures - essentially, lookout boxes set atop the walls, each one with a small slit running through it - had been detected before, but archaeologists hadn ' t been sure what they were used for. since the ball court was built around 864 a. d., the boxes and the stairs leading to them had crumbled. the government ' s national institute of anthropology and history announced thursday that the boxes had been 90 percent reconstructed, based on the stone footings that remained. late last year and early this year, a team led by archaeologist jose huchim confirmed that the sun shone through the slit - like openings when the setting sun touched the horizon at the winter solstice. the sun ' s rays also formed a diagonal pattern at the equinox in the slit - like openings, which are about tall enough to stand up in. huchim said he knew of no similar structures at other mayan ball courts. \" this is the place where we ' re finding this type of pasaje ( structure ), \" huchim said. he said a stone structure atop a ball court at the nearby ruin site of uxmal appeared to have been used as a sort of spectators ' stand for elite audiences. huchim said the slits may have been used to determine when ball matches were played, given that the ball itself, as it was knocked through the air by the players, may have been seen as imitating the sun ' s arc as it passed through the sky. it may have also been used \" like a calendar, to mark important periods for agriculture, \" like planting the core crop of corn. finally, huchim noted that old descriptions of the ball courts sometimes depicted people atop the walls, and that they may have been acting as umpires in the game. huchim said thursday that stairways to the structures are being restored so visitors can observe the phenomenon.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4469517282556307, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.459702"} {"text": "people with farsightedness, or hyperopia, usually have difficulty seeing objects both at distance and at near, but especially at near. farsightedness is a type of refractive error, which means the shape of the eye does not bend light correctly, so images are blurred. in farsightedness, the eyeball is too short for light rays to clearly focus on the retina. a risk factor is something that increases your chance of getting a disease or condition. the main factor believed to increase your risk of farsightedness is having family members who are farsighted. symptoms associated with farsightedness include : - blurred vision - difficulty focusing on objects that are close - crossing of the eyes ( in children ) you will likely be referred to an eye specialist. he or she will ask about your symptoms and medical history, and perform an eye exam, which includes the following tests : - acuity \u2014 to determine the smallest letters you can read on a standardized chart - refractive errors \u2014 to see if your eye is not properly focusing on images - eye muscles - pupil response to light - peripheral vision - pressure inside the eye - lens, cornea, iris, and retina talk with your doctor about the best treatment plan for you. treatment options include : farsightedness can be treated using corrective lenses ( eg, eyeglasses or contact lenses ). your doctor will see you at regular intervals to assess your vision and determine if your corrective lenses prescription needs to change. if you elect to undergo the procedure, certain forms of farsightedness may be treated with refractive surgery. the surgeries used to treat farsightedness focus on making the cornea steeper to increase the eye ' s ability to focus. the types of refractive surgeries used to treat farsightedness include laser - assisted in situ keratomileusis ( lasik ), epithelial lasik ( epi - lasik ), photorefractive keratectomy ( prk ), laser epithelial keratomileusis ( lasek ), and conductive keratoplasty ( ck ). - reviewer : eric l. berman, md - update date : 09 / 01 / 2011 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5318443013460518, "token_count": 460, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.461699"} {"text": "a customer prepares to pump gas at a filling station in springfield, ill., on jan. 29, 2010. \" reducing the u. s. transportation sector ' s oil consumption and greenhouse gas emissions \" authors : w. ross morrow, former research fellow, energy technology innovation policy research group, 2008 \u2013 2009, henry lee, director, environment and natural resources program, kelly sims gallagher, senior associate, energy technology innovation policy research group, gustavo collantes, former research fellow, energy technology innovation policy research group / enviroment and natural resources program, 2007 - 2008 - harder than it looks. reducing oil consumption and carbon emissions from transportation is a much greater challenge than conventional wisdom assumes. it will require substantially higher fuel prices, ideally in combination with more stringent regulation. - higher gasoline prices essential. reducing carbon dioxide ( co2 ) emissions from the transportation sector 14 % below 2005 levels by 2020 may require gas prices greater than $ 7 / gallon by 2020. - tax credits expensive. while relying on subsidies for electric or hybrid vehicles is politically seductive, it is extremely expensive and an ineffective way to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the near term. - climate and economy not a zero sum game. aggressive climate change policy need not bring the economy to a halt. even under high - fuels - tax, high - carbon price scenarios, losses in annual gdp, relative to business - as - usual, are less than 1 %, and the economy is still projected to grow at 2. 1 - 3. 7 % per year assuming a portion of the revenues collected are recycled to taxpayers. oil security and the threat of climate disruption have focused attention on the transportation sector, which consumes 70 % of the oil used in the united states. this study explores several policy scenarios for reducing oil imports and greenhouse gas emissions from transportation. - business as usual ( based on the department of energy ' s 2009 annual energy outlook ). - an economy - wide co2 tax, with prices starting at $ 30 / t of co2 in 2010 and escalating to $ 60 / t in 2030. ( this tax serves as a surrogate for a cap - and - trade system like that proposed in the pending american clean energy and security act. ) tax revenue is returned to consumers through income tax reductions. - the economy - wide co2 tax, plus a strong gasoline and diesel tax. ( $ 0. 50 / gal in 2010 and increasing 10 % per year, relative to the previous year and in real terms, resulting in a $ 3. 36 /", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5029688961039609, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.468312"} {"text": "the economy - wide co2 tax, plus a strong gasoline and diesel tax. ( $ 0. 50 / gal in 2010 and increasing 10 % per year, relative to the previous year and in real terms, resulting in a $ 3. 36 / gal tax in 2030. ) - the economy - wide co2 tax, plus improved corporate average fuel economy ( cafe ) standards during 2020 - 2030, reaching a new standard of 43. 7 mpg in 2030. - the economy - wide co2 tax plus aggressive performance - based tax credits for alternative motor vehicles. - the united states adopts all of these policies. these scenarios were analyzed using the national energy modeling system ( nems ), an energy - economic equilibrium model of energy markets in the united states, maintained by the department of energy ' s energy information administration ( eia ). onlocation inc. of vienna, va assisted with modifications to the nems model required to implement our policy scenarios and also ran the model. eia itself did not provide any support or analysis for this study. as with any modeling exercise, the results rely on the assumptions built into the model and thus should be interpreted as an indication of the direction and magnitude of potential policy impacts rather than an exact prediction. present efforts to keep fuel prices low while simultaneously trying to significantly reduce oil imports and greenhouse gas emissions are inconsistent. taxing transportation fuels stimulates the greatest reductions in oil consumption and co2 emissions and is a necessary complement to strong vehicle efficiency standards. fuel efficiency standards affect only new vehicles and are subject to the rebound effect, in which some of the efficiency gain is offset by the increased use due to lower operating costs. higher fuel costs are the only policy option modeled that curtails the growth in vehicle - miles traveled. an economy - wide carbon price of $ 30 - $ 60 / t co2 alone would do little to curb emissions from cars, trucks, and the rest of the transportation sector. instead, most of the emission reductions would occur in the electric utilities \u2014 specifically, those that rely heavily on coal. note that prices in the range of $ 30 \u2013 $ 60 / t co2 are higher than the levels considered in congress in the summer of 2009. while increasing cafe standards will reduce co2 emissions, the benefits of this approach take time to accrue and decrease as people increase the number of miles they drive. this phenomenon becomes most pronounced in the 2020 \u2013 2030 time period as population and incomes rise. tax credits for hybrid and alternative vehicles are expensive and not particularly effective", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5158140491836616, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.469311"} {"text": "take time to accrue and decrease as people increase the number of miles they drive. this phenomenon becomes most pronounced in the 2020 \u2013 2030 time period as population and incomes rise. tax credits for hybrid and alternative vehicles are expensive and not particularly effective at reducing co2 emissions, at least in the near term. moreover, artificially increasing the popularity of alternative motor vehicles under the corporate average fuel economy ( cafe ) standards has the unintended effect of decreasing new conventional vehicle fuel economy. because of these issues, the combined scenario does not achieve the greatest reductions in co2 emissions and oil imports, and is the most expensive scenario in terms of gdp loss relative to business - as - usual. the macroeconomic impacts of reducing greenhouse gas emissions are small, even with our relatively aggressive policy scenarios. gdp is projected to grow at 2. 1 - 3. 7 % per year through 2030 under all of our scenarios, with losses in annual gdp, relative to business - as - usual, less than 1 % for all scenarios. for the purpose of this report, we assumed that economy - wide co2 tax revenue was fully returned to u. s. consumers as reduced income taxes, an assumption that certainly contributes to the low economic impacts. revenue from the fuel taxes was not recycled directly to consumers, though it could be in reality. note that the american clean energy and security act does not recycle the revenues to consumers in the early years. insights for policymakers - even individual policies that seem radical in the present u. s. political context do not meet targets set by the obama administration or proposed in the american clean energy and security act without significant use of offsets. this is a challenge, since there is no agreement on the structure of a workable offset policy. - a fundamental insight from this study is that if one wishes to reduce u. s. co2 emissions or net petroleum imports from the transportation sector during 2010 \u2013 2030, consumers cannot continue to drive more and more each year. the eia currently projects that vehicle - miles traveled will grow more than 30 % between 2010 and 2030 as a result of the increase in household incomes and population. in this study, higher fuel prices are the mechanism to reduce vehicle - miles traveled. higher transportation costs are also closely linked to land - use policy and development of mass - transit systems. - the strengthened energy independence and security act cafe standards, or continued increases in new vehicle fuel economy past 2020, are also unlikely to prevent significant growth in u. s. transportation - sector greenhouse gas emissions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5253756260494119, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.470371"} {"text": "use policy and development of mass - transit systems. - the strengthened energy independence and security act cafe standards, or continued increases in new vehicle fuel economy past 2020, are also unlikely to prevent significant growth in u. s. transportation - sector greenhouse gas emissions and oil imports by 2030. these policies will, however, prevent even larger growth from occurring. the reason is that the u. s. economy will continue to grow over this period increasing personal incomes and consumption, including increased vehicle purchases and increased driving. - the impact of energy and climate policies depends on the underlying world oil prices from now to 2030. if oil prices are $ 198 per barrel by 2030, reductions in net oil imports on the order of 5. 7 million barrels per day in 2030 are projected for business - as - usual. with high fuels taxes this can be reduced another 1. 1 million barrels per day, though gasoline prices are above $ 8 per gallon. if, however, the underlying world oil prices are below $ 90 per barrel during the next two decades, then none of the policy scenarios modeled achieves the desired targets for annual u. s. co2 emissions. an economy - wide co2 price combined with transportation sector - specific policies can reduce total u. s. greenhouse gas emissions below 2005 levels \u2014 a significant reduction from business - as - usual projections. however, options now being discussed in congress cannot by themselves achieve the significant reductions in the transportation sector needed to meet the obama administration ' s targets for total u. s. greenhouse gas emissions by 2020. the most effective policy for reducing co2 emissions and oil imports from transportation is to spur the development and sale of more efficient vehicles with strict efficiency standards while increasing the cost of driving with strong fuel taxes. without addressing both, co2 emissions from the u. s. transportation sector will continue to grow. statements and views expressed in this memo are solely those of the authors and do not imply endorsement by harvard university, the john f. kennedy school of government, or the belfer center for science and international affairs. for more information about this publication please contact the etip coordinator at 617 - 496 - 5584. for academic citation :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.509174072364645, "token_count": 440, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.472340"} {"text": "- endemic mycosis with worldwide distribution caused by the dimorphic fungus sporothrix schenckii. - the vast majority of sporotrichosis infections are lymphocutaneous or fixed cutaneous forms, although osteoarticular, pulmonary, meningeal, and disseminated sporotrichosis may occur, especially in patients with diabetes, alcoholism, aids, and haematological malignancies, but also in normal hosts. - lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis is caused by traumatic inoculation of the fungus into the skin and results in an initial nodular lesion that usually ulcerates, which is followed by ascending nodular lymphangitis. - the definitive test for diagnosis of lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis is culture of the fungus from skin lesions. - because of their non - specific presentation and relative rarity, a high index of clinical suspicion is required for diagnosis of extracutaneous forms of sporotrichosis, which is typically delayed. - lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis is not life threatening and responds well to itraconazole treatment. - extracutaneous manifestations of sporotrichosis can be life threatening, especially in immunosuppressed patients, and do not always favourably respond to antifungal therapy. last updated : may 10, 2013", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.39141528695708266, "token_count": 289, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.473683"} {"text": "demons are evil or unclean spirits ( cf. mk 1 : 23 with mk 1 : 32 - 34 ; rev 16 : 13 - 16 ), and are fallen angels, servants of satan ( mt 12 : 26 - 27 ; 25 : 41 ). there is only one devil, but myriads of demons who serve the devil and make his power practically universal. a demoniac ( mk 5 : 1 - 20 ) is a person whose personality has been invaded by one or more demons, who at will can speak and act through their human victim, deranging both his mind and body. a number of such victims of satan were delivered by the servant ( see expulsion of demons below ). the unhindered power of god working through the sinless humanity of the servant challenged the supernatural world of evil and explains the outburst of demonism during his earthly ministry. the reality and personality of demons are attested in all eras of history since the fall, as in the case of saul and the spiritistic medium of endor ( 1 sam 28 : 7 - 20 ), in the case of ancient idolatry of which demonism was the dynamic ( ps 106 : 36 - 37 ; 1 cor 10 : 20 ), in ancient divination and magic, and in ancient necromancy and modern spiritism. demons can derange mind and body ( mt 12 : 22 ; 17 : 15 - 18 ; lk 13 : 16 ). they know the deity and lordship of christ in the spirit world ( mt 8 : 31 - 32 ; mk 1 : 24 ; acts 19 : 15 ; jas 2 : 19 ), and realize their predestined fate ( mt 8 : 31 - 32 ; lk 8 : 31 ). they have a conspicuous role in the government of the satanic world system ( dan 10 : 13 ; eph 6 : 12 ), in promoting cultism and false doctrine ( 1 tim 4 : 1 - 3 ), and in opposing gods program and gods people ( eph 6 : 12 ; 1 jn 4 : 1 - 6 ). prayer is the believers resource against satan and demons ( eph 6 : 10 - 20 ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5015530685928776, "token_count": 439, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.475624"} {"text": "spain designates five ramsar sites 12 june 2012 : the secretariat of the convention on wetlands of international importance ( ramsar convention ) has announced that the government of spain has designated five new wetlands of international importance, bringing spain ' s total number of ramsar sites to 73, the third highest number of sites among contracting parties. the first site, lagunas de campotejar, located in the murcia region, is important for wintering, staging and reproduction of several water bird species. the site is threatened by invasive plant species, and activities carried out on the site include research and environmental education. the second site, lagunas de las moreras, also located in the murcia region, includes a stretch of the irregular stream las moreras that discharges into the mediterranean sea. the site is an important area for wintering, staging and reproduction of many species of waterfowl, including internationally endangered and vulnerable species. activities carried out on the site, which is of cultural and archaeological significance, include sheep grazing, research, environmental education and tourism. the site faces the following threats : erosion and siltation ; agricultural pollution ; and invasive species. the third site, ria de villaviciosa, located in the asturias region, is an estuary on the cantabrian coast, and supports a wide diversity of species of flora and fauna, including internationally threatened species. activities carried out on the site, which is of cultural and archaeological interest, include tourism and environmental education. it is threatened by water contamination and invasive species. the fourth site, saladas de sastago - bujaraloz, located in the aragon region, is a complex of seasonal saline lakes, and supports a wide range of species specifically adapted to extreme saline environments, including several threatened and endemic species. activities carried out on the site, which is of cultural importance, include rain - fed agriculture, research and nature tourism. threatening factors include the possible future transformation from rain - fed to irrigated agriculture, and the use of some of the lakes as a waste dump. the fifth site, tremedales de orihuela, located in the aragon region, is a high mountain site offering habitat to over 600 different plant species, 32 of them endemic, as well as various species of amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals and invertebrates, some of them threatened globally. activities carried out on the site include livestock feeding, forestry, fishing, hunting, research and recreational activities. the alteration of the hydrological regime due to water abstraction, changes in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4200442676959913, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.478225"} {"text": "foster apprehended kain. his celebrated quarrel with couche made him the obvious suspect. he was made to sit beside the corpse for several hours before being taken to the coroner in kingston, william j. mckay. kain freely confessed to the murder but pleaded self - defence, even castigating his neighbours for not having forced couche to pay his wages. at his trial on 3 september, kain, defending himself, pleaded not guilty. the crown, represented by attorney general henry john boulton *, called six witnesses, the defendant none. the jury required only five minutes to condemn kain, despite his claims of being goaded by couche \u2019 s threats and refusal to pay him. he was then sentenced to hang three days later with his body to be given over to medical dissection. \u201c the laws ought to punish and will punish, \u201d declared judge james buchanan macaulay *, \u201c as long as necessary, until the arm of violence shall be restrained. \u201d he characterized kain \u2019 s action as \u201c heedless, malicious, vindictive, and blood thirsty, \u201d and referred sarcastically to kain \u2019 s renowned strength : \u201c one would almost suppose that some people believed their strength given to them, for no other purpose than to abuse it. \u201d kain heard macaulay \u2019 s address with outward indifference, even the admonition that he devote his final earthly days to achieving \u201c a joyful immortality \u201d by \u201c weeping, by fasting and by prayer, by penitence and contrition. \u201d yet the judge \u2019 s advice or personal revelation revived kain \u2019 s latent religiosity, for he remained sleepless, praying, reading the bible, and performing spiritual exercises with two ministers and his former sunday school teachers. the evening before his death he was visited by archdeacon george okill stuart *, and that same night he composed a scaffold address blaming alcohol, neglect of the sabbath, and bad company for ruining his life \u201c just in the prime. \u201d he died reciting the lord \u2019 s prayer, apparently reconciled to his fate, repentant for the murder, confident of salvation. he was unswerving in his right to the wages he was owed by couche, earmarking the money \u201c to establish or support any school that may require it. \u201d any other funds were to be used to erect a fence around his father \u2019 s grave. william kain \u2019 s life was brief, beginning and ending in bitterness. he died in profound disgrace, in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3586942001967682, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.483656"} {"text": "or support any school that may require it. \u201d any other funds were to be used to erect a fence around his father \u2019 s grave. william kain \u2019 s life was brief, beginning and ending in bitterness. he died in profound disgrace, in front of \u201c a large concourse \u201d of curious spectators. kain was equal to this occasion as to most others, couching his personal tragedy in terms of sin and erroneous judgment. yet even his contemporaries sensed the hollowness of these explanations, and today it is difficult to penetrate the essence of the young man who was special and disturbing even to his obituary writers, and whose life embodies the age - old mysteries of the roots of criminality and violence. ao, rg 22, ser. 134, vol. 5, 7 [ i. e. 3 ] sept. 1830. the life of william kain, who was executed at kingston, upper canada, on the 6th day of september, 1830, for the murder of john rodolph couche ( kingston, [ ont. ], 1830 ). u. c., house of assembly, journal, 1831 \u2013 32, app. : 150, 228. kingston chronicle, 4, 11 sept. 1830. upper canada herald, 8 sept. 1830.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.37686745082436623, "token_count": 258, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.484135"} {"text": "matching 1 tags what factors should be considered in determining how to approach a passage of scripture? finding the best interpretation of a scripture passage can be a daunting task. c. s. lewis advises us to \u201c look. listen. receive. \u201d a good approach is to seek the intended meaning for the original audience before considering what it means for us today. clues to the original intended meaning can be found in the style of language, the genre of literature, the original audience, and the historical and cultural context. by studying these things, we avoid projecting modern ideas ( like science ) onto the text. what do biblical scholars today say about genesis 1 - 2? in recent decades, evangelical biblical scholars have reconsidered non - literal interpretations of genesis. the accommodation view of st. augustine and john calvin is supported by recent discoveries about ancient cultures. literature from these cultures shows interesting parallels and differences with genesis accounts. the differences are striking, such as stories where creation is a battle among many gods rather than the acts of one sovereign creator. the similarities, however, show how god accommodated his message so that the israelites could understand it. for example, the egyptians and babylonians thought the sky was a solid dome. this solid dome appears in genesis 1 as the firmament created on day 2. god did not try to correct the \u201c science \u201d of the israelites by explaining that the sky was a gaseous atmosphere. instead, god accommodated his message to their cultural context. many evangelical biblical scholars have concluded that genesis is not meant to teach scientific information. what is the genetic evidence for evolution? darwin developed his theory of evolution by looking at scientific evidence available in the mid - 1800s. since then, the whole field of genetics has developed, adding a powerful independent line of evidence in support of evolution. genes show how the physical traits of living things are handed down and modified from one generation to the next. by comparing the dna of many organisms, scientists can map the relationships between species. this map is in remarkable agreement with darwin \u2019 s predictions. the structure of chromosomes and particular genetic sequences point to the conclusion not just of common design, but common descent as well.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5469117704202131, "token_count": 435, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.486392"} {"text": "aleja wakes up very early in the morning, as she does every saturday, to go to the market and buy the groceries for the week. she takes with her the same amount of money she usually does, but to her surprise she can \u2019 t even buy half of the things she needs. at home, aleja has five small children waiting for her to bring them something to eat. she is a single parent, mother of two sponsored children from betel student center in the city of oruro. she was abandoned by her husband and left with her children. the family lives in a very small and dark room where they have three beds, a small table, some chairs and a small, wrecked shelf. outside of the room, they use a small space covered with old pieces of calamines as their kitchen. aleja works washing clothes. she earns around $ 21 per week, and that is how she supports her family. she uses the money to pay the rent, the water, the electricity, the gas and buy the food and some things her children need for school. bolivia is experiencing a food crisis as a consequence of many things. besides the inflation, there are other variables that are affecting the country. when we have the \u201c typical \u201d unrests, immediately some food is \u201c hidden, \u201d so people speculate, and as a consequence the prices rise. this general rise of prices in basic food has affected everybody, especially those who need it the most. \u201c it affects my family because i can \u2019 t feed my children properly, i can \u2019 t provide them everything they need, \u201d says aleja. families have had to reduce the number of meals they have every day, because what they earn and what they have is simply not enough. when people go to buy what they need for the week, they go back home with half, or less, of the things they were supposed to buy. it seems like money doesn \u2019 t have the same value anymore. it seems like money flies out of their hands. it seems like money falls out from holes in their pockets. sonia, the betel student center director says, \u201c many rather not eat bread anymore. they eat quinua ( grain ) or other things they bring from their crops. they eat chuno ( dried potato ) soup. they bring food from the country, like potatoes, chuno, grains, and that way they don \u2019 t have to buy things here. for example, they don \u2019 t eat oat, lentils or milk. things that are good", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42364512571990115, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.493574"} {"text": "soup. they bring food from the country, like potatoes, chuno, grains, and that way they don \u2019 t have to buy things here. for example, they don \u2019 t eat oat, lentils or milk. things that are good for them, they can \u2019 t have because they are too expensive. \u201d the development centers have also been affected by this situation. suddenly, the budget they had wasn \u2019 t enough, so they had to take some measures that also affected the children. they had to reduce the daily provision they gave the children in order to make the money last for the whole month. sonia explains, \u201c we were very sad, because we started to give the children only one plate of food. one day they received soup ; the other a dry plate. we also suspended special activities for the children, like field trips. also in the material for the classes, we stopped buying some things. \u201d however, not everything is discouraging. thanks to special funding through the complementary intervention program ( civ ), many children who have malnutrition will be helped by receiving extra nourishment at the student center. this intervention will benefit 80 child development centers in bolivia. they will work with all of the undernourished registered children, up to 18 years old. sonia says that parents are very thankful for this extra support they receive. they were already thankful for the meals, but this extra food can be considered an extra blessing for them. they are very thankful ; they come here and say that here they can have meals and a soft drink. those are the only three days they can eat. at their home they don \u2019 t. children don \u2019 t miss a day at the center, even though many of them live far away and have to walk around one hour or more to get here. \u201d the children are very thankful, too. they might not express it with words, but their faces of happiness, when they receive their meals, say it all.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4419944539872015, "token_count": 401, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.494376"} {"text": "this is a story of two powerful rulers. they stand apart from most other rulers because of their achievements ; they differa from each othera for many reasons. one ruler was much respected, the other was feared. archaeologists know of the whereabouts of one rulera\u20ac\u2122s tomb, although they have not excavated it. the location of the other rulera\u20ac\u2122s tomb is unknown, but that could change. this rather enigmatic introductory paragraph refers to genghis khan and qin shi huang, chinaa\u20ac\u2122s first emperor. genghis khan ruled over the worlda\u20ac\u2122s largest contiguous empire about 800 years ago. ( the term a\u20acscontiguousa\u20acta is important here ; as the britisha ruled over more territory during the heyday of their empire. however, those territories were dispersed across the globe ). genghis khan, or temuchin ( the spelling varies ) as he was first called, had a very eventful childhood. born in 1165 ad, he was betrothed at a very early age. his father was poisoned by the tartars and his bride was abducted. genghis was able to regain his wife with the support of other steppe tribes. temuchin officially became genghis khan in 1206. it is thought that this title means a\u20acsoceanic ruler, a\u20act or a\u20acsfirm, resolute ruler. a\u20act | photo credit : asobitsuchiya | by that fateful year of 1206, genghis khan had united the tribes of mongolia into one tribe. the stage was set for him to embark on one of historya\u20ac\u2122s most astonishing campaigns of conquest. historians suggest that there may have been several reasons why genghis khan went down this road : a quest for treasure, seeking revenge for past offenses, even megalomania. his conquests would take him into china and tibet, as well as farther west into the khwarazm empire which ruled over most of what is now called uzbekistan, turkmenistan, iran, afghanistan and tajikistan. in 1226, during a campaign against the xi xiaa in northern china, genghis khan fell from his horse. he died from his injuries in 1227 and was buried in a secret location. numerous scientific expeditions have been mounted to try to locate his tomb. currently yet another attempt is being mounted to find genghis khana\u20ac\u2122s last resting place. the mongol empire continued after genghisa\u20ac\u2122 passing and his", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.49172988073271573, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.500426"} {"text": "secret location. numerous scientific expeditions have been mounted to try to locate his tomb. currently yet another attempt is being mounted to find genghis khana\u20ac\u2122s last resting place. the mongol empire continued after genghisa\u20ac\u2122 passing and his descendants continued to expand it. by the late 13th century, it reached from hungary to the sea of japan. by that stage, the empire was divided into four nearly autonomous areas called khanates : china, central asia, persia, and russia. in 1294, after the death of kublai khan, the empire broke apart. there was a brief resurgence in the late 14th century when timur ( the lame ), who claimed to be descended from genghis khan, conquered persia, iraq, syria, afghanistan, and parts of russia. on the way to attack china, however, timur died, and the mongol era was finished. pre - dating genghis khan by fourteen centuries, an individual by the name of qin shi huang, rose to prominence in what is now china. in 246 bc, when he appeared in the scene, china was going through what historians call its a\u20acswarring statesa\u20act period. in about twenty years, qin shi huang managed to unify the country under one ruler. qin shi huang became chinaa\u20ac\u2122s first emperor. a the old feudal system was replaced with a central government. chinaa\u20ac\u2122s writing and currency was standardized. commerce benefited from a vast new network of roads and canals. last but not least, gigantic construction works got started during this emperora\u20ac\u2122s reign ; among them the great wall ( which would be extended many times in later years ) and the emperora\u20ac\u2122s mausoleum. | photo credit : the mausoleum complex was a\u20ac \u201c and still is a\u20ac \u201c huge, covering approximately four square miles near the modern city of xi \u2019 an. while the tomb itself is not excavated yet, the accompanying army of terracotta soldiers was found and partially excavated. both men have left lasting legacies. without genghis khan, there would be no mongolia today. moreover, it is said that about 16 million men today can retrace their ancestry back to genghis khan. this has led to some people getting their 15 minutes of fame, occasionally incorrectly. china looks back at qin shi huang as its founding father. many aspects of modern chinese culture can be retraced to this time period, more than 2200 years ago. but there is more. aside from both rulers featuring in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4729516512077056, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.501406"} {"text": "by mike fitzpatrick, nami executive director along with so many other americans, nami members have been saddened by the tragedy in aurora, colo. in which 12 people were slain and 58 wounded in a theater at the premiere of a batman movie. nami does not speculate about mental illness or other factors that may be involved in such tragedies \u2014 or for that matter other kinds of news events. no one should diagnose through the news media. despite many public perceptions, we do know that generally the likelihood of violence from people with mental illness is low. in fact, the u. s. surgeon general has reported that \u201c the overall contribution of mental disorders to the total level of violence in society is exceptionally small. \u201d there are many reasons why violence occurs in our society, many of which have nothing or little to do with mental illness. on the other hand, violence sometimes occurs. in some cases, it is because something has gone wrong with the mental health care system. at this time, that does not seem to be the case. recognizing that there is a problem is always the first step. right now, public inquiry is focused on whether or not the behavior of the person responsible for the tragedy ever caused anyone or any institution to encourage or require him to be evaluated the surgeon general has acknowledged that the risk of violence among individuals with mental illness increases to some degree in the case of substance abuse or psychosis, a symptom which typically involves a \u201c break with reality \u201d through paranoia, hallucinations or delusions. social withdrawal may precede such breaks. early warning signs of psychosis, particularly in the year leading up to the break, may include : - worrisome drop in academic or job performance - new trouble thinking clearly or concentrating - suspiciousness or uneasiness with others - decline in self - care or personal hygiene - spending a lot more time alone than usual - increased sensitivity to sights or sounds - mistaking noises for voices - unusual or overly intense new ideas - strange new feelings or having no feelings at all young adults in their 20s are the most common age group to experience the first onset of psychosis. this is a stage of life that usually challenges young people to develop more independence, establish an identity, create intimate relationships and move away from home. immediate family members, who usually are most aware of changes in behavior of a loved one, play a less central role at this time, particularly if a person has moved to another city or state, such as to attend college or graduate school. psychosis", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44625866281406096, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.504813"} {"text": "update ( march 5, 2012 ) : as of feb. 24, the merit badge is now \u201c live \u201d! the pamphlet should be in your local scout shop, or you can order it through scoutstuff by clicking here. once it \u2019 s earned, scouters can click here to order the emblem. hot news : welding merit badge here! as i told you in november, the bsa turned to the american welding society to help create a new merit badge that will teach scouts about a real - world field where demand for workers exceeds supply. the image of industrial age welders toiling away in dimly lit factories is long gone. today \u2019 s welders must learn cutting - edge technology to create the products we use every day \u2014 cars, buildings, bicycles. with america \u2019 s demand for manufactured goods growing, so too is the need for new talent. by the end of the decade, it \u2019 s estimated that our country will have a critical need for 200, 000 new welders. talk about job security! right on cue, the bsa \u2019 s 128th current merit badge is scheduled for a feb. 24, 2012 release. that means scouts can now pick up a copy of the requirements book and start earning the badge. to give you an idea of what \u2019 s in store, check out the official, final welding merit badge requirements : welding merit badge requirements 1. do the following : a. explain to your counselor the hazards you are most likely to encounter while welding, and what you should do to anticipate, help prevent, mitigate, or lessen these hazards. b. show that you know first aid for, and the prevention of, injuries or illnesses that could occur while welding, including electrical shock, eye injuries, burns, fume inhalation, dizziness, skin irritation, and exposure to hazardous chemicals, including filler metals and welding gases. 2. do the following : a. with your counselor, discuss general safety precautions and material safety data sheets related to welding. explain the importance of the msds. b. describe the appropriate safety gear and clothing that must be worn when welding. then, present yourself properly dressed for welding \u2014 in protective equipment, clothing, and footwear. c. explain and demonstrate the proper care and storage of welding equipment, tools, and protective clothing and footwear. 3. explain the terms welding, electrode, slag, and oxidation. describe the welding process, how heat is generated, what kind of filler metal is added ( if any ),", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.440910674447027, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.508529"} {"text": "welding equipment, tools, and protective clothing and footwear. 3. explain the terms welding, electrode, slag, and oxidation. describe the welding process, how heat is generated, what kind of filler metal is added ( if any ), and what protects the molten metal from the atmosphere. 4. name the different mechanical and thermal cutting methods. choose one method and describe how to use the process. discuss one advantage and one limitation of this process. 5. do the following : a. select two welding processes, and make a list of the different components of the equipment required for each process. discuss one advantage and one limitation for each process. b. choose one welding process. set up the process you have chosen, including gas regulators, work clamps, cables, filler materials, and equipment settings. have your counselor inspect and approve the area for the welding process you have chosen. 6. after successfully completing requirements 1 through 5, use the equipment you prepared for the welding process in 5b to do the following : a. using a metal scribe or soapstone, sketch your initial onto a metal plate, and weld a bead on the plate following the pattern of your initial. b. cover a small plate ( approximately 3 \u2033 x 3 \u2033 x 1 / 4 \u2033 ) with weld beads side by side. c. tack two plates together in a square groove butt joint. d. weld the two plates together from 6c on both sides. e. tack two plates together in a t joint, have your counselor inspect it, then weld a t joint with fillet weld on both sides. f. tack two plates together in a lap joint, have your counselor inspect it, then weld a lap joint with fillet weld on both sides. 7. do the following : a. find out about three career opportunities in the welding industry. pick one and find out the education, training, and experience required for this profession. discuss this with your counselor, and explain why the profession might interest you. b. discuss the role of the american welding society in the welding profession. making of the welding merit badge check out this behind - the - scenes video below :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4628416861351146, "token_count": 443, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.509479"} {"text": "immigrants reform may serve as solution to specialized fields in high demand with the unemployment rate dropping to 7. 7 percent in the month of november \u2013 a four - year low \u2013 it appears as though more people are finding the jobs they need to send money to those they care for and earn a living. however, a recent report indicates that many fields are in dire need of professionals with specialized skills, such as the high - tech industry, sciences and mathematics. a new report suggests that this need can be fulfilled, however, by making it easier for foreign workers to come to the u. s. \u2013 and take care of themselves financially at the same time. in its report, \" help wanted : the role of foreign workers in the innovation economy, \" researchers from the information technology industry, the partnership for a new american economy and the u. s. chamber of commerce argue that immigrants are some of the most highly qualified people in the world. for instance, according to their statistics, a high percentage of all workers within science, technology, engineering and mathematics fields \u2013 otherwise known as \" stem \" \u2013 are foreign - born, comprising more than a quarter of all workers. because these jobs require special education, such as a master ' s or doctoral degree, the unemployment rate in stem fields is lower than for workers in non - stem positions. typically, individuals with more advanced degrees tend to be more likely to have a job. close to half of all university students taking stem classes are foreign - born but as it is already, a considerable number of immigrants are in school working to get into these highly specialized and trained positions. based on the study ' s analysis, foreign - born students comprise 41 percent of master ' s degrees and 45 percent of phds in stem courses at universities across the country. \" their impact on university research, along with the impact of foreign - born professors and postdoctoral fellows, has been shown to be dramatic, \" the study states. \" at the top 10 patent - producing u. s. universities \u2013 a group that includes caltech, mit, georgia tech, stanford, university of texas, university of california, university of wisconsin, university of illinois, university of michigan, and cornell \u2013 more than three out of every four patents the schools received in 2011 had an immigrant inventor. \" patents are titles or licenses given to people who may have invented a product or service. the patent gives them the sole right to sell or market whatever it is that they created. researchers say that these fields could be fulfilled by individuals who are foreign - born, but all", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49846481761941824, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.512278"} {"text": "global environmental challenges from hallie seegal : there are high hopes that the natural gas extraction technique known as hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, will boost the economy and bring the united states closer to energy independence, but if the energy industry expects to break new ground and fulfill a growing demand anytime soon, they need to make friends with the people who reside near the drilling rigs. two new reports out last week point to the potential of how fracking, the process whereby a highly - pressured mixture of water, sand and chemicals is blasted through underground shale rock formations to release natural gas, could positively benefit our economy. one study projects that natural gas will account for nearly one - third of total u. s. energy produced by 2040, and the other one, a government commissioned report which the obama administration is expected to partially base its shale gas policy on, shows natural gas exports providing revenue to the struggling economy under every condition considered. the obama administration has largely left regulation of private land up to the states, and for many landowners, the impacts of hydraulic fracturing don \u2019 t just hit close to home \u2026 they drill right into their backyards. last month, voters in longmont, colo. became the latest in the country to ban fracking within town limits. the ballot initiative was passed via a bipartisan vote and the town will likely follow in the footsteps a handful of other municipalities, including the upstate new york towns of dryden, middlefield and avon, that already passed bans or moratoriums and are in the midst of legal challenges to uphold them. while local ordinances may not typically make national news, the precedent set by these local governments cannot be overstated. at the most micro level, local residents came together and threw a wedge into the plans of private industry - - industry that by the way, already have allocated millions of dollars to harvest these towns \u2019 natural resources. no question about it : this has been a wild weather year so far in the united states, with record rains, droughts, wildfires and tornadoes. but a new study indicates that even routine weather events like rainstorms and cooler - than - normal days could pack a huge annual economic wallop. weather \u2019 s effect on all sectors of the u. s. economy may total $ 485 billion a year, as much as 3. 4 percent of u. s. gross domestic product, according to research published in the current bulletin of the american meteorological society. it is the first study to apply qualitative economic analysis to estimate the u", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47636788728834184, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.516589"} {"text": "billion a year, as much as 3. 4 percent of u. s. gross domestic product, according to research published in the current bulletin of the american meteorological society. it is the first study to apply qualitative economic analysis to estimate the u. s. economy \u2019 s weather sensitivity. you remember john kerry, right? tall, silver - haired, urbane enough to be accused of being french. but there \u2019 s a feisty side to the senior senator from massachusetts, and it was on display at a forum on energy and economic growth, where kerry teed off on congressional republicans and others who doubt the seriousness of the challenge of climate change. \u201c after a while you get exasperated and jaded and frustrated about it all, \u201d kerry told the new republic forum at the national press club. \u201c i \u2019 ve had it just about up to here with america \u2019 s indifference to the realities of this crisis \u2026 the united states is like an ostrich putting its head in the sand. \u201d from tales from the trail : when barack obama heads for india next month, he ' ll be carrying a heavy policy agenda - - questions over the handling of nuclear material, the outsourcing of u. s. jobs and india ' s status as a growing economic power, along with regional relations with pakistan and afghanistan. but rajendra pachauri, the nobel peace laureate who heads the u. n. intergovernmental panel on climate change, hopes the u. s. president has time to focus on clean energy too. even as pachauri and the u. n. panel evolve - - and as pachauri himself weathers pressure from some quarters to resign - - he urged obama to work on u. s. - india projects that he said would enhance global energy security. by lisa gansky the opinions expressed are her own. does our economy make us happy? the crash - and - burn of the financial system, a prolonged recession, and high unemployment obviously cause us enormous distress. we are forced to ask ourselves, \u201c what can we afford now? \u201d the collapse has also made many of us rethink what we care about. we ' re finally asking, \u201c are all these things we \u2019 ve been buying ( and probably still making payments on ) truly making us happy? \u201d \u2013 john kemp is a reuters columnist. the views expressed are his own \u2014 current debates about cutting energy consumption and carbon emissions often carry a strong undercurrent of asceticism. there is an almost missionary zeal to save the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4307300251228222, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.517571"} {"text": "december 11, 2012 | 2 if you have seen any of peter jackson \u2019 s movies, such as this week \u2019 s release of the hobbit : an unexpected journey, then you have probably noticed the logo for the special effects company weta workshop, which works on most of the director \u2019 s new zealand \u2013 based projects. the workshop is named after a bunch of endemic new zealand insects that look, at first glance, like crickets or grasshoppers on steroids. weta consist of about 70 species of the largest and heaviest flying insects in the world. some giant weta species \u2014 \u201c very cool, prickly little monsters, \u201d as weta workshop puts it \u2014 weigh in at up to 30 grams and boast bodily lengths of up to 10 centimeters. a newly discovered member of the group \u2014 the denniston white - faced cave weta \u2014 isn \u2019 t quite that big or monstrous. in fact, the scientists who found and tentatively named the species ( it hasn \u2019 t been given an official taxonomic name yet ) don \u2019 t know how big the species grows, because only juvenile insects were found. but they do know that its only habitat could soon disappear. this newest weta was discovered on the denniston plateau on the sparsely populated west coast of new zealand \u2019 s south island. the plateau receives an amazing six meters of annual rainfall, creating unique rock formations that are home to many rare and endangered species. the 190 - hectare area is slated to be converted into an open - cast coal mine that could increase the country \u2019 s coal exports by 63 percent but which conservationists say would destroy the habitat and its unique denizens. the denniston white - faced cave weta was found during a four - day \u201c bioblitz \u201d in march that identified more than 500 confirmed species on the plateau and another 219 unconfirmed species. among the hundreds of species was the new weta, which bears a mostly black body, a distinctive white band behind its head and leg spines unlike other weta species. \u201c it just stood out, \u201d massey university ( m. u. ) associate professor steve trewick said in a prepared statement. \u201c we haven \u2019 t seen anything with that appearance and coloration. \u201d trewick, who led the expedition along with fellow associate professor mary morgan - richards, also tested the new weta \u2019 s dna, which proved to differ from other known species. \u201c this weta might occur elsewhere as well as denniston, but what it highlights is that destroying distinctive habitat is likely to destroy biodiversity even before we", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4334336224799776, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.520271"} {"text": "december 6, 2011 | 1 the u. s. is currently home to a suite of national laboratories that conduct cutting - edge research. throughout the country, this network of 17 labs ( overseen by the department of energy ) focuses on a wide array of basic science and engineering questions. the results of this research have spurred innovation and technology development for more than seven decades. and, through the technology transfer process, the discoveries unearthed within these institutions \u2013 from low - e window coatings to hybrid solar lighting \u2013 have the chance to leave the research world and make significant impacts in the marketplace. in order to move cutting edge research from labs to markets, these research institutions agree to let their discoveries leave the nest under technology transfer agreements. the general process for a technology transfer from the lab to a commercial organization is pretty straightforward : lets take an example - northern california \u2019 s lawrence berkeley national lab ( lbnl ) recently licensed the rights to an aerosol technology that could revolutionize building energy efficiency retrofit programs by making leaky ducts a thing of the past. under a transfer agreement, between lbnl and auroseal, the latter will be able to develop an aerosol technology that can disperse a sealant throughout a building \u2019 s existing ductwork, effectively sealing any leaks. this technology, developed by lbnl researchers, could vastly improve the energy efficiency of buildings by reducing energy losses due to inefficient distribution of air through the system. this aerosol technology is just one case of discoveries from within the national laboratory system moving into society \u2019 s wider sphere. over more than 7 decades, researchers within these national labs have developed technologies to harness nuclear power ( both electric and geopolitical ). they have discovered the foundational components for advanced battery technologies ( think lithium ion ), and how to make car airbags an economical option for all americans ( with mems technology ). last year, during the deepwater horizon oil disaster, scientists and engineers from around the world analyzed technologies that could have the potential to help stop the oil leak and also assist in the cleanup the oil that has already escaped. one of the technologies that received significant attention was a large device capable of effectively separating oil and water using centrifugal acceleration. owned by actor kevin costner \u2019 s company ( ocean therapy solutions ), this technology was licensed to costner for commercialization purposes through the tech transfer process. the technology transfer program allows the discoveries resulting from basic science research to have significant impact outside of the laboratory. through the technology transfer process, inventions funded by federal research", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5232616220396149, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.524659"} {"text": "the bronson caves are located in los angeles ' griffith park and are famous as a stage set to countless moition pictures and television shows. the caves are actually man made and were originally a rock quarry during the early 1900s used to lay streets for an expanding los angeles. a hundred years of filmmaking has occurred at the caves imaging events from explosions and gun fights to the discovery of cave paintings. reflecting on this history, the caves are documented on various formats and film stocks over time as an unchanging landscape amidst a chaotic specter of fictional realities. in the series of photographs titled bronson caves, the caves served as a stage set yet again. i performed actions for the camera with massive sheets of colored paper. since a long - exposure photograph was produced rather than a motion picture, the papers were recorded as voluminous, glowing colors. the materiality of the rainbowed forms, emerging from the mouth of the cave, dancing about the canyon, and bubbling up from the ground, are based solely in the photographic process, and can only be experienced when viewing the final photographic prints. if a visitor to the caves were to accidently stumble upon my performance they would only see a mass of crumbled colored paper draped awkwardly over a man moving / dancing to a camera positioned on a tripod. the goal of these performances was to create sculptural, photographic objects that interacted with the history and architecture of the caves. the colored paper used during the production of the cave photographs was transformed, weathered, stained, and torn after months of constant use. deciding to isolate the medium, the props of the action, a studio setting with a pedestal was used to photograph the various scraps of paper. the format of these photographs mimics the traditional way of documenting art objects. however, a photographic technique similar to that explored at the caves was used, exposing the paper into a blurred mass, a pure photographic object. the final phase of the series involved setting the paper ablaze, letting the objects pass in transience but allowing them to persist in photographs.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.507438508450649, "token_count": 414, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.526777"} {"text": "through the history of art, saints are routinely depicted with a human skull. st. francis is one of the more notable saints who is often depicted holding a human skull. as morbid as this might be, the human skull serves a purpose in the art depicting the saints. the purpose of the human skull in the artistic rendition of saints is to remind the on looker of death \u2014 true to its form and meaning as found on pirate flags and bottles of poison. however, the skull in relation to the saints contains an addition meaning. the second meaning of the human skull is to remind the onlooker not only of death but also that all things pass away, and one day everyone will pass from this life into the next. death will happen to everything that lives. death is unavoidable. death is real. the human skull pictured with the saints, not meant as a macabre fetish, acted as a catalyst for the saint and sinner to contemplate his or her own death and life after death. it allowed the saint and sinner to consider all of life in relation to grander schemes of infinity and finitude and temporality and eternity, for as shakespeare alluded to in so many of his tragedies that even a king can pass through a beggar \u2019 s bowels. moreover, it is like the words written on a wall made of the skulls of some 4, 000 capuchin monks in the capuchin bone chapel in rome as if each departed monk who left behind his skull resounds softly the phrase inscribed on the wall \u201c what you are now we used to be ; what we are now you will be. \u201d in his book, the last day of my life, newsman jim moret picks up the artistic rendering of holding a human skull and does a spiritual exercise by proposing the question to himself, \u201c what if i only had one day to live? how would i live it? \u201d though the question itself is cliche, the practice of seriously considering the question is not. jim moret, seriously considers and meditates on living the last day of his life. like all the deep questions of life which are spurned on by tragedy, jim, after years of ill content with life, depression, and financial troubles, contemplates driving off a cliff one sunny day in california. for an instance the thought of a world without jim moret, a world left with the broken lives and misery jim moret caused, and a world in which jim moret is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.46417509638996274, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.530466"} {"text": "contemplates driving off a cliff one sunny day in california. for an instance the thought of a world without jim moret, a world left with the broken lives and misery jim moret caused, and a world in which jim moret is without the world, and though only a fleeting thought for moret, it is a powerful thought that brings jim to his senses. the wisdom and sobering reality that follows contemplating death or even reading the account of another person is a lesson from which many can learn. though a few chapters miss their mark by the author not bearing enough of himself, there are a number of chapters that should be required reading for a consumer society. one such chapter is the one on possessions, where jim puts his life in perspective and realizes that material goods have not brought him the happiness the goods promised and that true happiness resides outside of material goods. other chapters that hit their mark for required reading are the chapters on love and sacrifice. in the chapter on love jim shares the hard moments of his marriage and how he goes about repairing a broken relationship with his wife and the only way he was able to do this is by swallowing his pride and learning to communicate with his wife more openly. in the chapter on sacrifice, jim discusses an important value that is all of absent in today \u2019 s society, for as one learns by acquiring wisdom that love and sacrifice and bedfellows. to remove sacrifice from love is to make love unloving and selfish. in the broad stretch of literature of this sort, it is not the best book on the subject, for jim moret is not st. agustine and pales in comparison to augustine \u2019 s confessions ; however, jim \u2019 s book is more easily accessible to the common reader than augustine and therein lies it \u2019 s real worth. jim \u2019 s book is a modern approach to an ancient question fit with timeless answers. if a person has ever thought \u201c what if i had only one day left to live? \u201d and wanted to follow it up with a serious consideration, \u201c the last day of my life \u201d provides a framework for the exercise. the greek lover of wisdom aristotle once said, \u201c the unexamined life isn \u2019 t worth living. \u201d jim moret examines life and learns that life is worth living, and he invites others to do the same.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4811603306355541, "token_count": 468, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.531377"} {"text": "muhammad \u2018 ali dynasty, a family that ruled egypt for about a century and a half ( 1805 - 1952 ). the following is a brief survey of the line of succession, with particular reference to the role played by the copts during the time of each ruler. dates refer to the years of their accession and demise or abdication. muhammad \u2018 ali, viceroy ( 1805 - 1849 ) an outstanding soldier and statesman, muhammad \u2018 ali was the founder of modern egypt and of the dynasty that ruled the country until the 1952 revolution. following the french invasion of egypt ( 1798 ), the sultan sent an expeditionary force, including a contingent of macedonian albanians, of whom muhammad \u2018 ali was an officer. after the defeat of the french and their departure in 1801, muhammad \u2018 ali stayed on and watched the ensuing confusion and struggle for power between the mamluks, the ottoman governor, and the egyptian people, which he exploited for his own benefit. in 1805, having won the confidence of the inhabitants, he was asked by the \u2018 ulemas ( the muslim ) to become their ruler, and the sultan had to confirm him as governor ( wali ). muhammad \u2018 ali was subsequently able to get rid of his rivals and become the unchallenged master of the country. he now set out to transform egypt into a powerful state self - sufficient economically, industrially, and agriculturally. he rebuilt the army and the navy, with which he achieved resounding successes and victories all around egypt. he extended his influence into arabia, the sudan, syria, crete, and anatolia, upsetting the political balance in the area. with their interests seriously threatened, the foreign powers intervened, and in 1840, muhammad \u2018 ali ' s vast empire was reduced to egypt and the sudan. he was also given hereditary rule of egypt. muhammad \u2018 ali ' s physical and mental faculties deteriorated toward the end of his life, and he died in 1849, his son ibrahim having predeceased him in 1848. among the influential copts who served under muhammad \u2018 ali, supplying him with huge amounts of money from their private sources to finance his projects, was mu \u2018 allim jirjis al - jawhari ( d. 1810 ), and mu \u2018 allim ghali. muhammad \u2018 ali also employed some copts in key administrative positions as governors of provinces : rizk agha in sharqiyyah, makram agha in atfih, mikha \u2019 il agha in fashn, and butrus agha in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.42484615452917407, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.541432"} {"text": "copts in key administrative positions as governors of provinces : rizk agha in sharqiyyah, makram agha in atfih, mikha \u2019 il agha in fashn, and butrus agha in bardis ( riyad suryal, 1984, pp. 49 - 50 ). it is said that when muhammad \u2018 ali was approached by europeans seeking to form a company to finance the building of a canal between the mediterranean and the red sea, mu \u2018 allim ghali pointed out to him the inherent danger of such a company to the sovereignty of egypt. \u2018 abbas hilmi i, khedive ( 1813 - 1854 ) from the beginning of his reign, \u2018 abbas hilmi aimed at setting rules and policies contrary to those of his predecessors. he wanted to relieve the egyptian economy of foreign pressure and influence by liquidating all projects of economic growth inaugurated by his grandfather, muhammad \u2018 ali, which, in his opinion, rendered the economy of egypt subservient to europe. as a result, he closed all modern factories and all higher schools, and decreased the forces of both the army and the navy. he believed that his grandfather had opened the door wide for european influence and weakened the ottoman empire by the destruction of its military power in egypt. because of his ottoman education and upbringing, he tended to oppose the policies of both muhammad \u2018 ali and ibrahim. consequently, he deviated from their policies and started persecuting all their former assistants in the european projects. in this way, \u2018 abbas thought to return egypt to its islamic and oriental character and to free it from western ambitions. but soon time proved his gross misjudgment. in fact, even his relationship with the supreme porte of constantinople deteriorated later because of his attempt to suppress some of its administrative privileges granted under an 1846 treaty. owing to britain ' s favorable position with turkey, \u2018 abbas thought to ask the english authorities to negotiate on his behalf with the supreme porte and in return offered the british a project of constructing a railway line from alexandria to suez via cairo. in the meantime, he insisted that this project should be regarded as an egyptian one to avoid the infiltration of english influence into the country. this situation was indirectly affected by the outbreak of the crimean war between russia and turkey. the czar offered britain the opportunity to occupy egypt in return for giving him a free hand to seize certain parts of ottoman territory. accordingly, \u2018 abbas hastened to accept the turkish sultan ' s proposal to enter the crimean war", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41962910622424693, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.542357"} {"text": "between russia and turkey. the czar offered britain the opportunity to occupy egypt in return for giving him a free hand to seize certain parts of ottoman territory. accordingly, \u2018 abbas hastened to accept the turkish sultan ' s proposal to enter the crimean war, by reinforcing the egyptian army and the fortification of his own coasts against any possible incursions by the british navy. in the long run, egypt was able to escape all hazards precipitated by this oriental crisis. internally, the viceroy entertained the idea of transporting the coptic community from egypt to the sudan and ethiopia, thereby giving egypt an unmixed islamic color. this strange project was communicated to the islamic religious authority for comment, and a clear fatwa ( religious opinion ) was issued refuting this idea and informing the viceroy that the copts were the original inhabitants of the land of egypt and that their extermination would be both wrong and impractical. on 14 july 1854, \u2018 abbas was assassinated by a group of conspirators from his own family in his own palace at banha. at the time of his death, the railway line had reached kafr al - zayyat ; it was completed in the reign of his successor, sa \u2018 id pasha. sa \u2018 id, khedive ( 1854 - 1863 ) unlike his predecessor, \u2018 abbas hilmi i, sa \u2018 id encouraged foreign participation in the egyptian economy and administration, thus facilitating european infiltration. he gave various concessions to foreign companies for the development of the country, the most important being the construction of the suez canal. consequently, by the end of sa \u2018 id ' s reign, egypt had contracted huge debts. sa \u2018 id had great esteem for the coptic patriarch, cyril iv ( 1854 - 1861 ), father of reform. he gave him permission to build a church in the harit al - saqqayin quarter of cairo. he also relied on the patriarch to negotiate with emperor theodorus of ethiopia an end to the dispute between the two countries over the sudanese frontiers. isma \u2019 il, khedive ( 1863 - 1879 ) through his western education and his connections in important european capitals at the time, isma \u2019 il acquired substantial political experience. he ruled egypt during a critical stage of its history, through which european pressure exerted itself throughout the country. to carry out the reforms that he had in mind, he had to have recourse to foreign aid and contracted several loans. he was therefore forced to usher the foreign presence and influence into egypt, since he", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4441223435239444, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.543320"} {"text": "pressure exerted itself throughout the country. to carry out the reforms that he had in mind, he had to have recourse to foreign aid and contracted several loans. he was therefore forced to usher the foreign presence and influence into egypt, since he relied on european monetary sources to finance his economic and political projects. nevertheless, isma \u2019 il ' s reign was one of cultural enlightenment. as he was intent upon setting up a modern administrative system, copts proved of great importance during his reign. he appointed several of them to the ministry of finance and other administrative branches of the government. during his reign, american missionaries started their campaign in upper egypt to convert copts to protestantism. they succeeded in annexing two well known families of asyut, the wisas and the khayyats, to the evangelical church. the copts fought against proselytization. they had the full support of the khedive, who sponsored a tour for pope demitrius ( 1862 - 1870 ) in upper egypt to confront the missionary activity there. al - jam \u2018 iyyah al - khayriyyah ( coptic benevolent society ) was established in 1871 to provide educational and social services to copts. it was that society that later set up the coptic hospital. when isma \u2019 il founded the first egyptian parliament ( 1866 ), a number of copts were elected members as representatives of some rural constituencies. tawfiq, khedive ( 1879 - 1892 ) tawfiq succeeded his father, isma \u2019 il, after his deposition in 1879. his reign was beset by various political crises that he was too weak to deal with, giving rise to \u2018 urabi ' s revolt ( 1881 ) and the british occupation ( 1882 ). lord cromer, the high commissioner, ran the country without any opposition from the khedive. he filled government posts with europeans and preferred syrian christians to copts, as he felt that the british were hated by copts no less than by the muslims. however, some copts who had been appointed prior to the occupation rose to high rank, such as boutros ghali, who won the title pasha. solidarity between muslims and copts was manifest during the \u2018 urabi revolt. when the khedive ordered the dismissal of \u2018 urabi as minister of war, over five hundred egyptian representatives, including the two religious leaders, the shaykh of al - azhar mosque and the patriarch of alexandria, cyril v ( 1874 - 1927 ), on 22 july 1882", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4251852765366559, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.544195"} {"text": "the dismissal of \u2018 urabi as minister of war, over five hundred egyptian representatives, including the two religious leaders, the shaykh of al - azhar mosque and the patriarch of alexandria, cyril v ( 1874 - 1927 ), on 22 july 1882 signed a declaration of support of \u2018 urabi and a condemnation of the khedive ' s surrender to foreign powers. among the other signatories were boutros ghali and other copts ( al - rafi \u2018 i, 1966, pp. 439 - 448 ). \u2018 abbas hilmi ii, khedive ( 1892 - 1914 ) the fifth member of the muhammad \u2018 ali dynasty to rule egypt, \u2018 abbas hilmi acceded to the throne at the age of eighteen. his reign was eventful because of the role he played in the national movement and his policy in relation to the british occupation of egypt. unlike his father, khedive tawfiq, he resented the idea of being a puppet in british hands. he therefore dismissed mustafa fahmi pasha on 15 january 1893. this was the first cabinet to include boutros ghali pasha as a minister, who was to become prime minister in november 1908. at the outset of \u2018 abbas hilmi ii ' s reign, there was disagreement between the members of the community council, on the one hand, and pope cyril v, on the other, over the methods of reform. the council asked for the removal of the pope to dayr al - baramus, where he stayed for approximately one year before returning to his seat in cairo through the intervention of some copts opposed to the council. during \u2018 abbas hilmi ' s reign, a group of coptic intellectuals started to mobilize coptic public opinion in support of certain sectarian requirements that were opposed by boutros ghali, thus leading to radical trends in the political movement. this reached its climax with the assassination of boutros ghali by a muslim fundamentalist and triggered sectarian riots. in 1911 the copts held a congress at asyut ( see coptic congress of asyut ) to discuss their sectarian demands. another congress, known as the egyptian conference of heliopolis, organized by muslim personalities and some copts, was held in cairo. it sought a solution to the sectarian crisis and put an end to the riots. the british occupation forces took the opportunity to muzzle the press, ban political meetings, and liquidate the nationalist movement. hussein kamil, sultan ( 1914 - 1917 ) when", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3658399060364886, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.545112"} {"text": "sought a solution to the sectarian crisis and put an end to the riots. the british occupation forces took the opportunity to muzzle the press, ban political meetings, and liquidate the nationalist movement. hussein kamil, sultan ( 1914 - 1917 ) when world war i broke out in 1914, \u2018 abbas hilmi ii was on a visit to the sultan in constantinople. the british seized the opportunity to depose him, on the grounds of his loyalty to their enemy. they installed his uncle hussein kamel with the title sultan, the first egyptian ruler to carry this title. egypt was declared a british protectorate, and martial law was imposed. the economic resources of the country were put in the service of the british army, as egypt became a military base. this inflamed public feelings against the british, culminating in the eruption of the 1919 revolt. hussein kamel died in october 1917, after a reign of three years. his son declined to succeed him to the throne, which was therefore offered to his brother, fouad. fouad i, king ( 1917 - 1936 ) following the death of hussein kamel, his brother, fouad, occupied the throne from 1917 to 1936. as a young man, fouad had accompanied his father, isma \u2019 il, in his exile to italy, where he finished his education at the military academy, after which he was appointed artillery officer in the army and later military attache at the turkish embassy in vienna. fouad ' s reign was characterized by his autocratic approach to parliamentary life. after the promulgation of the 1923 constitution, he retained the right to dismiss the government, suspend the constitution, and dissolve parliament. the wafd government was replaced by various authoritarian cabinets. when the constitution was restored, negotiations with britain were resumed to pave the way for the 1936 anglo - egyptian treaty. two major positive achievements were fulfilled during king fouad ' s reign : the establishment of the first egyptian university, which revitalized the intellectual life of the country ; and the foundation of the misr bank in 1920, which helped to counterbalance the excessive domination of foreign capital. in addition to playing a prominent part in the 1919 revolution under sa \u2018 d zaghlul, the copts were active in the political and parliamentary life of the country, with such well - known names as makram ebeid and wissa wassef. they found conditions favorable for pursuing social and cultural activities by setting up benevolent societies and educational organizations. farouk i, king", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4113229139796291, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.546041"} {"text": "and parliamentary life of the country, with such well - known names as makram ebeid and wissa wassef. they found conditions favorable for pursuing social and cultural activities by setting up benevolent societies and educational organizations. farouk i, king ( 1936 - 1952 ) the last monarch of the muhammad \u2018 ali dynasty, farouk succeeded his father, fouad, in may 1936, as a young man straight back from school in england. farouk ' s reign coincided with various political and social movements that eventually led to the 1952 revolution. among these may be mentioned young egypt ( misr al - fatah ) and the muslim brethren ( al - ikhwan al - muslimun ), both of which adopted fascist ideologies within an islamic framework. the reaction to these movements was manifest in the formation of the short - lived coptic nation association ( jama \u2018 at al - ummah al - qibtiyyah ). the search for a true egyptian identity polarized two distinct tendencies : to consider egypt as part of the mediterranean world, with its roots in ancient egyptian civilization, and to emphasize egypt ' s islamic past. in addition, a new current of arab nationalism led to the foundation of the arab league in march 1945. in 1948 the outcome of the palestine war damaged farouk ' s standing, and the country was seething with the rumors of corruption in high places. the cairo fire of 26 january 1952 was the beginning of a series of events that culminated in farouk ' s abdication and the proclamation of the egyptian republic. ra \u2018 uf \u2018 abbas hamed click tabs to swap between content that is broken into logical sections.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4341122610070879, "token_count": 334, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.546826"} {"text": "abu mina, a pilgrimage center in the libyan desert where the tomb of saint menas the miracle maker was venerated from the fourth century on. it was about 28 miles ( 46 km ) southwest of alexandria, near lake mareotis. the settlement consisted of a civil area and an ecclesiastical area, which included menas ' tomb, a market and accommodations for pilgrims, and a great tripartite complex \u2014 the martyr church, the great basilica, and the baptistery. there were also the north basilica and, nearby, the east church in a group of hermits ' dwellings. these structures, now in ruins, are described below. the ancient name of the site has not come down to us. despite its considerable area, which is partially surrounded by a fortification wall that was once quite high, it was not a municipality in the legal sense. no bishop was ever in residence there. according to legends and literary sources, which go back only to the seventh century and attribute too early a date to everything that took place, the body of menas, the martyr who died in the persecution, under diocletian, was buried in an insignificant site in the libyan desert. the tomb itself was forgotten ; it was first rediscovered decades later through a number of miraculous incidents. the rediscovery prompted the setting up of a small memorial structure that is said to have had the form of a tetrapylon. the first pilgrim church, as the legends tell, was established under the emperor jovian about 363. in the time of his successor, valens, the transfer of the bones of menas to the crypt was carried out. at the request of theophilus, patriarch of alexandria, a second church was built by the emperor arcadius in the early fifth century. it expanded upon the old church, but the work was delayed to such an extent that the building was completed only under timothy ii aelurus, patriarch of alexandria in the late fifth under the emperor zeno, a start was made on extending the settlement. he provided the necessary land, erected hostels for pilgrims, and established a garrison. furthermore, he is reputed to have completed the pilgrim ' s way from lake mareotis. all these assumptions, however, are based on very weak grounds and are without archaeological confirmation. the tomb of the martyr beneath the martyr church, which constitutes the principal sanctuary of abu mina, lies an ancient hypogeum ( underground burial chamber ) whose most important ( though not oldest ) tomb forms an arcosolium ( arched", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3629718126729494, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.558517"} {"text": "archaeological confirmation. the tomb of the martyr beneath the martyr church, which constitutes the principal sanctuary of abu mina, lies an ancient hypogeum ( underground burial chamber ) whose most important ( though not oldest ) tomb forms an arcosolium ( arched cell ) venerated as the burial place of saint menas. leading from the hypogeum are two galleries with several lateral burial chambers, unfortunately robbed of all their original artifacts. the original entrance consisted of a shaft situated to the north of the tomb in the area of a small dome - shaped hall that was built later. an incomplete extension of the same shaft was found in a slightly displaced position immediately beneath the tomb of menas. these shafts fell out of use when the formal veneration of menas was established in the hypogeum. a proper staircase was cut with horizontal corridors. at the same time the entrances to the older galleries were moved. later, new tomb chambers were established along the corridors, two of which have been preserved in the southeast corner of what is now the eastern staircase. the cult of menas was first practiced in the hypogeum. in the first half of the sixth century, when the ground level of the martyr church took its final shape above the tomb, the below - ground area of the cult was once more thoroughly reorganized, at the expense of the neighboring tombs, which were now rendered inaccessible. the level of the remaining area was lowered about 4 feet ( 1. 2 m ), and a small domed chamber ( confessio ) for the pilgrims ' use and occasional liturgies was arranged in front of the tomb of menas. to cope with the flow of pilgrims, it was further necessary to separate the entrance from the exit by building another staircase, which made it possible to circumambulate the tomb. it may be considered certain that the hypogeum under the martyr church belonged to an older settlement. several more tombs were located in the area of the baptistery. the precise site of this older settlement, however, has not yet been identified. nevertheless, in the course of investigations in the great basilica, several sections of older houses were discovered that might have belonged to the marginal quarters of this early settlement. the settlement developed considerably as the cult of menas grew and contributed substantially to the prosperity of the region. the most conspicuous part of the settlement is a partially walled ecclesiastical area containing a large, rectangular pilgrim ' s court in the center, near which are set the martyr church on the south side and the xenodo", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4194244247887249, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.559566"} {"text": "substantially to the prosperity of the region. the most conspicuous part of the settlement is a partially walled ecclesiastical area containing a large, rectangular pilgrim ' s court in the center, near which are set the martyr church on the south side and the xenodochia ( guests ' houses ) on the north side. the access to this pilgrim ' s court consists of a long processional way flanked on both sides with colonnades behind which lay shops, storerooms, and public buildings such as two public bathhouses and a large building with a peristyle. a covered market was situated in the western region. at the south side of the church is a semicircular court surrounded by a colonnade, which gave access to a number of rooms. since the rooms are nearly equidistant from the crypt with the tomb of the saint, they probably served as rest chambers for sick visitors. the civil and residential parts of the settlement are situated outside the ecclesiastical area and for the most part consist of ordinary mud - brick houses. occasionally, however, the houses are impressively large. when the processional way was extended to the north, it passed through the northern part of this area, and a number of stone buildings were erected on both sides of the street. at the end of the sixth century measures were taken to surround the whole settlement with a fortification wall. a long section of this wall with several towers and two gates was found in the north and northwest parts of the settlement. it seems, however, that the wall was never completed. there is no evidence of monastery buildings within the settlement, nor are there even rudimentary accommodations for monks. traces of a small group of hermits were found in the neighborhood of the east church. the martyr church the martyr church erected over the tomb of menas is the most important building of the pilgrim center. here the cult began in earnest, and here the last great church was built after many destructions in the ninth century. archaeologically, it is possible to distinguish five phases of construction indicated by drastic alterations. the first building was a very small rectangular structure of undressed stones put up about the end of the fourth century. it was no larger than a walled sarcophagus and was probably intended as a cenotaph. at the beginning of the fifth century this structure was enclosed in a small building made of mud brick that allowed freedom of access on three sides. only the west wall lay directly in front of the cenotaph. unfortunately, only a few sections of the west", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44304747004811407, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.560628"} {"text": "beginning of the fifth century this structure was enclosed in a small building made of mud brick that allowed freedom of access on three sides. only the west wall lay directly in front of the cenotaph. unfortunately, only a few sections of the west wall and the extension of the south wall of this mud - brick building have been preserved. everything else was destroyed by later construction on the same site. in a third phase that cannot be fixed before the second quarter of the fifth century, the two structures were replaced by a new building in the form of a basilica with a nave and two aisles. it had the customary tripartite division of the sanctuary, or transept, on the east an apse and adjoining rooms on both sides. however, it had no return aisle along the western end. a little later it seems that a baptistery was added to this building. as further extensions on the other sides indicate, this basilica was in operation for a comparatively lengthy period. it appears that later it was changed into a basilica with a nave and four aisles. during further extensions to the martyr ' s crypt, an annex with a nave and two aisles and an apse was attached, in whose northeast corner the older entry to the crypt was accommodated. near the end of the fifth century the decision was made to transform anew the whole structure of the building and to add new buildings, a process that lasted several decades. everything was to be on a much larger scale than before. the great basilica was erected first. then in the sixth century the baptistery in the martyr church was renovated. after the completion of the great basilica and the baptistery, the reconstruction of the martyr church started at the time of justinian, after 528. in this fourth phase the earlier basilica with its annexes was replaced by a large tetraconch construction ( having a semicircular room on each side ) with a slightly elongated ground plan and a rectangular outer form. it was openly joined to the narthex ( entrance area ) of the great basilica. its interior was richly decorated with mosaics and polychrome marble incrustation on the walls. this fine church was destroyed sometime during the seventh century, probably during the persian invasion in 619. it would appear from archaeological finds that the church as well as all the other buildings in abu mina suffered mostly by fire. after this only very provisional repairs were made. with the arab conquest in 639 - 641 the whole pilgrimage center came into the hands of the coptic church, and apparently the majority of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.37628383771695945, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.561652"} {"text": "of the tetraconch phase of the martyr church. on each of the two narrow sides ( east and west ) the church was provided with a conch, or semicircular exedra ( room ), with columns. the western front consisted of a row of columns that merged with the columns in the east conch of the martyr church. other structures - - courtyards, additional devotional rooms, storehouses, and shops - - were attached at the south side of the great basilica, although they are no longer immediately connected to it. the baptistery, the third and last part of the great tripartite church complex at abu mina, is situated west of the martyr church. it appears to have been rebuilt several times. in its first phase it consisted of a rather narrow annex of the martyr church in its small - basilica phase. in connection with the lateral extensions on all sides of the latter, a spacious, multiroomed baptistery was erected lying on the same axis that already included the lateral extensions of the basilica. its main constituent was a square room with a piscina ( pool ) in the center, in addition to an area that may be called a narthex. the function of the remaining rooms is uncertain. even before the martyr church entered into its tetraconch phase, the baptistery was rebuilt again, and extensions were made to the south and west. the square central room was replaced by an octagon covered with a dome that enclosed semicircular niches in the diagonal corners. a second apsidal room, also containing a piscina and thus sharing a function similar to that of the octagon, was added to the west side. on the extended south side, a small courtyard took the place of the original rooms. the last building activity in the area of the baptistery falls within the period of the eighth century, when extensive protective measures were carried out on the cupola of the octagon, which threatened to collapse. extra small rooms were erected on the north side. the north basilica, whose construction is defined with extraordinary clarity, is situated in the north of the settlement beyond the walled ecclesiastical area. it has a ground plan with a nave and two aisles, the traditional tripartite sanctuary, and a return aisle on the west. the staircase at the southern end of the return aisle originally extended as a rectangular component part outside to the south of the body of the church. later the church was furnished with additional outbuildings, some of which belonged to the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4245747244869073, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.563578"} {"text": "aisle on the west. the staircase at the southern end of the return aisle originally extended as a rectangular component part outside to the south of the body of the church. later the church was furnished with additional outbuildings, some of which belonged to the original project, although they were constructed only later. the most important of these is the atrium in the west, which is more of a residential courtyard bordered by rooms on both sides with a small triclinium ( dining room ) in the northeast corner. to the newer buildings not contained in the original plan of the church belong the baptistery on the south side and a devotional room with three apses in the east. on the basis of pottery finds, the north basilica can be dated to the first half of the sixth century. the east church is situated about 1 mile ( 1. 6 km ) from abu mina and belongs, like the martyr church in its later stage, to the tetraconch type. in contrast to the martyr church, however, the fourfold form was also carried out in the external walls. curiously enough, the rooms in the corners have an irregular angular shape with no recognizable symmetry. the church has a baptistery in the northeast corner and an atrium in the west, to which is connected a large, formerly paved courtyard to the north. this church may date from the middle of the sixth century. prior to this date the church was a small basilica with a return aisle in the west and a narrow apse in the east but without adjacent apsidal rooms. these were added only later in the form of one single rectangular room surrounding the apse on three sides. in the neighborhood of the east church are spread a great many little buildings that reveal the same simple two - room ground plan. apparently they were hermitages. the east church may thus be regarded as the center of an extensive settlement of hermits. click tabs to swap between content that is broken into logical sections.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3965727618255491, "token_count": 393, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.564390"} {"text": "biographies of some former georgia slaves contributed by robert scott davis jr. the records resulting from the civil war and reconstruction contain information on the lives of tens of thousands of former slaves. although the genealogically valuable surviving records of the freedman \u2019 s bank are being indexed, most of this material remains almost inaccessible for just one name or person. for information on these sources see the new guide to georgia research being published by the georgia genealogical society. the following brief biographies of twenty georgia african americans comes from the war of the rebellion ( 1895 ), vol. 47, pp. 37 - 39. they went to washington to meet with secretary of war edwin stanton and general william sherman about the future of african - americans in georgia on january 12, 1865. * william j. campbell, aged fifty - one years, born in savannah ; slave until 1849, and then liberated by will of his mistress, mrs. mary maxwell ; for ten years pastor of the first baptist church of savannah, numbering about 1, 800 members ; average congregation, 1, 900 ; the church property, belonging to the congregation ( trustees white ), worth $ 18, 000. * john cox, aged fifty - eight years, born in savannah ; slave until 849, when he bought his freedom for $ 1, 100 ; pastor of the second african baptist church ; in the ministry fifteen years ; congregation, 1, 222 persons ; church property, worth $ 10, 000 belonging to the congregation. * ulysses l. houston, aged forty - one years, born in grahamville, s. c. ; slave \u201c until the union army entered savannah ; \u201d owned by moses henderson, savannah, and pastor of the third african baptist church, congregation numbering 400 ; church property, worth $ 5, 000, belongs to congregation ; in ministry about eight years. * william bentley, aged seventy - two years, born in savannah ; slave until twenty - five years of age, when his master john waters, emancipated him by will ; pastor of andrew \u2019 s chapel, methodist episcopal church ( only one of that denomination in savannah ), congregation numbering 360 members ; church property worth about $ 20, 000, and is owned by congregation ; been in the ministry about twenty years ; a member of georgia conference. * charles bradwell, aged forty years, born in liberty county, ga ; slave until 1851 ; emancipated by will of his master, j. l. bradwell ; local preacher, in charge of the methodist episcopal congregation ( andrews chapel ) in the absence of the minister", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42238427430668496, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.569257"} {"text": ", born in liberty county, ga ; slave until 1851 ; emancipated by will of his master, j. l. bradwell ; local preacher, in charge of the methodist episcopal congregation ( andrews chapel ) in the absence of the minister ; in ministry ten years. * william gaines, aged forty - one years, born in wills county, ga ; slave \u201c until the union forces freed me ; \u201d owned by robert toombs, formerly u. s. senator, and his brother, gabriel toombs ; local preacher of the methodist episcopal church ( andrews chapel ) ; in the ministry sixteen years. * james hill, aged fifty - two years, born in bryan county, ga ; slave \u201c up till the time the union army comes in ; \u201d owned by h. f. willings, of savannah ; in ministry sixteen years. * glasgow taylor, aged seventy - two years, born in wilkes county, ga ; slave \u201c until the union army come ; \u201d owned by a. p. wetter ; is a local preacher of the methodist episcopal church ( andrew \u2019 s chapel ) ; in the ministry thirty - five years. * garrison frazier, aged sixty - seven years, born in granville county, n. c. ; slave until eitht years ago, when he bought himself and wife, paying $ 1, 000 in gold and silver ; is an ordained minister in the baptist church, but, his health failing, has now charge of no congregation ; has been in the ministry thirty - five years. * james mills, aged forty - six years, born in savannah ; freeborn, and is a licensed preacher of the first baptist church ; has been eight years in the ministry. * abraham burke, aged forty - eight years, born in bryan county, ga ; slave until twenty years ago, when he bought himself for $ 800 ; has been in the ministry about ten years. * arthur wardell, aged forty - four years, born in liberty county, ga ; slave \u201c until freed by the union army ; \u201d owned by a. a. solomons, savannah, and is a licensed minister in the baptist church ; has been in the ministry six years. * alexander harris, aged forty - seven years, born in savannah ; freeborn ; licensed minister of third african baptist church ; licensed about one month ago. * andrew neal, aged sixty - one years, born in savannah ; slave \u201c until the union army liberated me ; \u201d owned by mr. william gibbons, and has been deacon in the third baptist church for ten years", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3883904599406172, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.570162"} {"text": "; licensed about one month ago. * andrew neal, aged sixty - one years, born in savannah ; slave \u201c until the union army liberated me ; \u201d owned by mr. william gibbons, and has been deacon in the third baptist church for ten years. * james porter, aged thirty - nine years, born in charleston, s. c. ; freeborn, his mother having purchased her freedom ; is lay reader and president of the board of wardens and vestry of saint stephen \u2019 s protestant episcopal colored church in savannah ; has been in communion nine years ; the congregation numbers about 200 persons ; the church property is worth about $ 10, 000 and is owned by the congregation. * adolphus delmotte, aged twenty - eight years, born in savannah ; freeborn ; is a licensed minister of the missionary baptist church of milledgeville, congregation numbering about 300 or 400 persons ; has been in the ministry about two years. * jacob godfrey, aged fifty - seven years, born in marion, s. c. ; slave \u201c until the union army freed me ; \u201d owned by james e. godfrey, methodist preacher, now in the rebel army ; is a class leader and steward of andrew \u2019 s chapel since 1836. * john johnson, aged fifty one years, born in bryan county, ga ; slave \u201c up to the time the union army came here \u201d ; owned by w. w. lincoln, of savannah ; is class leader and treasurer of andrew \u2019 s chapel for sixteen years. * robert n. taylor, aged fifty - one years, born in wilkes county, ga ; slave \u201c to the time the union army come ; \u201d was owned by augustus p. wetter, savannah, and is class leader in andrew \u2019 s chapel for mine years. * james lynch, aged twenty - six years. born in baltimore, md ; freeborn ; is presiding elder of the methodist episcopal church, and missionary to the department of the south ; has been seven years in the ministry and two years in the south.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40417633395389013, "token_count": 406, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.571781"} {"text": ",. x\u00a3 cl btt ^ 3 < ksij ^ c ^ ^ lllx ^ ^ i iii i iii seattle public library 0 01 00 5476939 2 \" it is the privilege of the victims of hiroshima to remind the world never to see this dishonor to mankind repeated \u2022 \" the seattle peace information center, 2308 third avenue, is presenting the hiroshima exhibit at the seattle world ' s fair coliseum. the purpose of the hiroshima exhibit is not to frighten or accuse. its purpose is to demonstrate the immorality and self - defeat of modern war and to appeal to every individual to work actively toward a peaceful world. in bringing the hiroshima exhibit to this country, neither we of the peace center nor the people of hiroshima desire to dwell upon the past. on the contrary, it is the future which concerns us. the hiroshima exhibit offers us a glimpse of what that future must surely be unless the nuclear arms race is halted. but this exhibit gives only an incomplete view of such a future. for the hiroshima bomb was of inconsiderable power compared to today ' s nuclear bombs, which range up to twenty - five hundred times the size of the bomb that fell on hiroshima. no ultimate political purpose can be served by reliance upon such weapons. the political rights we cherish, the freedoms we wish to extend, cannot be furthered by nuclear warfare ; they can only perish in the holocaust. morally, the adoption of a policy of preparedness to use these weapons means the abandonment of ethical", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5242690107418034, "token_count": 307, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.575205"} {"text": "there has been growing concern recently about the rapid increase in the number of \u201c nonpayers \u201d \u2014 those americans who have no income tax liability because of the numerous credits and deductions in the code. as of 2010, 41 percent of tax filers \u2014 some 58 million in all \u2014 had no income tax liability after taking their credits and deductions. there are currently more americans off the tax rolls than at any time since 1940, when the income tax became a \u201c mass tax. \u201d aside from the revenue impact of not having 58 million americans pay income taxes, economists worry about the social and political effects of having so many people disconnected from the cost of government \u2014 a phenomenon known as fiscal illusion. the concern is that when people perceive the cost of government to be cheaper than it really is, they will demand ever more government benefits because they either don \u2019 t feel the cost directly or believe that others will be paying those costs. indeed, when one takes into account those who do not file, about half of all households pay no federal income tax, making the situation particularly worrisome in a majority - rule democracy. despite these extensive concerns, there has been surprisingly little investigation of any possible linkage between the growth of nonpayers and the growth of government spending or government benefits. after tracking this trend for more than a decade, tax foundation economists set out to explore the fiscal consequences of the growing number of americans being taken off the income tax rolls. a review of the data suggests these concerns are not unfounded. our analysis finds that in the post - wwii era, there is a very strong connection between nonpayers and federal government transfer payments. transfer payments are programs that give direct assistance to people such as unemployment insurance, social security, medicare, medicaid, and food stamps. in fact, our model suggests that a 1 percentage point increase in the share of tax filers who are nonpayers ( from 40 percent to 41 percent, for example ) is associated with a $ 10. 6 billion per year increase in transfer payments. since the number of nonpayers has increased by 20 percentage points over the last two decades, our model indicates that in 2010 alone, over $ 213 billion in transfer payments are associated with this two decade increase in nonpayers. further, analysis suggests that the increase in nonpayers may also be affecting other aspects of public finances such as the national debt. this is not surprising given that the growth of transfer payments has been a key driver of the growth of the national", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49483701982902584, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.578046"} {"text": "the master wears an amulet with a blue eye in the center. before him, a candidate kneels in the candlelit room, surrounded by microscopes and surgical implements. the year is roughly 1746. the initiation has begun. the master places a piece of paper in front of the candidate and orders him to put on a pair of eyeglasses. \u201c read, \u201d the master commands. the candidate squints, but it \u2019 s an impossible task. the page is blank. the candidate is told not to panic ; there is hope for his vision to improve. the master wipes the candidate \u2019 s eyes with a cloth and orders preparation for the surgery to commence. he selects a pair of tweezers from the table. the other members in attendance raise their candles. the master starts plucking hairs from the candidate \u2019 s eyebrow. this is a ritualistic procedure ; no flesh is cut. but these are \u201c symbolic actions out of which none are without meaning, \u201d the master assures the candidate. the candidate places his hand on the master \u2019 s amulet. try reading again, the master says, replacing the first page with another. this page is filled with handwritten text. congratulations, brother, the members say. now you can see. for more than 260 years, the contents of that page \u2014 and the details of this ritual \u2014 remained a secret. they were hidden in a coded manuscript, one of thousands produced by secret societies in the 18th and 19th centuries. at the peak of their power, these clandestine organizations, most notably the freemasons, had hundreds of thousands of adherents, from colonial new york to imperial st. petersburg. dismissed today as fodder for conspiracy theorists and history channel specials, they once served an important purpose : their lodges were safe houses where freethinkers could explore everything from the laws of physics to the rights of man to the nature of god, all hidden from the oppressive, authoritarian eyes of church and state. but largely because they were so secretive, little is known about most of these organizations. membership in all but the biggest died out over a century ago, and many of their encrypted texts have remained uncracked, dismissed by historians as impenetrable novelties", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5172448448846649, "token_count": 452, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.581555"} {"text": "historically, mad cow has never been reported in cattle which are totally grass fed. the outbreak in britain and europe which occurred 15 years ago has been linked to the practice of using animal by - products in feeding. providing cattle with their god designed diet of grass and forage results in the safest beef for what is mad cow disease? bovine spongiform encephalopathy ( bse ), known in vernacular as mad cow disease, is one of a group of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies ( tse ). these transmissible, slowly progressive, degenerative, fatal diseases affect the central nervous system of many animals including man and cause neurological symptoms. these diseases include bse in cattle, scrapie in sheep, chronic wasting disease ( cwd ) in elk and deer, and creutzfeldt - jakob disease ( cjd ) in humans among others. what causes mad cow disease? the causative agent for these diseases have not been proven exactly, however, numerous theories exist. the leading and most accepted theory is that the diseases are caused by a prion ( a protein particle ). other theories involve a virus, spiroplasma bacteria, organophosphates, magnesium, aluminum, and the autoimmune system. the greatest attention has been given to bse when evidence in the 1990is linked it to nvcjd ( new variant creutzfeldt - jakob disease ). cjd has been recognized with worldwide distribution for at least 80 years and usually has an onset in 60 - 70 year olds. new variant cjd ( nvcjd ) was only recognized in the last decade and has been the form linked to bse. it has been seen in young people and even children. though not proven how, bse may be spread to humans. evidence indicates that nvcjd has occurred after consuming bse - contaminated cattle products. evidence has also indicated that the transmission of bse to humans is only possible with the consumption of brain, eyes, lymph nodes or spinal tissue. the outbreak of bse in cattle, which occurred in britain, is believed to have started from the feeding of scrapie - contaminated sheep meat and bone meal to cattle. this outbreak was then made worse by the practice of feeding rendered bovine meat and bone meal to young calves. please also read our page for current info in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.44012218558526, "token_count": 490, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.584547"} {"text": "scientists on the lookout for utility - scale, high efficiency batteries are developing new \u201c flow \u201d systems that that store energy more effectively than lead - acid or lithium - ion batteries, but there \u2019 s a catch. the flow batteries in operation now are about the size of a house and they cost more than the equivalent in lithium - ion batteries. the race is on to find smaller, cheaper alternatives and researchers at sandia national laboratories believe that they are on to the solution, which is, in fact, a solution of liquid salts called metils. the limits of lithium - ion for wind and solar lithium - ion batteries have been the gold standard of energy storage solutions for a long time, but they fall short when it comes to the utility - scale systems needed to keep up with new high efficiency wind turbines and advanced solar technology. the cost of lithium - ion batteries is one factor. another is their relatively short lifespan, compared to flow batteries. according to sandia chemist travis anderson, a flow battery can withstand about 14, 000 cycles, which adds up to about 20 years of energy storage. flow battery basics flow batteries work by converting chemical energy into electricity. stephanie hobby of sandia explains it thusly : \u201c a flow battery pumps a solution of free - floating charged metal ions, dissolved in an electrolyte \u2014 substance with free - floating ions that conducts electricity \u2014 from an external tank through an electrochemical cell to convert chemical energy into electricity. \u201d flow batteries charge and discharge rapidly, and they have a long lifespan, but all is not perfect in flow battery land. the most promising systems so far use zinc bromine and vanadium, both of which are \u201c moderately toxic \u201d according to hobby. in addition, the price of vanadium can spike wildly on the open market. the sandia \u201c american - made energy \u201d solution in keeping with president obama \u2019 s theme of developing american - made energy, the sandia team focused on low cost, non - toxic substances that can be dug up out of american soil, including iron, copper and manganese. working from this foundation the team designed a new family of liquids, the aforementioned metils, which stands for metal - based ionic liquids. by using metal based liquids, the team was able to eliminate the use of water - based solutions that are the foundation of conventional flow batteries ( water limits the energy density of the battery, and makes it more susceptible to fluctuations in outside temperatures ). with a few additional tweaks, the result is a flow battery that could be far smaller, about those", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5452647044627945, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.588762"} {"text": "several schools have suspended children for joking about guns in the wake of the sandy hook shootings. a 7 - year - old in maryland was suspended for chewing a breakfast pastry into the shape of a gun, while others have received the same punishment for pointing their fingers like guns or using toy guns that blow bubbles. suspension seems like a counterintuitive disciplinary tool, since many children would prefer to stay home from school, anyway. why is suspension such a common punishment? because it ' s familiar, cheap, and convenient. it ' s also demonstrably ineffective. its deterrent value is low : a 2011 study showed that texas students who were suspended or expelled at least once during middle school and high school averaged four such disciplinary actions during their academic careers. fourteen percent of them were suspended 11 times or more. suspensions don ' t even seem to benefit the school as a whole. in recent years, while baltimore city schools have dramatically reduced suspensions, the dropout rate has been cut nearly in half. still, surveys consistently show that parents support suspension, because it keeps those students perceived as bad apples away from their peers. principals continue to rely on suspension, in part because it creates the appearance of toughness. parents can ' t complain about inaction when a principal regularly suspends or expels bad actors. administrators may also favor suspension because it edges problem students out of school : students who have been suspended are three times more likely to drop out. some researchers refer to a student who gives up on school after repeated suspension as a \" push out \" rather than a dropout. suspension has been a school punishment seemingly forever, but there have been two watershed eras for the practice. during the 1960s and ' 70s, many school administrators observed an increase in fighting, possibly as a result of desegregation. suspension increased dramatically during this period. that spike caused education researchers to begin asking questions about the efficacy of suspension. a number of studies showed that minority children, students with low grades, and the poor are suspended disproportionately \u2014 a fact that remains true today. few studies successfully examined the efficacy of suspension as a punishment, though. despite the lack of reliable data, politicians pushed for more suspensions in the mid - 1990s. the 1994 gun - free schools act required schools to expel students caught with guns for a year, kicking off the \" zero tolerance \" movement. today, many school districts have draconian codes of conduct that impose suspension for such trivial offenses as gum chewing or, ironically, truancy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4616241496545078, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.593420"} {"text": "schools to expel students caught with guns for a year, kicking off the \" zero tolerance \" movement. today, many school districts have draconian codes of conduct that impose suspension for such trivial offenses as gum chewing or, ironically, truancy. these codes and laws likely have something to do with the post - sandy hook spate of suspensions for fake guns. some state statutes explicitly allow a school to suspend students who maliciously display anything that looks like a gun. one of the reasons suspension sticks around is that the alternatives require more money and effort, at least up front. researchers suggest pairing in - school suspension with regular counseling, or offering so - called positive behavior support classes, which teach appropriate conduct in the same way schools teach writing or mathematics. other creative solutions include youth courts, in which students sit in judgment of one another, or restorative circles, which involves bringing together the offender and the victim with other students to work out a fair resolution to conflict. still, most reformers concede that suspension has its place, especially in the immediate aftermath of violence. got a question about today ' s news? firstname. lastname @ example. org. explainer thanks robert coombs of the council of state governments justice center ; david dupper of the university of tennessee - knoxville, author of \" a new model of school discipline : engaging students and preventing behavior problems \" ; and pamela fenning of loyola university chicago.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47796594698704364, "token_count": 291, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.594007"} {"text": "\" unfortunately kids are like vectors that have all these bacteria that are all around them and so they just pass it on to other children, and those children pass it on to their parents, and then teachers, and then everybody gets sick, \" says nurse practitioner susan lindberg, \" so it ' s very important to keep kids home if they have sniffles, a bad cough, if they have a fever, if they ' re vomiting or having diarrhea. \" lindberg says there are five main health reasons to keep your children home from school : if they have a cold, stomach flu, ear infection, pink eye or sore throat. some require doctor ' s attention, some just require rest, but it ' s very important they stay home. it ' s difficult for parents - with work and busy schedules - but necessary. \" every family should have a plan that if their child is sick either a grandparent, a trusted neighbor, another brother or sister when they ' re home, should be able to take care of that child when they ' re sick, \" she says. lindberg says children ' s immune ' s system aren ' t as developed as adults - and their health needs to be taken seriously. good health starts with clean hands. \" kids need to wash their hands probably more often than adults do. when you wash your hands sing happy birthday to yourself to make sure you ' re washing them long enough, rinse them off and make sure that you dry them. \" diet is also important - be careful that your children aren ' t eating too many fruit roll ups and getting fruits, vegetables, whole grains and protein every day. at least eight hours of sleep is a must - without television distraction - and exercise even in cold weather. lindberg suggests, \" if possible they should be outside enjoying the weather whether it ' s cold or warm, but they really should be outside as much as possible. inside is where a lot of the germs are during the winter and we have our windows closed so if they get out and get fresh air they ' ll probably be healthier. \" while flu season is over in a few months, lindberg stresses the importance of the flu shot. and remember, as inconvenient as it can be, it ' s important to keep kids home when they ' re under the weather.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42737480410179796, "token_count": 473, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.598585"} {"text": "a pocket - size book that helps farmers diagnose and treat crop problems as they come across them is back with new and updated information. many sections of the 2002 corn and soybean field guide were rewritten to reflect the latest in plant disease and pest management research. the purdue crop diagnostic training and research center and the purdue pest management program produce the bright yellow guide, published every year since 1986. \" these books are made to serve as a reference in the field, to help you make on - the - spot decisions or, at least, narrow the options until you can get back to a regular reference source, \" says greg willoughby, director of the crop diagnostic training and research center. \" the guides are less than 225 pages and fit in your hip pocket or shirt pocket. they also include phone numbers of all of our extension specialists in the agronomic fields. \" in addition to sections on insects and diseases, the guide includes chapters on weeds, herbicides, pesticides, plant fertility, growth stages, sprayer calibration and compaction. the guide is packed with charts, graphs and full - color photos of pests and disease symptoms. contributing writers come from purdue ' s departments of agronomy, botany and plant pathology, entomology, and agricultural and biological engineering. \" we ' ve got 22, 000 copies going into distribution, \" willoughby says. \" our current distribution is ranging from alabama up into canada, all the way to the east coast and as far west as texas, nebraska and kansas. \" we encourage people who might be interested in ordering to get their orders in soon, because we typically run out of stock somewhere in the middle of planting season. \" field guide copies are $ 4 each. to order, call purdue extension toll - free at 888 - 398 - 4636 ( ext - info ) and ask for the media distribution center. orders also may be placed online at agcom. purdue. edu / agcom / mdc / distrib. html", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4413325049929434, "token_count": 408, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.603089"} {"text": "of those who enter high school, only about 70 percent will graduate - - one of the lowest rates among industrialized nations ( greene & winters, 2006 ). as important, however, is the fact that, of those who do receive a diploma, only half are academically prepared for postsecondary education ( greene & winters, 2005 ). a recent study of high school juniors and seniors taking the act college entrance exam confirms this ; half of the students were ready for college - level reading assignments in core subjects like math, history, science, and english ( act, 2006 ). if these figures are accurate, 30 % of students drop out of high school and of those that remain half are unprepared for the rigors of college. when the increased demand for postsecondary education is coupled with the poor preparation many students receive in high school, it is perhaps not surprising that colleges and universities are being forced to offer, and often require, remedial courses to large numbers of students. these classes have the sole objective of teaching pre - collegiate subject matter. across the nation, 42 percent of community college freshmen and 20 percent of freshmen in four - year institutions enroll in at least one remedial course ( nces 2004b ). that is almost one - third of all freshmen. inside higher education puts these figures in better context. bob wise, president of the organization, said that the new estimates are probably on the \" very conservative \" end because the numbers do not include students who attend four - year public or private colleges, nor older community college students. additionally, they assume that each student takes only one remedial course. so at least 1 / 3 of students are so unprepared that they need to take remedial courses upon entering college. and bear in mind that many high school grads choose not to go to college at all. it is likely that these kids represent the bottom of the academic curve, so its safe to say that they would also require remediation that is likely even more extensive. and, here ' s the most important graf : research shows that the leading predictor that a student will drop out of college is the need for remedial reading. while 58 percent of students who take no remedial education courses earn a bachelor ' s degree within eight years, only 17 percent of students who enroll in a remedial reading course receive a ba or bs within the same time period ( nces, 2004a ). it all comes back to elementary school. kids in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47222479181919214, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.610141"} {"text": "while the battle at arnhem was turning into a desparate struggle for survival, the ground forces and the 2 other airborne divisions were fighting an intense battle of their own. after the irish guards reached the son bridge, royal engineers worked through the night to build a bailey bridge. the bailey bridge, one of the engineering achievements of the war, was made of very few parts, could be carried in trucks and built by very few men in the minimum of time. as soon as the bridge was completed before dawn on 19 september, the tanks raced towards grave, where the 82nd airborne had succesfully captured the bridge on the first day. after rushing through grave, they came to a halt in nijmegen. although general browning knew that nijmegen bridge would be pivotal in the whole operation, he curiously ordered general gavin, the 82nd \u2019 s commander, to concentrate on holding their landing zone at the groesbeek heights. although they felt that the heights were tactically important, it is also possible that browning was concerned by unfounded rumours of german armour in the reichswald forest just over the border. also, browning had chosen groesbeek for his own headquarters. whether browning needed to go into action is also open to debate. isolated with the 82nd, he was in no position to have any influence on the battle at all. his headquarters was not designed or trained to be operational, and used almost a battalion \u2019 s worth of gliders, which were taken from urquharts allocation at arnhem. therefore, the nijmegen bridge was still in german hands when the guards arrived. knowing that the bridge was crucial to the allies, the germans had put in place strong defences. however, gavin and his officers put together a daring plan to cross the river in assault boats and seize both ends at once. what followed was one of the outstanding small - unit actions of the whole war. the airborne troopers crossed to the north bank, at the same time as the grenadier guards tanks assaulted the south bank. what followed was one of the most devestating events of the whole war. at a time when the john frost and the 2nd battalion at arnhem were fighting for their lives, and the road to arnhem was wide open, the british tanks stopped for tea. although they had been ordered to wait for infantry to catch them up, it is hard to escape the fact that many american troops had died fighting their way across the river, and knew that their comrades", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45319469073818813, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.613298"} {"text": "carol a. barnes, ph. d. professor of psychology and neurology university of arizona q : you are examining how memory processes change with normal aging. why focus on normal memory changes as opposed to alzheimer \u2019 s disease or other pathologies? a : one reason we are interested in studying normal age - related memory changes is that only about five percent of people over 65 have alzheimer \u2019 s disease ( ad ). the proportion increases in older age ranges, but the fact remains that most of us will age relatively normally and will not have a dementing illness. the question then becomes : what is normal versus what is pathological in terms of memory changes? to answer that, you have to first know what is normal. only then can you begin to assess what goes wrong in alzheimer \u2019 s or other dementias. that \u2019 s the approach we have taken. my interest in separating pathology from normal also stems partly from my fascination with the fact that only humans get ad. no other animal gets it. what we \u2019 re studying in animal models of memory loss is normal age - related memory loss. we \u2019 re trying to use the knowledge we can gain from animals to then define in humans what might be expected at what age range. if we could understand that, it would have a tremendous impact. the population is growing fastest in the higher age ranges, so it would be very good for us to have a clear, long - term view of how the brain processes that underlie memory change with age. that \u2019 s the basic rationale for this kind of work. the ultimate goal is to develop therapeutic interventions that could be used to optimize cognitive performance, in normal aging or in pathological states. q : has the view of what happens to the brain during normal aging changed in recent years? a : one critical issue revolves around the question of what is happening in the brain networks underlying memory. do we lose neurons as we age from brain structures that support memory? the dogma until very recently has been, yes, of course, we lose many many neurons as we age. in fact, it was presumed that we lose neurons every day. that has turned out to be false. it is really remarkable that the hippocampus, the structure that \u2019 s so important to memory, actually maintains a steady supply of its principal cells across the lifespan. this has now been shown across species, from mice and rats to dogs and primates. if cell loss is not the issue, then what is it that goes wrong in the aging brain? it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5214340308436052, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.630723"} {"text": "a steady supply of its principal cells across the lifespan. this has now been shown across species, from mice and rats to dogs and primates. if cell loss is not the issue, then what is it that goes wrong in the aging brain? it turns out that what goes wrong involves changes in the connections between the cells. even where there is no reduction in the number of cells, there is a loss of synaptic contacts. as a result, the ability of one cell to communicate with another is diminished. this disrupts the networks that serve memory functions. so we have two sets of broad changes occurring in the aging brain. we know that the synaptic contacts decline ; that \u2019 s an anatomical change. we also know that the ability of the synapses to be modified \u2014 the plasticity of the synapse \u2014 is altered with aging. that represents a functional change. q : what does this emerging view of normal aging suggest in terms of therapeutic development? a : i think this is good news in terms of therapeutics. the reason i feel that way is because if the cells are gone, there is very little you can do to replenish them, at least in most parts of the brain. but there may well be something you can do about reconnecting cells. maintaining these cell - to - cell connections is critical, because if the cells are not communicating as well, synaptic plasticity, and the ability of the circuits to store information will be altered. the quest to better understand the activity across networks of cells has fostered new approaches to studying brain circuits. for example, so - called ensemble recording methods make it possible to record from multiple single cells simultaneously to track changes in neural networks in real time. this kind of approach is necessary for decoding high - level brain functions such as memory, which involve complex interactions among various brain regions and populations of cells. observing the activity of one cell in a particular brain structure is not going to give you a very good idea of what the structure does unless you \u2019 re in a very basic structure such as the primary visual area, for example. in a higher - level structure like the hippocampus, which is very complex in terms of its connections with other brain areas, it \u2019 s particularly important to be able to monitor the activity of populations of cells. q : what have you learned so far from studying the behavior of networks of cells in the hippocampus? a : we \u2019 ve been using ensemble recording to study the activity of a particular type of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5490828543984116, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.632124"} {"text": "to monitor the activity of populations of cells. q : what have you learned so far from studying the behavior of networks of cells in the hippocampus? a : we \u2019 ve been using ensemble recording to study the activity of a particular type of cell in the hippocampus \u2014 the so - called \u201c place cells. \u201d these cells record where an animal is in a particular space and generate what i call a \u201c hippocampal map, \u201d which is essentially the pattern of cell activity that corresponds to a specific environment. if you put an animal into a very familiar environment, the animal will retrieve the corresponding map. you can actually reconstruct where the animal was in the environment just by analyzing the firing patterns of the place cells. typically, you can bring the animal back into the same environment time after time after time, even after a delay, and they retrieve the same map. but in older animals, something sometimes goes wrong : about a third of the time they retrieve the wrong hippocampal map. they retrieve a completely different map for a completely identical experience, as though they really think they are somewhere else. it is analogous to being in tucson and trying to use a map of phoenix to find your way around. you \u2019 re going to have grave problems in spatial navigation. we think this could be part of the explanation for why older people and older rats more frequently become lost ; it may be because they don \u2019 t have the right map to help them navigate the space. q : what might be impairing the older person \u2019 s ability to retrieve the right spatial map from their memories? a : what we think is going wrong gets back to the concept of plasticity. it turns out that you need a strong capacity for modifying synapses in order for cell - to - cell communication to stabilize the hippocampal map. we think that something goes wrong with cellular plasticity mechanisms \u2014 the same mechanisms that underlie learning. we \u2019 ve known for many years that plasticity mechanisms are weaker in older animals. it \u2019 s not that older animals can \u2019 t learn ; plasticity does occur, but the durability of the plasticity mechanism declines with age. so the failure to call up the right map may be related to the older animals \u2019 reduced ability to make strong synapses. q : what are the next steps in your research? a : we \u2019 re exploring an exciting avenue that allows us to examine large circuits of individual cells spread across the brain to investigate which cells are active in a given experience", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5552317954876145, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.633278"} {"text": "make strong synapses. q : what are the next steps in your research? a : we \u2019 re exploring an exciting avenue that allows us to examine large circuits of individual cells spread across the brain to investigate which cells are active in a given experience, and how patterns of activity change with age. our dream is to be able to do this as a whole - brain image \u2014 that is, to look at networks of cell activity throughout the entire brain all at once. right now, we are settling for hippocampal circuits and some neocortical circuits. we are looking at dynamic changes in gene expression, and specifically, at the arc gene, which is necessary for proper synaptic function. arc expression is an indicator of where activity occurs in a given cell network \u2014 we can think of it as a marker of cellular activity. with this method, you can determine, for example, whether the same circuits or different circuits are being engaged in the young brain versus the older brain, just by looking at the patterns of arc expression. and you can extract temporal information by looking at whether arc is expressed in the cell nucleus or in the cytoplasm. we call this the catfish method, an acronym for compartment analysis of temporal gene transcription activity by fluorescence in situ hybridization. catfish not only gives you the number of cells activated but also the time frame during which those cells were activated. using this method, we have shown that the same proportions of a type of hippocampal cell ( the ca - 1 pyramidal neuron ) are active in a given environment in young and old rats alike. in other words, if 30 percent of ca - 1 cells are active in a particular behavioral situation in a young rat, the same proportion will be active in an old rat during that same behavioral condition. that fits with the concept of no age - related cell loss in this part of the hippocampus. you can then perform a pcr analysis [ short for polymerase chain reaction, a fast, inexpensive technique for making an unlimited number of copies of any piece of dna ] to obtain levels of arc rna and provide a quantitative measure of how much of the arc gene product is present during the particular behavior. now we are able to put these two techniques together, using half the brain for the catfish analysis and the other half for the pcr method. using this dual approach, we \u2019 ve been able to determine that, even though the same numbers of cells express arc in the old animals as in the young, there is less arc activated per", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5479199452208818, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.634355"} {"text": "catfish analysis and the other half for the pcr method. using this dual approach, we \u2019 ve been able to determine that, even though the same numbers of cells express arc in the old animals as in the young, there is less arc activated per cell in the older animals. so for some reason, arc expression is reduced in older animals. q : what do you think could be behind the decreased expression of arc in older animals? a : we think that this reduction in arc transcription in the old animals is partly due to a reduction in dna methylation [ a naturally occurring process by which dna is chemically modified, typically resulting in gene silencing. ] this is a very exciting new finding that we are in the process of submitting for peer - review publication. it may be one mechanism responsible for the instability of the hippocampal network in older animals that we discovered in our electrophysiological recordings. it ties together the results we \u2019 ve seen from the ensemble recordings and may provide an explanation for those results \u2014 the answer to the \u201c why \u201d question. we are also excited by this finding because we know that if we can understand and target the mechanisms of this altered dna methylation process, we might be able to pump up cellular levels of arc to strengthen the synaptic connections and, ultimately, improve memory. that is the hope. right now this is all pie in the sky, because we aren \u2019 t able to do that yet. we need to carefully analyze exactly where this process is going wrong. there are a number of regions on the arc gene that could be affected by methylation, so we \u2019 re trying to identify the locus, to understand where this is happening. if we can find a very selective locus, we might be able to identify an agent that would reverse that process and therefore reverse some of the age - related memory changes that are seen in animals and humans \u2014 that \u2019 s the thinking. to get to that point, it \u2019 s critical that we understand the specificity of the changes that reduced methylation produces in the arc gene, because if you change dna methylation throughout the brain in a nonspecific manner, you would wreak havoc on all sorts of cell functions. but if you can target a selective region of the gene, then you have some hope of selectively improving cognition and not causing all sorts of horrible side effects. that is one of our goals long term. q : what drives your work in your field? a : i see the suffering of people who have alzheimer \u2019 s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5340054151324249, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.636176"} {"text": "have some hope of selectively improving cognition and not causing all sorts of horrible side effects. that is one of our goals long term. q : what drives your work in your field? a : i see the suffering of people who have alzheimer \u2019 s disease or other age - related dementias, and there is so much pain for family members. i cannot personally imagine anything more horrible than my memory going. i don \u2019 t want to live forever, but i really want to have a functioning brain for as long as possible, and i don \u2019 t think i am alone in that desire. what are we besides our memories? when you lose your memories, you lose yourself in a way, and that is just devastating. unfortunately, i think the prognosis for finding a cure for alzheimer \u2019 s is rather discouraging right now, so the best we can do is to understand it well enough to at least try to delay it. we really don \u2019 t have the best drugs available to us right now to be able to do anything but delay the progression a bit. some breakthrough could be right around the corner, but in reality, we \u2019 re probably looking at a much longer trajectory, on the order of five or ten years. i think there is a lot to be learned from just understanding normal aging well enough. if you can do that, some of those agents that might come out of research on normal memory problems might be applicable to dementia and alzheimer \u2019 s disease. q : does that suggest that alzheimer \u2019 s exists on a continuum with normal aging in terms of memory problems? a : i really do not see alzheimer \u2019 s and normal age - related memory loss on a continuum at all. i \u2019 ve contributed to some of the literature that suggests that they really are distinct phenomena. this has not necessarily been a popular view, but i think more and more people are coming around to having the same viewpoint as the evidence gets stronger. rather than being on a continuum, i believe that alzheimer \u2019 s disease is overlaid on normal aging, which partly explains why it is so hard to tease out pathological changes from normal ones. the patterns of changes in normal aging are very distinct from the brain regions that change in ad. there may indeed be similar mechanisms at play, but they are affecting different regions. for example, in normal aging, monkeys, humans, and rats all seem to be vulnerable in the dentate gyrus, a region of the hippocampus. in ad, there is very little change in the granular cells of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5335004320806881, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.639099"} {"text": "in my previous blog 10 things you probably did not know about selinux.. # 7 i stated that one of the times you can get a syscall to succeed even though avc ' s were generated was : 3. an avc was generated but the syscall still succeeded by going down a different code path within the kernel. this is not that common. eric paris pointed out to me in an email and example of this : ( people have a ) \" fundemental misconception is the belief that there is a 1 - 1 mapping between a syscall and an selinux permissions check. selinux is not a syscall filter. we check the security state between objects ( aka between a task and a file, or a task and a socket, or a task and task ) and the result of that check may or may not cause the intended purpose of the request syscall which triggered this check to fail. a great example of a syscall which is likely to generate avcs but still give success = yes is execve ( ). on execve selinux will check the permissions between the new task and any file descriptors passed from the parent to the child. notice the check is not about the syscall, execve ( ), but between the new task and the file descriptors. if the new task is not allowed to access one of the passed file descriptors we will generate an avc, and will close the fd and open / dev / null in it ' s place. this is an example of an alternate code path. the syscall is still going to succeed since we will have resolved the security violation that caused the avc. it ' s not common, but other such places exist in the kernel, place where we are able to resolve the security issue by doing some other operation and thus the syscall does not need to fail. \" dan walsh ' s blog - follow up to # 7 does an selinux audit log message always mean something was blocked?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4735159090622326, "token_count": 424, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.641238"} {"text": "keyframes, tweening and framerate are concepts shared by almost every process that creates animated sequences, including flash, 3d applications, video editors, and now css3. as such, it \u2019 s very important to understand the basics of animation. the classical animation process, pioneered by walt disney, was a natural evolution of the production line developed by henry ford and other industrial magnates of the early 20th century. it was a response to a simple problem : past the relative simplicity of steamboat willy, it was almost impossible for any one person to create an animated feature by themselves in anything like a reasonable amount of time. instead, the primary drawings of an animation sequence \u2013 the key frames \u2013 were drawn by a lead animator. in a cartoon character \u2019 s leap, those frames might be the crouch, the moment of upwards drive, the top of the leap, and the landing. these keyframes would be passed off to leagues of junior animators, who would draw, or fill in, the frames in - between these moments, using the key frames as a reference ( thus creating the term \u201c tweening \u201d ). modern digital media artists are today \u2019 s lead animators, with the computer taking the work of tweening. what \u2019 s important is that we create the best keyframes possible, so that the computer can understand what we are trying to achieve. when we create our animation, we have the ability to control how many frames appear between each keyframe, or ( alternatively ) how much time elapses between each keyframe. as a general rule, the more time / frames between keyframes, the smoother and slower the resulting animation will appear ; fewer frames tend to result in choppy, staccato animation.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5369796339818493, "token_count": 356, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.644146"} {"text": "this section discusses internal locking ; that is, locking performed within the mysql server itself to manage contention for table contents by multiple sessions. this type of locking is internal because it is performed entirely by the server and involves no other programs. external locking occurs when the server and other programs lock myisam table files to coordinate among themselves which program can access the tables at which time. see section 8. 7. 4, \u201c external locking \u201d. mysql uses row - level innodb tables to support simultaneous write access by multiple sessions, making them suitable for multi - user, highly concurrent, and oltp applications. mysql uses table - level locking for merge tables, allowing only one session to update those tables at a time, making them more suitable for read - only, read - mostly, or single - user applications. table locking in mysql is deadlock - free for storage engines that use table - level locking. deadlock avoidance is managed by always requesting all needed locks at once at the beginning of a query and always locking the tables in the same order. mysql grants table write locks as follows : if there are no locks on the table, put a write lock on it. otherwise, put the lock request in the write lock queue. mysql grants table read locks as follows : if there are no write locks on the table, put a read lock on it. otherwise, put the lock request in the read lock queue. table updates are given higher priority than table retrievals. therefore, when a lock is released, the lock is made available to the requests in the write lock queue and then to the requests in the read lock queue. this ensures that updates to a table are not \u201c starved \u201d even if there is heavy select activity for the table. however, if you have many updates for a table, select statements wait until there are no more updates. for information on altering the priority of reads and writes, see section 8. 7. 2, \u201c table locking issues \u201d. you can analyze the table lock contention on your system by variables, which indicate the number of times that requests for table locks could be granted immediately and the number that had to wait, respectively : show status like ' table % ' ; + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - + | variable _ name | value | + - - - - - - - - -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5014648840855285, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.651059"} {"text": "- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - + | variable _ name | value | + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - + | table _ locks _ immediate | 1151552 | | table _ locks _ waited | 15324 | + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - + myisam storage engine supports concurrent inserts to reduce contention between readers and writers for a given table : if a myisam table has no free blocks in the middle of the data file, rows are always inserted at the end of the data file. in this case, you can freely mix select statements for a myisam table without locks. that is, you can insert rows into a myisam table at the same time other clients are reading from it. holes can result from rows having been deleted from or updated in the middle of the table. if there are holes, concurrent inserts are disabled but are enabled again automatically when all holes have been filled with new data. this behavior is altered by the variable. see section 8. 7. 3, \u201c concurrent inserts \u201d. if you acquire a table lock explicitly with lock tables, you can request a read local lock rather than a read lock to enable other sessions to perform concurrent inserts while you have the table locked. to perform many select operations on a table real _ table when concurrent inserts are not possible, you can insert rows into a temporary table temp _ table and update the real table with the rows from the temporary table periodically. this can be done with the following code : lock tables real _ table write, temp _ table write ; mysql > insert into real _ table select * from temp _ table ; mysql > delete from temp _ table ; mysql > innodb uses row locks. deadlocks are possible innodb because it automatically acquires locks during the processing of sql statements, not at the start of the transaction. advantages of row - level locking : fewer lock conflicts when different sessions access different rows fewer changes for rollbacks possible to lock a single row for a long time disadvantages of row - level locking : requires more memory than table", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48297068063926074, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.652463"} {"text": "the start of the transaction. advantages of row - level locking : fewer lock conflicts when different sessions access different rows fewer changes for rollbacks possible to lock a single row for a long time disadvantages of row - level locking : requires more memory than table - level locks slower than table - level locks when used on a large part of the table because you must acquire many more locks slower than other locks if you often do by operations on a large part of the data or if you must scan the entire table frequently generally, table locks are superior to row - level locks in the following cases : most statements for the table are reads statements for the table are a mix of reads and writes, where writes are updates or deletes for a single row that can be fetched with one key read : key _ value ; delete from many scans or group by operations on the entire table without any writers with higher - level locks, you can more easily tune applications by supporting locks of different types, because the lock overhead is less than for row - level locks. options other than row - level locking : versioning ( such as that used in mysql for concurrent inserts ) where it is possible to have one writer at the same time as many readers. this means that the database or table supports different views for the data depending on when access begins. other common terms for this are \u201c time travel, \u201d \u201c copy on write, \u201d or \u201c copy on demand. \u201d copy on demand is in many cases superior to row - level locking. however, in the worst case, it can use much more memory than using normal locks. instead of using row - level locks, you can employ application - level locks, such as those provided by release _ lock ( ) in mysql. these are advisory locks, so they work only with applications that cooperate with each other. see section 12. 15, \u201c miscellaneous functions \u201d.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4895015277240852, "token_count": 386, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.653228"} {"text": "| an arrangement of five objects, as trees, in a square or rectangle, one at each corner and one in the middle. | | an extraordinary or unusual thing, person, or event ; an exceptional example or instance. | | weber ( german \u02c8ve\u02d0b\u0259r ) | | 1. | | baron carl maria friedrich ernst von ( karl ma\u02c8ri\u02d0a \u02c8fri\u02d0dr\u026ac \u025brnst f\u0254n ). 1786 - - 1826, german composer and conductor. his three romantic operas are der freischutz ( 1821 ), euryanthe ( 1823 ), and oberon ( 1826 ) | | 2. | | ernst heinrich ( \u025brnst \u02c8hainr\u026ac ). 1795 - - 1878, german physiologist and anatomist. he introduced the psychological concept of the just noticeable difference between stimuli | | 3. | | max ( maks ). 1864 - - 1920, german economist and sociologist, best known for the protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism ( 1904 - - 05 ) | | 4. | | wilhelm eduard ( \u02c8v\u026alh\u025blm \u02c8e\u02d0duart ). 1804 - - 91, german physicist, who conducted research into electricity and magnetism | weber web \u00b7 er ( web ' \u0259r, va ' b\u0259r ) a unit of magnetic flux in the international system of units equal to the product of one tesla and one square meter. weber we \u00b7 ber ( va ' b\u0259r ), ernst heinrich. 1795 - 1878. german physiologist and psychologist who studied sensory response and is considered a founder of experimental psychology. | weber ( web ' \u0259r, va ' b\u0259r ) pronunciation key the si derived unit of magnetic flux. a magnetic flux of one weber, passing through a conducting loop and reduced to zero at a uniform rate in one second, induces an electric potential of one volt in the loop. one weber is equal to one volt per second, or 108 maxwells. the weber is named after german scientist wilhelm eduard weber ( 1804 - 1891 ). | weber ( va ' b\u0259r ) pronunciation key german physiologist who is noted for his study of sensory response, particularly in the ear and the skin. he also demonstrated that the digestive juices are the specific products of glands.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6170405906372296, "token_count": 478, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.657707"} {"text": "dictionary and translator for handheld new : sensagent is now available on your handheld a windows ( pop - into ) of information ( full - content of sensagent ) triggered by double - clicking any word on your webpage. give contextual explanation and translation from your sites! with a sensagentbox, visitors to your site can access reliable information on over 5 million pages provided by sensagent. com. choose the design that fits your site. improve your site content add new content to your site from sensagent by xml. crawl products or adds get xml access to reach the best products. index images and define metadata get xml access to fix the meaning of your metadata. please, email us to describe your idea. lettris is a curious tetris - clone game where all the bricks have the same square shape but different content. each square carries a letter. to make squares disappear and save space for other squares you have to assemble english words ( left, right, up, down ) from the falling squares. boggle gives you 3 minutes to find as many words ( 3 letters or more ) as you can in a grid of 16 letters. you can also try the grid of 16 letters. letters must be adjacent and longer words score better. see if you can get into the grid hall of fame! change the target language to find translations. tips : browse the semantic fields ( see from ideas to words ) in two languages to learn more. | i | | a00 \u2013 b99 | | certain infectious and parasitic diseases | | iii | | d50 \u2013 d89 | | diseases of the blood and blood - forming organs and certain disorders involving the immune mechanism | | iv | | e00 \u2013 e90 | | endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases | | v | | f00 \u2013 f99 | | mental and behavioural disorders | | vi | | g00 \u2013 g99 | | diseases of the nervous system | | vii | | h00 \u2013 h59 | | diseases of the eye and adnexa | | viii | | h60 \u2013 h95 | | diseases of the ear and mastoid process | | ix | | i00 \u2013 i99 | | diseases of the circulatory system | | x | | j00 \u2013 j99 | | diseases of the respiratory system | | xi | | k00 \u2013 k93 | | diseases of the digestive system | | xii | | l00 \u2013 l99 | | diseases of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5368072719741649, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.661497"} {"text": "x | | j00 \u2013 j99 | | diseases of the respiratory system | | xi | | k00 \u2013 k93 | | diseases of the digestive system | | xii | | l00 \u2013 l99 | | diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue | | xiii | | m00 \u2013 m99 | | diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue | | xiv | | n00 \u2013 n99 | | diseases of the genitourinary system | | xv | | o00 \u2013 o99 | | pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium | | xvi | | p00 \u2013 p96 | | certain conditions originating in the perinatal period | | xvii | | q00 \u2013 q99 | | congenital malformations, deformations and chromosomal abnormalities | | xviii | | r00 \u2013 r99 | | symptoms, signs and abnormal clinical and laboratory findings, not elsewhere classified | | xix | | s00 \u2013 t98 | | injury, poisoning and certain other consequences of external causes | | xx | | v01 \u2013 y98 | | external causes of morbidity and mortality | | xxi | | z00 \u2013 z99 | | factors influencing health status and contact with health services | | xxii | | u00 \u2013 u99 | | codes for special purposes | the international statistical classification of diseases and related health problems 10th revision ( icd - 10 ) is a coding of diseases and signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or diseases, as classified by the world health organization ( who ).. this page contains icd - 10 chapter x : diseases of the respiratory system.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4781482554676434, "token_count": 360, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.662220"} {"text": "table 5 has admixture estimates of ne and se asians in korean populations ; notice the gender asymmetry, with males of more southern origin than females. table s3 ( excel ) has y - chromosome haplogroup frequencies. from the paper : what could be the origin of the male - biased southern contribution to korean gene pool illustrated, for example, by haplogroups o - m122 ( 42. 2 % ) and o - sry465 ( 20. 1 % ). recent molecular genetic analyses and the geographical distribution of haplogroup o - m122 lineages, found widely throughout east asia at high frequencies ( especially in southern populations and china ), have suggested a link between these y - chromosome expansions and the spread of rice agriculture in east asia \u2013. in general, y - chromosomes might be spread via a process of demic diffusion during the early agricultural expansion period,. if this interpretation were substantiated, the spatial pattern of y - haplogroup o would imply a genetic contribution to korea through the spread of male - mediated agriculture. plos one 10. 1371 / journal. pone. 0004210 the peopling of korea revealed by analyses of mitochondrial dna and y - chromosomal markers han - jun jin, chris tyler - smith, wook kim the koreans are generally considered a northeast asian group because of their geographical location. however, recent findings from y chromosome studies showed that the korean population contains lineages from both southern and northern parts of east asia. to understand the genetic history and relationships of korea more fully, additional data and analyses are necessary. methodology and results we analyzed mitochondrial dna ( mtdna ) sequence variation in the hypervariable segments i and ii ( hvs - i and hvs - ii ) and haplogroup - specific mutations in coding regions in 445 individuals from seven east asian populations ( korean, korean - chinese, mongolian, manchurian, han ( beijing ), vietnamese and thais ). in addition, published mtdna haplogroup data ( n = 3307 ), mtdna hvs - i sequences ( n = 2313 ), y chromosome haplogroup data ( n = 1697 ) and y chromosome str data ( n = 2713 ) were analyzed to elucidate the genetic structure of east asian populations. all the mtdna profiles studied here were classified into subsets of haplogroups common in east asia, with just two exceptions. in general, the korean", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4956618065811037, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.665438"} {"text": "the barn owl wisconsin status : endangered this graceful but ghostly bird can locate a mouse in the dark of night by sound alone without the aid of external ears. barn owls don ' t have ear \" tufts \" like great horned owls or screech owls. they have ear openings hidden behind their round facial disk of feathers. the feathers help direct sound into the ears. barn owls are one of wisconsin ' s best natural mousetraps, consuming one and - a - half times their weight in food each day! that ' s like a 100 - pound person eating 150 pounds of food. look out mice, meadow voles, shrews, and other small animals. some modern agricultural practices have reduced barn owl habitat by shifting from cover crops such as oats and hay to row crops like corn. this removes food and shelter for mice and voles. the owls then lose their local food source. barn owls have a hard time surviving severe winters if they can ' t find enough food, since their bodies store little fat reserves. typically they hunt along uncultivated field edges, fence rows, and wetland edges. on average, barn owls only live 3 - 4 years. their unforgettable shriek or hiss - screams not only warn their young of danger, it is sure to scare off any predator or human bystander. you may hear this sound in the spring or late summer as the owls look after their young. the young owls are reared in tree cavities, abandoned buildings, church steeples, silos, or as their name suggests, barns. adults lay one egg every 2 days on a bare surface in a dark corner until there are 5 - 7 eggs. the eggs hatch about 30 days later ; one at a time. unfortunately, most of their nesting sites are disappearing in wisconsin as modern, windowless metal farm buildings replace barns with open windows and cracks and as large, dead nesting trees are removed from woodlots. the barn owl can be found all over the united states, except for the very northern states. they are rare in wisconsin, usually found in the southern one - third of the state. they are considered endangered in wisconsin. you can help barn owls out by reporting any barn owl sightings. e - mail eek! with your sightings.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.41321605516640836, "token_count": 461, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.673282"} {"text": "the efficiency of any application depends on how well memory and garbage collection are managed. the following sections provide information on optimizing memory and allocation functions : tracing garbage collection other garbage collector settings tuning the java heap re - basing dlls on windows monitoring the garbage collection ( gc ) activity at the development server and accordingly tuning jvm and gc settings before deploying the server into production is necessary. the gc settings vary depending on the application you are running. garbage collection reclaims the heap space previously allocated to objects no longer needed. the process of locating and removing the dead objects can stall any application and consume as much as 25 percent throughput. almost all java runtime environments come with a generational object memory system and sophisticated gc algorithms. a generational memory system divides the heap into a few carefully sized partitions called generations. the efficiency of a generational memory system is based on the observation that most of the objects are short lived. as these objects accumulate, a low memory condition occurs forcing gc to take place. the heap space is divided into old and the new generations. the new generation includes the new object space ( eden ), and two survivor spaces. the jvm allocates new objects in the eden space, and moves longer lived objects from the new generation to the old generation. keep the heap size low, so that customers can increase the heap size depending on their needs. to increase the heap size, refer to the link, http : / / www. devx. com / tips / tip / 5578 the young generation uses a fast copying garbage collector which employs two semi - spaces ( survivor spaces ) in the eden, copying surviving objects from one survivor space to the second. objects that survive multiple young space collections are tenured, meaning they are copied to the tenured generation. the tenured generation is larger and fills up less quickly. garbage is collected less frequently ; and each collection takes longer than a young space only collection. collecting the tenured space is also referred to as doing a full generation collection. the frequent young space collections are quick, lasting only a few milliseconds, while the full generation collection takes a longer, tens of milliseconds to a few seconds, depending upon the heap size. other gc algorithms, such as the concurrent mark sweep ( cms ) algorithm, are incremental. they divide the full gc into several incremental pieces. this provides a high probability of small pauses. this process comes with an overhead and is not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.458806994324753, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.678432"} {"text": "algorithms, such as the concurrent mark sweep ( cms ) algorithm, are incremental. they divide the full gc into several incremental pieces. this provides a high probability of small pauses. this process comes with an overhead and is not required for enterprise web applications. when the new generation fills up, it triggers a minor collection in which the surviving objects are moved to the old generation. when the old generation fills up, it triggers a major collection which involves the entire object heap. both hotspot and solaris jdk use thread local object allocation pools for lock - free, fast, and scalable object allocation. so custom object pooling is not often required. consider pooling only if object construction cost is high and significantly affects execution profiles. the - xms and - xmx parameters define the minimum and maximum heap size. as collections occur when generations fill up, throughput is inversely proportional to the available memory. by default, jvm grows or shrinks the heap at each collection. this helps maintain the proportion of free space to living object at each collection within a specific range. the range is set as a percentage by the parameters - xx : minheapfreeratio = < minimum > and - xx : maxheapfreeratio = < maximum > ; and the total size is bound by - xms and - xmx. jvm heap setting for web server should be based on the available memory on the system and frequency and duration of garbage collection. you can use - verbose : gc jvm option or the j2se 5. 0 monitoring tools to determine the frequency of garbage collection. for more information on j2se 5. 0 monitoring tools, see j2se 5. 0 monitoring tools. the maximum heap size should be determined based on the process data model ( 32 - bit or 64 - bit ) and availability of virtual and physical memory on the system. excessive use of physical memory for java heap may cause paging of virtual memory to disk during garbage collection, resulting in poor performance. for more information on java tuning, see http : / / java. sun. com / performance / reference / whitepapers / tuning. html.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4384701061133556, "token_count": 446, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.679367"} {"text": "reasons for test monitoring is done before labor to evaluate the well being of the fetus during pregnancy. it can also be used during labor and delivery. this gives your doctor information about how well your baby is handling the stress of labor. there are no major complications associated with external monitoring. internal monitoring may increase the risk of infection. there may also be some bruising on the baby ' s scalp. internal monitoring is not recommended in mothers with a current herpes infection. what to expect prior to test as you prepare for the birth of your baby : - discuss with your doctor how the fetus will be monitored ( external or internal ) and how often ( continuous or occasionally ). work with your doctor and labor support partner to come up with a birth plan. this plan will help you to think about : - what you would like to happen - how you can adjust if a complication occurs during labor and delivery description of the test there are two types of fetal monitoring : there are two ways your doctor can monitor your baby externally : - the doctor places gel on your abdomen. two belts are placed around your abdomen. one is to monitor your baby \u2019 s heartbeat, and the other is to measure the quality of your contractions. your baby ' s heart rate is displayed on a screen and printed on special paper. - the doctor uses a fetoscope ( similar to a stethoscope ) to listen to the baby ' s heart rate. internal fetal monitoring is only used during labor. it can only be done after your water has broken and your cervix has started to dilate. your doctor inserts a small electrode through your vagina and attaches it to the baby ' s scalp. the electrical signals from your baby ' s heartbeat are picked up by the electrode and displayed on a screen. this type of monitoring is more accurate than external monitoring. the electrode will not injure your baby. however, the use of internal fetal monitoring should be avoided in certain maternal and fetal conditions. the electrodes or belts will be removed. how long will it take? fetal monitoring may be done at set times throughout your labor and delivery or throughout active labor. will it hurt? the average fetal heart rate is 110 - 160 beats per minute. an abnormal heart rate or abnormal pattern may indicate that the fetus is not getting enough oxygen or having other problems. the doctor may change the course of your labor and delivery based on what the fetal heart rate is showing. call your doctor the procedure is completed with labor. there are no lasting effects that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4635682830289708, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.681911"} {"text": "some of palawan \u2019 s reefs are sad reflections of warming ocean temperatures. white skeletons are all that remain of previously colorful and varied coral reefs around the island. the phenomena is known as \u2018 coral bleaching \u2019, caused by too warm of ocean temperatures. scientists cited in the article below hold out hope for these damaged reefs. apparently, some corals can adapt to warming temperatures, and even thrive in them. studies are being done in kiribati, an island in the south pacific, very close to the equator, where ocean temperatures are the hottest. an international team of scientists, including lead researchers from canada and australia published an article on march 30, in the journal plos one, click on the link below to read the article from sciencedaily. com : excerpt from article says, the study :... paves the way towards an important road map on the impacts of ocean warming, and will help scientists identify the habitats and locations where coral reefs are more likely to adapt to climate change. \u201c we \u2019 re starting to identify the types of reef environments where corals are more likely to persist in the future, \u201d says study co - author simon donner, an assistant professor in ubc \u2019 s department of geography and organizer of the field expedition. \u201c the new data is critical for predicting the future for coral reefs, and for planning how society will cope in that future. \u201d when water temperatures get too hot, the tiny algae that provides coral with its colour and major food source is expelled. this phenomenon, called coral bleaching, can lead to the death of corals. the researchers say coral reefs may be better able to withstand the expected rise in temperature in locations where heat stress is naturally more common. this will benefit the millions of people worldwide who rely on coral reefs for sustenance and livelihoods, they say. \u201c until recently, it was widely assumed that coral would bleach and die off worldwide as the oceans warm due to climate change, \u201d says lead author jessica carilli, a post - doctoral fellow in australian nuclear science and technology organisation \u2019 s ( ansto ) institute for environmental research. \u201c this would have very serious consequences, as loss of live coral \u2014 already observed in parts of the world \u2014 directly reduces fish habitats and the shoreline protection reefs provide from storms. \u201d this is very good news for palawan. donnaonpalawan wishes these scientists and their studies continuing success. my novel \u2019 s plot revolves around palawan \u2019 s coral reefs and fish life, as i am very concerned", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4348188714539211, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.684485"} {"text": "homebrew recipes : decoding the acronyms to the untrained eye, a homebrewing recipe can look like a secret code with abbreviations, acronyms, and lists of numbers. over the years, brewers have condensed the essentials of a brewing recipe into an easy to reference format that can be quickly reviewed during the brewing process. but today we ' re going to demystify the code so that you can read a brewing recipe like the pros. at the top of every homebrew recipe, you ' ll find the technical specs of what the beer is supposed to be. the original gravity ( o. g. or sometimes s. g. ) is given first, often followed by the final gravity ( f. g. ). the bitterness level is listed as international bittering units ( ibus ), and the color typically is described by the acronym srm, which stands for standard reference method. additionally, some recipes will also provide the alcohol by volume ( abv ), but this is often omitted since the o. g. and the f. g. can be used to calculate this value. you measure the o. g. of your homebrew with your hydrometer after the wort has cooled, but before fermentation begins. this measurement gives the relative density of the sugar dissolved in the wort. extract brewers should be able to come very close to matching the o. g. on a recipe, since the amount of sugar in malt extract is a fixed value. sugar doesn ' t boil off, so the amount of extract you add to the wort determines exactly how much sugar you ' ll end up with. if you find that you ' re not getting the o. g. specified by the recipe, the most likely culprit is that you somehow didn ' t end up with the right amount of liquid. if you ended up with more than 5 gallons of wort, then the relative sugar density, and thus the o. g., will be lower. the opposite is true if you end up with less than 5 gallons of wort. it ' s also possible that your o. g. measurement is off is because of the temperature of the wort. hydrometers are calibrated to read the correct value at 60\u00b0f. my rule of thumb is that for every 8\u00b0f above 60\u00b0f, add 0. 001 to your reading. wort temperatures above 85\u00b0f produce inaccurate readings when using any adjustment formula. all - grain brewers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49553500574404025, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.690517"} {"text": "value at 60\u00b0f. my rule of thumb is that for every 8\u00b0f above 60\u00b0f, add 0. 001 to your reading. wort temperatures above 85\u00b0f produce inaccurate readings when using any adjustment formula. all - grain brewers quickly learn that there is a lot of experimentation that goes into getting the correct o. g. of a recipe. for an all - grain brewer, the amount of sugar extracted from the grain is a product of the the way the grain is crushed, the mash temperature, sparge temperature and even the type of mash tun used. an all - grain brewer usually has to brew several batches and take careful notes before they can accurately predict the o. g. of a homebrew. the final gravity, or f. g., of a recipe is the same type of measurement as the o. g., but the measurement is taken at the end of fermentation. the difference between the o. g. and the f. g. tells you how much sugar was consumed by the yeast. as yeast eat sugar they produce carbon dioxide and alcohol, which are both less dense than sugar or water, so the density of the wort decreases. the actual f. g. of a beer depends on yeast health, the type of yeast used, and the fermentation temperature. if your fermentation conditions are perfect then you may come close to the f. g. listed on a recipe, but predicting the f. g. is almost more of an art form than a science. there are a lot of variables that go into fermentation, so a beginning brewer shouldn ' t be surprised if the measured f. g. is off by about 0. 005. even advanced brewers will find that predicting the f. g. within 0. 002 takes a lot of experimentation. since the actual o. g. and f. g. of a homebrew can be slightly different than what ' s on the recipe, i interpret the abv listed on a recipe as a guideline. your can calculate your actual abv by taking the o. g. minus the f. g. and multiplying that value by 131. next on the recipe list is typically the ibu rating of the homebrew recipe. the abbreviation ibu stands for international bittering unit, and is a measure of how bitter the beer should be. the ibu scale ranges from 10 for a very malty scottish or belgian ale, to around 35 for a balanced american amber", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49341240159345406, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.691508"} {"text": "recipe. the abbreviation ibu stands for international bittering unit, and is a measure of how bitter the beer should be. the ibu scale ranges from 10 for a very malty scottish or belgian ale, to around 35 for a balanced american amber, to 75 or higher for a palate dominating imperial ipa. any ibu rating in a homebrewing recipe will be an estimated value, typically using either the tinseth formula or the rager formula. both formulas use a combination of the acid level of the hops, the o. g. of the wort and the length of the boil to estimate an ibu rating. the precise ibus of a beer can be measured by complex methods called spectrophotometry or chromatography, but many commercial brewers calculate their recipes using the same estimation formulas from homebrewing. perception of bitterness also changes with the malts and water used in brewing, so having a precise measurement doesn ' t add a lot of benefit. the human tongue doesn ' t distinguish well between bitterness levels that are higher than 100 ibus, so you might as well save the hops if you ' re thinking of brewing a beer that ' s more extreme than that. the last acronym you ' ll find on a recipe is the srm, which gives you an idea of what color you should expect a beer will be. an srm of 2 is a very pale beer, 15 is an amber color and 30 is very dark brown or black.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4794529195183872, "token_count": 301, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.692119"} {"text": "although their state has three coal ash impoundments rated as \u201c poor \u201d by the u. s. environmental protection agency, north dakota senators john hoeven and kent conrad today introduced a bill that cuts epa efforts to regulate coal ash disposal. their bill is identical to h. r. 2273, which passed the house of representatives last friday. north dakota has unresolved coal ash problems at three dangerous dams and a history of serious contamination by coal ash, yet senators hoeven and conrad are ready to embrace a bill that will, according to the white house, \u201c undermine the federal government \u2019 s ability to ensure that requirements for management and disposal of coal combustion residuals are protective of human health and the environment. \u201d the senate bill will also kill 28, 000 potential new jobs that would be created by a strong coal ash rule, according to a new report by a tufts university senior economist. \u201c it is beyond irresponsible for the senators to offer a bill that fails to cure the safety problems facing their own state, \u201d says earthjustice attorney lisa evans. \u201c and it is with great disregard of their civic responsibility that they support a bill that places the citizens of other states at great peril. \u201d last week, the epa released the results of 144 new inspections of significant and high hazard coal ash ponds. epa inspectors gave 48 of the ponds \u201c poor \u201d ratings, including the three large coal ash ponds in north dakota. despite the obvious threats coal ash have on drinking waters and nearby communities, the house passed h. r. 2273, a bill that blocks the epa from setting the first - ever federal regulations for toxic coal ash, america \u2019 s second largest industrial waste. \u201c those who will pay the greatest price aren \u2019 t the polluter who would have to clean up their mess, it \u2019 s the communities and families living near these toxic dumps, \u201d states evans. epa inspectors found fault with the three significant - hazard coal ash ponds at the leland olds power station in stanton, nd, about 50 miles northwest of bismarck. all three ponds lacked the necessary slope stability and hydraulic and liquefaction analyses to confirm stability. the epa rates dams \u201c poor \u201d when there are no tests to confirm the dams \u2019 stability. also, the oldest and highest pond ( approximately 3. 5 stories tall ) lacked erosion protection. this dam is 46 years old, beyond the recommended lifespan of 40 years for a coal ash impoundment. the other two ponds are approximately 35 years old. none of the dams was designed, constructed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.37355376804528945, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.696219"} {"text": "3. 5 stories tall ) lacked erosion protection. this dam is 46 years old, beyond the recommended lifespan of 40 years for a coal ash impoundment. the other two ponds are approximately 35 years old. none of the dams was designed, constructed or maintained by a professional engineer, according to information submitted to the epa by the owner of the dams, basin electric coop. according to the epa, a significant hazard potential classification is given to dams where failure or mis - operation can cause economic loss, environment damage, disruption of lifeline facilities, or have other impacts. the significant - hazard dams at the leland olds power station had not been inspected in the last 5 years, according to the plant owner. like many other states, north dakota has very poor regulations governing the management and inspection of coal ash ponds. deficiencies include the state \u2019 s failure to require regulatory inspections of ponds, as well as the failure to require emergency action plans or inundation mapping. also like many other states, north dakota fails to require all ponds to be lined, and water monitoring data to be submitted to the state. also, north dakota has experienced severe contamination of groundwater and surface water from poor coal ash management, including poisoning of drinking water with toxic chemicals like arsenic, cadmium, chromium and lead. of the more than 137 documented coal ash - contaminated sites nationwide, five are in north dakota.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4233666864212744, "token_count": 279, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.696873"} {"text": "the neh - funded film by stephen ives, reporting america at war, explores the role of american journalists from san juan hill to the persian gulf in a three - hour documentary that tells the dramatic and often surprising stories of the reporters who wrote the news from the battlefield. the project is an on - going oral history project from the american folklife center at the library of congress, dedicated to collecting and preserving the experiences of thousands of american veterans. it also includes the stories of u. s. citizen civilians actively involved in supporting the war effort. david grubin \u2019 s landmark documentary series explores 350 years of jewish american history. this quintessentially american story chronicles the struggle of a tiny minority who make their way into the american mainstream while, at the same time, maintaining a sense of their own identity as jews. it includes essays on jewish life in america, video clips, and resources for educators. david grubin \u2019 s landmark documentary series explores 350 years of jewish american history. this story chronicles the struggle of a tiny minority who make their way into the american mainstream while, at the same time, maintaining a sense of their own identity as jews. it includes essays on jewish life in america, video clips, and resources for educators. a resource developed from neh summer institutes held at salem state university that explore early american art and culture. the website assists teachers of american history, literature, art, geography, social studies, american studies, and other fields who wish to incorporate american art into their classrooms. it includes podcasts, unit plans, and print and electronic bibliographies. since 2005, the national endowment for the humanities has made national digital newspaper ( ndnp ) awards to enhance the study of american history. these awards enable cultural heritage institutions to join the ndnp for the purpose of selecting, digitizing, and delivering approximately 100, 000 newspaper pages per award to the library of congress. the national endowment for the humanities has solicited proposals for both initial awards to new institutions as well as continuing awards to returning partners annually since 2005. national history day makes history come alive for america ' s youth by engaging them in the discovery of the historic, cultural and social experiences of the past. through hands - on experiences and presentations, today ' s youth are better able to inform the present and shape the future. nhd inspires children through exciting competitions and transforms teaching through project - based curriculum and instruction. chronicling america provides free access to millions of historic american newspaper pages. listed at these links are topics widely", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43484706927639627, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.700517"} {"text": "brother, can you spare a dime? \" brother, can you spare a dime? \", also sung as \" buddy, can you spare a dime? \", is one of the best - known american songs of the great depression. written in 1930 by lyricist e. y. \" yip \" harburg and composer jay gorney, \" brother, can you spare a dime? \" was part of the 1932 musical new americana ; the melody is based on a russian lullaby gorney heard as a child. it became best known, however, through recordings by bing crosby and rudy vallee. both versions were released right before franklin delano roosevelt ' s election to the presidency and both became number one hits on the charts. the brunswick crosby recording became the best - selling record of its period, and came to be viewed as an anthem of the shattered dreams of the era. rudy vallee ' s recording is considered one of the most famous versions. | problems listening to this file? see media help. | the song asks why the men who built the nation \u2013 built the railroads, built the skyscrapers \u2013 who fought in the war ( world war i ), who tilled the earth, who did what their nation asked of them should, now that the work is done and their labor no longer necessary, find themselves abandoned, in bread lines. musical structure the song has unusual structure for a broadway song. firstly, rather than starting in a major key, as most broadway songs do, it begins in a minor key, which is darker, and more appropriate for the depression. when discussing the prosperous past and building the railroads, the song jumps an octave and moves briefly into a major key, evoking energy and optimism. it then reverts to the augmented dominant of the minor key in the word \" time \" in the line \" once i built a railroad, made it run / made it race against time, \" marking the end of prosperous times, and changing to a wistful mood. the song then ends, not on a note of resignation, but with anger \u2013 repeating the beginning ( as is usual for broadway songs ), an octave higher, but with a significant change : the friendly \" brother, can you spare a dime? \" is replaced with the aggressive \" buddy, can you spare a dime? \" once we had a roosevelt praise the lord! life had meaning and hope. now we ' re stuck with nixon, agnew, ford, brother, can you spare a rope? other recordings - les deux love orchestra", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38677382791173986, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.709672"} {"text": "you spare a dime? \" once we had a roosevelt praise the lord! life had meaning and hope. now we ' re stuck with nixon, agnew, ford, brother, can you spare a rope? other recordings - les deux love orchestra recorded a version in 2009 which appeared on the huffington post. - george michael recorded a version for his 1999 album songs from the last century. - a recording by walker edmiston is featured during the great depression scene of the american adventure attraction at epcot within walt disney world resort. - giddins, g. ( 2001 ). bing crosby : a pocketful of dreams, the early years, 1903 - 1940. little, brown, p. 305. - marching on washington : the forging of an american political tradition, lucy g. barber, 2004 p. 104 - the twentieth century : a people ' s history, by howard zinn, p. 116 - a depression - era anthem for our times national public radio ' s weekend edition ( november 15, 2008 ). - song by song : the lives and work of 14 great lyric writers, caryl brahms, ned sherrin, p. 125 \u2013 126 - cutting edge, or, \" back in the knife - box, miss sharp \" : ned sherrin ' s anthology of wit, ned sherrin, 1984, p. 140 ( rope, dime ) - woods, bobby ( may 25, 2011 ). \" brother, can you spare a dime? \". huffington post. retrieved 2011 - 11 - 17. - \" songs from the last century \". allmusic. - \" the american adventure \". wdwmagic. com. - songs of the great depression \u2013 lyrics, prepared by professor catherine lavender for courses in the department of history, the college of staten island of the city university of new york. - explanation of lyrics - there are multiple videos of this song on youtube. included at the time of this note are the bing crosby & rudy vallee recordings and at least one spanish language version.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.37145951731087895, "token_count": 412, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.710802"} {"text": "city of san marino | | this article needs additional citations for verification. ( may 2008 ) | | city of san marino citta di san marino | \u2014 castello \u2014 | | foundation | | september 3, 301 ( traditional date ) | | \u2022 capitano | | alessandro barulli ( since 2003 ) | | \u2022 total | | 7. 09 km2 ( 2. 74 sq mi ) | | elevation | | 749 m ( 2, 457 ft ) | | \u2022 density | | 633. 71 / km2 ( 1, 641. 3 / sq mi ) | | time zone | | cet ( utc + 1 ) | | \u2022 summer ( dst ) | | cest ( utc + 2 ) | | san marino historic centre and mount titano | | name as inscribed on the world heritage list | monte titano and three fortresses on top of it can be seen from many kilometers away | unesco region | | europe and north america | | inscription | | 2008 ( 32nd session ) | the city of san marino, also known simply as san marino, is the capital city of the republic of san marino on the italian peninsula, near the adriatic sea. the city has a population of 4, 493. it is on the western slopes of san marino ' s highest point, monte titano. although the capital, most of the businesses are in borgo maggiore. it is the third largest city in the country, after dogana and borgo maggiore. it borders the san marino municipalities acquaviva, borgo maggiore, fiorentino, and chiesanuova and the italian municipality san leo. akademio internacia de la sciencoj san marino is centered here. due to its being the capital and previously the only city in san marino, the history of this city is almost the same as the history of san marino. for more information on that topic, see that article. the city was founded by saint marinus and several christian refugees in the year 301. from then on the city became a center of christian refugees who fled from roman persecution. as a result, the city become the oldest republic in europe, for the republic ' s territory at that time only included the single city of san marino. the urban heart of the city was protected by three towers : the first, guaita, constructed in the 11th century, was famous for being impenetrable, which to a great extent discouraged attacks on the city. due to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.35780233488048985, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.714724"} {"text": "san marino. the urban heart of the city was protected by three towers : the first, guaita, constructed in the 11th century, was famous for being impenetrable, which to a great extent discouraged attacks on the city. due to the crusades, it was felt necessary to construct a second tower, cesta ( 13th century ). but the sanmarinense defensive system was not completed until the construction of a third tower, the montale ( 14th century ) - the smallest of all and constructed on the last of the summits of monte titano. with the population of the city increasing, the territory of the country was extended by a few square kilometers. since the sanmarinese policy was not to invade or to use war to obtain new territories, it was by means of purchases and treaties that san marino obtained the other nine castelli which make up san marino. the economy of the city of san marino has always been closely bound to that of the country. until recently, the main economic activities of the locality were stone extraction and carving. today, there is a more varied economy, including tourism, commerce, sale of postage stamps, and a small agricultural industry, although the last is in decay. | this section requires expansion. ( june 2008 ) | the city is visited by more than three million people per year, and has developed progressively as a tourist center. of the tourists, 85 % are italian. there are also more than a thousand retail outlets, where one can find a great variety of products. main sights - basilica di san marino - palazzo dei capitani - palazzo pubblico - the three towers of san marino - piazza del titano - piazza garibaldi - monastery of santa clara - grand hotel san marino the town is known for its long, winding cobblestoned streets, as its altitude and steep approach put it beyond the reach of the san marino superhighway. san marino is also notable in that cars are prohibited in much of the town center. before the second world war, a railway was built from san marino to rimini under the dictatorship of benito mussolini. its tunnels, and the railway station ' piazzale lo stradone ', still exist. proposals for the reopening of this railway have been presented to the government on several occasions, but thus far without action. international relations twin towns \u2014 sister cities city of san marino is twinned with : media related to san marino ( city ) at wikimedia commons - ( italian ) san marino ' s page on giunted", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38795875048080064, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.715864"} {"text": "a 9k34 strela - 3 ( sa - 14 ) missile and launch tube. | type | | man - portable air - defense systems ( manpads ) | | place of origin | | soviet union | | weight | | 10. 3 kilograms ( 23 lb ) | | length | | 1. 47 metres ( 4. 8 ft ) | | flight altitude | | 2, 300 metres ( 7, 500 ft ) | | speed | | 410 metre per second ( 1, 500 km / h ) | the 9k34 strela - 3 ( russian : 9\u043a34 \u00ab \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043b\u0430 - 3 \u00bb ; english : arrow ) man - portable air defence missile system ( manpads ) was developed in the soviet union as a response to the poor performance of the earlier 9k32 strela 2 ( sa - 7 grail ) system. \" 9k34 \" is its grau designation and its nato reporting name is sa - 14 gremlin. the missile was largely based on the earlier strela 2, and thus development proceeded rapidly. the new weapon was accepted to service in the soviet army in january 1974. the most significant change over the strela 2 was the introduction of an all - new infra - red homing seeker head. the new seeker worked on fm modulation ( con - scan ) principle, which is less vulnerable to jamming and decoy flares than the earlier am ( spin - scan ) seekers, which were easily fooled by flares and even the most primitive infrared jammers. most importantly, the new seeker also introduced detector element cooling in the form of a pressurized nitrogen bottle attached to the launcher. the effect of cooling was to expand the seeker ' s lead sulphide detector element ' s sensitivity range to longer wavelengths ( slightly over 4 \u00b5m as opposed to 2. 8 \u00b5m of uncooled pbs elements ). in practice this made possible the tracking of cooler targets over longer ranges, and enabled forward - hemisphere engagement of jets under favourable circumstances. the seeker also had better tracking rate, enabling the missile to track maneuvering of fast and approaching targets. a negative side effect from the aforementioned improvements was increased missile weight, which caused a slight decrease in the kinematic performance of the original strela - 2 ( sa - 7 ). against relatively slow, low - altitude battlefield air threats the overall effectiveness was much improved. strela - 3 missiles have been exported to over 30 countries. the original strela - 3", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.45530013553640314, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.723467"} {"text": "original strela - 2 ( sa - 7 ). against relatively slow, low - altitude battlefield air threats the overall effectiveness was much improved. strela - 3 missiles have been exported to over 30 countries. the original strela - 3 missile was the 9m36. the follow - on to the strela - 3 was igla. the naval version of this missile has the nato reporting name of sa - n - 8. operational history | this section does not cite any references or sources. ( september 2012 ) | during the war in abkhazia ( 1992 - 1993 ), a russian mi - 8 helicopter was shot down by a georgian army sa - 14 on december 14, 1992, resulting in the death of 3 crew and 58 passengers, most of them russian refugees. a georgian air force su - 25 was shot down over nizhnaya eshera on july 4, 1993 by sa - 14, and several other aircraft on both sides may have been shot down by sa - 14s. former yugoslavia one bae sea harrier of the 801 naval air squadron, operating from the aircraft carrier hms ark royal, was shot down during its attack two serbian t - 55 tank in bosnia. the pilot, lieutenant nick richardson, ejected and landed in territory controlled by friendly bosnian muslims ( 16 april 1994 ). drc congo comparison chart | system | | 9k32m strela - 2m ( missile : 9m32m ) | | 9k34 strela - 3 ( missile : 9m36 ) | | fim - 43c redeye | | mass, full system, ready to shoot | | 15 kg | | 16 kg | | 13. 3 kg | | weight, missile | | 9. 8 kg | | 10. 3 kg | | 8. 3 kg | | length | | 1. 44 m | | 1. 47 m | | 1. 40 m | | warhead | | 1. 15 kg ( 0. 37 kg hmx ) directed - energy blast fragmentation | | 1. 17 kg ( 0. 39 kg hmx ) directed - energy blast fragmentation, including a 20g secondary charge to set off remaining propellant | | 1. 06 kg m222 ( 0. 36 kg hta - 3 ) blast fragmentation | | seeker type | | am - modulated ( spin scan ), uncooled pbs detector element ( 1 \u2013 2. 8 \u00b5m sensitivity range ). tail - chase only. | | fm - modulated ( con", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4006515701179657, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.724360"} {"text": ") blast fragmentation | | seeker type | | am - modulated ( spin scan ), uncooled pbs detector element ( 1 \u2013 2. 8 \u00b5m sensitivity range ). tail - chase only. | | fm - modulated ( con scan ), nitrogen - cooled pbs detector element ( 2 \u2013 4. 3 \u00b5m sensitivity range ). limited forward hemisphere ( all - aspect ) capability | | am - modulated, uncooled pbs detector element. tail - chase only. | | maximum range | | 4200 m | | 4100 m | | 4500 m | | speed | | 430 m / s | | 410 m / s | | 580 m / s | | target ' s maximum speed, approaching / receding | | 150 / 260 m / s | | 310 / 260 m / s | | \u2013 / 225 m / s | | engagement altitude | | 0. 05 - 2. 3 km | | 0. 03 - 2. 3 km | | 0. 05 - 2. 7 km | - cooper, tom. \" georgia and abkhazia, 1992 - 1993 : the war of datchas \". acig. org. retrieved 18 february 2013. - cooper, tom. \" zaire / dr congo, 1980 - 2001 \". acig. org. retrieved 18 february 2013. - cooper, tom. \" afghanistan, 1979 - 2001 ; part 2 \". acig. org. retrieved 18 february 2013. - istorija sozdanija i razvitija vooruzhenija i vojennoi theniki pvo suhoputnyh voisk rossii - general dynamics fim - 43 redeye - petukhov, sergei i. ; shestov i. v. ( 1998 ). history of design and development of missile systems and military systems of aaw of russian land forces / istorija sozdanija i razvitija vooruzhenija i vojennoi tehniki pvo suhoputnyh voisk rossii, 1. - 2. vpk publishing. - \" directory of u. s. military rockets and missiles, fim - 43 \". archived from the original on 17 april 2008. retrieved 2008 - 04 - 23.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5257117711452213, "token_count": 465, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.726003"} {"text": "quartermaster corps ( united states army ) the united states army quartermaster corps is a sustainment ( formerly combat service support ( css ) ) branch of the united states army. it is also one of three u. s. army logistics branches, the others being the transportation corps and the ordnance corps. the quartermaster corps is the u. s. army ' s oldest logistics branch, established 16 june 1775. on that date the second continental congress passed a resolution providing for \" one quartermaster general of the grand army and a deputy, under him, for the separate army. \" from 1775 to 1912 this organization was known as the quartermaster department. in 1912, congress consolidated the former subsistence, pay, and quartermaster departments to create the quartermaster corps. quartermaster units and soldiers have served in every u. s. military operation from the revolutionary war to current operations in iraq ( operation iraqi freedom ) and afghanistan ( operation enduring freedom ). the function of the quartermaster corps is to provide the following support to the army : - general supply ( except for ammunition and medical supplies ) - mortuary affairs ( formerly graves registration ) - subsistence ( food service ) - petroleum & water - field services - aerial delivery ( parachute packing, air item maintenance, heavy and light equipment parachute drop, rigging and sling loading. ) - shower, laundry, fabric / light textile repair - material and distribution management former functions former functions and missions of the quartermaster corps were : - military transportation ( given to the newly established transportation corps in 1942 ) - military construction ( given to the corps of engineers in the early 1940s ) - u. s. army remount service horses / war dogs ( military dog training given to military police corps in 1951 ) - military heraldry ( given to the adjutant general ' s corps in 1962 ) quartermaster detachments, companies and battalions are normally assigned to corps or higher level commands. divisions and smaller units have multifunctional support battalions which combine functional areas from the army transportation corps, army quartermaster corps, army ordnance corps, and the army medical service department. quartermaster organizations include field service, general supply, petroleum supply and petroleum pipeline, aerial delivery ( rigger ), water, and mortuary affairs units. most are company level except petroleum & water which have battalion and group level units. military occupational specialities there are nine quartermaster enlisted military occupational specialties ( moss ) : - 92a \u2013 automated logistical specialist - 92f \u2013 petroleum supply specialist - 92g \u2013 food service operations - 92l \u2013 petroleum laboratory specialist - 92m \u2013 mortuary affairs specialist - 92r \u2013 parachute rigger -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4658087811280558, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.731034"} {"text": "specialties ( moss ) : - 92a \u2013 automated logistical specialist - 92f \u2013 petroleum supply specialist - 92g \u2013 food service operations - 92l \u2013 petroleum laboratory specialist - 92m \u2013 mortuary affairs specialist - 92r \u2013 parachute rigger - 92s \u2013 shower / laundry and clothing repair specialist - 92w \u2013 water treatment specialist - 92y \u2013 unit supply specialist there are five quartermaster warrant officer military occupational specialties ( moss ) : - 920a - property accounting technician - 920b \u2013 supply systems technician - 921a \u2013 airdrop systems technician - 922a \u2013 food service technician - 923a \u2013 petroleum technician the three quartermaster officer areas of concentration ( aocs ) have been merged into 92a as additional skill identifiers ( asis ) - 92a \u2013 quartermaster, general - r9 \u2013 aerial delivery and materiel ( formerly 92d ) - r8 \u2013 petroleum and water ( formerly 92f ) leadership / school the officer in charge of the branch for doctrine, training and professional development purposes is the quartermaster general. the current quartermaster general is brigadier general gwen bingham. the quartermaster general does not have command authority over quartermaster units, but instead commands the united states army quartermaster center and school, located at fort lee, virginia, near petersburg. this school provides enlisted advanced individual training ( ait ) and leader training for quartermaster officers, warrant officers and non - commissioned officers. in the media the quartermaster corps provides a host of vital services to the u. s. army. but because these jobs are often not glamorous very little is mentioned about quartermaster soldiers in the mainstream media. the global war on terrorism, the 11 september attack on the pentagon as well as operations in iraq and afghanistan have brought several quartermasters briefly into the spotlight. here are a few that have recently gained attention. - maj steve v. long, a quartermaster officer who was serving as secretary of the general staff office of the commanding general us total army personnel command, was one of the casualties of the 11 sept. 2001 attack on the pentagon. - members of the 507th maintenance company which was ambushed at an nasiriyah, iraq on 23 march 2003, during operation iraqi freedom : - sergeant ( sgt ) donald walters, killed in action \u2013 silver star recipient - specialist ( spc ) edgar hernandez, captured - specialist ( spc ) shoshana johnson, captured - private first class ( pfc ) howard johnson ii, killed in action - private first class ( pfc ) jessica lynch, captured - private first class ( pfc ) lori pie", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40823348387497, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.732035"} {"text": "captured - specialist ( spc ) shoshana johnson, captured - private first class ( pfc ) howard johnson ii, killed in action - private first class ( pfc ) jessica lynch, captured - private first class ( pfc ) lori piestewa, killed in action - private ( pvt ) brandon sloan, killed in action - private ( pvt ) ruben estrella - soto, jr, killed in action - during operation desert storm the 14th quartermaster detachment, a u. s. army reserve unit from greensburg, pennsylvania, gained world wide media exposure. the 14th suffered the greatest number of casualties of any allied unit in the war due to a scud missile attack on 25 february 1991. quartermaster creed military order of saint martin the quartermaster corps established this military decoration on 7 february 1997. the emblematic figure is of saint martin of tours. the medal, for quartermasters either on active duty, in the reserves, or civilian status, is awarded in three grades : - ancient order of saint martin ( gold medallion ) - distinguished order of saint martin ( silver medallion ) - honorable order of saint martin ( bronze medallion ) an updated list of recipients is maintained on the association of quartermasters website. see also further reading - early history of the quartermaster corps - risch, erna ( 1981 ). supplying washington ' s army. washington, d. c. : united states army center of military history. - korean war - alexander, 1st lieutenant bevin r. quartermaster field service platoon in action. united states army center of military history. united states army center of military history historical manuscript collection 8 - 5. 1a ba 60.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4418899936264518, "token_count": 329, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.732720"} {"text": "| revised romanization | | yun bong - gil | yun bong - gil ( 21 june 1908, yesan, korea \u2013 19 december 1932, kanazawa, japan ) was a korean independence activist best known for orchestrating the deadly bombing of a gathering of japanese dignitaries in the shanghai international settlement in 1932. shanghai bombing on 29 april 1932, he carried out a bombing attack using a bomb disguised as a narrow lunch box at a japanese army celebration of emperor hirohito ' s birthday in hongkou park, shanghai. the bombing killed yoshinori shirakawa, a general of the imperial japanese army, and kawabata sadaji ( \u6cb3 ), a government chancellor of japanese residents in shanghai. it also seriously injured kenkichi ueda, division 9 commander of the japanese imperial army, kuramatsu murai ( \u6751 \u4e95 \u677e ), japanese consul - general in shanghai, and shigemitsu mamoru, japanese envoy in shanghai. yun was arrested at the scene and convicted by the japanese military court in shanghai on 25 may. he was transferred to osaka prison on 18 november, and executed in kanazawa on 18 december. he was buried in nodayama graveyard. chiang kai - shek quoted \" a young korean patriot has accomplished something tens of thousands of chinese soldiers could not do. \" [ clarification needed ] syngman rhee, however, disapproved of the incident and kim gu ' s strategy of assassinations as a means to achieve korean independence, arguing that it justified japanese suppression. in may, 1946, his remains were excavated by korean residents in japan, transferred to seoul and given funeral rites. he was then reburied in the korean national cemetery. in 1962, the government of south korea ' s second republic praised his bombing attack, and posthumously bestowed the republic of korea cordon ( grand cordon ) of the order of liberation merit on him. see also - lee, bong ( 2003 ). the unfinished war : korea. algora publishing. p. 13. - ( korean ) 100\u1102\u1167\u11ab \u1106\u1161\u11ab\u110b\u1166 \u110b\u116e\u1105\u1175 \u1103\u1161\u1100\u1161\u110b\u1169\u11ab \u110b\u1172\u11ab\u1107\u1169\u11bc\u1100\u1175\u11af...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3855948985476976, "token_count": 451, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.735064"} {"text": "palm springs, calif. \u2014 the u. s. fish and wildlife service issued a final rule wednesday protecting casey \u2019 s june beetle as an endangered species and designating 587 acres of critical habitat for it in riverside county, calif. known only from the palm canyon area of palm springs, the beetle is critically endangered by urban development. the center for biological diversity, entomologist david wright and the sierra club petitioned to protect the beetle in 2004. wednesday \u2019 s final rule is the result of a landmark legal settlement between the center and the service that will expedite protection for 757 imperiled species across the country. \u201c we \u2019 re excited that this unique california beetle now has the endangered species act protection it needs to survive, \u201d said tierra curry, a biologist with the center. \u201c endangered species act protection with critical habitat designation is the most effective tool we have for saving species from extinction. \u201d once thought to occur from palm springs to indian wells in the coachella valley, the species now survives in only two populations in a small area in the southern part of palm springs. remaining habitat consists of just 800 acres scattered in nine isolated fragments, primarily on private lands, and is actively shrinking due to the rapid pace of development. \u201c clearly, habitat protection is the most important conservation measure for the casey \u2019 s june beetle, \u201d said curry. \u201c this announcement recognizes the dire straits of this scarab beetle, which is found nowhere else in the world, and gives it the habitat protection it needs to continue to exist. \u201d background on the species casey \u2019 s june beetles are medium - sized june beetles ( june beetles are named after their tendency to fly in late spring evenings ), about one to two inches long, and dusty brown or whitish with longitudinal stripes. their reddish - brown antennae are clubbed, as is common in scarab beetles, with ends consisting of a series of leaf - like plates that can be held together or fanned out to sense scents. adults emerge from holes in the ground to mate in late march through june. females have rarely been found, and always on the ground rather than in flight. males fly swiftly over the ground from about one hour before dusk to shortly after dark to look for females. contact info : tierra curry, ( 928 ) 522 - 3681 website : center for biological diversity", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.3713107660837166, "token_count": 473, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.737525"} {"text": "colonization of soybean aphid, aphis glycines ( homoptera : sternorrhyncha : aphididae ) is of concern to soybean growers in minnesota. an objective of this study was to determine when aphids were first detected in soybean at a statewide level by taking random samples during the growing season from all counties where soybean is grown. from these samples, we hypothesized that spatial data might provide indirect evidence of where soybean aphid successfully overwintered. in addition, we might understand when distribution from soybean to soybean might occur by examining the proportion of alatoid nymphs in the samples. in 2002, soybean aphids were first detected in late june in the lower third of the state. but by early july, soybean aphids were found evenly dispersed in minnesota. since apterae were collected in the june samples, the data suggest that soybean aphid successful overwintered throughout much of minnesota in 2001 - 2002. peak abundance of alatoid nymphs was 11 - 17 august, indicating summer migrations are highest after soybeans are setting and filling pods. the cause for alatoid formation and summer migration observed in 2002 was not clear. in 2003 we experimentally manipulated conditions favorable for alatoid formation. factors such as temperature, photoperiod, plant quality, and crowding were examined independently and in combinations to understand those factors that trigger alatoid nymph formation. back to student competition ten - minute papers, cc, insect vectors in relation to plant disease, cf2, quantitative ecology, and f1, crop protection entomology back to student competition tmp orals back to the 2003 esa annual meeting and exhibition", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47673889783787604, "token_count": 366, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.739510"} {"text": "why did sweden choose, in the late 1960s, to abandon its long - standing nuclear weapons plans? a number of historical investigations have analyzed some aspects of this issue, particularly as it related to the public political debate in sweden and the formulation of the swedish defense doctrine in the postwar years. some studies have attempted to explicate, from a more overarching perspective, why sweden opted not to develop anuclear weapons capability, but these efforts have generally been hampered by heavy dependence on secondary source materials consisting of published english - language works. taken together, these studies provide a far - from - complete picture of sweden \u2019 s historical nuclear weapons plans. the main reason for this lack of a comprehensive picture has been the paucity of primary sources. today, however, the end of the cold war and the declassification of large parts of the relevant documentary record, especially concerning the technical preparations for nuclear weapons production, have created the prerequisites for a more penetrating analysis of this important historical issue. the purpose of this presentation is to summarize the research on sweden \u2019 s plans to acquire nuclear weapons based on primary sources. this overarching analysis is then tested against international relation theories which have sought to explain factors of proliferation and non - proliferation. thomas jonter is professor in international relations at the department of economic history, stockholm university. his research is focused on nuclear non - proliferation and energy security. he is also project leader for different educational and research programs in russia with the aim to initiate academic courses and programs in nuclear non - proliferation at different universities in the regions of tomsk and jekaterinburg. these projects are carried out in a cooperation between swedish radiation safety authority, international atomic energy agency ( iaea ), james martin center for nonproliferation studies ( cns ), monterey, united states, and stockholm international peace reseach institute ( sipri ). professor jonter is also chair of the esarda ( european safeguards and research development association ) working group for training and knowledge management. currently he is a visiting scholar at the europe center at freeman spogli institute for international studies, stanford university. first, professor jonter explains that sweden initiated nuclear weapons research in the 1950 \u2019 s because of the presence of a large uranium supply, ample technological and scientific knowledge, and concerns about self - defense. he cites wide support for nuclear research during that time, including from prime minister tage erlander, the defense ministry, and the military. in 1945 the swedish national defense research establishment created plans for a nuclear", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4532408197297565, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.744455"} {"text": "knowledge, and concerns about self - defense. he cites wide support for nuclear research during that time, including from prime minister tage erlander, the defense ministry, and the military. in 1945 the swedish national defense research establishment created plans for a nuclear weapons program within a civilian nuclear power program, necessitating high levels of cooperation between military and civilian entities. despite pressure from the united states to abandon nuclear research, uranium production began in 1955 along with the construction of two reactors. eventually, social groups within sweden protested and a debate emerged within parliament, resulting in a decision that sweden would only pursue research related to self - defense against the soviet union. behind the scenes, however, nuclear weapons research carried on covertly for some time. jonter addresses questions of whether the program was really weapons - based or simply scientific research, how the debates in sweden were influenced by criticisms at home and abroad, the role of private investors in the swedish nuclear research program, and the factors that ultimately allowed sweden to publicly back away from a weapons program. professor jonter then examines implications for the international system by analyzing the swedish nuclear case in light of several international relations theories. he also considers the argument that \" outward looking \" states which are active in international trade are less likely to develop nuclear weapons. jonter asserts that research on this topic would benefit from more historical analysis of primary resources, although the secret nature of nuclear records make them difficult to access. a question and answer period following the presentation addressed such issues as : how does the swedish case study compare with the danish case? did the swedish government tie its hands with a public decision not to pursue weapons development? is there evidence of sweden having to balance nuclear weapons research with other military expenses? why did the government switch from high levels of secrecy about the nuclear program decisions to a policy of openness and public discussion?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5118735256554776, "token_count": 370, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.745205"} {"text": "the ( chinese : \u897f ) ( formerly called west rail, chinese : \u897f ) is one of the mtr lines in hong kong. it starts at nam cheong station in sham shui po and ends at tuen mun station in tuen mun. only two of its stations, mei foo station and tsuen wan west station, were laid underground, with the others above ground. currently the west rail line provides a local service on its own. no inter - city service is offered, making it effectively more like a metro instead of a commuter railway, although it was built in commuter railway standard, and was expected to accommodate other trains in the future. the railway line was operated by kowloon - canton railway corporation ( kcrc ) as part of the three lines in its network prior to the mtr - kcr merger. operation has since since been taken over by mtr corporation on 2 december 2007 after the merger completed. the line is coloured magenta on the mtr map. the distance between nam cheong and tuen mun stations is 30. 5km. a railway to the northwestern new territories from the urban area in kowloon was proposed in the early 1990s. both the mtr and the kcrc submitted plans to the government, but ultimately the kcrc ' s proposal to tin shui wai new town was selected. however, several major accidents on tuen mun road made residents in tuen mun request a railway connection within the centre of the new town of tuen mun. this made the route in the final proposal deviate from the original plan ( which terminated at the centre of tin shui wai new town ), to terminate near tuen mun town centre. originally, the kcrc expected the west rail line to have a daily ridership figure of 200, 000 passengers, but poor onward connections between stations and the areas they serve meant that the number of commuters choosing to use the line remained far short of the goal after opening. the kcrc was also blamed for its route planning and forceful reduction of bus services, which has mainly been provided by kowloon motor bus after operations began. furthermore, due to the frequent breakdowns, the chairman of kcrc, michael tien, announced that if the performance of did not improve, he would considered resigning. although monthly passes were introduced on august 1 2004, and the daily ridership increased to 150, 000, there was still a long way to go before the kcrc ' s goal of 200, 000 passengers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3805912143789292, "token_count": 509, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.751865"} {"text": "did not improve, he would considered resigning. although monthly passes were introduced on august 1 2004, and the daily ridership increased to 150, 000, there was still a long way to go before the kcrc ' s goal of 200, 000 passengers was met. since december 20 2004, the further discount of 20 % was cancelled due to the quick recovery of the economy and a ridership increase to 170, 000. the monthly pass concession was extended for another half a year. a sightseeing bus service was run as a temporary additional service of the west rail line in the northwest new territories. this service was launched on 26 september 2004 and ended on 28 november. ] in august 2005, michael tien announced that 90 % of breakdowns of the signalling system are due to failure of axle counters. 45 % of the whole line is elevated, which makes power lines easier to be hit by lightning, therefore causing such breakdowns. the average distance between two stations is 3 km, which results in a longer time for engineers to repair the signalling system. the most serious breakdown occurred on july 21 2005 and caused a delay of up to 40 minutes, which exceeds the total journey time of 30 minutes. for this reason, kcrc decided to throw over hk $ 10m to improve the signalling system, including hiring foreign railway experts and finding solutions to decrease down - time. the track is mostly above ground, it runs from east to west. it starts at nam cheong station, which is ground level ( although the track is completely covered and sealed at this point ), and it is located right of west kowloon highway. then the track goes beneath the ground, and it soon is at the underground mei foo station. at tsuen wan west it is as well underground. after the station the track goes into the hills before emerging before kam sheung road station. the rest of the track was constructed on a viaduct, so there is room for an emergency passage. the fare system of the line generally follows the other lines on the ex - kcr network. octopus cards and single ride tickets are available. all persons aged between 12 and 64 ( including students ) are charged the adult fare, while children aged 11 or below, and elderly aged 65 or above. after the rail merger, passengers using octopus cards interchanging at mei foo or nam cheong stations to the or may enjoy fare concessions. the total fare is calculated from the starting and ending stations in the whole journey, irrespective of which interchange station was chosen. the line also offers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.47312960078283006, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.753187"} {"text": "interchanging at mei foo or nam cheong stations to the or may enjoy fare concessions. the total fare is calculated from the starting and ending stations in the whole journey, irrespective of which interchange station was chosen. the line also offers day passes and monthly passes. monthly passes are stored in the octopus card, and allows the passenger to enjoy unlimited rides of the west rail line, light rail, mtr buses, mtr feeder bus route k16 and designated minibus routes within the month. they are sold at $ 400 and holders of the $ 300 monthly pass can continue to enjoy the $ 300 / month offer. day passes are in the form of a magnetic ticket, plus a paper folder which is called the \" boarding pass \" for the free interchange to mtr bus and light rail. they are sold at $ 20, and the passenger can enjoy unlimited rides of the west rail line, light rail, mtr buses and mtr feeder bus route k16 within the service day. they need to use the ticket to pass through the entry / exit gates at west rail line stations. when travelling on buses, they need to present the ticket with the boarding pass when they board. when travelling on the light rail, they need to present the ticket with the boarding pass during ticket inspection. holders of 10 west rail line day passes can exchange for a new west rail day pass at west rail line stations. this is a list of all the stations on west rail. the coloured boxes holding the station names represent the unique colour motif for the station. # under construction at 09 : 15 on february 14 2007, a passenger train broke down when one of the transformers mounted on the train ( emu sp1900 ) roof exploded. it is suspected that the overheated transformer caused its insulating oil to vapourise, thus causing the explosion. in addition, the circuit breaker of the transformer apparently failed to cut the power supply to the transformer. this incident occurred in a tunnel on the southbound section between kam sheung road and tsuen wan west, about 2 km from tsuen wan west. around 650 passengers had to evacuate through the dark tunnel to the station, and around 340 people returned to the ground through a ventilation shaft at chai wan kok. eleven people were sent to hospital. train services returned normal after 4 hours. see main article : northern link ( mtr ), kowloon southern link and sha tin to central link. the will be extended both to the south and north in the future. the northern", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4616882419668751, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.754326"} {"text": "9mm ( or nine - millimetre, depending on your locale ) is a general term for a family of firearm ammunition. the value refers to the diameter of the bullet itself ; the casing may vary in size. typically, this caliber ( for you americans ) ammunition is used in handguns and submachine guns ( machine pistols ). there are a variety of common subtypes of 9mm ammunition. some include : the most famous early adopter of the 9mm standard was georg luger, in the magnificent pistol that bears his name. the luger was originally a 7. 62 and 7. 65mm weapon ( it also even sported the. 45 acp for a u. s. procurement trial series that resulted in the u. s. purchasing the browning m1911 ). in 1904, while still attempting to garner large - scale contracts, luger retooled the gun to fire a larger bullet in order to allay concerns over the stopping power of the weapon. he designed a cylindrical, round - nosed shell, 9mm in diameter and 19mm in length. this version of the weapon was introduced in 1903 / 1904, and the german army and navy accepted it as a standard firearm ( the luger p - 08, for pistole - eight rounds, its capacity ) and thus began the saga of the luger. we are, of course, not too concerned with the luger other than as a booster and impetus for the 9mm caliber of ammunition. during the interwar period, john browning ( creator of the m1911 for the u. s. government ) had also worked with fabrique nationale of belgium to produce a 9mm handgun. loading in the browning ' tipping barrel ' style as opposed to the more complex and expensive luger ' knee toggle ', the fn browning hi - power ( translated from the french original, fn browning grande puissance ) was manufactured before world war ii until the german army captured belgium and, perforce, the fn works. they continued producing the fn - gp for the german military during the war, continuing on to produce it for general and military use by the nato allies afterwards. tooled for the now - venerable luger 9mm, it served to even further spread the use of this cartridge type. note : i had stated that the walther p. 38 was an update of the luger ; jessel has corrected me, informing me that they were in fact separate designs. not to be outdone", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5110082945128102, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.759758"} {"text": "spread the use of this cartridge type. note : i had stated that the walther p. 38 was an update of the luger ; jessel has corrected me, informing me that they were in fact separate designs. not to be outdone, the italians chipped in through the efforts of signior beretta, producing a whole line of 9mm handguns. recently, the beretta m9 has become the standard issue sidearm of the u. s. military, at last supplanting browning ' s. 45 acp. around this time, the german military was looking for a means to offer their paratroopers and other infantry increased firepower. they adopted a weapon known as the m - 38, for machinenpistole or machine pistol, 1938 edition. this gun was a descendent of the first automatic hand weapon, the m - 18, which had seen action in the first world war ; it was, however, better designed, quite rugged, and fired 9mm ammunition. in addition to being a happy medium between round power and round weight ( determining, after all, how many rounds a soldier can carry ) the 9mm was also readily available, being manufactured in mass lots for the now - ubiquitous luger. the weapon went through a revision to become the mp - 40 ; in this guise, it served the germans ( and their enemies as well ; the mp - 40 was prized by allied soldiers over their own nations ' automatic weapons such as the. 45 thompson or the sten gun ) for the duration of the war. afterwards, it went on to be the sire of most modern assault rifles, especially what are arguably the best known of the lot : the ak - 47 and its descendents. the karl walther waffenfabrik had ( after the war ) begun offering other weapons that accepted 9mm rounds, such as the walther ppk. the soviets produced a weapon derived from the ppk known as the makarov 59, which accepted a slightly modified version of the 9mm round - it was 9x18mm, and had a diameter of 0. 365 \". this round, which serves soviet / russian arms still, is known as the 9mm makarov and is in production today not only by some firms but by enthusiastic handloaders around the world who have found that it ' s much cheaper to simply mill down a 9mm luger round. at this point, the 9mm handgun and 9mm submachine gun became almost a de facto standard", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45995176754165207, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.760601"} {"text": "\" a dream within a dream \" is one of poe ' s most beautiful and haunting creations. when compared with his dark and despairing stories, the poem at first seems less typical of poe as it speaks of hopes and dreams rather than bereavement, insanity and pain. although the darkest of poe ' s poetry examines love lost and painful deaths, \" a dream within a dream \" deals with one man ' s loss of hope. the poem is a realisation of the futility and effervescence of mortal existence, and thus the fantasy of dreams though the discourse of the poem seems to reflect the despair of a man entering his final days, poe actually wrote this poem as a young man of eighteen, reflecting upon his future for which he saw little hope : yet if hope has flown away in a night, or in a day, in a vision, or in none, is it therefore the less gone? states that hope has left him, and left him helpless. he reminds the reader that no matter how hope leaves, it is gone nonetheless. delving into the metaphysical, poe gives the statement at the end of the first stanza, that : all that we see or seem is but a dream within a dream. he questions not only his understanding of his own existence and purpose, but the entire world ' s existence and purpose. it is clear that he positions the reader to doubt that life is anything more than a meaningless dream within a dream. clearly the poem signifies different things on different levels. this is the beauty of poe ' s poetry, that it is so open to interpretation the tone of the second stanza alters significantly from the first, and poe begins to use simple yet powerful imagery to illustrate the futility of life. he stands amid the roar / of a shore tormented shore that metaphorically represents his life, trying to clutch a handful of the golden sand as it sifts through his fingers. the golden sand is symbolic of many things. it could represent important people in his life that are leaving him one by one, or the precious moments of time that inevitably slip through his fingers, lost to the deep. indeed, poe lost many of the women in his life through various diseases and troubles. poe cries to god while he weeps in despair over his loss : while i weep \u2013 while i weep! o god! can i not grasp them with a tighter clasp? o god! can i not save one from the pitiless wave? this powerful and evoking language exhibits the despondent, despairing,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5138958640592819, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.763324"} {"text": "agriculture, or the ability to produce food by growing it instead of hunting it or gathering it, has probably been robbed by the invention of fire of the title of most significant development in human history the life of a human being before agriculture was marked by the highest levels of \" leisure time \" of any subsequent society, fewer pervasive psychological disorders, equality among small social groups ( including equality between genders ), freedom from institutional conflicts, absence of \" leaders \" and \" followers, \" as well as \" property \" and \" territory, \" and required less \" work per calorie \" than any other method of organizing human endeavor ever invented since. organization was not unknown in this environment, but food gathering consisted primarily of hunting animals and gathering edible plants. there was a linear relationship between the effort to obtain food and the amount of food obtained. also, any member of the society was capable of fending for themselves in \" the wild \" - which was really more like a really, really big backyard. meanwhile, food surpluses in primitive cultures led to non - egalitarian social hierarchies, rulers, \" workers \", law, slaves, wealth and poverty, eventually money, organized trade, social specialization, which led to the development of skill - based trades, such as police, doctors, metalworkers, weavers, animal tenders, thinkers and writers, teachers, artists, and so forth - numerous kinds of non - food producing jobs were now possible, since large quantities of food could now be harvested, stored, distributed, and traded more efficiently for other goods ; and let ' s not forget large scale organized warfare with newly specialized soldiers, fought over the newly developed concept of wealth... trade, meanwhile, catalyzed the development of language, and specifically written language, as well as mathematics, and the sciences. the net effect of this development is impossible to inclusively catalog. other pervasive effects of agriculture upon human society include a dramatic change in gender roles and intersex relationships, an increased average lifespan, the tendency of people to congregate and cohabitate in increasingly, often pathologically, large groups, now called cities, the gradual erosion of the large, extended family and / or community social model and the rise of the nuclear family and \" individualism, \" as well as \" modern religion \" - which is characterized by a patriarchal hierarchy, institutional mysogyny, monotheism, asceticism, elaborate behavioral codes and \" laws, \" unification of state / religion", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.506254667904632, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.766770"} {"text": "\" individualism, \" as well as \" modern religion \" - which is characterized by a patriarchal hierarchy, institutional mysogyny, monotheism, asceticism, elaborate behavioral codes and \" laws, \" unification of state / religion / territory, violent conflict with other religions / beliefs and other manifestations of xenophobia, as well as, almost universally, a creation myth involving progenitors which are cast out of an innocent state into a harsh, punishing world by a vengeful god. the book of genesis is particularly telling, as it relates : 3 : 13 and the lord god said unto the woman, what is this that thou hast done? and the woman said, the serpent beguiled me, and i did eat. and the lord god said unto the serpent, because thou hast done this, thou art cursed above all cattle, and above every beast of the field ; upon thy belly shalt thou go, and dust shalt thou eat all the days of thy life : and i will put enmity between thee and the woman, and between thy seed and her seed ; it shall bruise thy head, and thou shalt bruise his heel. unto the woman he said, i will greatly multiply thy sorrow and thy conception ; in sorrow thou shalt bring forth children ; and thy desire shall be to thy husband, and he shall rule over thee. and unto adam he said, because thou hast hearkened unto the voice of thy wife, and hast eaten of the tree, of which i commanded thee, saying, thou shalt not eat of it : cursed is the ground for thy sake ; in sorrow shalt thou eat of it all the days of thy life ; thorns also and thistles shall it bring forth to thee ; and thou shalt eat the herb of the field ; in the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread, till thou return unto the ground ; for out of it wast thou taken : for dust thou art, and unto dust shalt thou return.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.53425881345283, "token_count": 414, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.767584"} {"text": "par \" tial (? ), a. [ f., fr. ll. partials, fr. l. pars, gen. partis, a part ; cf. ( for sense 1 ) f. partiel. see part, n. ] of, pertaining to, or affecting, a part only ; not general or universal ; not total or entire ; as, a partial eclipse of the moon. dissolutions of the earth. \" inclined to favor one party in a cause, or one side of a question, more then the other ; baised ; not indifferent ; as, a judge should not be partial. ye have been partial in the law. mal. ii. 9. having a predelection for ; inclined to favor unreasonably ; foolishly fond. not partial to an ostentatious display. sir w. scott. pertaining to a subordinate portion ; as, a compound umbel is made up of a several partial umbels ; a leaflet is often supported by a partial petiole. partial differentials, partial differential coefficients, partial differentiation, etc. ( of a function of two or more variables ), the differentials, differential coefficients, differentiation etc., of the function, upon the hypothesis that some of the variables are for the time constant. - - partial fractions alg., fractions whose sum equals a given fraction. - - partial tones music, the simple tones which in combination form an ordinary tone ; the overtones, or harmonics, which, blending with a fundamental tone, cause its special quality of sound, or timbre, or tone color. see, also, tone. \u00a9 webster 1913.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5656142067272305, "token_count": 341, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.769059"} {"text": "countless plays, operas and movies have been based on the works of the great bard of avon, william shakespeare ( 1564 - 1616 ), varying from word - for - word adaptations to loose borrowing of plot or characters. among those who owe a debt to shakespeare is italian opera composer vincenzo bellini ( 1801 - 35 ), whose i capuleti e i montecchi ( the capulets and montagues ) is based on the bard \u2019 s immortal tale of love and death, romeo and juliet ( 1595 ), albeit several times removed. the libretto by felice romani that bellini used was a reworking of shakespeare \u2019 s legendary tale as first intended for use as giulietta e romeo by the composer nicola vaccai ; and in doing so, romani drew upon the 1818 play giulietta e romeo by luigi scevola! by age 28, bellini had composed six operas with middling success and had yet to truly find his voice. his last effort, zaira, composed for the inauguration of the teatro ducale in bellini \u2019 s version of romeo and juliet emphasizes its poignancy and is focused squarely upon the central characters. he chose to cast romeo for a female ( mezzo - soprano ) to further enhance the youth and vulnerability of the doomed lovers. very little remains in common with shakespeare \u2019 s version, however : i capuleti e i montecchi retains only the protagonists \u2019 names, the faked death and the debacle of missed messages. romeo and juliet, in fact, begin the opera already in love. though bellini \u2019 s i capuleti e i montecchi was an initial success, it soon faded from opera houses, in part because bellini had indeed found his voice and quickly produced other works, including his trio of unquestioned masterpieces : la sonnambula ( 1831 ), norma ( 1831 ) and i puritani ( 1835 ). the latter was staged just eight months before bellini \u2019 s unfortunate, early demise. bellini \u2019 s abilities and talents were undeniable, earning him the admiration of even the most \u201c revolutionary \u201d of his contemporaries \u2014 liszt, berlioz and wagner ( they may have thought bellini to be hopelessly old - fashioned, but they could not deny the appeal of the rich melodies he created ). bellini \u2019 s characteristically flowing and finely sculpted vocal lines \u2014 as evinced in his works from i capuleti e i montecchi on \u2014 represent the very epitome of the bel can", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4216035479374991, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.772745"} {"text": "teen drivers remain most at risk teen drivers remain one of ohio \u2019 s most at risk groups when it comes to becoming involved in a traffic crash. from 2009 - 2011, teen drivers were at fault in 114, 737 traffic crashes, resulting in 50, 492 injuries and 329 deaths on ohio \u2019 s roadways. teen drivers were at fault in 10 % of all fatal crashes during the same time period. while crash causes may vary, speed - related circumstances accounted for more than half ( 56 % ) of crashes caused by teen drivers. that is why it is important for teen drivers and their parents to be aware of the dangers new drivers face and for these new drivers to make safe and responsible decisions while driving. \u201c no one else is in control of the vehicle except for the person behind the wheel, \u201d said colonel john born, patrol superintendent. \u201c that is why responsibility, awareness and safety are so important for our youngest drivers. \u201d teen drivers are inexperienced and at times can make poor decisions. as a result, in august 2012, the patrol partnered with the ohio high school athletic association to launch a program to educate ohio high school students and student - athletes about the dangers new - drivers face. the you are in control program emphasizes the importance of decision making and reminds students that they are in control when behind the wheel. while education and awareness are extremely important, the patrol also aims to change driver behavior through traffic enforcement. from 2009 - 2011, 60 % of the citations issued to teen drivers were for speed - related violations and 19 % were for failure to wear a safety belt. teen drivers are encouraged to plan ahead when traveling to or from school or school events in order to eliminate rushing from one location to another. they are also reminded that safety belts save lives and they should encourage everyone in their vehicle to buckle - up, every time. for a statistical map regarding teen drivers and a county - by - county breakdown of where patrol citations have been issued, please visit http : / / statepatrol. ohio. gov / doc / teendrivers _ bulletin _ 2012. pdf", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3865466859771809, "token_count": 417, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.775251"} {"text": "in 1944, friedrich a. hayek wrote one of the most thought - provoking books of our time \u2014 the road to serfdom. hayek warned that great britain and the united states were abandoning their heritage of liberty and adopting the economic principles of the nazis, fascists, and socialists. it was not a message which the politicians, bureaucrats, and social planners of that time wanted to hear. hayek, who would later win the nobel memorial prize in economics science, was vilified as an old - fashioned reactionary. no one today can seriously dispute that hayek was right. although americans, for example, continue to operate under the delusion that they live in a free - enterprise nation, for the last sixty years they have traveled the same moral, philosophical, and economic mad as their enemies \u2014 the road to the welfare - state, regulated - economy way of life \u2014 the road to serfdom. hayek was also a lawyer. in fact, some of his greatest contributions have been in the area of law. among his finest books are the constitution of liberty and his three - volume work, law, legislation, and liberty. two of the most important legal concepts that hayek underscored were, first, the nature and purposes of political constitutions and, second, the legal principle known as \u201c the rule of law. \u201d few americans today understand the true idea and purpose of the u. s. constitution. they have been taught to believe \u2014 and do believe \u2014 that their rights emanate from the constitution. hayek pointed out the true nature of rights and the constitution. he observed that our american ancestors subscribed to the most radical principles of individualism and liberty ever known to man. they truly believed the ideas set forth by john locke and thomas jefferson \u2014 that people have certain fundamental and inherent rights \u2014 life, liberty, property, and the pursuit of happiness \u2014 and that these rights have been endowed by \u201c nature and nature \u2019 s god, \u201d not by government. to protect themselves and their property from the violent acts of others, and to provide a means by which people could peacefully resolve their disputes, our ancestors established a national government. but there was one overriding concern : what would prevent our government from becoming destructive of the very ends for which it was formed? the goal, then, was to institute a government which could be kept within a very narrow purpose : to protect, not regulate or destroy, the natural, god - given rights of the people. so, while the constitution instituted government,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.534404131969711, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.785517"} {"text": "was formed? the goal, then, was to institute a government which could be kept within a very narrow purpose : to protect, not regulate or destroy, the natural, god - given rights of the people. so, while the constitution instituted government, it also straightjacketed it. the constitution set forth a very specific list of enumerated powers, as well as express prohibitions on the powers of the national government. as hayek observes, the constitution did not give the people rights. instead, the constitution was a law \u2014 a higher law \u2014 imposed on the officials of the national government to prevent them from interfering with preexisting rights. in a series of judicial decisions in the 1800s and early 1900s, the concept of \u201c substantive due process \u201d came to be an established judicial doctrine. it held that life, liberty, and property were extensions of each other. a person has the fundamental right to sustain and improve his life through labor, engage in any economic enterprise without political interference, enter into mutually beneficial exchanges with others ( \u201c liberty of contract \u201d ), and accumulate unlimited amounts of wealth from these endeavors. the courts held that the exercise of these rights were beyond the reach of the majority \u2014 beyond the constitutionally granted powers of the government. equally important, the legal concept of \u201c the rule of law \u201d was incorporated into our judicial system. as hayek explains, the rule of law means that people do not have to answer to the arbitrary decisions of governmental officials ; instead, they guide their actions by what is prohibited by a clearly defined law. freedom, therefore, means answering only to a well - defined, previously established law, rather than to the arbitrary and discretionary edicts of some. today, of course, the thinking of the american people is entirely different. believing that their rights come from government, they believe that government can rightfully regulate or take them away. thus, since the 1930s, the american people have lived under a political order in which governmental officials have omnipotent power over their lives and fortunes. moreover, unlike their ancestors, americans today believe that politicians and bureaucrats can be trusted with unlimited political power. \u201c we should elect the best people to public office and then trust them to do the right thing, \u201d is the prevailing attitude, for example, in the war on drugs, war on poverty, war on illiteracy, and so forth. americans believe that the constraints of the constitution should be curtailed, if not ended. the idea that life, liberty, property, and the pursuit of happiness", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5498996956715013, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.786568"} {"text": "the war on drugs, war on poverty, war on illiteracy, and so forth. americans believe that the constraints of the constitution should be curtailed, if not ended. the idea that life, liberty, property, and the pursuit of happiness are fundamental, preexisting rights with which no governmental official can legitimately interfere is an alien notion to our fellow americans. the belief is that caesar \u2014 the state \u2014 should have the power to regulate and take away that which he has given. and, unfortunately, the rule of law is also now considered an outdated legal concept. today, people must answer to hundreds of thousands of arbitrary, unclear edicts from the politicians and bureaucrats rather than to clearly defined laws. for example, take the rules against \u201c unfair business practices. \u201d if a businessman sells his product at a price lower than his competitors, he is subject to being prosecuted for predatory business practices. if he sells his product at the same price as others, he can be prosecuted for antitrust violations. thus, since every businessman is always subject to a criminal prosecution which inevitably entails hundreds of thousands of dollars in legal fees, he must always kowtow to his political and bureaucratic masters. he must answer to them rather than to a clearly defined law. and the tax code is no different. once a person bypasses the \u201c standard deduction, \u201d he enters into the nether world of potential prosecution for tax violations. that is the beautiful thing ( in the mind of the governmental official ) about hundreds of thousands of rules and regulations \u2014 there is no way that a person can ever be in full compliance with all of them. thus, each person who works his way through the maze of the irs code is always subject to criminal prosecution for violating one of the myriad of rules and regulations. let \u2019 s look at a couple of real - world examples. michael milken, now serving jail time, is a good example of the hazards of abandoning the rule of law. despite all the years that milken worked on wall street, and all of the billions of dollars with which he dealt, the government was able to get him for violating only a few ridiculous and inane regulations. another example \u2014 leona helmsley. although paying several millions of dollars in income taxes, she supposedly committed the heinous crime of taking some improper deductions on her income - tax return, thereby depriving the politicians and bureaucrats of their milk ; and so now she must serve four years in a federal penitentiary. and why milken and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5077794848646258, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.788603"} {"text": "the heinous crime of taking some improper deductions on her income - tax return, thereby depriving the politicians and bureaucrats of their milk ; and so now she must serve four years in a federal penitentiary. and why milken and helmsley? two reasons. first, they make good victims, for they are rich \u2014 and americans are taught in their public schools to hate the rich and covet their wealth. second, wealthy people are the best vehicle by which the government can send its not - so - subtle message to us \u201c regular \u2019 people : \u201c listen up, you little people \u2014 if the wealthiest and most influential among you cannot stand against us, then certainly neither can you. and if you try, we will smash you, just as we have smashed them \u2014 only a little faster. obey and pay \u2014 or suffer the consequences. \u201d thus, even though they will never admit it openly, the american people live their lives filled with fear and terror. in public, they say, \u201c i \u2019 m proud to be an american. \u201d in private, they shudder at the thought of having their doors bashed down by irs agents or of having to & fend themselves in court against the mighty power of the u. s. government. what will it take to abandon the road to serfdom which americans have traveled during the last sixty years? the fast step is for people to pierce through to reality \u2014 to realize that what hayek said was true \u2014 that the u. s. has, in fact, adopted the nazi, fascist, and socialist economic principles of regulation of property and redistribution of wealth. the second step is to lose what the russian people have lost \u2014 the terrifying and paralyzing fear of politicians and bureaucrats. and, third, since our government has become destructive of the ends for which it was formed, to alter or abolish it and implement new government designed to protect, not destroy, our lives and fortunes. herein lies the road to freedom.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4719458076840775, "token_count": 403, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.789576"} {"text": "students and teachers in the francis howell school district ( fhsd ) are taking advantage of the district \u2019 s new technology initiative, b. y. o. t. which means, \u201c bring your own technology. \u201d students at francis howell high school ( fhhs ) had the opportunity to utilize their personal digital devices to conduct research to complete an english research assignment during end of course assessments. freshman english teachers at fhhs were unable to access the school library computers due to testing ; however, this did not stop students from completing their assignment. teachers and students gathered in the upper commons area at the high school, where they were able to conduct research using their digital devices. students without digital devices used books that were wheeled in on book carts and students with smart devices were able to download mobile apps, such as encyclopedia britannica, to finish their research. teachers were amazed at how well students worked, as they were engaged for the entire 90 minute scheduled course time. although, all teachers have not begun to incorporate b. y. o. t. into their curriculums or teaching practices gina hartman, educational technology specialist for the francis howell school district, says that b. y. o. t. is important for student learning. \u201c it allows for ubiquitous access and learning, anywhere and anytime, \u201d said hartman. \u201c in a b. y. o. t. classroom the teachers \u2019 role shifts from the expert to the facilitator, allowing for 21st century learning to take place. \u201d brian santos, spanish teacher and instructional technology specialist at francis howell north ( fhn ) high school, has incorporated b. y. o. t. in his classroom curriculum in numerous ways by allowing students to use their cell phones. santos uses the online website www. poleeverywhere. com, a real - time inexpensive mobile and web technology, to conduct surveys or ask multiple - choice questions about a specific topic. students use text messaging to submit their responses to a provided number and instantly the results are displayed in graph format in the teacher \u2019 s powerpoint presentation or web browser. santos also uses google voice, which allows students to answer questions in spanish to practice their speech and pronunciation as well as practice self - editing techniques. yodio. com is a program that santos recently used for a family history project, where students were able to upload images and narrate audio clips from their mobile devices about their families. santos also uses ipadio. com to create live broadcasts and podcasts from any phone to the internet live. additionally", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.45013334805865485, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.793506"} {"text": "a family history project, where students were able to upload images and narrate audio clips from their mobile devices about their families. santos also uses ipadio. com to create live broadcasts and podcasts from any phone to the internet live. additionally, santos is also heavily involved with professional development at fhn and says that because there has been a culture shift of digital immigrants ( those of the pre - digital age ) and digital natives ( native speakers of the digital language ) ; many teachers fall into the digital immigrant category. \u201c teachers fall into a distinct population ; some are digital immigrants and some are digital natives, \u201d said santos. \u201c a lot of teachers are digital immigrants and are apprehensive about using technology ; my job is to make teachers more comfortable with technology usage in the classroom. \u201d however, some teachers are apprehensive of allowing students to use their personal devices in the classroom because every student does not have access to digital devices outside of the school environment. in a recent survey conducted at fhn, santos found that 75 percent of students owned a cell phone and 60 percent of students owned a smartphone, for example apple iphone, blackberry or android. this may seem to pose a problem, but santos encourages students to share devices or submit answers in an alternate form for in - class assignments. hartman says teachers have the option of checking out mobile devices from school libraries. \u201c teachers can check out mobile devices that are available in the library for those students or incorporate cooperative learning activities where students are in small groups working and each individual students doesn \u2019 t need their own mobile device, \u201d said hartman. although, b. y. o. t. is only currently being offered at the middle and high school levels, hartman says the ultimate goal is to encourage more teachers to incorporate b. y. o. t. into their teaching curriculums next school year. hartman encourages teachers interested in b. y. o. t. to sign - up for district workshops or look for professional development opportunities that will be offered during the school year. \u201c students have cell phones and use them for entertainment, why not use them for learning, \u201d said santos. \u201c i think teachers should try to incorporate new digital technologies into education ; thus bringing entertainment to education. \u201d click here to access the fhsd b. y. o. t. guide for students, teachers and parents.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4393008327315199, "token_count": 477, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.794494"} {"text": "think before you type our mission : sisterhood journey take action project was centered around an issue we feel strongly about : bullying. specifically we wanted to focus on cyber bulling, by teaching younger girls the dos and don \u2019 ts of texting and using social media. our goals were to educate middle school girls on the proper things to type, to teach them how to avoid sending or posting information they will regret, and to protect them from gossip and rumors. we planned to accomplish all of these goals by teaching them how to think before they put things in writing. we wanted to help them be respectful of themselves and other women. we held our event at the local youth center in springdale, arkansas. we decided that the event would last for five hours, involving middle school girls with their cell phones. we made special permission slips for the girls to have signed. the slips asked if the girls had cell phones, if they had unlimited texting ability, and if they could participate in a texting scavenger hunt. on the day of the event, we broke the girls into two large groups. the groups rotated between the different sessions we had planned. we were surprised to hear that even at their ages \u2013 between 10 and 13 \u2013 many of the girls had already received hurtful text messages. we talked to the girls about thinking before they type anything on their phones or on facebook, and about how saying certain things can hurt people \u2019 s feelings. we also asked them to think about how their messages or what they post online will reflect on them. we discussed appropriate times to text and when you should leave your phone alone, and showed videos about the dangers of texting and driving. in doing this journey project, we learned how to work together as a team. we saw that we have a couple of natural leaders on our team, and some who prefer to do behind - the - scenes work. we learned that a few of us are good at public speaking, and some of us need some more practice. most importantly, we enjoyed teaching the girls about using social media responsibly \u2013 in some cases, they were able to learn from mistakes we \u2019 d made ourselves. and the project does not stop here. we will host the workshop again next year, and we plan to have senior troops host similar events for two more years after that. as social media expands and changes in the next three years, our take action project will evolve with it. this post was written by the girl scouts of senior troop 5223", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4914717547959211, "token_count": 504, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.798095"} {"text": "| portest against nuclear power in tokyo | by dennis normile, science insider, january 27, 2012 tokyo \u2014 japan is preparing for the possibility of a summer without nuclear power as utilities and safety experts squabble over the safety of the country ' s remaining reactors. and a key government minister is calling the power industry ' s bluff \u2014 that blackouts will occur if plants idled for inspection are not brought online \u2014 by saying the nation could avoid disruption by relying on conservation and thermal power. by law, nuclear power plants must be periodically shut down for maintenance and inspection ; utilities need national and local permission to restart operations. in the wake of the fukushima disaster, last summer the governing democratic party of japan required \" stress tests, \" analyses of a facility ' s ability to withstand natural disasters, to be part of the periodic inspection routine. that analysis was carried out for two reactors at a plant in ohi on the japan sea coast and submitted for review to japan ' s nuclear and industrial safety agency ( nisa ), which concluded they had passed. operator kansai electric power is seeking approval to restart the two reactors. but today two members of a nisa advisory committee called the stress tests flawed and \" not proof of safety. \" at a press conference, hiromitsu ino, a materials scientist and professor emeritus at the university of tokyo, and masashi goto, a former nuclear power plant designer, said their concerns were simply ignored in the final report. ino said there are nine issues the stress tests failed to address. he said the criteria for the tests should reflect lessons learned from the fukushima disaster, but that the studies into the sequence of events that led to the cascade of failures are ongoing. without the results of those studies, he says, the criteria being used are \" subjective and unclear. \" he notes that the stress tests called for checking facility resistance to shaking 1. 8 times the design earthquake, yet seismologists have noted that those design events are based on the historical record and it is now clear that much more powerful earthquakes have occurred over geologic time. the analyses also do not consider the inevitable degradation over time of a reactor ' s materials. meanwhile, economy, trade and industry minister yukio edano was reported in this morning ' s asahi shimbun ( newspaper ) as saying it is conceivable that none of the country ' s nuclear power plants will be operating this summer because of the difficulty of gaining local approval to restart. of japan ' s 54 nuclear reactors, only three are currently operating", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.493154592286436, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.801100"} {"text": "and that, not complexity or a lack of complexity, is the core claim of id - - that one can distinguish the natural from the artificial or intelligently made. if seti claims that such a distinction can be made scientifically, then the idea that one could distinguish the natural from the artificial in biology is not unreasonable. despite what this article claims, both seti and id are doing the same thing. seti assumes, without any existing evidence, that extraterrestrial intillgence may exist. in order to find evidence of such et intelligence, they look for evidence of signals which have characteristics that would distinguish the artificial from the natural. id assumes, without any existing evidence, that a creator of some sort may exist. in order to find evidence of such a creator, they look for evidence of pheonemna or features of life or the universe that would distinguish the created phoneomna from the natural. both start with no evidence and propose finding the evidence by looking for created features among natural features. so without the whole complexity red herring, the difference is? either you can differentiate the natural from the intelligently created or you can ' t. either both are science or neither is. seti has made a number of advance predictions about the sort of as - yet - undetected signal that would reflect intelligent creation rather than natural origin ( e. g. the distinction between a broad - spectrum and a narrow - band signal described in the above article ). id has made a number of after - the - fact assertions about already - known natural phenomena ( e. g. the claim that the probability of existing macromolecules forming is unreasonably low, even over an entire planet and billions of years ). the difference is equivalent to that between painting a target on a wall and shooting a bullet through the bulls - eye and shooting a bullet through a wall and painting a bulls - eye around the hole. both start with no evidence and propose finding the evidence by looking for created features among natural features. so without the whole complexity red herring, the difference is? either you can differentiate the natural from the intelligently created or you can ' t. either both are science or neither is. not really. seti looks for signals that can be differentiated from known natural sources that have features of an efficient, regular or simple artificial source. these are compared to known characteristics of artificial sources, their ability to be reproduced from technology id points to complexity alone as evidence for a claim of an \" artifical \" source of design", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5429530123669218, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.807353"} {"text": "that have features of an efficient, regular or simple artificial source. these are compared to known characteristics of artificial sources, their ability to be reproduced from technology id points to complexity alone as evidence for a claim of an \" artifical \" source of design plan. it ignores the evidence of chemical and physical laws producing a multitude of complex systems. seti observes signals, experiments to understand if the signal could come from a known artificial source, predicts possible signal characteristics and mechanisms to produce such a signal. the requirements are specific : any signal less than about 300 hz wide must be, as far as we know, artificially produced. such narrow - band signals are what all seti experiments look for. other tell - tale characteristics include a signal that is completely polarized or the existence of coded information on the signal. narrow - band signals, say those that are only a few hertz or less wide, are the mark of a purposely built transmitter. natural cosmic noisemakers, such as pulsars, quasars, and the turbulent, thin interstellar gas of our own milky way, do not make radio signals that are this narrow. the static from these objects is spread all across the dial. seti faq id simply says it is complex thus it is artifical. why? it ' s artificial because it is complex. that ' s not science - that ' s fallacious logic. it ' s possible, but you need a measure that will separate the natural from the designed. the seti researchers have identified one reasonable measure : the narrowness of the band of an electromagnetic emission. this is predicated on the observation that the signals we use to communicate are far narrower, in frequency space, than any natural emission we know about. ( i guarantee you one thing, though : if and when a narrow electromagnetic emission of extraterrestrial origin is found, scientists will fall all over themselves proposing natural mechanisms for it. these will likely be testable, however. ) the id proponents have proposed a different measure, relevant to their assertions : complexity. natural things, they assert, are simple ; designed things are complex. it is certainly a testable approach ; the problem is that the measure fails miserably on the most cursory inspection. bricks are obviously designed, but it is the simplicity of the brick that tells you that. cars are more complex, but they really are simple compared to, say, a cloud, or a coastline. in fact, it ' s easy to come up with any number of manifestly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.583213913239699, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.808310"} {"text": "| home > news & policies > proclamation archives | for immediate release office of the press secretary april 21, 2006 jewish american heritage month, 2006 a proclamation by the president of the united states of america when the first jewish settlers came to this land, they sought a place of promise where they could practice their faith in freedom and live in liberty. during jewish american heritage month, we celebrate the rich history of the jewish people in america and honor the great contributions they have made to our country. as a nation of immigrants, the united states is better and stronger because jewish people from all over the world have chosen to become american citizens. since arriving in 1654, jewish americans have achieved great success, strengthened our country, and helped shape our way of life. through their deep commitment to faith, family, and community, jewish americans remind us of a basic belief that guided the founding of this nation : that there is an almighty who watches over the affairs of men and values every life. the jewish people have enriched our culture and contributed to a more compassionate and hopeful america. jewish american heritage month is also an opportunity to remember and thank the many jewish americans who defend our ideals as members of the united states armed forces. these courageous men and women risk their lives to protect their fellow citizens and to advance the cause of freedom. by helping to bring the promise of liberty to millions around the world, they lay the foundation of peace for generations to come. now, therefore, i george w. bush, president of the united states of america, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the constitution and laws of the united states, do hereby proclaim may 2006 as jewish american heritage month. i call upon all americans to observe this month with appropriate programs and activities that honor the significant contributions jewish americans have made to our nation. in witness whereof, i have hereunto set my hand this twentieth day of april, in the year of our lord two thousand six, and of the independence of the united states of america the two hundred and thirtieth. george w. bush # # #", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42360319071666186, "token_count": 417, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.810484"} {"text": "donate breast milk, save preemies ' lives human milk dramatically boosts the chances for sick and fragile newborns to survive ; however, not every mom can produce it. by summer cassidy, rn, bsn, ibclc, lactation educator, neonatal intensive care unit, advocate lutheran general children ' s hospital. every day, i work with new mothers to assist them in nursing their newborns. if their baby is premature or sick, i help them pump so they can establish and maintain their milk supply. aside from the numerous advantages that human ( breast ) milk provides to the healthiest newborns, it is highly recommended for premature babies who spend time in the neonatal intensive care unit ( nicu ). for these infants, human milk has life - saving health benefits : - lowers risk of necrotizing enterocolitis ( nec ) \u2014 the most common and most fatal gastrointestinal emergency in the nicu. - decreases risk of retinopathy of prematurity ( rop ) \u2014 a potentially blinding eye disease that is primarily seen in premature babies. - lowers sepsis ( infection ) rates. - decreases length of stay in the nicu by approximately two weeks. - decreases incidence of feeding intolerance and diarrhea. the nicu mothers i work with understand the importance of their milk. they pump so that they can provide their infants with this life saving milk. unfortunately, not every mother can breastfeed or provide all of her infants nutritional needs by pumping. this may be a result of a low milk supply, the need to take medications that could be passed through her system, cases of adoption or surrogacy, or if the mother is too ill. until recently, we have been like every other hospital in the area and had no choice but to give these at - risk babies formula. however, a new program that my department developed is making it possible for all qualifying nicu babies to receive human milk. advocate lutheran general children \u2019 s hospital is the first chicago - area hospital to offer a donor milk program to babies in the nicu. while several area hospitals are planning to implement similar programs, we are currently the only hospital offering pasteurized donor human milk to sick and fragile infants. since the program began in april of 2011, we \u2019 ve seen incredible results in the health of our nicu babies with nec rates decreasing significantly. our donor milk program follows guidelines from the human milk banking association of north america ( hmbana ), which regulates all aspects of the process. here \u2019 s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.428158159538912, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.814854"} {"text": "\u2019 ve seen incredible results in the health of our nicu babies with nec rates decreasing significantly. our donor milk program follows guidelines from the human milk banking association of north america ( hmbana ), which regulates all aspects of the process. here \u2019 s how it works : collection \u2013 as wonderful a gift as donated breast milk is, not every woman can be a human milk donor under hmbana guidelines. women must undergo rigorous medical tests, including blood testing for hiv and hepatitis, and pass strict lifestyle criteria before their milk will be accepted. once approved, women ship their milk to the milk bank or bring their donated milk to a milk depot facility, where it is stored frozen and shipped for processing and pasteurization. pasteurization \u2013 once donated milk has been received at the milk bank, it is pooled and pasteurized to destroy viruses and bacteria. after pasteurization, the milk is tested again to ensure that is safe for the babies. delivery \u2013 we currently receive shipments of pasteurized donor human milk from the indiana mother \u2019 s milk bank and will soon begin receiving milk from the mother \u2019 s milk bank of the western great lakes. after receiving consent from parents, we can ensure that their babies in the nicu are receiving 100 % human milk exclusively, which significantly increases their chances of surviving and thriving. mother \u2019 s milk is used first. if unavailable, pasteurized donor human milk is used to ensure optimal health and nutrition. in our first six months of operation at lutheran general, we provided nearly 3, 000 ounces of pasteurized donor human milk to babies. and because we feel that this program is so important, advocate lutheran general covers any program costs that a family \u2019 s insurance doesn \u2019 t. the success of our donor milk program has inspired us to take it a step further. in january 2012, lutheran general hospital began screening potential human milk donors and accepting milk, making us home to the first milk depot in northern illinois. if you would like to help improve the life of a newborn in this area through the gift of breast milk, or if you would like more information about out donor milk program, please contact lucia or summer at ( 847 ) 723 - 7341. pasteurized donor human milk improves infant outcomes and saves lives. summer cassidy, rn, bsn, ibclc, is a lactation educator at the neonatal intensive care unit of advocate lutheran general children \u2019 s hospital.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4204595922622286, "token_count": 486, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.816072"} {"text": "the microbes get stronger while the macrobes weaken. your operation ' s ability to wage the war against foodborne illness begins with an appreciation of the strength, resilience and mobility of the enemy and the suseptibility of your customer base. with microbes being an important part of our immune system, how do we identify the pathogens? how do we harness the constructive power of science? how does hep a and norovirus escape the restroom - fecal, hand, oral. unfortunately, this enemy fights a guerilla war, searching out a body ' s temporary weakness as a zone to penetrate. in the right conditions, heat and moisture, microbes mutate and evolve at an astonishing pace, further resisting efforts to control their impact. both bacteria and virus can survive weeks on inanimate surfaces, waiting their chance to attack. norovirus is the most prolific of the foodborne pathogens. for many years laboratory limitations left our knowlege about this virus in the dark. it was, and still is by many, known as the \" winter vomiting disease \" in england and montezuma ' s revenge by the at - risk north american visitor. the attached \" bug \" chart provides details on some of the more common pathogens that can inflict their pain and suffering thanks to inadequate food handling practices and poor hand hygiene. download bug chart ( print on 11 \" x 17 \" for easy reading )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49296066340060585, "token_count": 289, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.817711"} {"text": "uberhacker ii, chapter 3 : how to get many operating systems on one pc, continued... ide hard drives are the ones that usually come with pcs. scsi drives are faster, and you can place many more scsi drives on one pc. the disadvantage is that scsi drives cost more and, in order to run them, you usually have to add a scsi card and cables to your pc. also, today most bioses only offer the choice of one generic boot from a scsi drive, yet allow you to specify any ide drive. this chapter will assume ide drives for booting operating the disadvantage of ide drives is that you can have no more than two ide busses ( the cables that connect drives to the motherboard ) and each ide bus can have no more than two drives. this includes the total of hard and cd or dvd drives. if you are using old hard drives, be careful. they have a tendency to crash when it is most inconvenient, and take a lot of work to make halfway safe to use. one problem is that it could have an infected master boot record. some of these boot sector viruses are subtle but will really mess you up in ways that don ' t obviously point to a viral culprit. or there could be errors in the disk geometry - the way it has been formatted - that could give you endless headaches. worst of all, it could have been zapped by a power surge or for any other reason could have lots of bad blocks. this could mean it is nearing a disk crash. a disk crash is basically impossible to fix. the best safety measure is to do a low - level format. this is a type of formatting that is specific to each manufacturer. to get the appropriate software for this, write down the product data printed on the disk, then go to the manufacturer ' s web site and download whatever they advertise for testing and erasing that drive. they may not necessarily call it \" low level format \" and they may require more than one program to do the job. if during testing you find bad blocks, watch out for an impending crash. i ' ve used partition magic ( http : / / www. powerquest. com ) to test and clean old hard drives, with mixed results. if a hard drive is too messed up, it labels it bad and gives up. yet i ' ve made a \" bad \" drive good - even one zapped by lightning - by using the manufacturer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.48685523037706424, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.824757"} {"text": "and clean old hard drives, with mixed results. if a hard drive is too messed up, it labels it bad and gives up. yet i ' ve made a \" bad \" drive good - even one zapped by lightning - by using the manufacturer ' s software for a low level format. how to install more than one ide hard drive on the same computer on the back of your hard drives and cd drives, next to the power connector, there should be two rows of little pins with one or more jumpers ( little rectangular boxes ) across them. only the most ancient hardware lacks those pins. if the pins aren ' t there, the drive is not likely to be useful to you. in theory, the drive on the last connector on an ide cable should be jumpered to be a master, and the one in the middle a slave. the bios may not even detect a drive unless it has been properly i found a pc that only worked when both drives on the same cable were jumpered slave, but its bios was probably designed by a mad here ' s the fun part. one ide cable is primary, and the other secondary. there also is usually a cable for a floppy and compatible devices such as tape backup drives. this is important because when the bios to chooses from which drive will boot, knows which cable is which. how do you know which cable is primary, and which is secondary? if your computer has a cd or dvd drive, it will most often be installed as the secondary master. you can make sure of this by watching bios detection of drives on boot. it will say something like ( depending on the bios ) detecting primary hdd master detecting primary hdd slave detecting secondary hdd master detecting secondary hdd slave as it detects each device, a bios typically labels it on the screen with the manufacturer ' s part number. if the screen flashes by too fast to read, that is a good sign because it means the bios figured out what everything was. if you want to stop things and read them, try the scroll lock key. here ' s how to tell apart the cables inside your computer. the cable for floppies and related hardware like tape drives is narrower than the ide cable. just before the end connector it is split and half of it is twisted. if you have a scsi cable, it is much wider than the ide, and the connector ( s ) on it have holes that are much closer together. new hard drives normally come out of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.48009906362793187, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.825701"} {"text": "is split and half of it is twisted. if you have a scsi cable, it is much wider than the ide, and the connector ( s ) on it have holes that are much closer together. new hard drives normally come out of the box jumpered to be either the only hard drive or the master. normally some sort of instructions are on the hard drive itself. if not, or if they are confusing, it doesn ' t hurt to try all sorts of jumper combinations. cable select is an option that won ' t matter to you unless you install a nic that is designed to accept a network signal to your hardware to boot the operating system from that hard drive. how do you know what way to attach the ide cable to the hard drive? often the cable is physically able to fit two different ways. fortunately, it doesn ' t damage anything to connect it the wrong way. here ' s how to get the connector right : the red line on the edge of the connector cable belongs on the side next to the hard drive power connector. if you want to get really geeky about how you install multiple hard drives, here ' s a tip from stuart carter. a system i once set up used a dpdt ( double - pole, double - throw ) switch wired to where the jumpers would normally attach to two hard drives. the way it worked was to switch the two drives between primary master and primary slave - one containing windows, and one linux. that way, it was like a disk caddy, but without having to remove the drives, plus the other system was available as a slave drive to the booted system. i can ' t remember exactly what happened when i tried flipping the switch while it was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.47120226512859964, "token_count": 349, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.826432"} {"text": "design and coincidence organic matter can self - reproduce only if it exists as a fully developed cell with all its organelles and in an appropriate environment where it can survive, exchange materials, and get energy from its surroundings. the genetic system does not only consist of dna. enzymes to read the code on the dna, messenger rna to be produced after reading these codes, a ribosome to which messenger rna will attach according to this code, transfer rna to transfer the amino acids to the ribosome for use in production, and extremely complex enzymes to carry out numerous intermediary processes. this means that the first cell on earth was formed \" all of a sudden \" together with its incredibly complex structure. so, if a complex structure came into existence all of a sudden, what does this mean? let us ask this question with an example. let us liken the cell to a high - tech car in terms of its complexity. ( in fact, the cell is a much more complex and developed system than a car with its engine and all its technical equipment. ) now let us ask the following question : what would you think if you went out hiking in the depths of a thick forest and ran across a brand - new car among the trees? would you imagine that various elements in the forest had come together by chance over millions of years and produced such a vehicle? all the parts in the car are made of products such as iron, copper, and rubber - the raw ingredients for which are all found on the earth - but would this fact lead you to think that these materials had synthesised \" by chance \" and then come together and manufactured such a car? there is no doubt that anyone with a sound mind would realise that the car was the product of an intelligent design - in other words, a factory - and wonder what it was doing there in the middle of the forest. the sudden emergence of a complex structure in a complete form, quite out of the blue, shows that this is the work of an intelligent agent. a complex system like the cell is no doubt created by a superior will and wisdom. in other words, it came into existence as a creation of god. believing that pure chance can produce perfect designs goes well beyond the bounds of reason. yet, every \" explanation put forward by the theory of evolution regarding the origin of life is like that. one outspoken authority on this issue is the famous french zoologist pierre - paul grasse, the former president of the french academy of sciences. grasse is a materialist, yet he acknowledges that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5521416372362679, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.848257"} {"text": "of evolution regarding the origin of life is like that. one outspoken authority on this issue is the famous french zoologist pierre - paul grasse, the former president of the french academy of sciences. grasse is a materialist, yet he acknowledges that darwinist theory is unable to explain life and makes a point about the logic of \" coincidence \", which is the backbone of darwinism : the opportune appearance of mutations permitting animals and plants to meet their needs seems hard to believe. yet the darwinian theory is even more demanding : a single plant, a single animal would require thousands and thousands of lucky, appropriate events. thus, miracles would become the rule : events with an infinitesimal probability could not fail to occur \u2026 there is no law against daydreaming, but science must not indulge in it. ( pierre - p grasse, evolution of living organisms, new york : academic press, 1977, p. 103 ) grasse summarises what the concept of \" coincidence \" means for evolutionists : \"... chance becomes a sort of providence, which, under the cover of atheism, is not named but which is secretly worshipped. \" ( grasse, p. 107 ) the logical failure of evolutionists is an outcome of their enshrining the concept of coincidence. in the qur ' an, it is written that those who worship beings other than god are devoid of understanding ; they have hearts wherewith they understand not, eyes wherewith they see not, and ears wherewith they hear not. they are like cattle - nay more misguided : for they are heedless ( of warning ). ( surat al - araf : 179 ) evolutionary theory asserts that life is formed by chance. according to this claim, lifeless and unconscious atoms came together to form the cell and then they somehow formed other living things, including man. let us think about that. when we bring together the elements that are the building - blocks of life such as carbon, phosphorus, nitrogen and potassium, only a heap is formed. no matter what treatments it undergoes, this atomic heap cannot form even a single living being. if you like, let us formulate an \" experiment \" on this subject and let us examine on the behalf of evolutionists what they really claim without pronouncing loudly under the name \" darwinian formula \" : let evolutionists put plenty of materials present in the composition of living beings such as phosphorus, nitrogen, carbon, oxygen, iron, and magnesium into big barrels.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5823992212875049, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.849178"} {"text": "they really claim without pronouncing loudly under the name \" darwinian formula \" : let evolutionists put plenty of materials present in the composition of living beings such as phosphorus, nitrogen, carbon, oxygen, iron, and magnesium into big barrels. moreover, let them add in these barrels any material that does not exist under normal conditions, but they think as necessary. let them add in this mixture as many amino acids - which have no possibility of forming under natural conditions - and as many proteins - a single one of which has a formation probability of 10 - 950 - as they like. let them expose these mixtures to as much heat and moisture as they like. let them stir these with whatever technologically developed device they like. let them put the foremost scientists beside these barrels. let these experts wait in turn beside these barrels for billions, and even trillions of years. let them be free to use all kinds of conditions they believe to be necessary for a human ' s formation. no matter what they do, they cannot produce from these barrels a human, say a professor that examines his cell structure under the electron microscope. they cannot produce giraffes, lions, bees, canaries, horses, dolphins, roses, orchids, lilies, carnations, bananas, oranges, apples, dates, tomatoes, melons, watermelons, figs, olives, grapes, peaches, peafowls, pheasants, multicoloured butterflies, or millions of other living beings such as these. indeed, they could not obtain even a single cell of any one of them. briefly, unconscious atoms cannot form the cell by coming together. they cannot take a new decision and divide this cell into two, then take other decisions and create the professors who first invent the electron microscope and then examine their own cell structure under that microscope. matter is an unconscious, lifeless heap, and it comes to life with god ' s superior creation. evolutionary theory, which claims the opposite, is a total fallacy completely contrary to reason. thinking even a little bit on the claims of evolutionists discloses this reality, just as in the above example. | the muslim way of speaking | speaking with wisdom speaking with wisdom represents the ability to speak in the most appropriate, the most beneficial and most effective manner possible. but speaking with wisdom is not bound by any specific rules. it depends on the time, place, the person addressed, and the circumstances. moreover, the ability to speak with wisdom has no relation whatsoever with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5696821773527322, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.850088"} {"text": "the most beneficial and most effective manner possible. but speaking with wisdom is not bound by any specific rules. it depends on the time, place, the person addressed, and the circumstances. moreover, the ability to speak with wisdom has no relation whatsoever with people ' s degree of intelligence, or how cultured they may be, their level of education or technical expertise. some, who fail to apprehend this truth, then take part in courses or training with the aim of attaining wisdom and public speaking skills. some believe this trait can be obtained merely by employing certain techniques ; for this reason, they expend much effort to comply, as best as possible, to the various advice found in books about the rules of rhetoric or the art of diction. they believe that if their speaking is extended or excessively elaborate, or that they use fashionable or foreign turns of phrase, which they believe carry intellectual appeal, their speech will be more attractive and effective. however, these characteristics do not endow anyone with the ability to speak with wisdom, because wisdom is a faculty which can only be acquired through faith, the sincerity which results from awareness of allah and wholehearted submission to allah. as allah says of the angels, in the qur ' an, \" they said, ' glory be to you! we have no knowledge except what you have taught us. you are the all - knowing, the all - wise '. \" ( surat al - baqara : 32 ), allah has boundless wisdom, and he grants ability to whomever he wills. a person has no knowledge except what is taught by allah. when speaking with someone, those endowed with wisdom do not seek to endear the other to themselves. knowing that it is allah who grants the power of speech, they take refuge in him, and employ their speech in order only to gain his approval. at all times, they are aware that, while they are speaking, they are in the presence, not only of other people, but of allah, and that their words will be effective only by his will. to this purpose, that their language take effect and be supported with wisdom, they pray to allah. as a consequence of their sincerity, their conscience assists them to choose those words which are best and the most appropriate. as such, all who listen to their consciences may easily discern that which needs emphasis, what needs to be indicated, or what must be said. in contrast to verbose or elaborate speeches, as with those among whom the morality of the qur ' an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5316191285343188, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.851042"} {"text": ", all who listen to their consciences may easily discern that which needs emphasis, what needs to be indicated, or what must be said. in contrast to verbose or elaborate speeches, as with those among whom the morality of the qur ' an is not adhered to, they who speak with wisdom have an effect on the heart of their listeners. at no time does one who is sincere speak with the purpose of earning praise. however, because the real aim of those who are far removed from the morality set forth in the qur ' an is to make others be like them, they utterly lack in sincerity. without this sincerity, of course, nor either can there be wisdom in their speech. in it we would only be able to refer to its technical aspects. merely to make a show of their profound knowledge of a subject, some speakers at times make unnecessary pronouncements which are of no use whatsoever to their listeners. they belabor their audiences with two or three hour - long speeches on highly mundane subjects, which could have otherwise been explained in a few sentences. by contrast, people of faith explain in the most clear, comprehensible, concise and effective manner so as to be of benefit to the listener. their purpose is neither to make themselves lauded nor to assume superiority over others. their intention is solely to be of use to the listener, so as to earn the approval of allah. because their intention is pure, their efforts, allah willing, will be ultimately successful. the qur ' an draws our attention to the importance of wisdom, and to the fact that it is a great blessing : \" he gives wisdom to whoever he wills and he who has been given wisdom has been given great good \u2026 \" ( surat al - baqara : 269 ) indeed, those endowed with wisdom may, with allah ' s permission, live according to the religion in the best way and, by explaining to others the morality found in the qur ' an in the manner which is the most comprehensible and effective, bring upon them a number of benefits. those addressed by such wise people may, through their wise words, be able to see the truth behind the events they observe, and may be encouraged to reform their behavior, matters which until then they had not been able to properly understand. realizing how great a blessing wisdom is, the faithful, in their prayers, ask allah to grant them \" wisdom and discernment in speech. \" the qur ' an gives the example of the prophet ibrahim ' s ( as ) prayer :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.500871415423856, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.852090"} {"text": "understand. realizing how great a blessing wisdom is, the faithful, in their prayers, ask allah to grant them \" wisdom and discernment in speech. \" the qur ' an gives the example of the prophet ibrahim ' s ( as ) prayer : my lord, give me right judgment and unite me with the righteous ; and make me highly esteemed among the later peoples. ( surat ash - shu \u2018 ara ' : 83 - 84 ) these verses call attention to the fact that allah grants wisdom to whomever he wills, and that wisdom is a characteristic trait of allah ' s messengers. for instance, from the verse, \" [ we ] \u2026 gave him wisdom and decisive speech. \" ( surah sad, 20 ), we understand that allah granted specific wisdom and influential speech to the prophet dawud ( as ). the following verse informs us that wisdom was imparted to the prophet ibrahim ( as ) : or do they in fact envy other people for the bounty allah has granted them? we gave the family of ibrahim the book and wisdom, and we gave them an immense kingdom. ( surat an - nisa ' : 54 ) as well, there is no relation between the ability to speak wisely and a person ' s age. allah will endow those with wisdom in proportion to their sincerity and faith, at whatever age he wills. the best examples of this, as stated in the qur ' an, are those of the prophets yahya ( as ) and musa ( as ). in the verse, \" ' yahya, take hold of the book with vigor. ' we gave him judgment while still a child, \" ( surah maryam : 12 ), we are told that the prophet yahya ( as ) was given wisdom in childhood. on the other hand, the verse, \" and when he reached his full strength and maturity, we gave him judgment and knowledge. that is how we recompense good - doers. \" ( surat al - qasas : 14 ) tells us that the prophet musa ( as ) received such blessing in his later years. several examples are provided in the qur ' an of the wise manner of speech of the prophets. one such example is that of a man who believed himself to be great, merely due to wealth and property, and initiated an argument about allah. faced with the wisdom of the answer of the prophet ibrahim ( as ), he then recognized his own insincerity : what about the one who argued with ibrahim about his lord, on the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46988984805386746, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.853015"} {"text": "wealth and property, and initiated an argument about allah. faced with the wisdom of the answer of the prophet ibrahim ( as ), he then recognized his own insincerity : what about the one who argued with ibrahim about his lord, on the basis that allah had given him sovereignty? ibrahim said, \" my lord is he who gives life and causes to die. \" he said, \" i too give life and cause to die. \" ibrahim said, \" allah makes the sun come from the east. make it come from the west. \" and the one who was an unbeliever was dumbfounded. allah does not guide wrongdoing people. ( surat al - baqara : 258 ) the originator ; the innovative creator the originator of the heavens and earth. when he decides on something, he just says to it, \u201c be! \u201d and it is. ( surat al - baqara, 2 : 117 ) no matter how competent and intelligent people may be, any innovation or new idea is limited to their background and what they see around themselves. we enjoy five senses and cannot imagine a sixth sense. moreover, we can use these senses only to a certain extent. for instance, we are utterly ignorant of what we cannot perceive. accordingly, we cannot think, discover, or exercise our wisdom about something that does not exist on earth, or in the universe as far as we know it. indeed, scientists develop some of their projects by imitating animals in nature and their flawless systems. for example, the dolphin \u2019 s snout served as a model for the bows of modern ships, while radar works on the principle used by bats, namely, emitting very high frequency sound waves ( ultrasound ) to compensate for their poor eyesight. such examples are legion. ( for further reference, please see, harun yahya, for men of understanding, 3rd ed., [ london : ta - ha publishers ltd., april 2003 ] ) allah \u2019 s knowledge is unbounded. everything that exists, whether visible or not to the naked eye, is the product of allah \u2019 s innovative creation. at a time when there was nothing, no universe, galaxies, planets, living beings, or even a single cell, he decided to create a flawless system consisting of atoms, molecules, cells, living beings, planets, stars, and galaxies. upon his command \u201c be, \u201d the universe and all of its contents came into being based upon no model other than what he willed to be. from the micro -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5391928331543365, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.854083"} {"text": "of atoms, molecules, cells, living beings, planets, stars, and galaxies. upon his command \u201c be, \u201d the universe and all of its contents came into being based upon no model other than what he willed to be. from the micro - world, of which the humanity became aware after thousands of years, to the celestial bodies discovered during the twentieth century, all of these systems were designed by allah and function according to his laws. this is related in the qur \u2019 an, as follows : say : \u201c my lord has commanded justice. stand and face him in every mosque and call upon him, making your religion sincerely his. as he originated you, so will you return. \u201d ( surat al - a \u2018 raf, 7 : 29 ) is the originator of the heavens and earth. how could he have a son when he has no wife? he created all things and has knowledge of all things. ( surat al - an \u2018 am, 6 : 101 ) is there any limit to good morals? can one say \" that ' s enough \" after attaining a certain level of good morals? there are no limits to good morals. for every action and word, there is certainly a better one. one can never say \" this is enough \" or \" this is the best. \" furthermore, whenever people deem themselves to have reached a satisfactory level, moral and behavioral corruption sets in. since they believe that they have no further need to renew themselves, they cannot benefit from any beauty or show any improvement in their characters. allah points out that those who see themselves as sufficient are arrogant : no indeed! truly man is unbridled, seeing himself as self - sufficient. ( surat al - ` alaq, 6 - 7 ) thus people should always seek to improve themselves, because nobody can be sure of earning paradise and allah \u2019 s good pleasure before allah \u2019 s decision about him or her is known. * what is the \" decisive speech \" that allah gave to prophet dawud ( as )? we made his kingdom strong and gave him wisdom and decisive speech. ( surah sad, 20 ) decisive speech is the ability to explain the truth in the most concise, most articulate, and most influential way. in other words, it is the ability to talk wisely. the most significant characteristic of such speech is that its very sincerity and fluency moves the conscience of others. those who have decisive speech deeply influence other people by causing them to alter their thoughts, ideologies, and ways of living, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5249067540924275, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.856121"} {"text": "monday, sept. 24 ( healthday news ) - - women who were born preterm may be more likely to have pregnancy complications than other women, a new study suggests. the risk is higher for those born before 32 weeks ' gestation, the study found. canadian researchers examined data from more than 7, 000 women born preterm ( earlier than 37 weeks ' gestation ) and more than 16, 000 born at term between 1976 and 1995 in the province of quebec. at least one pregnancy complication occurred in nearly 12 percent of women born at term, slightly more than 13 percent of women born between 32 and 36 weeks, and nearly 20 percent of those born at less than 32 weeks. pregnancy complications included gestational diabetes, gestational hypertension, and preeclampsia or eclampsia. the researchers also found that women who were born small for gestational age, whether preterm or term, also had an increased risk for pregnancy complications, a finding reported in previous studies. the new study, published sept. 24 in cmaj, the journal of the canadian medical association, also found that chronic high blood pressure and type 2 diabetes were more common among women born preterm than among those born at term. both conditions increase the risk of pregnancy complications. higher rates of pregnancy complications in women born preterm may be linked to underlying conditions related to the preterm births, the researchers suggested. \" the impact of the patients ' preterm birth on obstetric care should be taken into account in the care of pregnant patients, as well as in the allocation of resources in the health care system, \" said dr. anne monique nuyt of sainte - justine university hospital and research center, university of montreal, and colleagues in a journal news release. the findings suggest that as increasing numbers of very preterm babies survive, a larger population may be at risk of hypertension, type 2 diabetes and other related health issues, the researchers said. the study found a link between pre - term birth and pregnancy complications ; it did not prove a cause - and - effect relationship. the u. s. office on women ' s health has more about pregnancy complications. copyright \u00a9 2012 healthday. all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44463817533032957, "token_count": 455, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.859919"} {"text": "by amy norton tuesday, march 19 ( healthday news ) - - more than 180, 000 deaths worldwide in 2010 were linked to a high intake of sugar - laden drinks, a new study estimates, including 25, 000 deaths in the united states. most deaths occurred in middle - to low - income countries, the harvard researchers noted. the findings are surprising because \" we often think of this as a problem only in high - income countries, like the u. s., \" said lead researcher gitanjali singh, a research fellow at harvard school of public health, in boston. she said her findings, presented tuesday at an american heart association meeting in new orleans, point to a need for policies that curb people ' s sugary drink intake. one such effort, in new york city, is currently in the spotlight. last week, a judge struck down mayor michael bloomberg ' s controversial limit on large sweetened sodas and other sugary beverages, one day before the rule was to go into effect. bloomberg said he would appeal the decision and defended his plan, which would have limited the size of sugary drinks sold at restaurants, food carts and theaters to 16 ounces. singh said that ' s not the only type of measure officials could take. others could include taxing sugar - added drinks, or limiting advertising of the beverages to children. but \" anti - soda \" moves are a tough sell - - not only because the beverage industry and many consumers resist. it ' s also hard to pin ill health effects on one component of people ' s diets, even if it ' s a nutritionally dubious one. these latest findings do not prove that sugary drinks kill people. they only show a correlation between high consumption and deaths from heart disease, diabetes and certain cancers. \" this type of study cannot prove cause - and - effect, \" said lona sandon, an assistant professor of clinical nutrition at the university of texas southwestern medical center at dallas. \" sugary beverage consumption is often paired with other unhealthy food choices or behaviors, \" said sandon, who was not involved in the study. \" chronic diseases, such as heart disease and diabetes, are the result of many factors, not just excess sugar intake. \" that said, everyone should be limiting added sugar - - from drinks and food - - sandon stressed. \" we just do not need added sugar that is empty calories, \" she said. the beverage industry also weighed in on the findings. \" this [ study ], which is neither peer -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44476769790718373, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.864985"} {"text": "- from drinks and food - - sandon stressed. \" we just do not need added sugar that is empty calories, \" she said. the beverage industry also weighed in on the findings. \" this [ study ], which is neither peer - reviewed nor published, is more about sensationalism than science, \" the american beverage association ( aba ) said in a statement issued tuesday. \" in no way does it show that consuming sugar - sweetened beverages causes chronic diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease or cancer - - the real causes of death among the studied subjects, \" the aba added. \" the researchers make a huge leap when they illogically and wrongly take beverage intake calculations from around the globe and allege that those beverages are the cause of deaths which the authors themselves acknowledge are due to chronic disease. \" study author singh agreed that for any one person, many factors go into the risk of developing heart disease, cancer or other chronic conditions. but she said that on the \" population level, \" it is still possible to estimate the number of deaths attributable to sugary drink consumption. to do that, she and her colleagues used national nutrition surveys from around the world to gauge how high people ' s sugary drink intake was in each country. then they estimated how sugar - added drinks affected obesity levels in those countries. finally, singh said, they turned to data on how obesity sways people ' s risk of heart disease, type 2 diabetes and certain cancers - - such as breast, colon and pancreatic cancers. overall, they estimate that upwards of 180, 000 deaths were \" attributable to \" sugary drink consumption in 2010. that included more than 130, 000 from diabetes, about 45, 000 from heart disease and stroke, and 4, 600 from various cancers. as for sugary drink intake, young cuban men beat the rest of the world : men younger than 45 typically downed more than five servings per day. and in general, latin america and the caribbean had the most deaths linked to sugar - sweetened drinks.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41458413899388397, "token_count": 417, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.866065"} {"text": "many cancer survivors report feeling they \u2019 ve lost some mental sharpness following treatment. this common phenomenon has come to be known as \u201c chemo brain \u201d or \u201c chemo fog, \u201d which is somewhat misleading because it also occurs in people who have not undergone chemotherapy. although recent studies have shown that up to 75 % of cancer survivors do indeed experience altered mental function \u2014 and that these changes can last for five years or longer \u2014 doctors often downplay complaints about chemo fog, says shelli r. kesler of the stanford cancer center in palo alto, calif. \u201c [ patients ] often are told it \u2019 s not real, they \u2019 re imagining it, it \u2019 s just due to stress, \u201d she says. in a new study published this week in the archives of neurology, kesler and her colleagues provide more evidence that the phenomenon is real. using brain scans, the researchers found that breast - cancer survivors show changes in key aspects of mental function that can translate to real - world difficulties. and these changes were particularly marked in women who had undergone chemotherapy. kesler \u2019 s team investigated prefrontal - executive function, the type of mental activity most commonly reported to go awry in breast - cancer patients. executive function includes the ability to selectively pay attention, work with information, and choose the appropriate response while suppressing inappropriate responses. the study included 25 breast - cancer patients who had undergone chemo, 19 breast - cancer survivors who didn \u2019 t get chemo, and 18 healthy women. while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging ( fmri ) brain scans, the participants completed a brainteaser in which they tried to discern a pattern in a series of cards printed with colorful geometric shapes. the test, kesler explains, measures \u201c cognitive flexibility, \u201d or the ability to identify the best solution to a problem by mentally testing several possibilities. overall, both groups of breast - cancer patients showed less activity than the control group in regions of the brain involved in executive - function tasks such as storing and processing information. and the chemo - treated patients displayed the least activity of any group in parts of the brain associated with cognitive flexibility \u2014 a result that was borne out by the card - sorting task. the chemo patients made the most mistakes on the task, on average, and they took the most time to complete it. the brain activity of the chemo patients was also closely correlated with how severe they judged their own post - treatment declines in mental function to be. this finding confirms that chemo fog is not imaginary, says", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5178621718674921, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.873725"} {"text": "they took the most time to complete it. the brain activity of the chemo patients was also closely correlated with how severe they judged their own post - treatment declines in mental function to be. this finding confirms that chemo fog is not imaginary, says robert ferguson, a clinical psychologist at eastern maine medical center in bangor, who studies the phenomenon but was not involved in the new research. \u201c i have patients tell me, \u2018 i \u2019 m just working harder and i \u2019 m slower at what i do, and i have to check my work and i still find errors, even when i \u2019 m working methodically, \u2019 \u201d ferguson says. \u201c this data is consistent with that anecdotal report. \u201d it \u2019 s not clear that chemotherapy is directly to blame, however. more than half of the patients in both breast - cancer groups took tamoxifen, an estrogen - blocking drug that also has been linked to cognitive impairment, and most of the women in both groups also underwent radiation therapy. either treatment could affect the brain, kesler says. even surgery could be a contributing factor, because general anesthesia can have lasting effects on mental function, ferguson says. finally, cancer could be harmful in and of itself. \u201c when you get a disease like cancer, it activates your immune system, \u201d kesler says. \u201c sometimes you can have increased inflammation for a really long period of time, and inflammation can affect the brain. \u201d cancer - related changes in mental function tend to vary widely by patient, says james root, a neuropsychologist at memorial sloan - kettering cancer center in new york city, who studies cognitive impairment in cancer patients. \u201c treatment does not appear to affect all individuals equally, \u201d he says. \u201c some go through treatment and exhibit no issues, while others are significantly affected. \u201d researchers aren \u2019 t sure what accounts for this individual variation, although genes, age, biological factors, and the pre - cancer mental function of the patient could all play a role, root says. sure enough, older cancer survivors in the study tended to have less brain activity than their younger counterparts in the areas targeted by the researchers. the amount of brain activity also tended to increase with the women \u2019 s level of education, which suggests that people who have strong mental function before cancer treatment may be somewhat protected against declines, the study notes. kesler and her team are developing strategies for helping patients adapt to changes in mental function, and are conducting a clinical trial of a cognitive rehabilitation program they developed. \u201c the less mentally and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5041993732383369, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.875020"} {"text": "source : telegraph ( uk ) ( 12 - 31 - 09 ) \u2013 a related game, cross and pile, was played in medieval england. the cross was the major design on one side of many coins, and the pile was the mark created by the hammer used to strike the metal on the other side. \u2013 one of the most significant coin tosses in the united state ' s history involved the naming of the city of portland, oregon in 1845. asa lovejoy and francis pettygrove, who owned the claim to the land that would later become portland, each wanted to name their new town after their respective hometowns of boston, massachusetts and portland, maine. pettygrove prevailed in the coin flip, and the town was named portland. \u2013 in 1903, the wright brothers flipped a coin to see which one of them would take to the air in the first ever powered flight. wilbur won the toss but his attempt was only partially successful. orville ' s later flight was considered the first example of powered flight. \u2013 in the 1968 european football championship the semi - final between italy and the soviet union finished 0 - 0 after extra - time. penalty shoot - outs had not been invented and it was decided to toss a coin to see who reached the final, rather than play a replay. italy won, and went on to become european champions. the new zealand lottery game big wednesday uses a coin toss. if a player matches all 6 of their numbers, the coin toss will decide whether they win a cash jackpot or a bigger jackpot with luxury prizes. \u2013 in august 2001, nasser hussain, the england cricket captain, lost the toss for the 14th successive time. \u2013 some elections have been decided by the toss of a coin when no candidate has secured a majority. in may 2007, conservative christopher underwood - frost only held on by winning on the toss of a coin after he tied with his lib dem rival on 781 votes for the lincolnshire seat.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.48309477241407606, "token_count": 391, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.877997"} {"text": "bsa supply no. 35933 plumbing, including pipe fitting, is an important and well - paid occupation. the industry is quite broad. it covers installations and repairs in homes, commercial properties, and factories. plumbing pipelines are used for water supply, waste drainage, natural - gas heating, and many other purposes. - do the following : do the following : - describe how a properly working plumbing system protects your family ' s health and safety. - list five important local health regulations related to plumbing and tell how they protect health and safety. - describe the safety precautions you must take when making home plumbing repairs. show how to use five important plumber ' s tools. identify and describe the use of each of the following : washer, retaining nut, plunger ( rubber force cup ), solder, flux, elbow, tee, nipple, coupling, plug, union, trap, drainpipe, and water meter. name the kinds of pipe that are used most often in a plumbing system. explain why these pipes are used. cut, thread, and connect two pieces of steel pipe. under the supervision of a knowledgeable adult, solder three copper tube connections using a gas torch. include one tee, two straight pieces, and one coupling. do the following : - make a drawing and explain how a home hot - and cold - water supply system works. tell how you would make it safe from freezing. - make a drawing and explain the drainage system of the plumbing in a house. show and explain the use of drains and vents. - replace a washer in a faucet. - clean out a sink or lavatory trap. better homes and gardens editors. step - by - step plumbing. meredith books, 1997. - home depot books editors. plumbing 1 - 2 - 3 : install, upgrade, repair, and maintain your home ' s plumbing system. home depot, 2001. popular mechanics editors. home how - to. hearst books, 2000. organizations and web sites american society of plumbing engineers web site : http : / / www. aspe. org international association of plumbing and mechanical officials web site : http : / / www. iapmo. org mechanical contractors association of america web site : http : / / www. mcaa. org plumbing - heating - cooling contractors web site : http : / / www. phccweb. org united association of plumbers and pipefitters web site : http : / / www. ua. org", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4606354083600105, "token_count": 501, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.880389"} {"text": "jesus was at the last supper with his disciples. he looked around the table. in one direction he saw judas iscariot, and recognized betrayal in his eyes. he then looked the other way and saw peter sitting near the door, as if he was ready to escape. then he noticed thomas across from him, looking doubtful and unsure. jesus looked up and down the table, then called the waiter over. he whispered in the waiter \u2019 s ear, \u201c we \u2019 re going to need separate checks please. \u201d very wise move! did you ever wonder why they were all crowded on one side of the table at the last supper? surely it wasn \u2019 t to make it easier for leonard da vinci to paint the scene! it reminds me of a 70s sitcom with the perfect family sitting on one side of their perfect dinner table, speaking nicely to each other. in our family, we try to spread right around the table to avoid conflict. a meal that involved jesus would have been like a real family dinner table ; noisy, messy and open to every teen friend in search of a meal. there would have been a lot of people present, certainly a lot more than 12. the closest disciples would have been reclining around the table, meaning that they would have been sitting on benches with their feet on the outside of the table. it would have been busy. people would have come in and out from the streets to sit at the feet of the disciples and listen to the conversation. it would have been busy and public. meals were the symbol of inclusion for jesus and what became known as the last supper would have been no different. it \u2019 s likely that many social and religious rules of the day would have been broken ; maybe there were women at the table. maybe they didn \u2019 t wash their hands before eating. a big and open table was always more important to jesus than religious purity. part of jesus \u2019 unique style was not only mingling with women, but acting like one as well. for example one of the most radical features of the last supper was that jesus broke the bread himself, and served it to his friends. the disciples were peasants and would never have been served by slaves, but would usually be served by women. jesus challenging them to love in a new way ; a love that transcended gender as well as social and religious etiquette. the easter value is that it \u2019 s more important to treat people than to be right. easter is not about beliefs, or religious ritual. it \u2019 s about compassion and inclusion. double dipping", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47209913603577447, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.891634"} {"text": "lebowski jesus figure and baseball jesus. it \u2019 s all in good fun. it seems normal and healthy to portray jesus in ways that make sense in a particular context. the issue i have is when jesus is used to promote values that seem contrary to his life. the release of the report about supersizing the last supper coincided with jamie oliver \u2019 s food revolution premiere on american television. he transformed school lunches in the uk, and now he has turned his attention to the us. obesity and mindless eating are a huge problem in america. the statistic that has shocked me most is that due to obesity, the current generation of kids could be the first generation in over 200 years that doesn \u2019 t live as long as their parents. there is a culture of poor nutrition taking hold in america. jamie oliver went into classrooms where the kids couldn \u2019 t name any of the vegetables, even a tomato. now doesn \u2019 t it seem ironic to you that easter has become a time to gorge on copious quantities of low grade chocolate? doesn \u2019 t it seem like a bad dieting strategy to fast during lent, then binge on chocolate at easter? surely the values associated with easter should include wellness and mindfulness. food and eating are a great way to honor the spirit of jesus \u2019 values. jesus didn \u2019 t say, \u201c super size your meals in remembrance of me. \u201d he said eat moderately and super size your mindfulness. one of the best ways you can live easter values is to join the food revolution. eat mindfully and help children to eat mindfully. what you choose to eat affects you, your families, the economy, the environment and all living things on the planet. the way you can eat in memory of jesus is to open yourself to the whole experience of food as a microcosm of life. remember the prayer of buddhist monk thick nhat hahn - this plate now empty will soon be filled with precious food. in this food i see the presence of the entire universe supporting my existence. many beings are struggling for food today. may all have enough to eat. i would add - many beings are eating mindlessly. may all eat mindfully. listen to the sizzle in the pan, the bubbling in the pot. smell the aromas in the air, the scent on the hands. look at the beauty of all that earth has provided. gaze at the food on your plate and trace its evolution from seed to table. hold warm bread in your hands and feel it warm your body. allow food to come", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.464793721952228, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.893866"} {"text": "the scent on the hands. look at the beauty of all that earth has provided. gaze at the food on your plate and trace its evolution from seed to table. hold warm bread in your hands and feel it warm your body. allow food to come into contact with every tastebud. close your eyes, shut your ears, and let the food in your mouth become a part of your being. supersize your character so there is a distinction between the details of the historic events and the values that jesus lived and died for. the details of the history are questionable at best. the evidence for a physical resurrection is slim. so it begs the question - why should we celebrate easter at all? it \u2019 s an ancient tradition borrowed from pagan sources. most of it didn \u2019 t happen the way the story suggests, and the mainstream easter message is that jesus died for your sins and rose for your salvation. if i tell you that you don \u2019 t need to be saved from anything, and the death of jesus had nothing to do with sin and redemption, is there any point in celebrating easter? if easter reminds you to join the evolution revolution, then it \u2019 s worth celebrating easter. if easter reminds you that nature \u2019 s patterns are wise and you should respect the earth, then easter is worth celebrating. if easter reminds you that there is always the possibility of starting over and making amends, and that new possibilities so often emerge out of death and loss, then easter is worth celebrating. if easter reminds you that you don \u2019 t need a physical resurrection because you have an awareness of resurrection within and around you, at your finger tips at any time, then it \u2019 s well worth celebrating easter. just in case you think the demands of an easter revolution are impossible, remember that you only have to do the best you can. the last thing we want to do is replace the impossible standards of a wrathful god with a new impossible standard. you don \u2019 t have to be perfect, just be mindful. i remember once seeing a group of monks, in their saffron robes, eating at mcdonald \u2019 s. even monks eat big macs from time to time. so don \u2019 t set impossible standards for yourself. make small changes in your life and your family \u2019 s life and join the revolution. have you seen the world \u2019 s largest cross? it \u2019 s not far from here, in indian river. i went there a few years ago. it \u2019 s a super - sized cross. in australia, we proudly show off the world", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45065268099374334, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.894829"} {"text": "revolution. have you seen the world \u2019 s largest cross? it \u2019 s not far from here, in indian river. i went there a few years ago. it \u2019 s a super - sized cross. in australia, we proudly show off the world \u2019 s largest pineapple. in nz, i visited the world \u2019 s largest can of pop. in ohio, i visited the world \u2019 s largest basket. kitsch is one thing. but the world \u2019 s largest cross? it \u2019 s an eerie thing to ogle at the world \u2019 s largest cross, a bit like visiting the world \u2019 s worst massacre or staring at the world \u2019 s most horrendous accident. we don \u2019 t need supersized crosses. we need supersized vision ; a vision for a world united by love, and an understanding that the common humanity that unites us is so much more significant than the differences that divide us. the easter message is to supersize your character and not your possessions. supersize your compassion, not your religious purity. supersize what comes out of your mouth, rather than what goes into your mouth. supersize your inner strength rather than your outer physique. supersize your optimism and love for all people, rather than bitterness and negativity. supersize your inner world and then you will always have enough and you will see resurrection everywhere. easter light in me honors supersized optimism in you. happy easter and namaste. for further reflection - how important are the historical details of the easter story? is resurrection a meaningful metaphor, even without a literal, physical resurrection of jesus? what do you see as the values of jesus \u2019 life? what does easter mean to you?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46771343729422904, "token_count": 352, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.895519"} {"text": "in part one, 15 excellent examples of web typography, i showcased 15 web sites that make excellent use of type. to avoid this article being inordinately long, i \u2019 m going to focus on the first site in the list, namely a list apart. to take all 15 examples to pieces would be rather pointless, because most of what \u2019 s good about them is shared. a list apart the job of web typography is not to simply mimic that of print. first, the web is a different medium with different strengths and weaknesses. attempting to faithfully reproduce print typography is a rather pointless exercise. the printed page is rigid ; we have no control over the size of the type and of the page ; on - line the user has more power, more influence ; she can resize the page ( browser window ), and even alter the default font size ; add to the mix, different browsers with different rendering capabilities, differing resolutions and screen sizes, and we soon realise that the web page and the printed page make different demands. however, despite these differences, the elements of good typography are shared across these two mediums. in a future article we \u2019 ll look at this topic in more detail ; today however, we have something different on our hands, so, without further ado let \u2019 s take this list apart. don your overalls, put on those latex gloves, and with that rather awful ( list apart ) pun behind us, let me reintroduce you to a list apart. home page view article page view not only is this site a wonderful resource, with well written articles, but it has the feel of a magazine or an academic journal \u2014 both in its design and in its typography ( it even has its own issn number! ). the first tick against this site sits beside \u201c white space \u201d. though the pages are quite full with information, even above the fold, they don \u2019 t feel crowded. ( see also mark boulton \u2019 s whitespace ). the page benefits from a relatively even texture and light colour ( in typography the colour of a page refers to its density or blackness of the type as a whole ). good typography is like bread ; ready to be admired, appraised and dissected before it is consumed. \u2014 robert bringhurst everything feels like it \u2019 s in the right place. type is used as a means of hierarchy, as a way to distinguish and differentiate elements on the page. the logotype sits", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5053651342584845, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.902376"} {"text": "##sed and dissected before it is consumed. \u2014 robert bringhurst everything feels like it \u2019 s in the right place. type is used as a means of hierarchy, as a way to distinguish and differentiate elements on the page. the logotype sits in its most comfortable position, top - left ; the main menus, sit along the top, and are distinguished from other elements by their size, weight and style. all caps often benefits from a little extra letterspacing, as in the above example. the above date is styled like so : letter - spacing : 0. 33em ; ( equivalent to 3px ) the letter - spacing property is also used for titles and bylines. a word of caution : there is usually never a need to apply css letter - spacing to the lower - case ; and never, never, never, ever use negative letterspacing. there is an excellent article on web letterspacing over at webtypography. net. letterspace all strings of capitals and small caps, and all long strings of digits \u2026. in titles and headings, extra letterspacing is often desirable. \u2014 robert bringhurst often, even a poorly designed page with substandard type can be much improved by simply aligning the elements to a well - crafted grid. a grid, though invisible, brings order and rhythm to design and to the type. note how the black badge in the top - left is supported by the grid, and how the top of the a within the logotype levels with the division between date and the preamble text. these are small details, but consistent attention to small details makes for a good whole. in a future article, we \u2019 ll take a look at sifr ( scaleable inman flash replacement ), for styling headings in flash ; how to style drop caps that are cross - browser friendly, and much, much more. this one has been longer than usual. the next article will be a little shorter and a whole lot sweeter, and will include the next typenuts cartoon, so stay tuned. i \u2019 ll also reveal the identity of brian ( i \u2019 ve received numerous emails about him ). to ensure you don \u2019 t miss out on the next article ( and on discovering brian \u2019 s true identity ), subscribe to i love typography today.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48949265164171984, "token_count": 480, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.903282"} {"text": "i am going to try to explain where the word \" nazi \" comes from. it is as plain as a pikestaff to a german - speaking person but i doubt if i have ever come across an english speaking person who \" gets \" it. jonah goldberg probably gets it but yiddish is a german dialect so he has a head start. ok : the first thing to note is that hitler ' s political party was called ( in english ) the \" national socialist german workers ' party \". and the curious thing is that the word \" national \" is spelled exactly the same in german as in english. so in german the party was called the : nationalsozialistische deutsche arbeiter partei. \" national \" is in fact a borrowing from english / french. it ' s spelled the same in french too. but it is pronounced differently in the three countries. germans pronounce it ( approximately ) as \" nartsionarl \". but a german word pronounced that way would not be spelled that way. it would be spelled as \" nazional \". german has strict spelling rules ( unlike english ) so that is obvious in german. so \" nazi \" is simply the first two syllables of \" national \" - - where \" national \" is pronounced in the german way. maybe that is as clear as mud but i hope it is not. if not, just take my word for it that \" nazi \" is a german abbreviation for \" national \". quite mundane, really. much less exciting than you might expect. but nazis were not simply the \" nationalists \". there was another german political party at the time called nationalists. \" nazis \" were \" national socialists \" because \" national socialists \" is one word in german : nationalsozialisten. so \" nazi \" could be an abbreviation of both \" nationalists \" and \" national socialists \". it was of course normally applied to the latter. hugenberg ' s nationalists were a much more minor party. jamming two or more words together to make one longer word is very german. in english we do the same but use latin and greek words as the starting point. perhaps the most curious example of that is the word \" television \" - - where the greek word \" tele \" ( meaning \" afar \" ) is combined with the latin word \" videre \" ( to see ). in german, a tv set is a fernsehgeraet, or \" far - seeing - gadget \". i think the german word is more straightforward. mixing greek and latin is considered", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.499504185596145, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.909153"} {"text": "researchers have created a synthetic \" tree \" - a centimeter - sized hydrogel with nanopores that can pull water just like real trees pull moisture up their tall trunks. optical micrograph image of a synthetic tree. credit : tobias wheeler. the scientists, led by abraham stroock of cornell university, explained that this process is called \" transpiration. \" getting water to overcome the force of gravity and move upward to the top of a tree requires a lot of energy. it ' s also a large factor in determining the maximum height of a tree - after it reaches a certain height, it just can ' t pull water any higher. by simulating transpiration in the lab, the researchers show that the process is purely physical, and requires no biological energy. understanding how the process works could allow researchers to use it for several human applications. in nature, real trees have long strands of transport tissue in their wood called xylum. when water evaporates from the upper leaves of the tree into the atmosphere, the xylum experiences a negative pressure, and this tension pulls water from the roots to the upper parts of the tree. in a sense the xylum is like a long straw, through which water is sucked to the top. the cornell researchers mimicked this behavior by using laboratory materials. they fabricated leaf and root membranes from hydrogel, similar to the material used in soft contact lenses. then they created tiny xylem capillaries in nanopores in the hydrogel using microfabrication techniques, through which water could be pulled. the researchers are investigating several applications for the water - pulling technique. one idea is to develop a new kind of passive heat - transfer technology to heat buildings. for instance, a solar collector on the roof could heat a fluid, which could be distributed by gravity to lower parts of the building. then the fluid could be recycled back up to the roof using the transpiration technique. the method could also be used for cooling laptops and de - contaminating the soil, where contaminated fluid could simply be sucked out of the soil. another idea is using the method to draw water out of deep soil, doing away with the need to dig wells. via : cornell university", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5483807982891189, "token_count": 449, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.918992"} {"text": "by robert petitijean ta hydronics ab. in chiller systems, pumps, pipes and terminal units are selected to meet a specific maximum cooling load. if this capacity cannot be obtained because the system is unbalanced, then the owner has not the full return on his investment. if the supply water flow is correct, any zone flow greater than its design will create less flow available to other zones. this results in remote circuits with less than design flow which are not able to meet their required load. in figure 1, a cooling system is shown with two chillers piped in parallel, providing their supply in a production loop. a distribution pump draws chilled water from this loop at tee m, delivers it to the terminal units and returns it at tee n. a two way modulating control valve varies the flow through each terminal in response to a local temperature / humidity controller. a balancing valve limits the flow to each terminal. if the system is not balanced, the distribution flow \" qs, \" may be greater than chiller flow \" qg \" and a reverse flow \" qb \" will occur in the bypass mn to mix with the chiller supply at m. this increases the supply water temperature \" ts \" and consequently reduces the chiller capacity available to the distribution pumping system and the terminals. hydronic balancing avoids this situation. the balancing investment ( balancing valves + flow adjustments ) typically costs less than one percent of the total hvac cost. this allows the maximum chiller capacity installed to be fully distributed to all terminals, thereby returning the investment to the owner in terms of building performance and satisfied occupants. each terminal is shown with a balancing valve on its return side to act as a shut off valve, a flow measuring devices and a flow adjusting valve. since a shut off valve is recommended on both supply and return sides of the terminal piping, the balancing valve does not add to the installation labour cost. the balancing valve gives the opportunity to measure the terminal flow accurately in the commissioning process and is an important diagnostic tool during the life of the system. in addition, the balancing valve is provided with a mechanical memory to permit re - opening the valve to its correct position after servicing the terminal. manual balancing valves have to be balanced, which is a beneficial constraint, because the balancing procedure gives the possibility to detect most of the hydronic abnormalities during the commissioning operation. in variable flow of water distribution, some believe that two way control valves solve the balancing problem as they automatically provide the required flow in each terminal unit. this is true if the control", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5599077425554155, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.935332"} {"text": "possibility to detect most of the hydronic abnormalities during the commissioning operation. in variable flow of water distribution, some believe that two way control valves solve the balancing problem as they automatically provide the required flow in each terminal unit. this is true if the control valves are correctly sized, if the control loop is stable, if the set point of the thermostat is not at an extreme value and if the terminal units are selected for the maximum load required. a lot of \" ifs \" to meet this statement! the typical characteristics of a cooling terminal and control valve are represented at figure 2 ( see reference a ). the non - linear characteristic of the cooling coil, makes control difficult with a proportional control valve. at small loads, for a small increase of valve lift, the cooling output increases rapidly. to make the control better, an equal % control valve must be used as shown in fig 2b. for 50 % of valve lift, the water flow is 20 % ( fig 2b ). 20 % of flow gives 50 % of cooling effect ( fig 2a ). finally, 50 % of valve lift gives 50 % of cooling effect ( fig 2c ). however, the non - linear characteristic of the terminal is really compensated by the equal % control valve characteristic. the design flow must be just obtained when the control valve is fully open ( fig 2b ) click to see the clear image to obtain the terminal ' s design flow at design condition, the pressure drop of the control valve at full open position must be equal to the available differential pressure \u03b4h less the design pressure drop in the terminal coil ( 8ft ) and the piping components ( 1 ft ) ( see fig 3a ). in the design stage, who knows the available differential pressure \u03b4h on each circuit? it is doubtful the designer provides this. also what is the pressure drop for the terminal coil, which will not be chosen until the contractor is selected? and we may not find, on the market, the correctly sized control valve calculated for this terminal. in example fig 3a, the pressure drop in the control valve, for a design flow of 25 gpm, must be ideally equal to ( 27 - 8 - 1 = ) 18 ft. the corresponding2 cv should be 9. on the market, this cv may not be available and a value of cv = 12 is selected. this valve ( cv = 12 ) creates a pressure drop of 9 ft for the design flow. this oversized valve gives a flow3 of 31 gpm ( curve 1 fig 3b )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5515523772453264, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.936302"} {"text": "not be available and a value of cv = 12 is selected. this valve ( cv = 12 ) creates a pressure drop of 9 ft for the design flow. this oversized valve gives a flow3 of 31 gpm ( curve 1 fig 3b ). with a balancing valve set for a pressure drop of ( 27 - 8 - 9 = ) 10ft, the correct design flow is obtained for the wide open control valve. the valve characteristic ( curve 2 fig 3b ) is closer to the theoretical equal % characteristic. this example shows why the control valves may be oversized and why balancing valves are required. at full load, all the control valves will be fully open. if the piping system is unbalanced, it may not be able to provide the design flow to each terminal. remember if the flow is greater than the design flow for some terminals, it will result in less flow available for other terminals. often, the system has to work at full load. if the system is never fully loaded, the chillers, pumps, etc. are oversized and the system is not correctly designed. when the system is balanced, it ' s not necessary to oversize, reducing the equipment investment and the operating costs. in starting - up each morning after night shut down, the cooling tonnage installed is required but may not be properly disturbed. any mixing at m ( fig 1 ) keeps the chilled supply water temperature higher than its design. the room temperatures slowly reduce to their set point, first for the circuits at design flow or greater. these controllers are reducing their flows. design room temperatures will eventually be reached, but not at the same time for all terminals. if the plant has to be started \u00bd hour earlier than normal, in comparison with an 8 hours normal day, the energy usage increases by 6. 25 % per day, i. e. 0. 5 x 100 / 8, which can exceed the distribution pumping costs. hydronic balancing allows each control valve, when fully open, to obtain its design flow. this remains true when the system is not working at the design condition, with a total average water flow lower than design. since a lower average flow means less pressure drops in the pipes and accessories, the available differential pressure and flow on each circuit can only increase. if the balancing valve is adjusted properly, it creates the minimum drop to obtain the design flow for the terminal at design condition. if after commissioning, the balancing valve is opened fully, the flow will increase. in example fig 3b ( curve 1 ), the flow and the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5514538785069718, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.937462"} {"text": "adjusted properly, it creates the minimum drop to obtain the design flow for the terminal at design condition. if after commissioning, the balancing valve is opened fully, the flow will increase. in example fig 3b ( curve 1 ), the flow and the pumping energy increase 24 % of design4. the control valve will have to close further, resulting in a shift of control point. the friction head energy is not saved that way, it will just be transferred from the balancing valve to the control valve. it is then obvious that the balancing valves do not create added pressure drops. one author has said : \" in a plant, an analysis of pressure losses revealed a pressure drop of 50 to 56 psi across a balance valve installed on the discharge of he secondary pumps. this resulted in a energy loss of over 900, 000 kwh per year. \" thanks to the balancing valve for showing that the pump is oversized. this is to say : \" don ' t accuse at thermometer if it is too hot in the room \". knowing this pump is oversized, the correct action is to trim or replace the pump impeller or the pump itself, re - open the pump balancing valve to eliminate any additional pumping cost. if only the balancing valve is eliminated, the excess pump head must be absorbed by the control valves or automatic flow limiters without saving any pumping energy. from the point of view, manual hydronic balancing allows the minimum pumping cost in the distribution system. the manufacturer does not provide he coil as a flow measuring device. differences between the catalog and actual pressure drop may vary from 10 % to 40 %. if a coil is to be used as a flow measuring device, it should be specified with a verified flow vs. pressure drop curve ( from the factory ) and pressure taps at the inlet and outlet headers. if the coil becomes partially clogged, high pressure drops will be interpreted as a high flow while the actual flow, in reality, may be too low. first let us look at the direct return distribution ( fig 4 ) the first terminal circuit sees a higher differential pressure than the other terminal circuit ( ab at first and ef at last, see fig 4b ). the control valve is selected according to the available differential pressure ab for first and ef for last. suppose figure 3 represents the circuit ef in fig 4a. the pressure drop ef is 27 ft, including terminal and accessories ( 9 ft ). then the theoretical pressure drop through the control valve must be 18ft and cv5 is 9. if the available", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5128061954108032, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.939769"} {"text": "3 represents the circuit ef in fig 4a. the pressure drop ef is 27 ft, including terminal and accessories ( 9 ft ). then the theoretical pressure drop through the control valve must be 18ft and cv5 is 9. if the available differential pressure for the first terminal circuit ( ab in figure 4b ) is 57 ft, the control valve has to be selected for ( 57 - 9 = ) 48 ft pressure drop and its cv = 5. 4. at 50 % average flow ( fig 4c ), the pipe pressure drop decreases and the pump head increases. the differential pressure for the first terminal circuit increases from 57 ft to 65 ft6 and will require the control valve to work very close to its seat. now let us look at reverse return distribution ( fig. 5 ). in early systems, reverse return was provided for constant flow distribution serving identical terminal units. it normalizes the differential pressure on all circuits for design flow. at design condition ( fig 5b ), all terminal circuits see the available differential pressure of 27 ft. at 50 % average flow ( fig 5c ), all terminal circuits are submitted to a differential pressure of 58 ft which requires the control valves to work closer to their seat ( with a risk of unstable control ). in conclusion, control valves may hunt at small load for remote circuits in direct return while all of them may hunt in reverse return. to reduce changes in differential pressure, a variable speed controller on the pump can be used to keep it constant, for example, between c and d on figure 5a. this reduces the pumping cost and improves the quality of control ( see references b & c ) please note that in certain cases, the pump head has to be increased in reverse return design. in figures 4 and 5, if the first circuit requires a differential pressure of 47 ft this condition is satisfied in direct return ( fig 4b ) since 57 ft is available. it is not he case in reverse return ( fig 5b ) as only 27 ft is available. consequently, for the reverse return system, in this case, the pump head has to be increased by 20 ft. - for a constant \u03b4h, the pump energy increases proportionally with the flow. stability of the terminal control is dependent on the control valves authority ( see references d & e ) which is defined as : for good control, it must be at least 25 %. in figure 3, expected control valve pressure drop is 18ft. the control valve actually selected has a design pressure drop of 9ft. 6 since \u03b4", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.517818553674532, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.940700"} {"text": "& e ) which is defined as : for good control, it must be at least 25 %. in figure 3, expected control valve pressure drop is 18ft. the control valve actually selected has a design pressure drop of 9ft. 6 since \u03b4h - ( gpm ) 2, the actual pressure drop in pipes is ( 1 / 2 ) 2 ( 57 - 27 ) \u2248 7 ft. then the actual available differential pressure is 65 - 7 = 58 ft. 7 \u03b4p across closed control valve is the same as the available differential pressure for the circuit. the pressure drop created by the balancing valve these not intervene in any of theses factors and has consequently no influence on the control valve ' s authority. so, its authority is 9 / 27x100 = 33 %. 9 ft is a fixed value as soon as this control valve has been selected. the only variable parameter is the available differential pressure ( 27 ft ). if this differential pressure increase, the control valve authority decreases with risk of control valve hunting. let us consider a direct return system with a constant speed pump according to figure 4a. design pressure drop8 for the control valve in circuit 1 is 40 ft. at 50 % average flow, the available differential pressure for the circuit 1 increases from 57 to 65 ft ( fig 4c ) and the control valve authority from 40 / 57x100 = 70 % to 40 / 65x100 = 62 %. this increase in differential pressure does not compromise the control valve performance. however, for the last circuit, the available differential increases from 27 to 58 ft which greatly decreases the control valve authority from 33 % to 9 / 55x100 = 15 %. in reverse return ( fig 5c ), for all the circuits, the authority will be only 15 % ( 9 / 58x100 ). an example of large cooling system with variable speed pump is shown in figure 6. the variable speed pump keeps the available differential pressure constant for the last circuit. when all terminals experience nearly the same load at the same time, it is a suitable solution. the design condition is : \u03b4p coil = 12. 5 ft, \u03b4h cd = 85 ft and \u03b4h ef = 25 ft. for the last terminal, the design pressure drop for control valve is 12. 5ft ( authority 50 % ). for the first terminal, the best available choice is 70 ft ( authority 80 % ) assuming that the valve noise is acceptable and the valve actuator is capable of closing against 87 ft head. if not, the design of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5049267716745216, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.941583"} {"text": "50 % ). for the first terminal, the best available choice is 70 ft ( authority 80 % ) assuming that the valve noise is acceptable and the valve actuator is capable of closing against 87 ft head. if not, the design of the system has to be change. if all the terminal valves are closed and only terminal 1 is in operation, the differential pressure \u03b4h cd drops from 87 to 25 ft since the differential pressure control is set for \u03b4h ef = 25 ft. the maximum flow in terminal 1 is reduced. it drops by ratio : then the cooling output drops to 80 % ( fig 2a ). the 20 % reduction in cooling output, in this extreme case, may be acceptable. the case could be much more dramatic if he system is not balanced. to avoid the reduction in flow for the first terminal, its control valve could be selected based on the minimum available differential pressure ( 25 ft ). the first terminal would be now able to have its design flow in the worst case. however, during start - up, the control valve is fully open with an available differential pressure of 87 ft. in this case, the water flow in the first terminal will reach 187 % of its design value9. in start - up, most of the control valves are wide open. the pump runs at maximum speed and cannot keep 25 ft at the last terminal. flow greater than design may cause low flows in other parts of the system generating complaints from occupants. moreover, if the return main flow is greater than design, the flow in the bypass mn ( fig 1 ) will reverse creating an increase of the supply water temperature at mixing point m. this makes morning start - up a time consuming operation. one solution for terminal 1 is to keep the differential pressure across the control valve constant with a local differential pressure controller ( see reference f ). ( fig 7 ) the set point of the ap controller is selected to obtain the design flow for the control valve when fully open. that way, the control valve is always correctly sized and its authority is kept close to 100 %. when the system can be represented by figure 6, the differential pressure may be maintained constant at the middle of the system ( ab instead of ef ) taking the same example as before, the set point would be 56 ft. when the average load is close to zero, the maximum flow obtainable at the first terminal would be of 80 % 10, reducing the maximum power output by only 6 % ( fig 2a ). for the last terminal, the control valve authority will decrease", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5062604747600696, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.942548"} {"text": "when the average load is close to zero, the maximum flow obtainable at the first terminal would be of 80 % 10, reducing the maximum power output by only 6 % ( fig 2a ). for the last terminal, the control valve authority will decrease from 50 % to 22 % which is still acceptable. most of the systems cannot be represented by figure 6 as thee are risers, branches, etc. control valves are calculated to take a maximum of pressure drop in design condition and the remaining differential pressure is taken up by a balancing valve. so the best authority is obtained and flows over design are avoided. the \u03b4p should be measured in strategic points, for instance on some risers. each \u03b4p sensor is associated with a controlled whose set point corresponds with the local design value. the variable speed pump is controlled by the highest demand. this gives the guarantee that all terminals can always work at design value when necessary and the control valve authority is generally improved at small loads. a hvac system is designed for a certain maximum load. if full load cannot be obtained because the system is not balanced for design condition, the owner will not receive the return for his investment. control valves cannot handle this situation as they are fully open when maximum load is required. sizing the two - way control valves is difficult and the valves calculated may not be available on the market. consequently, they are mostly oversized. hydronic balancing is then essential and represents typically less than one percent of the total hvac investment. two - way control valves have to be sized properly to achieve stable control. a good rule is to obtain at least an authority of 25 % in the worst condition. when this goal cannot be achieved, reconsider at least the design of the circuits concerned by installing, for instance, a local self acting differential pressure controller to maintain the control valves authority close to 100 % ( fig 7 ). pumping costs can also be reduced by increasing the design water \u03b4t and by using variable speeds pumps with optimum location of the \u03b4p sensor transmitters. terminal proportional integral ( pi ) controls require lower flows at intermediary loads than on - off controls ( fig 2a ) and can therefore also reduce the pumping costs. it is also important to compensate for pump oversizing. the excess pressure is shown on the balancing valves in the pump discharge. when the correct changes to the pump have been made, the pump discharge balancing valve should be fully opened. hydronic balancing requires the correct tools, up to date procedures and efficient measuring instruments. the manual balancing valve remains the most", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5402604984124306, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.943548"} {"text": "polycystic ovary syndrome ( pcos ) is a chronic endocrine disorder in women. characteristics of pcos are : - high levels of male hormones ( androgens ) - insulin resistance - hair growth on face and body - anovulation \u2014 when the ovaries mature few or no eggs ovaries make follicles that hold eggs. with pcos, the ovaries make the follicles, but the eggs do not mature or leave the ovary. the immature follicles can turn into fluid - filled sacs called cysts. most women with pcos have cysts. however, women with ovarian cysts do not necessarily have pcos. the cause is unknown. genes may play a role. the problem is related to insulin resistance that creates high levels of insulin. these high insulin levels cause too much androgen from the ovaries. this prevents ovulation and leads to enlarged, polycystic ovaries. these factors increase your chance of developing pcos. tell your doctor if you have any of these risk factors : - sedentary lifestyle - family members with pcos - irregular menstrual cycles - age at onset : 15 - 30 years old if you have any of these symptoms do not assume it is due to pcos. these symptoms may be caused by other conditions. tell your doctor if you have any of these : - irregular menstrual periods or no menstrual period ( amenorrhea ) - undesired hair growth on face and body - weight gain - dark patches of skin on neck, groin, and arm pit rarely, symptoms include : - deep voice - temporal ( right or left side of forehead ) balding women with pcos are also at increased risk for : - type 2 diabetes \u2014 due to insulin resistance ( also glucose intolerance and prediabetes ) - hyperlipidemia \u2014 increased fat and cholesterol in the blood - overgrowth and thickening of uterine lining \u2014 endometrial hyperplasia, a precancerous condition - endometrial cancer - high blood pressure - heart disease - metabolic syndrome \u2014 a combination of obesity, insulin resistance, high blood pressure, dyslipidemia, and increased tendency to blood clotting and inflammatory states the doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. she will ask questions about your periods and when they first started. the doctor will also perform a physical exam. it will include a pelvic exam and a measurement", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48582986774047815, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.952750"} {"text": "clotting and inflammatory states the doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. she will ask questions about your periods and when they first started. the doctor will also perform a physical exam. it will include a pelvic exam and a measurement of your body mass. the doctor will order a range of blood tests, such as : - androgen \u2013 free testosterone or total testosterone - dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate ( dheas ) - prolactin and thyroid function tests are often done - fasting blood sugar level and fasting insulin are recommended - fasting lipid profile is recommended a pelvic ultrasound may also be done to look for multiple cysts on the ovaries. treatment differs according to whether you want to conceive or not. treatment targets the underlying insulin resistance that accompanies pcos diagnosis. - managing symptoms - weight loss if overweight ; nutrition consultation insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, and prediabetes management - use of oral agents such as : metformin, glucophage, actos, avandia - oral contraceptive inducing ovulation ( if you want to get pregnant ) - metformin with or without clomiphene citrate - advanced reproductive technologies - preventing complications - anti - androgenic medicines for blocking future hirsutism ( unwanted hair growth ) to lower cholesterol levels and reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, and heart disease : - get regular screenings for diabetes, high blood cholesterol, and fat levels. - exercise regularly. - eat a low - fat diet. - maintain a healthy weight. birth control pills regulate periods. also, by causing the uterine lining to shed regularly, they reduce the risk of overgrowth or cancer. they also control abnormal hair growth and acne by suppressing androgen. other hormones ( called progestins ) may also be used to regulate menstruation. they can be used monthly or intermittently. fertility drugs may be given instead to stimulate ovulation in women who want to become pregnant. pcos can be prevented by recognizing those at risk during their teen years \u2014 due to family history, irregular periods, and obesity. it may be possible to avoid pcos if the causes of obesity are addressed successfully and you follow a special diet and exercises. - reviewer : andrea chisholm - review date : 10 / 2012 - - update date : 10 / 31 / 2012 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41228499969282484, "token_count": 504, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.954989"} {"text": "most active stories around the nation wed august 29, 2012 isaac ' s size, speed help it pack a heavyweight punch originally published on fri october 26, 2012 11 : 28 am isaac might not be in the same league as hurricane katrina seven years ago, but the latest storm to batter louisiana ' s gulf coast is punching above its weight class in more ways than one, scientists say. the 2005 hurricane katrina, which devastated louisiana and parts of mississippi and alabama, was a category 3 storm ( sustained winds of 125 mph ) moving at about 15 mph when it made landfall on the gulf coast. by comparison, isaac was a weak category 1 storm as measured on the saffir - simpson scale, with sustained winds of 74 - 95 mph. by wednesday afternoon, isaac had been downgraded to a tropical storm, although it still was close to the gulf coast and continued to dump torrential rain. while isaac is considerably less intense than katrina, it is large and slow \u2014 a dangerous combination \u2014 and it ' s moving west of the mississippi river, a track that intensifies storm surge, says timothy schott, a meteorologist at the national weather service ' s tropical cyclone program. \" this storm has sustained tropical storm force winds currently extending out to about 175 miles from the center and the hurricane force about 45 miles from the center, \" schott told npr at about noon et wednesday. measuring isaac on three criteria \u2014 storm surge, rainfall and wind \u2014 schott would rate the storm \" high impact \" on all of them. even though the winds are category 1, the slow movement of the storm increases their effect, he says. \" there ' s also a connection between the size of the storm and the storm surge, \" schott says. \" we ' re seeing the storm surge inundation values coming in at 8, 9, 10 feet in those southeast louisiana parishes. \" when it comes to predicting storm surge, a lot of factors come into play, says brian mcnoldy, a senior research assistant at the rosenstiel school of marine and atmospheric science at the university of miami. among the questions : how large is the storm? how far do the tropical - force winds extend? how fast is it moving and how long has it been moving in the same way? how deep is the ocean offshore? \" then the onshore land makes a difference too, \" mcnoldy says. \" if the land is really, really flat, like new orleans, the storm surge can go a lot farther inland", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42007810190247935, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.958863"} {"text": "way? how deep is the ocean offshore? \" then the onshore land makes a difference too, \" mcnoldy says. \" if the land is really, really flat, like new orleans, the storm surge can go a lot farther inland. \" putting ' the cork ' in place and, with isaac moving overland at less than 10 mph, isaac will have plenty of time \u2014 perhaps 20 hours in some areas \u2014 to bottle up storm surge in the mississippi, effectively placing a cork in the bottom as it continues to add more water in the form of torrential rainfall. it ' s not uncommon for hurricanes in the gulf of mexico to be relatively slow movers and isaac had been forecast to be just that, schott says. \" not every storm moves quickly and sometimes along the gulf coast and at these lower latitudes, the storms can slow down as this one has and as it was expected to do, \" he says. mcnoldy calls isaac ' s stalling out over one of the most vulnerable flood plains in the country just \" bad timing, \" but says it could have been far worse. \" we just got really lucky that this didn ' t strengthen more as it was moving across the gulf of mexico these last few days, \" he says. better forecasting has also been a boon. it turns out that models are getting quite good at predicting a storm ' s path, its speed and even the elusive storm surge. but predicting a hurricane ' s intensity has proved more difficult, mcnoldy says. \" for intensity, in some cases we don ' t even know if we ' re putting the right data into the models, \" he says.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38703756907658887, "token_count": 339, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.959601"} {"text": "at your best friend ' s sleepover party last weekend, everyone pigged out on cheese pizza and ice cream. then they flopped on their sleeping bags for a night of dvds. you were having a great time, but after about an hour you started feeling awful. first your stomach felt really full \u2014 almost too full. then it started to ache and you had a lot of gas \u2014 phew! before long, you were running to the bathroom because you had to poop and you couldn ' t wait! oh, no! you hadn ' t been feeling sick before, and no one else felt yucky. so why was your stomach in knots? maybe you have lactose intolerance ( say : lak - tose in - tahl - er - ents ). what is lactose intolerance? people who have lactose intolerance have trouble digesting ( say : dye - jest - ing ) lactose, a type of sugar found in milk and other dairy foods. lactose intolerance does not mean you are allergic to milk, but you will probably feel bad after drinking milk or eating cheese, ice cream, or anything else containing lactose. as with everything else you eat, your body needs to digest lactose to be able to use it for fuel. the small intestine normally makes a special substance called lactase ( say : lak - tase ), an enzyme that breaks lactose down into simpler sugars called glucose ( say : gloo - kose ) and galactose ( say : guh - lak - tose ). these sugars are easy for your body to absorb and turn into energy. people with lactose intolerance do not make enough lactase in their small intestine. without lactase, the body can ' t properly digest food that has lactose in it. this means that if you eat dairy foods, the lactose from these foods will pass into your intestine, which can lead to gas, cramps, a bloated feeling, and diarrhea ( say : dye - uh - ree - uh ), which is loose, watery poop. a lot of people have lactose intolerance, but no one has to put up with feeling awful. if you have lactose intolerance, you can learn to watch what you eat and your doctor may suggest medicine that can help. between 30 million and 50 million people in the united states have lactose intolerance. that means", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46250634213563624, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.965861"} {"text": "feeling awful. if you have lactose intolerance, you can learn to watch what you eat and your doctor may suggest medicine that can help. between 30 million and 50 million people in the united states have lactose intolerance. that means at least 1 out of every 10 americans is lactose intolerant. many cases of lactose intolerance are genetic ( say : juh - neh - tik ). that means that something in these people ' s genes makes them more likely to develop it. the condition is more common among some groups of people \u2014 about 90 % or more of asian americans and native americans are lactose intolerant, and up to 80 % of african americans and hispanic americans get symptoms whenever they eat dairy foods. if you belong to one of these groups, you ' re also more likely to develop lactose intolerance while you ' re young. people can also develop lactose intolerance for other reasons. sometimes another illness may keep the intestine from producing enough lactase. for example, people with inflammatory bowel disease ( ibd ), such as crohn ' s disease, or other long - term problems that affect the intestines are often lactose intolerant. people can also develop lactose intolerance if they ' re taking certain medicines or just had an infection that caused diarrhea. luckily, this type of lactose intolerance doesn ' t usually last long. even if you don ' t have trouble with lactose now, there ' s a chance you might someday. why? because your body starts making less lactase when you ' re around 2 years old. the older you get, the more likely it is that you could have trouble digesting dairy foods. got lactose intolerance? if you have lactose intolerance, your body will usually start acting up within 2 hours of eating or drinking something that has lactose in it. not everyone reacts in the same way \u2014 or within the same amount of time \u2014 because some people can handle more lactose than others can. but when your body starts trying to digest the food, you ' ll begin to feel yucky. if you once got a sick feeling in your stomach after gulping down a glass of milk, that doesn ' t mean you have lactose intolerance. but if you get an upset stomach every time you drink a milkshake, snack on ice cream, or eat a slice of cheesy pizza, there ' s a good", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42053914193356295, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.966915"} {"text": ", that doesn ' t mean you have lactose intolerance. but if you get an upset stomach every time you drink a milkshake, snack on ice cream, or eat a slice of cheesy pizza, there ' s a good chance that ' s what it is. lactose intolerance can start suddenly \u2014 even if you ' ve never had trouble with dairy products or other foods containing lactose. if you and your parent think you might have lactose intolerance, the next step is to see your doctor. after hearing about your symptoms and doing a physical exam, your doctor may ask you to stop eating dairy for a period of time. if your symptoms improve on a dairy - free diet, but happen again when you try dairy again, there ' s a good chance you are lactose intolerant. the doctor also can test your breath to see if you show signs of lactose intolerance. no, the doctor won ' t sniff to see if your breath smells stinky! he or she will check your breath for hydrogen ( say : hye - druh - jun ) \u2014 a gas you cannot see or taste. when lactose isn ' t digested, the bacteria that normally live in the large intestine use it and make hydrogen gas. to test the amount of hydrogen, the doctor will have you drink something with lactose in it. you ' ll be asked to blow into a mask or bag to check the hydrogen level in your breath about every 15 minutes during the test. if it ' s high, you might have lactose intolerance. if you ' re diagnosed with lactose intolerance, your doctor will talk to you about the best ways to treat it and help you feel your best. you will play a big part in how you feel because it ' s up to you to watch what you eat. you might want to keep a list of foods that make you feel sick, so you can steer clear of them in the future. talking with a dietitian ( say : dye - uh - tih - shun ) \u2014 someone who specializes in food and nutrition \u2014 could help you decide what to eat and what not to eat. the doctor also might suggest a kind of medicine you can take when you eat dairy products and other foods containing lactose. this medicine, which contains the lactase enzyme, comes in drops or pills and can be bought in drugstores and supermarkets. if you take it right before eating foods that cause you trouble, it usually", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4132399778066734, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.967998"} {"text": "dairy products and other foods containing lactose. this medicine, which contains the lactase enzyme, comes in drops or pills and can be bought in drugstores and supermarkets. if you take it right before eating foods that cause you trouble, it usually helps your body digest the lactose. some people with lactose intolerance must avoid all foods containing lactose, but others can eat certain dairy foods. many people can drink lactose - free milk that has added calcium. ask your doctor if this could be a good choice for you. if you are new to lactose intolerance, start by figuring out what ' s best for you to eat. again, a nutritionist can help you plan healthy meals that contain little or no lactose. when you do eat dairy products, stick with foods that have smaller amounts of lactose in them, such as aged cheeses, including cheddar. yogurt that contains live cultures is more easily digested because it contains healthy bacteria that produce lactase. even if you ' re lactose intolerant, you may be able to handle smaller portions of your favorite dairy products. it also may help to eat a food that does not contain lactose along with a food that does, so have some fruit with your bagel and cream cheese! if you have lactose intolerance, make sure you still get enough calcium from foods like tofu, leafy green veggies ( spinach is a great choice ), lactose - free milk, and juices or soy milk that have added calcium. eating a healthy diet that includes many different kinds of food should do the trick. if you can ' t seem to get enough calcium in your diet, your doctor may recommend a calcium supplement. you also need to get the right amount of vitamin d, which helps your body use calcium. you may also take a lactase enzyme supplement. taking this before eating food that contains dairy will help your body digest the lactose sugar in dairy so you don ' t have pain, cramping, bloating, gas or diarrhea. and if you ' re trying to cut out lactose, you ' ll have to cut out more than milk. remember to check food labels because many packaged foods have added lactose, and sometimes it ' s tricky to figure out which ones do. watch out for ingredients like butter, cheese, cream, dried milk, milk solids, powdered milk, and whey, for example. if you ' re not sure about an ingredient", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3791619331414199, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.968881"} {"text": "| this article appears in the january 23, 2004 issue of executive intelligence review. the mars exploration rovers begin the intensive study of the planet mars, which can lay the basis for its human exploration in the future. marsha freeman reports. spirit rover gets ready to follow the water on mars a highly complex and extraordinary representative of man ' s intelligence is sitting now in gusev crater on the surface of mars, preparing to begin a geological study of the history of water on the red planet. from its full stand - up height of nearly five feet, spirit is transmitting back to earth full - color, three - dimensional photographs of mars, which are comparable in resolution to what you would see with your own eyes, were you standing there. its journey will be the first step in a planned multi - decade nasa mars exploration program. the success of the spirit landing and its initial operation have placed on the agenda, once again, lyndon larouche ' s 40 - year program, developed in the 1980s, for the establishment of a science city on mars. ( see below ). the primary task of the mars exploration rovers, named spirit and opportunity, is to deploy a suite of scientific instruments, in order to peer into the past, and help answer the question : at some time in its history, did mars have a climate and environment that would have supported life? the rovers will not be searching for fossils or direct evidence of life. experiments aboard the two viking landers in 1976 attempted to do that, returning ambiguous results that are still being debated in the scientific community. the complex soil chemistry on the martian surface convinced scientists that the level of robotic technology available today, would best be deployed to search for indirect evidence of possible life on mars. since the 1970s viking missions, field research in extreme environments on earth has revealed not only that liquid water is a prerequisite for life, but that everywhere there is water, and some source of energy, there is life. such environments have included hot steam vents under the ocean, lakes under the ice of antarctica, and the inside of radioactive nuclear power plants. where there is water and energy, there is life. there is no evidence of liquid water currently on the surface of mars. there is frozen water at the poles, and, as recently discovered from orbital measurements, significant caches of ice co - mingled with soil under the surface of much of the planet. there is gaseous water vapor in the atmosphere, whose concentration waxes and wanes with the change of seasons on mars, when polar ice sublimes into the atmosphere", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4905322407946145, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.983474"} {"text": "river ' s trip into gusev, before it exited through a gap in the crater ' s northern rim. the surface of gusev crater, which appeared relatively smooth from orbit, and confirmed to be so by photographs taken by spirit on the ground, may be covered with wind - blown dust deposits, or material from volcanic eruptions. the samples of layered sedimentary rocks that would tell the history of the site, therefore, may be found in the material from the bottom of the original crater that was ejected to the surface, when secondary impacts took place. placing spirit in a portion of gusev crater that was not too rocky, relatively flat, and not too dusty, required the most intricate trajectory planning, and the analysis of real - time data of the changing conditions in the martian atmosphere, in order to allow last - minute adjustments. the parameters for entry into mars ' atmosphere, descent, and landing were carefully calculated using models based on imaging and thermal data from the two orbiters. but even the best models can be bested by the red planet. in early december, a dust storm was observed on the opposite side of mars as the spirit landing site. scientists were aware that the increased dust in the atmosphere would increase its temperature, but thought that effect would be limited to the vicinity of the storm. but they discovered shortly before spirit landed that the effects were global, and that higher temperatures than expected would have an impact on spirit ' s landing. small adjustments were made in the last few minutes before descent and landing, to account for the change in the weather. images and data, including the dust deposits on the rover ' s solar arrays, lead scientists to conclude that visibility at gusev carter now is similar to a smoggy day on a big city on earth. mission managers warned before landing that even a large gust of wind could end the mission. to increase the likelihood of success, a set of systems was placed on the lander to help guide its descent. these included downward - looking cameras on the lander to take three images on the way down ; three small rockets to compensate for any wind gusts that might give the lander a horizontal velocity ; radar on the lander to send pulses toward the ground to measure its altitude ; and the ability for spirit to communicate with mars odyssey during its entire descent to the surface, in order to record each step of the process. the result was that the engineers succeeded in placing spirit in \" the sweet spot, \" as scientist dr. steve squyres described it. from the first black - and - white", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5098505580063696, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.985830"} {"text": "to the surface, in order to record each step of the process. the result was that the engineers succeeded in placing spirit in \" the sweet spot, \" as scientist dr. steve squyres described it. from the first black - and - white images the rover transmitted to earth, three hours after it landed, it was clear that its neighborhood on gusev crater is made to order. a different mars unlike the 1970s viking and 1997 pathfinder landing sites, this site has only 3 % of its surface covered with rocks, versus 20 %. there are no large boulders visiblenothing so tall that the rover will have to drive around it. nature has saved the scientists time, dr. squyres has noted, by scouring the surfaces of many of the rocks through the periodic transit of dust devils, swirling through the windy crater. the site contains the diversity of rocks and soil the scientists had hoped for. there are rounded and angular rocks, dark - surfaced and brighter rocks, soil that appears dusty, soil that appears compacted, and insets of small craters, where ejecta may expose primary material from the past of gusev crater. while the egress of the rover from its landing platform was delayed by a couple of daysin order to turn it in place so it could roll off in the safest directionscientists have been studying the data collected by spirit to make their short - and long - term exploration plans. at a briefing from nasa ' s jet propulsion laboratory on jan. 13, dr. squyres outlined the primary objectives of each of the working science teams. the atmospheric science team, he reported, is studying the observations of the sky taken by the rover ' s thermal emission spectrometer, to refine their understanding of mars ' dynamic atomsphere and weather. the team is aiming for high - fidelity temperature profiles of the atmosphere on mars. this data will be important in fine - tuning the landing of the opportunity rover on jan. 25, as well as generally improving weather forecasting on mars. \" there is almost an embarrassment of rocks \" to study, squyres said, in regard to the work of the geology and long - term planning science team. the first order of business will be to study the different rock and soil types in the immediate vicinity of the rover, and the team will be choosing the best targets. visual images, as well as infrared measurements, already indicate the variety the scientists had hoped for. the group interested in studying the physical properties of the rocks and soil, is most", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5092320380550954, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.986818"} {"text": "vicinity of the rover, and the team will be choosing the best targets. visual images, as well as infrared measurements, already indicate the variety the scientists had hoped for. the group interested in studying the physical properties of the rocks and soil, is most immediately anxious to gain access to the images of the tracks that the rover ' s wheels will leave in the soil, as it exits the lander ramp. they will study the soil ' s compressibility, and do little wheel maneuverssuch as holding five fixed and rotating the sixthto provide a look at material at some depth. later, the rover will do trenching, digging deeper down in the soil. following that, an intriguing piece of real estate near the landernow dubbed the \" magic carpet \" where spirit ' s airbags apparently dragged against the soil, will be a point of interest. from the visual images, the darker, subsurface soil that was uncovered, looks like mud. scientists caution that it is unlikely the soil is actually wet, but are anxious to discern its differences from the surrounding area. the mineralogy and geochemistry group is deciding in which direction the rover should go, after it studies its immediate surroundings. the first order of business is to provide a map of the diversity of the site. their job is to use the rover ' s suite of spectrographic instruments, which will provide the compositional data on the rocks, to do a thorough characterization of the neighborhood. by jan. 13, the scientists had assembled the entire 360\u00b0 color 3 - d panorama of photographs from the rover, seeing details that were invisible in the first, black - and - white, lower - resolution navigation images. on the horizon, in an easterly direction from spirit, is a cluster of eight rolling hills. the nearest, however, is almost two miles from the landing spot, or about five times the distance the rover was designed to travel. dr. squyres stressed that even if the rover could not make the traverse all the way to the hills, the view and detail of the hills will \" get better and better, \" as the rover is sent closer and closer. one \" extremely attractive target, \" according to dr. squyres, is a small crater only about 800 feet in the distance. it appears to be an impact crater that has excavated subsurface material. once the rover is on the move, scientists and engineers will decide if it should drive over and peek over the ridge of the crater ' s rim. meet the field geologists the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4984177993854408, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.988319"} {"text": "appears to be an impact crater that has excavated subsurface material. once the rover is on the move, scientists and engineers will decide if it should drive over and peek over the ridge of the crater ' s rim. meet the field geologists the mars exploration rovers are the most complex robotic devices for planetary study ever deployed. each is designed to wander the red planet for at least 90 mars days, or sols ( equivalent to 92 earth days ), and cover a distance of up to 300 feet per day. unlike the diminutive 22 - pound sojourner rover, which depended upon a lander for communications, the 384 - pound, golf cart - sized spirit and opportunity rovers communicate directly with the two overhead mars orbiters, and with the earth. thus, they have no limit on distance they can travel from the landing site. the amount of data, including images, that spirit can send back in a day, using all three communication links, is more than ten times what was retrieved from sojourner in 1997. how far each rover will travel will depend upon how long it is operational. as mars goes from summer to fall in its northern hemisphere over the next three months, and the days shorten and temperatures decline, the rovers will have to use more energy to keep their instruments and electronics warm. at the same time, there will be less solar energy available for their panels to convert into electricity. so for this mission, time is of the essence. during the time they are functioning on the surface of mars, the rovers have their prime objectives. these were chosen to carry out the studies that would indicate whether or not water was persistent on mars. for spirit, this means a thorough characterization of the diversity of the rocks and soil ; the search for minerals that could have been deposited by water flow or precipitation ; the search for minerals created in the presence of water ; and the extraction of clues from its geologic investigation that relate to the environmental conditions when liquid water was present on the surface, such as erosion, or rock fracturing. to meet these objectives, spirit has a scientific payload, called athena. it includes two instruments that survey the general site. the first is a pair of high - resolution color stereo cameras, whose photographs have already produced images with a clarity never before seen. the second is a miniature thermal emission spectrometer, or mini - tes, which sees objects in the infrared. from afar, mini - tes is determining the mineral composition of martian features, peering through the dust that coats some of the rocks,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4958497273625323, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.989264"} {"text": "second is a miniature thermal emission spectrometer, or mini - tes, which sees objects in the infrared. from afar, mini - tes is determining the mineral composition of martian features, peering through the dust that coats some of the rocks, to see their spectral signature. it has already identified higher - than - expected concentrations of carbonates, which form in the presence of water on earth. mini - tes also measures the gross heat emitted by objects, and will help characterize the texture of the soil ( fluffy or compacted ), by obtaining a profile of its absorption of heat during the day, and its release at night. the rover has an arm ( and hand, and fingers ), which can reach out and deploy three instruments for in situ measurements. these are the microscopic imagera combined microscope and camera, which will produce extremely closeup view of rocks and soils ; the mossbauer spectrometer, to determine the composition and abundance of iron - bearing minerals, and magnetic properties of surface materials ; and the alpha particle x - ray spectrometer, to determine the individual elements that make up the rocks and soil. to clear the way for looking behind the surface and into the interior, the rock abrasion tool will grind away the top layer of rocks, and expose fresh material underneath for the arm ' s instruments to investigate up close. by the end of its mission, scientists hope that spirit will provide them with the quantity and quality of data to come to a definitive answer to the question of whether there was a lake of some sort at gusev crater, and, if so, how long the water persisted there. next rover about to arrive opportunity is scheduled to land on the opposite side of mars, at meridiani planum, on jan. 25, eastern standard time ; late night the previous day, at the jet propulsion laboratory in california. like gusev crater, meridiani is near the martian equator, but halfway around the planet. the site is one of the smoothest, flattest plains on mars, and is of particular interest due to its mineral composition. from orbit, the mars global surveyor thermal emission spectrometer has observed that meridiani planum is rich in an iron oxide mineral called gray hematite, which on earth is usually formed in the presence of water. opportunity will take a closer look. these two complementary rover missions are taking important steps in nasa ' s effort to \" follow the water \" on mars. throughout the rest of this decade, future missions will extend the scope and depth of this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5436956134588535, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.990315"} {"text": "of water. opportunity will take a closer look. these two complementary rover missions are taking important steps in nasa ' s effort to \" follow the water \" on mars. throughout the rest of this decade, future missions will extend the scope and depth of this intensive exploration of mars, and put in place the infrastructure for the decade to follow. in 2005, nasa plans to launch the mars reconnaissance orbiter, to carry our a remote sensing study of the planet, comparable to what is carried out continuously to study the earth. it is designed to combine the big - picture perspective of an orbiter with the level of local detail previously only obtainable from landing a spacecraft on the surface. the phoenix mars scout, scheduled for the next launch opportunity in 2007, will send a spacecraft, for the first time, to a non - equatorial landing spot, at the icy northern, arctic part of the planet. after the mars reconnaissance orbiter conducts its high - resolution examination of thousands of mars locales, the nuclear - powered, precision - landed mars science laboratory will be deployed in 2009, to intensively study the surface for a full martian year or longer ; it will be able to cover a distance on the ground an order of magnitude larger than the current set of rovers. during the same 2009 launch window, the mars telecommunications orbiter will be sent to mars. it will be the first interplanetary spacecraft whose primary mission will be to provide a communications link for other missions. its first task will be to provide the capability to dramatically increase the amount of data that the science laboratory can send back to earth.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.49695661088557963, "token_count": 318, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.992215"} {"text": "cesar chavez ' s home is designated national historic site cesar chavez \u2019 s california retreat has been added to the national register of historic places. interior secretary ken salazar announced the designation of the site in the tehachapi mountains where the labor leader lived and led the farm workers movement the last 22 years of his life. salazar, who called chavez \" one of the heroes of the 20th century, ' ' made the announcement at a gathering of the congressional hispanic caucus institute in washington on wednesday night. the 187 - acre nuestra senora reina de la paz in keene, southeast of bakersfield, served as headquarters of the united farm workers and chavez \u2019 s residence from 1971 to 1993. it is now home to the national chavez center. chavez was buried there in 1993. the listing is largely honorific. the site is one of a number of places in the west associated with chavez ' s life that are under consideration for designation as national historic landmarks or additions to the national park system. the national park service staff is expected to send its recommendations to congress early next year. \u201c for my father, la paz was a personal refuge from bitter struggles in agricultural valleys and big cities, a spiritual harbor where he recharged batteries, drew fresh inspiration and prepared for the battles ahead, \u201d paul f. chavez, cesar chavez ' s middle son and president of the cesar chavez foundation, said in a statement. \u201c it was a place where many dedicated people spent years of their lives working with cesar chavez for social justice, inspiring generations of americans from all walks of life who never worked on a farm to social and political activism. \" the national register of historic places includes more than 87, 000 historic buildings, structures, districts, sites and objects. la paz was nominated for listing by california \u2019 s state historic preservation officer. a 12 - member advisory board then recommended the designation to salazar, who approved it after visiting the site. as the leader of the united farm workers union, chavez staged a massive grape boycott that raised awareness of the plight of predominantly latino farmworkers. his efforts were credited with inspiring millions of other latinos in their fight for more educational opportunities, better housing and more political power. - - richard simon reporting from washington, d. c. photo : villa la paz, a conference and education center, is located at the national chavez center at la paz in keene, ca. the site has been added to the national register of historic places. credit : mel melcon / los angeles times", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.37111359726313264, "token_count": 501, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:41.995066"} {"text": "all morning, i have been on twitter, waiting to find out who john mccain would pick as his vice presidential running mate. sarah palin \u2019 s name was floated early, in advance of the announcement, and i checked out her bio on wikipedia. one thing stuck out immediately for me - she has a baby, born in april 2008, now 5 months old, who has down syndrome. down syndrome is also called trisomy 21 - the children have a third # 21 chromosome, and it can cause a series of issues. from wikipedia : individuals with down syndrome tend to have a lower than average cognitive ability, often ranging from mild to moderate learning disabilities. a small number have severe to profound mental disability. the incidence of down syndrome is estimated at 1 per 800 to 1, 000 births, although these statistics are heavily influenced by the age of the mother. other factors may also play a role. many of the common physical features of down syndrome also appear in people with a standard set of chromosomes. they may include a single transverse palmar crease ( a single instead of a double crease across one or both palms, also called the simian crease ), an almond shape to the eyes caused by an epicanthic fold of the eyelid, upslanting palpebral fissures, shorter limbs, poor muscle tone, a larger than normal space between the big and second toes, and protruding tongue. health concerns for individuals with down syndrome include a higher risk for congenital heart defects, gastroesophageal reflux disease, recurrent ear infections, obstructive sleep apnea, and thyroid dysfunctions. early childhood intervention, screening for common problems, medical treatment where indicated, a conducive family environment, and vocational training can improve the overall development of children with down syndrome. although some of the physical genetic limitations of down syndrome cannot be overcome, education and proper care will improve quality of life. in the \u201c learning disabilities world \u201d, people are often oddly jealous of parents of down \u2019 s kids in comparison. this sounds really weird, right? how could that be? well, parents who know their child has a disability like down \u2019 s from birth, automatically often get hooked up with advocacy groups, help and information like the national down syndrome society, national association for down syndrome, national down syndrome congress, and others. for parents of kids with other cognitive and even mild learning disabilities, ranging from autism to adhd and dyslexia, their child \u2019 s disability often comes as a surprise,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4638103464682186, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.003971"} {"text": "national association for down syndrome, national down syndrome congress, and others. for parents of kids with other cognitive and even mild learning disabilities, ranging from autism to adhd and dyslexia, their child \u2019 s disability often comes as a surprise, several years after the child is born. something seems off. you wonder whether or not it \u2019 s just your imagination. you have to be a detective, as well as assertive with practitioners to figure out what \u2019 s going on. too frequently, if a mom suspects something \u2019 s wrong, they also have to deal with the fact that the knee - jerk response from many pediatricians is \u201c wait and see - you are being too nervous. \u201d these disabilities are not immediately known and obvious, and often blind - side parents who have been assuming everything is just fine and dandy. this road into disability land is really rough for many people, especially for those who aren \u2019 t expecting it. but it isn \u2019 t easy for anyone, even those who know the road will be different. emily perl kingsley wrote a moving piece called \u201c welcome to holland \u201c about her experience of having a child with down \u2019 s syndrome. most of the moms i know whose children have any sort of issue feel very much the same way. the link above will take you to the piece, but i think it \u2019 s equally important to reprint it here for the purposes of this post : i am often asked to describe the experience of raising a child with a disability \u2013 to try to help people who have not shared that unique experience to understand it, to imagine how it would feel. it \u2019 s like this \u2026 \u2026 when you \u2019 re going to have a baby, it \u2019 s like planning a fabulous vacation trip \u2013 to italy. you buy a bunch of guide books and make your wonderful plans. the coliseum. the michelangelo david. the gondolas in venice. you may learn some handy phrases in italian. it \u2019 s all very exciting. after months of eager anticipation, the day finally arrives. you pack your bags and off you go. several hours later, the plane lands. the stewardess comes in and says, \u201c welcome to holland. \u201d \u201c holland?!? \u201d you say. \u201c what do you mean holland?? i signed up for italy! i \u2019 m supposed to be in italy. all my life i \u2019 ve dreamed of going to italy. \u201d but there \u2019 s been a change in the flight plan. they \u2019 ve landed in holland and there you must stay. the important thing is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4561406478605283, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.005596"} {"text": "i \u2019 m supposed to be in italy. all my life i \u2019 ve dreamed of going to italy. \u201d but there \u2019 s been a change in the flight plan. they \u2019 ve landed in holland and there you must stay. the important thing is that they haven \u2019 t taken you to a horrible, disgusting, filthy place, full of pestilence, famine and disease. it \u2019 s just a different place. so you must go out and buy new guide books. and you must learn a whole new language. and you will meet a whole new group of people you would never have met. it \u2019 s just a different place. it \u2019 s slower - paced than italy, less flashy than italy. but after you \u2019 ve been there for a while and you catch your breath, you look around \u2026. and you begin to notice that holland has windmills \u2026. and holland has tulips. holland even has rembrandts. but everyone you know is busy coming and going from italy \u2026 and they \u2019 re all bragging about what a wonderful time they had there. and for the rest of your life, you will say \u201c yes, that \u2019 s where i was supposed to go. that \u2019 s what i had planned. \u201d and the pain of that will never, ever, ever, ever go away \u2026 because the loss of that dream is a very very significant loss. but \u2026 if you spend your life mourning the fact that you didn \u2019 t get to italy, you may never be free to enjoy the very special, the very lovely things \u2026 about holland. having a child who is different is a challenge. it takes lots of time. you go from doctor \u2019 s appointment to therapists to psychologists. you have iep meetings with teachers and educators. you have a whole program of enrichment you need to do at home, to keep your child on track and make them successful and hopefully, eventually, independent. this post is not supposed to be a giant pity party about the difficulties parents face when they have a child with a disability. there \u2019 s plenty of fun and joy and laughter, but let me not delude you for a moment to say that it is a heck of a lot of work and requires a heck of a lot of time. then there \u2019 s the whole issue of how much siblings lose out when so much time is spent helping the child with a disability, but we \u2019 ll save that one for a different day. while i will be one of the first people in line to be empathetic with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42183960561001066, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.007364"} {"text": "whole issue of how much siblings lose out when so much time is spent helping the child with a disability, but we \u2019 ll save that one for a different day. while i will be one of the first people in line to be empathetic with sarah palin and the challenges she faces ahead of her with her son, i think she is deluding herself that she can be both a great mom to a child with a disability and the vice president of the united states. heck, most moms i know have enough problems being a mom, holding a job, handling homework, and volunteering with the pta. having a job like vice president basically is a 24 x 7 type of position. she will be required to sit in the senate. she will have meetings all over the world. yes, i have heard of nannies. but her son will require tons of care and attention, consistently, and especially during his early years, to ensure he develops to the maximum of his potential. and i worry that being vice president means she will miss all of that, or leave it to her other children and / or caretakers to take her place. so many times, it \u2019 s a mom \u2019 s observation of her child and their subtle behaviors that let you know what \u2019 s normal and what \u2019 s not. it helps clue professionals and therapists to possible treatments and underlying problems. there \u2019 s a story in dr. william sears \u2019 book the successful child ( p. 40 ) about how one mom knew there was a problem with a new speech therapist \u2019 s perception of what her child needed and what was wrong, and it was only through observation and being able to explain how her child was at home, that the mom could convince the speech therapist to try something new, and that seemed to make all the difference. i am a firm believer, that whether you are a working mom or a stay at home mom, you need to be an active part in your child \u2019 s life and you need to know them well, in order to advocate well for them. you can \u2019 t outsource this responsibility to others - no one else has the same love and attachment for your child as you do. i am sure palin \u2019 s husband may take over this role if she becomes vice president, but he won \u2019 t be able to be the baby \u2019 s mom. sarah palin faces a difficult and challenging and rewarding journey ahead with her children and family. and i have sincere doubts that both her job as a mom to a child with a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4027329097667577, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.008388"} {"text": "he won \u2019 t be able to be the baby \u2019 s mom. sarah palin faces a difficult and challenging and rewarding journey ahead with her children and family. and i have sincere doubts that both her job as a mom to a child with a severe disability and her potential job as vp will get all the attention they deserve if she tries to do them both simultaneously. sarah palin \u2019 s child is very young right now, and i don \u2019 t think she can fully appreciate the path that is laid out before her. if someone called and offered me the vice presidency, i would have a hard time saying no as well. it is a once in a lifetime, career opportunity. it could change the course of her life, and the life of our country and even the world. even the nomination is important. this is an uncommon situation. but i think it would be tragic to outsource her child for the sake of this position - a childhood is something that cannot be replayed or recaptured when it is convenient, or when the term is over. what kind of treatment and therapy this child gets over the next few years will help determine the course of the rest of his life - every expert says early intervention is key. is this child \u2019 s future something that should be in play? we will see how this all plays out. as someone who has children with relatively minor learning issues, who talks to parents who have kids with many more complex issues than mine, and who interviews experts in the field of learning and education, i can say i doubt they make a day long enough for sarah palin to be both vice president of the united states and an involved mom of a child with a disability. and for all the heroics that she may be painted with for the next 67 days, for having 5 children, including one being deployed to iraq as well as an infant with down \u2019 s, and the host of other merit badges that support her selection, i honestly believe she cannot yet appreciate the challenges she will face with her son. george will has a son with down syndrome and wrote an interesting piece about it in newsweek, wondering whether or not prenatal testing is leading too many women to choose to abort fetuses with down syndrome. i do not consider any of this a debate about abortion or genetic anomalies, or anything other than the amount of time and care involved in raising children with disabilities. there is no doubt that people with down syndrome can lead fine lives, but this also means having great care and loving, involved parents to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.41689892186518773, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.009364"} {"text": "or genetic anomalies, or anything other than the amount of time and care involved in raising children with disabilities. there is no doubt that people with down syndrome can lead fine lives, but this also means having great care and loving, involved parents to make sure it happens. randy alcorn also talks about his son with down syndrome here. correction - this link is to an excerpt of the george will article in newsweek, on randy alcorn \u2019 s website, and is not about randy \u2019 s own family. the national down syndrome society talks about the need and importance of early intervention here. some of the things a child with down \u2019 s will need includes : when should early intervention start? early intervention should begin any time shortly after birth, and continue until the child reaches age three. the sooner early intervention begins, the better, however, it \u2019 s never too late to start. once it is determined that your baby has down syndrome, you may contact your local early intervention specialist and arrange for an evaluation and assessment. what is early intervention? based upon patterns of development, early intervention is a systematic program of physical therapy, exercise and activity designed to remedy developmental delays that may be experienced by children with down syndrome. in many instances, the program is individualized to meet the specific needs of each child, and to help all infants and children reach growth milestones in every area of development. early intervention helps in each of the four main areas of development : gross motor and fine motor skills, language, social development and self - help skills.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4398571213060428, "token_count": 310, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.009959"} {"text": "dysgraphia is similar to dyslexia which affects writing or written expression. it is a learning disability that makes it difficult for an otherwise bright child to express himself well through writing. the national institute for neurological disorders defines dysgraphia as follows : \" dysgraphia is a neurological disorder characterized by writing disabilities. specifically, the disorder causes a person ' s writing to be distorted or incorrect. in children, the disorder generally emerges when they are first introduced to writing. they make inappropriately sized and spaced letters, or write wrong or misspelled words, despite thorough instruction. children with the disorder may have other learning disabilities, however, they usually have no social or other academic problems. in addition to poor handwriting, dysgraphia is characterized by wrong or odd spelling, and production of words that are not correct ( i. e., using \" boy \" for \" child \" ). the cause of the disorder is unknown. \" dysgraphia is a ' sister ' disability to dyslexia. whereas dyslexia is ' difficulty with language ', dysgraphia is ' difficulty with writing '. dysgraphia causes difficulty with processing information, organizing thoughts, and going through the process of putting the words down onto paper. often a child with dysgraphia hates writing, will have writing that is variable in size and spacing, and will sometimes orient letters incorrectly. ( continued below.. ) a child with dysgraphia may or may not be able to think of what he wants to write. often children with dysgraphia will be able to express themselves well verbally, however seem unable to write at a level that reflects the complexity of their thoughts. a child may express himself with sentences such as, \" the apatosaurus was gigantic, but was primarily a herbivore. \" however, he would be likely to write, \" the dino was big. \" there is an excellent article about dysgraphia on the international dyslexia association website called, \" just the facts.. dysgraphia \". you may also find helpful information on ldonline. you can also view additional information about remediation programs on our writing remediation page.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5007087552897551, "token_count": 455, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.011998"} {"text": "the sign for \" birth \" can be done a couple of ways. both signs mean \" birth \" or \" born. \" one is based on the idea of a baby \" coming out \" and the other is based on the idea of a baby the palm of the right hand is held near the stomach. the left hand is coving the right hand. the right slips downward and outward representing the motion of a baby out of a womb. birth or born : note : in the picture i ' m holding my hand against my stomach because i ' m over - posing. in real life this sign tends to be done a few inches away from the stomach so as to allow for high speed signing. note : while the above sign is great for discussing the birthing process, i don ' t recommend it for use in the sign for \" birthday. \" it wouldn ' t be \" wrong \" - - just a bit weird ( as if you said \" birthing day. \" if you want to sign \" birthday \" then either use the specific sign used in your region ( ask your local deaf friends ) or see \" arriving baby \" version below. also see \" birthday. \" \" birth / born \" version 2 : this version is based on the idea of a baby \" arriving. \" hold your right hand palm on your belly. hold your left hand, palm up in front of your lower belly area. bring your right hand forward and down until it lands on your left palm. the right hand starts at the belly and moves to the left hand. this sign looks a lot like the sign for arrive, except that \" birth \" is done closer to the belly. also see : day you can learn american language ( asl ) online at american sign language university \u2122 by lifeprint. com \u00a9 dr. william vicars", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.43627442626418655, "token_count": 364, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.013625"} {"text": "polycarbonates, known by the trademarked names lexan, makrolon, and others, are a particular group of thermoplastic polymers. they are easily worked, moulded, and thermoformed. because of these properties, polycarbonates find many applications. polycarbonate is the first commercially useful thermoplastic material which incorporates the carbonate radical as an integral part of the main polymer chain. polycarbonate derived from bpa is a very durable material. although it has high impact - resistance. the characteristics of polycarbonate are quite like those of polymethyl methacrylate ( pmma, acrylic ), but polycarbonate is stronger, usable in a wider temperature range. this polymer is highly transparent to visible light and has better light transmission characteristics than many kinds of glass. unlike most thermoplastics, polycarbonate can undergo large plastic deformations without cracking or breaking. as a result, it can be processed and formed at room temperature using sheet metal techniques, such as forming bends on a brake. even for sharp angle bends with a tight radius, no heating is generally necessary. this makes it valuable in prototyping applications where transparent or electrically non - conductive parts are needed, which cannot be made from sheet metal. low water absorption high heat resistance, thermal stability and good electrical properties and very high impact strength are among the many desirable properties that polycarbonates possess. electronic components - being a good electrical insulator and having heat and flame resistant properties, it is used in myriad products associated with electrical and telecommunications hardware. it is used as dielectric in high stability capacitorsconstruction materials - the second largest consumer of polycarbonates is the construction industry, e. g. for domelights, flat or curved glazing, and sound walls. data storage - a major application of polycarbonate is the production of compact discs, dvds, and blu - ray discs. the blanks are produced by injection molding. typical products of sheet / film production include applications in advertisement ( signs, displays, poster protection ). automotive, aircraft, and security components - in the automotive industry, injection moulded polycarbonate can produce very smooth surfaces that make it well suited for direct ( without the need for a basecoat ) metalised parts such as decorative bezels and optical reflectors. its uniform mould shrinkage results in parts with greater accuracy than those made of polypropylene. however, due to its su", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5260048033992967, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.018409"} {"text": "( without the need for a basecoat ) metalised parts such as decorative bezels and optical reflectors. its uniform mould shrinkage results in parts with greater accuracy than those made of polypropylene. however, due to its susceptibility to environmental stress cracking, its use is limited to low stress applications. it can be laminated to make bullet - proof \" glass \", although \" bullet - resistant \" is more accurate for the thinner windows, such as are used in bullet - resistant windows in automobiles. the thicker barriers of transparent plastic used in teller ' s windows and barriers in banks, are also polycarbonate. so called \" theft - proof \" large plastic packaging for smaller items, which cannot be opened by hand, is uniformly made from polycarbonate. the cockpit canopy of the f - 22 raptor jet fighter is made from a piece of high optical quality polycarbonate, and is the largest piece of its type formed in the worldniche applications - many kinds of lenses are manufactured from polycarbonate, including automotive headlamp lenses, lighting lenses, sunglass / eyeglass, lenses, and safety glasses. other miscellaneous items : mp3 / digital audio player cases, ocarinas, computer cases, riot shields, visors, instrument panels. many toys and hobby items are made from polycarbonate parts, e. g. fins, gyro mounts, and flybar locks for use with radio - controlled helicopters. the fact that polycarbonates has exceptionally high impact strength suggest its use in applications where toughness is a requisite, such as housings for business machines, communication equipment, automotive, aircraft and security components.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5108709368333598, "token_count": 338, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.019044"} {"text": "given the twin demands of controlling climate change and ensuring the world ' s future energy needs are met, \" the first question to ask is not ' how do we reduce emissions? ' \" says roger pielke jr., a science - policy specialist at the university of colorado at boulder, the author of the critique. instead, he says, the question should be : \" in a world that needs vast amounts of more energy, how can we provide that energy in ways that do not lead to the accumulation of carbon in the atmosphere? \" technologies that are already at hand or likely to go commercial over the next decade may not be climate friendly enough to stabilize atmospheric greenhouse - gas concentrations so that global warming is held to about 3. 6 degrees fahrenheit by century ' s end. at this stage, he says, people should focus more on policies that directly address what many analysts see as a yawning technology gap, rather than on regulatory approaches that deal with the gap less directly. the critique by dr. pielke and colleagues at the national center for atmospheric research in boulder, colo., and mcgill university in montreal, has touched off a small firestorm among the scientific community \u2013 in no small part because it appeared in the pages of nature, one of the most high - profile science journals on the planet. some of the reaction to the critique focuses on the nuts and bolts of the argument, which implies that when the ipcc lays out emissions projections, it might do better to assume that technologies don ' t get much better over time. that would give a clearer sense of the challenge ahead than assuming \u2013 as they argue the ipcc does now \u2013 that anywhere from half to virtually all of the technology gap could close in the course of ordinary economic evolution.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5095673594053729, "token_count": 354, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.024024"} {"text": "webster ' s revised unabridged dictionary ( 1913 + 1828 ) back \" rack (? ), back \" rag (? ), n. see bacharach. backs (? ), n. pl. among leather dealers, the thickest and stoutest tanned hides. back \" saw ` (? ), n. [ 2d back, n. + saw. ] a saw ( as a tenon saw ) whose blade is stiffened by an added metallic back. back \" set ` (? ), n. [ back, adv. + set. ] 1. a check ; a relapse ; a discouragement ; a setback. 2. whatever is thrown back in its course, as water. slackwater, or the backset caused by the overflow. back \" set `, v. i. to plow again, in the fall ; - - said of prairie land broken up in the spring. [ western u. s. ] back \" set \" tler (? ), n. [ back, a. + settler. ] one living in the back or outlying districts of a community. the english backsettlers of leinster and munster. back \" sheesh `, back \" shish ` (? ), n. [ pers. bakhshish, fr. bakhshidan to give. ] in egypt and the turkish empire, a gratuity ; a tip \". back \" side ` (? ), n. [ back, a. + side. ] the hinder part, posteriors, or rump of a person or animal. & hand ; backside ( one word ) was formerly used of the rear part or side of any thing or place, but in such senses is now two words. back \" sight ` (? ), n. [ back, adv. + sight. ] ( surv. ) the reading of the leveling staff in its unchanged position when the leveling instrument has been taken to a new position ; a sight directed backwards to a station previously occupied. cf. foresight, n., 3. back ` slide \" (? ), v. i. [ imp. backslid (? ) ; p. p. backslidden (? ), backslid ; p. pr. & vb. n. backsliding. ] [ back, adv. + slide. ] to slide back ; to fall away ; esp. to abandon gradually the faith and practice of a religion that has been", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5127885623165361, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.059830"} {"text": "; p. pr. & vb. n. backsliding. ] [ back, adv. + slide. ] to slide back ; to fall away ; esp. to abandon gradually the faith and practice of a religion that has been professed. back \" slid \" er (? ), n. one who backslides. back \" slid \" ing, a. slipping back ; falling back into sin or error ; sinning. turn, o backsliding children, saith the lord. jer. iii. 14. back \" slid \" ing, n. the act of one who backslides ; abandonment of faith or duty. our backslidings are many. jer. xiv. 7. back \" staff ` (? ), n. an instrument formerly used for taking the altitude of the heavenly bodies, but now superseded by the quadrant and sextant ; - - so called because the observer turned his back to the body observed. back \" stairs `. stairs in the back part of a house, as distinguished from the front stairs ; hence, a private or indirect way. back \" stairs `, back \" stair `, a. private ; indirect ; secret ; intriguing ; as if finding access by the back stairs. a backstairs influence. female caprice and backstairs influence. back \" stay ` (? ), n. [ back, a. orn. + stay. ] 1. ( naut. ) a rope or stay extending from the masthead to the side of a ship, slanting a little aft, to assist the shrouds in supporting the mast. [ often used in the plural. ] 2. a rope or strap used to prevent excessive forward motion. back \" ster (? ), n. [ see baxter. ] a backer. [ obs. ] back \" stitch ` (? ), n. [ back, adv. + stitch. ] a stitch made by setting the needle back of the end of the last stitch, and bringing it out in front of the end. back \" stitch `, v. i. to sew with backstitches ; as, to backstitch a seam. back \" stress (? ), n. a female baker. [ obs. ] back \" sword ` (? ), n. [ 2d back, n. + sword. ] 1. a sword with one sharp edge. 2. in england, a stick with a basket handle, used in rustic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5315689252469814, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.061256"} {"text": ". [ obs. ] back \" sword ` (? ), n. [ 2d back, n. + sword. ] 1. a sword with one sharp edge. 2. in england, a stick with a basket handle, used in rustic amusements ; also, the game in which the stick is used. also called singlestick. back \" ward (? ), back \" wards (? ), adv. [ back, adv. + - ward. ] 1. with the back in advance or foremost ; as, to ride backward. 2. toward the back ; toward the rear ; as, to throw the arms backward. 3. on the back, or with the back downward. thou wilt fall backward. 4. toward, or in, past time or events ; ago. some reigns backward. 5. by way of reflection ; reflexively. sir j. davies. 6. from a better to a worse state, as from honor to shame, from religion to sin. the work went backward. 7. in a contrary or reverse manner, way, or direction ; contrarily ; as, to read backwards. we might have... beat them backward home. 1. directed to the back or rear ; as, backward glances. 2. unwilling ; averse ; reluctant ; hesitating ; loath. for wiser brutes were backward to be slaves. 3. not well advanced in learning ; not quick of apprehension ; dull ; inapt ; as, a backward child. the backward learner. \" 4. late or behindhand ; as, a backward season. 5. not advanced in civilization ; undeveloped ; as, the country or region is in a backward state. 6. already past or gone ; bygone. [ r. ] and flies unconscious o ' er each backward year. back \" ward, n. the state behind or past. [ obs. ] in the dark backward and abysm of time. back \" ward, v. i. to keep back ; to hinder. [ obs. ] back ` war * da \" tion (? ), n. [ backward, v. i. + - ation. ] ( stock exchange ) the seller ' s postponement of delivery of stock or shares, with the consent of the buyer, upon payment of a premium to the latter ; - - also, the premium so paid. see contango. back \" ward * ly (? ), adv. 1. reluctantly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5099849774457158, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.065736"} {"text": "stock or shares, with the consent of the buyer, upon payment of a premium to the latter ; - - also, the premium so paid. see contango. back \" ward * ly (? ), adv. 1. reluctantly ; slowly ; aversely. [ obs. ] sir p. sidney. 2. perversely ; ill. [ obs. ] and does he think so backwardly of me? back \" ward * ness, n. the state of being backward. back \" wash ` (? ), v. i. to clean the oil from ( wood ) after combing. back \" wa ` ter (? ), n. [ back, a. or adv. + - ward. ] 1. water turned back in its course by an obstruction, an opposing current, or the flow of the tide, as in a sewer or river channel, or across a river bar. 2. an accumulation of water overflowing the low lands, caused by an obstruction. 3. water thrown back by the turning of a waterwheel, or by the paddle wheels of a steamer. back \" woods \" (? ), n. pl. [ back, a. + woods. ] the forests or partly cleared grounds on the frontiers. back \" woods \" man (? ), n. ; pl. backwoodsmen ( ). a men living in the forest in or beyond the new settlements, especially on the western frontiers of the older portions of the united states. back \" worm ` (? ), n. [ 2d back, n. + worm. ] a disease of hawks. see filanders. ba \" con (? ), n. [ of. bacon, fr. ohg. bacho, bahho, flitch of bacon, ham ; akin to e. back. cf. back the back side. ] the back and sides of a pig salted and smoked ; formerly, the flesh of a pig salted or fresh. bacon beetle ( zool. ), a beetle ( dermestes lardarius ) which, especially in the larval state, feeds upon bacon, woolens, furs, etc. see dermestes. - - to save one ' s bacon, to save one ' s self or property from harm or less. [ colloq. ] ba * co \" ni * an (? ), a. of or pertaining to lord bacon, or to his system of philosophy. baconian method,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5738421331294596, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.080647"} {"text": "to save one ' s self or property from harm or less. [ colloq. ] ba * co \" ni * an (? ), a. of or pertaining to lord bacon, or to his system of philosophy. baconian method, the inductive method. see induction. bac * te \" ri * a (? ), n. p. see bacterium. bac * te \" ri * al (? ), a. ( biol. ) of or pertaining to bacteria. bac * te \" ri * ci ` dal (? ), a. destructive of bacteria. bac * te \" ri * cide (? ), n. [ bacterium + l. caedere to kill ] ( biol. ) same as germicide. bac * te \" ri * o * log ` ic * al (? ), a. of or pertaining to bacteriology ; as, bacteriological studies. bac * te \" ri * ol ` o * gist, n. one skilled in bacteriology. bac * te \" ri * ol ` o * gy (? ), n. [ bacterium + - logy. ] ( biol. ) the science relating to bacteria. bac * te ` ri * o * scop \" ic (? ), a. ( biol. ) relating to bacterioscopy ; as, a bacterioscopic examination. bac * te ` ri * os \" co * pist (? ), n. ( biol. ) one skilled in bacterioscopic examinations. bac * te ` ri * os \" co * py (? ), n. [ bacterium + - scopy ] ( biol. ) the application of a knowledge of bacteria for their detection and identification, as in the examination of polluted water. bac * te \" ri * um (? ), n. ; pl. bacteria ( # ). [ nl., fr. gr.,, a staff : cf. f. bacterie. ] ( biol. ) a microscopic vegetable organism, belonging to the class alg\u00e6, usually in the form of a jointed rodlike filament, and found in putrefying organic infusions. bacteria are destitute of chlorophyll, and are the smallest of microscopic organisms. they are very widely diffused in nature, and multiply with marvelous rapidity, both by fission", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6208394041193824, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.082693"} {"text": "found in putrefying organic infusions. bacteria are destitute of chlorophyll, and are the smallest of microscopic organisms. they are very widely diffused in nature, and multiply with marvelous rapidity, both by fission and by spores. certain species are active agents in fermentation, while others appear to be the cause of certain infectious diseases. see bacillus. bac \" te * roid (? ), bac ` te * roid \" al (? ), a. [ bacterium + - oid. ] ( biol. ) resembling bacteria ; as, bacteroid particles. bac \" tri * an (? ), a. of or pertaining to bactria in asia. - - n. a native of bactria. bactrian camel, the two - humped camel. bac \" ule (? ), n. [ f. ] ( fort. ) see bascule. bac \" u * line (? ), a. [ l. baculum staff. ] of or pertaining to the rod or punishment with the rod. bac \" u * lite (? ), n. [ l. baculune stick, staff ; cf. f. baculite. ] ( paleon. ) a cephalopod of the extinct genus baculites, found fossil in the cretaceous rocks. it is like an uncoiled ammonite. bac ` u * lom \" e * try (? ), n. [ l. baculum staff + - metry ] measurement of distance or altitude by a staff or staffs. bad (? ), imp. of bid. bade. [ obs. ] bad (? ), a. [ compar. worse (? ) ; superl. worst (? ). ] [ probably fr. as. b\u00e6ddel hermaphrodite ; cf. b\u00e6dling effeminate fellow. ] wanting good qualities, whether physical or moral ; injurious, hurtful, inconvenient, offensive, painful, unfavorable, or defective, either physically or morally ; evil ; vicious ; wicked ; - - the opposite of good ; as a bad man ; bad conduct ; bad habits ; bad soil ; bad health ; bad crop ; bad news. sometimes used substantively. the strong antipathy of good to bad. syn. - - pernicious ; deleterious", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5517735220876785, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.084479"} {"text": "good ; as a bad man ; bad conduct ; bad habits ; bad soil ; bad health ; bad crop ; bad news. sometimes used substantively. the strong antipathy of good to bad. syn. - - pernicious ; deleterious ; noxious ; baneful ; injurious ; hurtful ; evil ; vile ; wretched ; corrupt ; wicked ; vicious ; imperfect. bad \" der (? ), compar. of bad, a. [ obs. ] bad \" der * locks (? ), n. [ perh. for balderlocks, fr. balder the scandinavian deity. ] ( bot. ) a large black seaweed ( alaria esculenta ) sometimes eaten in europe ; - - also called murlins, honeyware, and henware. bad \" dish, a. somewhat bad ; inferior. bade (? ). a form of the pat tense of bid. badge (? ), n. [ ll. bagea, bagia, sign, prob. of german origin ; cf. as. beag, beah, bracelet, collar, crown, os bg - in comp., as. bgan to bow, bend, g. biegen. see bow to bend. ] 1. a distinctive mark, token, sign, or cognizance, worn on the person ; as, the badge of a society ; the badge of a policeman. tax gatherers, recognized by their official badges. \" 2. something characteristic ; a mark ; a token. sweet mercy is nobility ' s true badge. 3. ( naut. ) a carved ornament on the stern of a vessel, containing a window or the representation of one. badge (? ), v. t. to mark or distinguish with a badge. badge \" less, a. having no badge. badg \" er (? ), n. [ of uncertain origin ; perh. fr. an old verb badge to lay up provisions to sell again. ] an itinerant licensed dealer in commodities used for food ; a hawker ; a huckster ; - - formerly applied especially to one who bought grain in one place and sold it in another. [ now dialectic, eng. ] badg \" er, n. [ oe. bageard, prob. fr. badge + - ard, in reference to the white mark on its forehead. see badge, n. ] 1. a carnivorous quad", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5215950101254923, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.094567"} {"text": ". ] badg \" er, n. [ oe. bageard, prob. fr. badge + - ard, in reference to the white mark on its forehead. see badge, n. ] 1. a carnivorous quadruped of the genus meles or of an allied genus. it is a burrowing animal, with short, thick legs, and long claws on the fore feet. one species ( m. vulgaris ), called also brock, inhabits the north of europe and asia ; another species ( taxidea americana or labradorica ) inhabits the northern parts of north america. see teledu. 2. a brush made of badgers ' hair, used by artists. badger dog. ( zool. ) see dachshund. badg \" er, v. t. [ imp. & p. p. badgered ( ) ; p. pr. & vb. n. badgering. ] [ for sense 1, see 2d badger ; for 2, see 1st badger. ] 1. to tease or annoy, as a badger when baited ; to worry or irritate persistently. 2. to beat down ; to cheapen ; to barter ; to bargain. badg \" er * er (? ), n. 1. one who badgers. 2. a kind of dog used in badger baiting. 1. the act of one who badgers. 2. the practice of buying wheat and other kinds of food in one place and selling them in another for a profit. [ prov. eng. ] badg \" er - legged ` (? ), a. having legs of unequal length, as the badger was thought to have. bad ` i * a \" ga (? ), n. [ russ. badiaga. ] ( zool. ) a fresh - water sponge ( spongilla ), common in the north of europe, the powder of which is used to take away the livid marks of bruises. ba \" di * an (? ), n. [ f. badiane, fr. per. badian anise. ] ( bot. ) an evergreen chinese shrub of the magnolia family ( illicium anisatum ), and its aromatic seeds ; chinese anise ; star anise. ba * di \" geon (? ), n. [ f. ] a cement or paste ( as of plaster and freestone, or of sawdust and glue or lime", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5103379147387193, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.099348"} {"text": ", and its aromatic seeds ; chinese anise ; star anise. ba * di \" geon (? ), n. [ f. ] a cement or paste ( as of plaster and freestone, or of sawdust and glue or lime ) used by sculptors, builders, and workers in wood or stone, to fill holes, cover defects, or finish a surface. ba ` di ` nage \" (? ), n. [ f., fr. badiner to joke, of. to trifle, be silly, fr. badin silly. ] playful raillery ; banter. he... indulged himself only in an elegant badinage. \" bad \" lands \" (? ). barren regions, especially in the western united states, where horizontal strata ( tertiary deposits ) have been often eroded into fantastic forms, and much intersected by canons, and where lack of wood, water, and forage increases the difficulty of traversing the country, whence the name, first given by the canadian french, mauvaises terres ( bad lands ). bad \" ly, adv. in a bad manner ; poorly ; not well ; unskillfully ; imperfectly ; unfortunately ; grievously ; so as to cause harm ; disagreeably ; seriously. & hand ; badly is often used colloquially for very much or very greatly, with words signifying to want or need. bad \" min * ton (? ), n. [ from the name of the seat of the duke of beaufort in england. ] 1. a game, similar to lawn tennis, played with shuttlecocks. 2. a preparation of claret, spiced and sweetened. bad \" ness, n. the state of being bad. b\u00e6 \" no * mere (? ), n. [ gr. to walk + - mere. ] ( zool. ) one of the somites ( arthromeres ) that make up the thorax of arthropods. b\u00e6 \" no * pod (? ), n. [ gr. to walk + - pod. ] ( zool. ) one of the thoracic legs of arthropods. b\u00e6 \" no * some (? ), n. [ gr. to walk + - some body. ] ( zool. ) the thorax of arthropods. baff (? ), n. a blow ; a stroke. [ scot. ] baf \" fl", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5425406281685257, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.102610"} {"text": "n. [ gr. to walk + - some body. ] ( zool. ) the thorax of arthropods. baff (? ), n. a blow ; a stroke. [ scot. ] baf \" fle (? ), v. i. [ imp. & p. p. baffled ( ) ; p. pr. & vb. n. baffling ( ). ] [ cf. lowland scotch bauchle to treat contemptuously, bauch tasteless, abashed, jaded, icel. bagr uneasy, poor, or bagr, n., struggle, b\u00e6gja to push, treat harshly, of. beffler, beffer, to mock, deceive, dial. g. bappe mouth, beffen to bark, chide. ] 1. to cause to undergo a disgraceful punishment, as a recreant knight. [ obs. ] he by the heels him hung upon a tree, and baffled so, that all which passed by the picture of his punishment might see. 2. to check by shifts and turns ; to elude ; to foil. the art that baffles time ' s tyrannic claim. 3. to check by perplexing ; to disconcert, frustrate, or defeat ; to thwart. a baffled purpose. \" a suitable scripture ready to repel and baffle them all. calculations so difficult as to have baffled, until within a... recent period, the most enlightened nations. the mere intricacy of a question should not baffle us. baffling wind ( naut. ), one that frequently shifts from one point to another. syn. - - to balk ; thwart ; foil ; frustrate ; defeat. baf \" fle, v. i. 1. to practice deceit. [ obs. ] 2. to struggle against in vain ; as, a ship baffles with the winds. [ r. ] baf \" fle, n. a defeat by artifice, shifts, and turns ; discomfiture. [ r. ] a baffle to philosophy. \" baf \" fle * ment (? ), n. the process or act of baffling, or of being baffled ; frustration ; check. baf \" fler (? ), n. one who, or that which, baffles.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5478858017489368, "token_count": 507, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.105944"} {"text": "most travel guides simply call it the \u201c shovel museum, \u201d but it \u2019 s really the stonehill industrial history center. much more than shovels, curator greg galer tells us the collection reveals interesting facts about what we were building and how we built it over the past 200 years. by the 1870s ames was the largest shovel manufacturer in the world, making three - fifths of the world \u2019 s shovels, although even as early as the 1830s and 1840s they struggled to meet the demand for their highly prized products. ames shovels were the tool of choice in both the california and australian gold rushes as well as in most major american building projects including the erie and panama canals and most american railroad construction. ames shovels literally built america. above is the ames centennial display of 19 silver - plated shovels as prepared for the 1876 centennial exhibition in philadelphia. amusingly, they \u2019 re displayed in the original display case. inside the vault with the rest of the collection, galer proudly points out not only the typical shovels we \u2019 re familiar with, but shovels designed for working coffee beans, 10 - foot - long shovels used to dig telegraph pole holes, and tiny trenching shovels used by us troops in wwi and wwii. but shovels are just a piece of the collection. deeper in the vault are the business records, blueprints, patents and other materials that offer primary source documentation of america \u2019 s early growth into an industrial superpower.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.41759323226028694, "token_count": 296, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.110628"} {"text": "every week, momondealz brings us a kids craft that is fun, educational, and frugal. since st. patrick \u2019 s day is this weekend i used pictures with this holiday \u2019 s symbols ; however, this craft can easily be altered to be for any holiday ( check out the educational activities at the bottom for ideas )! if you \u2019 ve missed any previous crafts, check out momondealz \u2019 s kids frugal fun page. st. patrick \u2019 s day learning wheel clip art pictures or crayons / markers 1. draw and cut a circle from the cardboard box. 2. cover the circle with white construction paper and glue it onto the cardboard. 3. divide the circle into equal parts by drawing lines. 4. find pictures or words and put one inside of each section of the learning wheel ( i found my clipart here ). 5. label clothespin with the beginning letter of each word and have your child label them. - language arts : we used this board for beginning sounds but you can also alter it for synonyms, antonyms, matching lower and upper case letters, etc. - math : put different numbers of pictures inside each section and put the corresponding number on the clothespins and have your child match them. you can also put math equations and the answers and have your child match those. - science : label each section with different animals and label the clothespins with the habitat they can be found. - social studies / history : label each section with contributions from famous people and label each clothespin with the famous names for your child to match.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4501363324111323, "token_count": 322, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.112910"} {"text": "have you ever heard of harry harlow? he was an american psychologist that is best known for his social isolation experiments with rhesus monkeys that were conducted in the 1950 \u2019 s and 60 \u2019 s. his work was highly criticized as being unethical mainly due to his treatment of the animals, but he also received many awards and accolades for the conclusions that he was able to draw from his experiments. since he died in 1981, we will leave the ethics out of it and instead focus on the results of one of his experiments. in one of harlow \u2019 s experiments he placed five rhesus monkeys in large cage. he then hung a banana at the top of the cage high out of the reach of the monkeys. next he put a step - ladder into the cage that would allow the monkeys to reach the banana. the monkeys were obviously delighted by this development and one of them immediately proceeded up the ladder. as the monkey started up the ladder, all five monkeys ( even those that were not touching the ladder ) were sprayed with freezing cold water. obviously the monkeys were stunned for moment, but then proceeded to head back up the ladder. after a couple more freezing showers, they rapidly came to the conclusion that if you touch the ladder, then everyone gets sprayed with freezing water. even though they still wanted the banana, they gave up their pursuit of it. that part is not so amazing, but what happened next was. the next step in the experiment was to replace one of the monkeys. they switched one of the original five out for a new monkey. the newcomer did not know any better, so they immediately started for the ladder. before the newcomer could make it up the ladder or get sprayed, they were pulled off the ladder and beaten by the other four monkeys. this continued until the newcomer was literally beaten into submission and stopped trying to go up the ladder. they continued to switch out each of the original monkeys one at a time. the same process was repeated. the new monkey would be beaten into submission until they stopped trying to go up the ladder. they kept switching out monkeys until none of the original monkeys remained. keep in mind the hose with the ice - cold water had long been removed so there was no real threat of anyone getting sprayed. none of the monkeys that were currently in the cage had ever been sprayed. they did not have any knowledge of the ice water consequences, but they did know that they would be beaten if they tried to go up the ladder. what does this questionable experiment have to do with management? everything. the monkey", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5533781045400348, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.116062"} {"text": "planning tip 1 : make the planning process inclusive. the professional development planning process will benefit from participation by a number of individuals, including teachers, principals and other school leaders, and school - based professional development staff and supervisors. it is especially important to include at least some of the potential participants in the activity in every step of the planning process. in addition, it is a good idea to include the persons who will be responsible for evaluating the activity. broad - based participation in planning helps generate interest in and ownership of the activity. involving participants can provide a reality check for the identification of professional learning needs and for the intended outcomes. involving principals and other school leaders in the process can help define their role in the various learning activities and follow up as well as in making sure that there are adequate resources in place to support implementation and use of new knowledge and skills in the classroom and elsewhere in school programs. finally, broad - based participation helps to distribute the workload. planning tip 2 : think ahead and map backward to ensure that professional development is of the highest quality. all of your planning efforts should be guided by the axiom that high - quality professional development as envisioned by the maryland teacher professional development standards is a critical component of every effort to improve the education for all of maryland \u2019 s students. therefore it is important to think carefully about the kind of student outcomes that you want to effect and to think just as carefully about what teachers need to know and be able to do to help students achieve those outcomes. as your goals and objectives for improving student learning become more ambitious, so too should your goals and strategies for teacher learning. if you expect significant changes in teacher performance as a result of the professional development you are planning, it is essential that you plan realistically for the kinds of learning activities that will foster these changes and the kinds of follow up and other support that will increase the likelihood that they make it into the classroom. it is also critical to be realistic about time : how much time will the professional learning really require? how much time will be necessary to ensure adequate opportunities for practice and feedback on the mastery and application of new knowledge and skills? when is it reasonable to expect changes in student learning? attending to these questions and to the \u201c fit \u201d between the intended outcomes and the strategies for achieving your plan will greatly increase the possibilities for success. as you plan, keep in mind that high - quality professional development has other benefits for teachers that extend beyond improving instruction. exciting, engaging professional learning activities can stimulate teachers as learners and can boost morale in difficult times.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4463740076836875, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.136193"} {"text": "greatly increase the possibilities for success. as you plan, keep in mind that high - quality professional development has other benefits for teachers that extend beyond improving instruction. exciting, engaging professional learning activities can stimulate teachers as learners and can boost morale in difficult times. conversely, professional development that does not engage teachers as active adult learners and problem solvers and that does not acknowledge their knowledge and skills will not have any kind of a positive impact. indeed, these activities may undermine teachers \u2019 willingness to participate in other professional development as well as their commitment to improvement efforts. planning tip 3 : consider developing a logic model to guide your planning.. the w. k. kellogg foundation has prepared the logic model development guide, which is an excellent resource for program planning and evaluation. as the kellogg guide explains in the introduction, a logic model is a picture of how your organization does its work \u2014 the theory and assumptions underlying the program. a program logic model links outcomes ( both short - and long - term ) with program activities / processes and the theoretical assumptions / principles of the program. the kellogg guide is available at no charge on the foundation \u2019 s website : www. wkkf. org. a logic model for professional development will list the student outcomes that you are seeking as well as the outcomes for teachers and other participants. the logic model will specify the kinds of learning activities that are necessary to ensure that teachers and other participants achieve the intended outcomes. the logic model can also help clarify assumptions about the sequence of the learning activities that you are planning and how much time they will require. the logic model can help you think about the resources that are required. finally, developing a logic model can help you think about the logical connections among all of the components of your plan. planning tip 4 : learn what the data tell you, but don \u2019 t take on too much. a thorough analysis of a variety of disaggregated student data and data on current teacher knowledge and skills may result in the identification of a wide range of needs that could be addressed through teacher professional development programs and initiatives. at this point, planners may be tempted to try to address all of the needs. doing so could result in frustration as planners tackle too much. more importantly, it could result in designing professional development activities that are too broad in focus and too limited in appropriate teacher learning activities to be successful. planners are well advised to list all of the needs that they identify and to carefully choose those that be adequately addressed in the activities that they are planning. these choices can be guided by planners \u2019 assumptions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5042054200484285, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.139989"} {"text": "too limited in appropriate teacher learning activities to be successful. planners are well advised to list all of the needs that they identify and to carefully choose those that be adequately addressed in the activities that they are planning. these choices can be guided by planners \u2019 assumptions about the pace and sequence of introducing and implementing new knowledge and skills, local and state improvement priorities, and the availability of resources, especially money and time. needs not addressed in the current planning effort represent an excellent starting point for the next round of planning. planning tip 5 : student outcomes are important, but think carefully about the indicators. improvements in the quality of student work are good indicators of the implementation and use of new curricula and new instructional strategies. therefore, your planning group may want to think about specific changes in student work that should be considered outcomes of professional development. over the longer term, changes in student test scores and changes in end of course assessments are certainly desirable outcomes, but unless the professional development activity that your are planning is very ambitious and broad in scope, it will be very difficult to identify specific changes in student scores that are attributable to the professional development. alternatively, results of benchmark assessment or student work samples collected at various points during the year may be reasonably sensitive indicators of the outcomes of professional development. planning tip 6 : consider developing a management plan to guide implementation of the activity you are planning. a solid management plan will spell out the tasks necessary to implement the activity that you are planning, the timeline, and who will be responsible. developing this plan can help clarify your thinking about key details of scheduling, resource needs, and communications with prospective participants and consultants and others who will help with the activity. the management plan can be a simple as a checklist or it can be more complex. planning tip 7 : focus, focus, focus. effective professional development has a clearly defined focus. professional development that attempts to address too many topics is likely to have little or no impact on instruction or student outcomes. this is a good point in the planning process to review your choice of content. as a rule of thumb, if you have selected more than two of the professional development content standards, the activity that you are planning may be too broad in scope. alternatively, if you have chosen to address more of the content standards, you will need to be sure that the learning activities and follow up that you plan are consistent with the breadth of the content and that you have allotted sufficient time for teacher engagement and practice. planning tip 8 : think about group process. if you expect that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45498256628791456, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.141755"} {"text": "you will need to be sure that the learning activities and follow up that you plan are consistent with the breadth of the content and that you have allotted sufficient time for teacher engagement and practice. planning tip 8 : think about group process. if you expect that participants will engage in the activity in groups, it will be important to ensure that the groups are able to function effectively. for example, if participants are sit members or members of grade - level teams, they will probably have some experience in working together. alternatively, if the groups are formed for the purpose of participating in the activity and members do not know each other or have not worked together, your plan should probably include activities that focus on building collaboration skills and that foster setting a norm for collegiality among members of the group. this will be especially important if you expect the group to generate a product, such as a school improvement plan, or to continue working together after the initial learning activities. planning tip 9 : ensure that everyone gets into the action. it is important that all participants have the opportunity to participate in all of the activities that you are planning. for example, if your plan calls for opportunities to practice a new strategy, the plan should ensure that these opportunities are available to all participants. similarly, if the plan includes feedback on this practice or feedback on materials developed by the participant, it is important to ensure that all participants receive feedback. planning tip 10 : look for strategies and opportunities to share the responsibility for follow up. too often follow up is left to chance or there are unspoken assumptions about the kinds of things that will happen to support teachers after the initial learning activities have been completed. as you think about options for follow up, think about who can or should provide the follow up. for example, if you are planning a series of workshops or training sessions that will take place at a central location or a location that is some distance from school sites, it may not be feasible or practical for the presenters and facilitators in these sessions to provide school - based follow up to individual teachers or groups of teachers. instead, principals, other school leaders, school - based professional development staff or district professional development staff and specialists may be in a better position to provide the necessary follow up. if you decide to include these other staff in follow up activities it will be important to communicate with them about what they are expected to do and to provide them with concrete guidance and other resources that they will need to be effective. for example, you will want to provide some basic information ( perhaps in the form", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45121972532826093, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.142872"} {"text": "activities it will be important to communicate with them about what they are expected to do and to provide them with concrete guidance and other resources that they will need to be effective. for example, you will want to provide some basic information ( perhaps in the form of a rubric ) that explains what the new strategies and practices that were the focus of the initial learning activities look like in practice. in addition, it may be helpful to provide information about the resources that teachers need to practice and implement the strategies as a way of helping to ensure that teachers have what they need to move forward. in the end, successful sharing of responsibilities means leaving nothing to chance and letting everyone know what is expected of them. planning tip 11 : evaluations that focus on participant satisfaction and ratings of quality have limited value in assessing the impact of professional development on participants \u2019 knowledge, skills, and performance or the impact on student learning. these evaluation strategies can, however, contribute to your assessment of whether the activity took place as planned. if your plan does include these kinds of evaluation strategies, it is better to administer surveys or conduct interviews about these topics at least four to six weeks after they have been completed. it is also advisable to seek these ratings by asking respondents to compare the activity that is being evaluated with other kinds of activities. planning tip 12 : consider seeking help from an evaluator. you may find it useful to consult with an evaluator on your plans for evaluation even if you do not expect to conduct an external evaluation. an evaluator can help you identify appropriate outcome indicators for both teachers and students. an evaluator can also suggest ways of collecting and analyzing data on the indicators. in addition, an evaluator can help you determine whether it may be appropriate to concentrate on a sample of participants in ways that will generate valid results and that may also reduce the overall cost of the evaluation. if you do decide to seek assistance from an evaluator, you may want to include this person in the initial planning activities, particularly the decisions about intended outcomes and the appropriate indicators. in the end, it is important for the planning team to keep in mind that it is not necessary for them to be skilled evaluators. rather, team members can think of themselves as clients and the audience for the evaluation. cost will certainly be a concern when considering seeking help from an evaluator. one role for an evaluator is to help organize the work of teachers and others in collecting and analyzing data on the indicators that will be the focus of the evaluation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4077435384212066, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.148446"} {"text": ". cost will certainly be a concern when considering seeking help from an evaluator. one role for an evaluator is to help organize the work of teachers and others in collecting and analyzing data on the indicators that will be the focus of the evaluation. this arrangement will reduce the costs of hiring an external evaluator. at the same time, teachers and other staff may simply be too busy to do a thorough job of data collection and analysis and their time has costs associated with it even those these costs will not show up as direct expenditures for the activity. nevertheless, in the long run, you may find it less expensive to hire an evaluator. if your district has a research office, you might begin your search for an evaluator there. staff in the research office may be able to help plan and conduct the evaluation as part of their regular work. they may also be able to suggest the names of evaluators with whom they have worked in the past. alternatively, you may want to contact the dean of college of education at a nearby college or university for recommendations of faculty or staff who could serve as a evaluator. you may also want to contact college or university departments with a special focus on research and evaluation. finally, msde program staff may be able to recommend evaluators with whom they have worked on program evaluation tasks. as you begin thinking about your evaluation, you may find it useful to review evaluating professional development ( 2000 ) by thomas r. guskey ( available from the corwin press, inc. ). the author provides detailed suggestions and numerous concrete examples of how to plan and conduct evaluations of professional development activities. planning tip 13 : consider using products and artifacts from learning activities and follow up as evaluation data. a number of learning activities and follow up opportunities can generate data that are extremely useful for evaluation purposes. for example, feedback to participants on their mastery of new knowledge and skills can be aggregated to provide an overall sense of how effective the activity was. similarly, if either the initial learning activities or follow up include observations of teachers applying new knowledge and skills, using rubrics for those observations and feedback to the teachers can easily generate quality data to gauge the impact of the activities. if you are planning a multi - session activity that includes \u201c homework \u201d assignments between the sessions, systematic ratings of these assignments are yet another source of data on program effectiveness. there are several advantages to using these kinds of data for an evaluation. first, collecting them does not add much to the cost of the activity or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4117102990461158, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.149563"} {"text": "\u201d assignments between the sessions, systematic ratings of these assignments are yet another source of data on program effectiveness. there are several advantages to using these kinds of data for an evaluation. first, collecting them does not add much to the cost of the activity or the evaluation. second, they are readily available and can help generate evaluation results quickly \u2014 often in time for making mid - course corrections when early results suggest that the activity is not achieving the intended outcomes. planning tip 14 : elements of your evaluation plan that focus on outcomes for teachers and for students should explicitly reflect your assumptions about the pace and sequence of change. changes in teachers \u2019 instructional practices, their use of curricula, and their use of new assessments all take time. changes in student learning outcomes and outcomes in other areas that result from changes in what teachers do take even longer. your evaluation design, especially the plans for data collection, should reflect your assumptions about how long these will take. for example, if you assume that full implementation and use of a new instructional strategy requires 15 - 20 opportunities to practice it and to receive feedback, you will need to think about how long it will take for those opportunities to occur and think about assessing the extent and quality of implementation after that period. if the timing of your evaluation is not consistent with your assumptions about the pace and sequence of changes, the evaluation is very likely to underestimate or overestimate the impact of the activity \u2014 possibly by wide margins. a good evaluator can help you think through the alignment of the evaluation plan with your theory of change.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4592234836237256, "token_count": 314, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.150212"} {"text": "see also the dr. math faq : order of operations browse high school basic algebra stars indicate particularly interesting answers or good places to begin browsing. selected answers to common questions : solving simple linear equations. positive / negative integer rules. completing the square. direct and indirect variation. inequalities and negative numbers. - math virus formula [ 10 / 23 / 2001 ] the virus spreads to all the squares directly touching each other ( not including diagonally ) and i have found the formula for the number of newly infected cells ( although this does not include the first minute )... - matrix algebra [ 08 / 28 / 1997 ] i am not sure which formula of matrices to use in this situation. - max and min of functions without derivative [ 04 / 22 / 2003 ] is there a general way to find the maximum and minimum of cubic functions without using derivatives? - maximizing horizontal distance [ 04 / 10 / 1998 ] using algebra, prove that an object needs to be thrown at 45 degrees to travel the greatest possible horizontal distance. - maximizing oranges [ 06 / 29 / 2002 ] an orchard has 800 orange trees, each of which yields 120 oranges per season. for each new tree that is added to the orchard, the output per individual tree decreases by 2 oranges per season. determine the number of trees that would maximize the orchard ' s output. - maximizing revenue by analyzing a parabola [ 03 / 13 / 2007 ] when priced at $ 30 each, a toy has annual sales of 4000 units. the manufacturer estimated that each $ 1 increase in cost will decrease sales by 100 units. find the unit price that will maximize total revenue. - maximum number of intersections of n distinct lines [ 10 / 07 / 1998 ] find a pattern for the maximum number of intersections of n lines, where n is greater than or equal to 2. - meaning of term in algebra [ 09 / 16 / 2007 ] why is it that when you multiply or divide two numbers or variables they become one term ( such as 2 * x becoming 2x ), but when you add or subtract two numbers or variables they are still two terms ( such as 2 - the method of false position [ 02 / 06 / 2004 ] there is a quantity such that 2 / 3 of it, 1 / 2 of it, and 1 / 7 of it added together becomes 33. what is the quantity? solve the problem by the method of false position. - method of finite differences [ 10 / 12 / 2000 ] how can i find the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5243862524223065, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.176835"} {"text": ", 1 / 2 of it, and 1 / 7 of it added together becomes 33. what is the quantity? solve the problem by the method of false position. - method of finite differences [ 10 / 12 / 2000 ] how can i find the generating equation for the series - 3, 2, 13, 30, 53? - minimum and maximum problems using algebra [ 04 / 05 / 2000 ] can you show me how to solve these minimum and maximum problems using - mixing alcohol, cable tv pricing [ 8 / 2 / 1996 ] what amounts of 9 percent and 12 percent alcohol do you mix to get 300, 000 gallons of 10 percent alcohol? for each 5 - cent increase in the monthly subscription price, 4 people will decide not to subscribe to - mixture problem [ 11 / 11 / 1997 ] how much pure antifreeze should be added to 3 gallons of a 30 percent antifreeze solution to get 65 percent antifreeze? - modeling multiplying two negatives with number lines [ 11 / 13 / 2006 ] what is the logic behind the rule of a negative times a negative makes a positive, and how do i demonstrate it on a number line? - monetary conversions [ 01 / 27 / 2001 ] given these monetary exchanges : 2 coconuts = 1 banana ; 3 bananas = 2 mangos ; 4 papaya = 1 coconut, what is the exchange for banana to papaya and for papaya to mango? - money puzzle [ 01 / 05 / 1998 ] a man goes to the bank and asks for x dollars and y cents. - monomials, polynomials [ 03 / 02 / 2001 ] can you explain monomials and polynomials to me? - more on order of operations [ 02 / 13 / 2000 ] i have found contradictory information on the precedence of the multiplication and division operations. is there a universally accepted rule for the order of these operations? - more variables than equations in a system [ 01 / 21 / 2002 ] i have a problem that uses four variables but only two equations to relate them. i don ' t seem to have enough information to figure out the value of each variable or answer the question. can you help? - mother ' s age in terms of daughter ' s [ 06 / 27 / 2001 ] the sum of the ages of a father, a mother, and a daughter is 73. when the father is twice as old as the daughter, the sum of their two ages will be - motion under gravity [ 07 / 18 / 2003 ] use the equation s = - 16t ^ 2 + vt", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5381855950854761, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.177885"} {"text": "mother, and a daughter is 73. when the father is twice as old as the daughter, the sum of their two ages will be - motion under gravity [ 07 / 18 / 2003 ] use the equation s = - 16t ^ 2 + vt to determine when the height of an object is 960 feet if the initial velocity is 272 feet per second. - mowing half a lawn [ 03 / 31 / 2002 ] chris and lee are each responsible for mowing half of their 50 - foot by 90 - foot rectangular back yard... - multiple absolute value inequalities / equalities [ 08 / 09 / 2001 ] i can solve inequalities containing absolute values, but not if there are two in the same equation.... - multiplicative inverse [ 6 / 2 / 1996 ] find the multiplicative inverse of 2 + 5i. - multiplying / adding fractions gives same answer [ 03 / 01 / 2002 ] find two fractions which, when multiplied and added, give the same - multiplying and dividing fractions [ 8 / 18 / 1996 ] three hard problems, illustrated. - multiplying binomials and other polynomials [ 04 / 16 / 2004 ] i have a hard time multiplying binomials properly, such as ( 2x + 5 ) ( x + 7 ). i do not know what order the problem should be solved in. - multiplying or dividing by a negative number [ 04 / 08 / 1999 ] when x ( x - 4 ) is less than 0... - multi - variable equations [ 02 / 07 / 1997 ] solve for s in d = ( log ( f / e ) + s * s * 0. 5 * t ) / ( s * s * sqrt ( t ) ) - names of polynomials [ 05 / 22 / 1999 ] why is an equation having only two roots, one of which is raised to the second power, called a quadratic equation? - natural domain of a function [ 03 / 12 / 1999 ] some inputs don ' t make sense for some functions. - natural numbers coprime to 6 [ 02 / 16 / 1998 ] let n ( x ) denote the number of natural numbers less than x which are coprime to 6. show that lim as x goes to infinity of [ n ( x ) / x ] = 1 / 3. - negative exponents [ 10 / 23 / 1996 ] i have to simplify this expression with non - negative exponents : x", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.540489859367951, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.179039"} {"text": "show that lim as x goes to infinity of [ n ( x ) / x ] = 1 / 3. - negative exponents [ 10 / 23 / 1996 ] i have to simplify this expression with non - negative exponents : x ^ 5. - negative numbers combined with exponentials [ 03 / 09 / 2001 ] why in the order of operations is negation a multiplication done after exponentiation, rather than as a part of the base? what about - negatives and inequalities [ 09 / 10 / 1998 ] why when we multiply or divide an inequality by a negative number do we reverse the inequality sign? - negative vs. subtraction in order of operations [ 10 / 30 / 2002 ] i am trying to find some definitive source for treatment of leading negative numbers in simplifying with order of operations. - nested negative exponents [ 8 / 2 / 1996 ] how do i deal with nested negative exponents? - net result of consecutive percentage increases [ 12 / 11 / 2003 ] suppose a quantity is increased by some percentage, and then is later increased again by another percentage. how can i calculate the overall percentage increase? - nonlinear factors [ 10 / 12 / 1998 ] i have been told that factoring the sum of two squared numbers is not possible, but factoring x ^ 4 + 4 is possible. please explain. - non - linear simultaneous equations [ 12 / 07 / 2003 ] i have four simultaneous equations with four variables, but each one has a non - linear term in it ( e. g., ab + c + d = 3 ). so none of the usual techniques will work! how can i solve the system?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49551530919262443, "token_count": 344, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.179776"} {"text": "ask dr. math middle school archive dr. math home | | middle school | | high school | | dr. math faq see also the dr. math faq : 3d and higher browse middle school fractions & percentages stars indicate particularly interesting answers or good places to begin browsing. selected answers to common questions : finding a least common denominator ( lcd ). comparing / ordering fractions ; equivalent fractions. improper fractions and mixed numbers. converting fractions to / from decimals. fractions and repeating decimals. finding a percentage. - unit fractions summing to 1 [ 07 / 15 / 2001 ] find seven different unit fractions whose sum is 1. - use of hyphen when writing fractions with words [ 01 / 20 / 2004 ] i have seen 2 / 3 written as two - thirds or as two thirds. are both ways ( with a hyphen, without a hyphen ) acceptable, or is only one truly - using common denominators to compare fractions [ 03 / 17 / 1998 ] how do you decide which is bigger - - 3 / 8 or 4 / 9 - - using equivalent - ways of adding fractions [ 03 / 19 / 1999 ] can you help me calculate 1 / 3 + 1 / 6? - weird fraction [ 06 / 11 / 2003 ] factoring in order to cancel terms. - what are compound fractions? [ 11 / 23 / 2002 ] i often get confused by compound fractions. what are they, and how do - what does cancelling mean? [ 01 / 22 / 2003 ] my teacher says that 2k / 4n can be simplified to k / 2n. how can one k cancel out 2 n ' s? - what exactly is a fraction? [ 10 / 15 / 2001 ] what is a fraction? is 3 / 1 a fraction? is 5 / sqrt ( 2 ) a fraction? - what percent is 0. 7? [ 6 / 12 / 1996 ] is it 70 percent? - when percentage calculations are inappropriate [ 02 / 11 / 2003 ] how do i best calculate the percentage of goal when at least one of the numbers is a negative number? - when to add or multiply denominators? [ 04 / 02 / 2001 ] when you multiply fractions, you multiply the numerators and then the denominators. when you add fractions, you add the numerators but not the denominators. why the difference? - which fraction", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4702184222123101, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.184019"} {"text": "] when you multiply fractions, you multiply the numerators and then the denominators. when you add fractions, you add the numerators but not the denominators. why the difference? - which fractions repeat? [ 07 / 21 / 1998 ] how do you know whether a fraction will be a repeating or terminating decimal? if repeating, how many decimal places? - why are all repeating decimals classified rational? [ 11 / 12 / 1997 ] please explain how. 6 repeating can be a rational number when expressing it over 10 ' s, 100 ' s, etc. - why cancel? [ 02 / 25 / 2003 ] why do we have to cancel numbers? - why decimal division works [ 04 / 24 / 2001 ] can you explain why ( not how ) the procedure of division with decimals - why does cross multiplication work? [ 05 / 09 / 2002 ] why does the rule a / b = c / d also mean ad = bc? why can we solve proportions by cross multiplying? - why does division convert a fraction to a decimal? [ 01 / 04 / 2009 ] why do you divide the denominator into the numerator to turn a fraction into a decimal? what is the math behind that process? - why does of mean multiply? [ 12 / 04 / 2001 ] i wanted to know why the word \" of \" means multiplication. - why do we rationalize fractions? [ 11 / 29 / 2005 ] why do we have to simplify fractions that have a radical in the denominator to remove that radical and rationalize the denominator? why is that important? - why find the lcm? [ 10 / 07 / 1998 ] where do you use lcms? how do they apply to real life? - why learn fractions? [ 8 / 13 / 1996 ] what is the point of learning fractions? - why the decimal point goes where it does [ 09 / 21 / 2003 ] my daughter is having trouble understanding why the first place before the decimal point is ' ones ', and the first one after is ' tenths '. - why were fractions invented? [ 11 / 26 / 2007 ] an overview of the history of fractions and the purpose they serve. - writing a percent as a fraction and reducing the result [ 05 / 03 / 2004 ] i just can ' t seem to figure out how to convert a percent into a fraction, such as 20 % = 20 / 100 = 1 / 5", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4767273118175284, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.185027"} {"text": "serve. - writing a percent as a fraction and reducing the result [ 05 / 03 / 2004 ] i just can ' t seem to figure out how to convert a percent into a fraction, such as 20 % = 20 / 100 = 1 / 5. all i know is that you put it into a fraction like 20 / 100 but after that i get stuck and i just don ' t know how to get the answer. - writing ratios [ 06 / 03 / 1999 ] how can i write a ratio in three different ways? - writing repeating decimals as fractions [ 11 / 8 / 1995 ] when you are expressing a repeating decimal as a fraction, why do you use 9, 99, 999, or 9999 etc. in the denominator? for example, 0. 5555... ( 5 repeating ) equals 5 / 9. - x is what part of y? [ 11 / 01 / 2001 ] 2 / 5 is what part of 4 / 5? what part of 2 / 3 is 4 / 5? what part is 4 / 5 of 3? 2 / 3 is what part of 2? - zero before the decimal point? [ 10 / 06 / 2000 ] what is the merit of writing the zero before the decimal point in numbers less than one, for example 0. 25? - zero in the denominator [ 8 / 14 / 1996 ] what is the value of 4 / 0 * 0 / 4? search the dr. math library : \u00a9 1994 - 2013 drexel university. all rights reserved. home | | the math library | | quick reference | | search | | help the math forum is a research and educational enterprise of the drexel university school of education.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46798011815644686, "token_count": 347, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.185598"} {"text": "human intelligence cannot be explained by the size of the brain ' s frontal lobes, say researchers. neuroscience may 13, 2013 | 4. 9 / 5 ( 9 ) | 4 | using mri, neuroscientists at georgetown university medical center found significant differences in brain anatomy when comparing men and women with dyslexia to their non - dyslexic control groups, suggesting that the disorder... neuroscience may 08, 2013 | 2 / 5 ( 1 ) | 0 up to 10 per cent of the population are affected by specific learning disabilities ( slds ), such as dyslexia, dyscalculia and autism, translating to 2 or 3 pupils in every classroom according to a new study. psychology & psychiatry apr 18, 2013 | 5 / 5 ( 1 ) | 0 | scientists at the stanford university school of medicine have determined the precise anatomical coordinates of a brain \" hot spot, \" measuring only about one - fifth of an inch across, that is preferentially activated... neuroscience apr 16, 2013 | 5 / 5 ( 9 ) | 3 | researchers in the uk have taken an important step towards understanding how the human brain ' decodes ' letters on a page to read a word. the work will help psychologists unravel the subtle thinking mechanisms involved in... psychology & psychiatry mar 14, 2013 | not rated yet | 1 recent research into how we learn is set to help people in their efforts to read a second or foreign language ( sfl ) more effectively. this will be good news for those struggling to develop linguistic skills in preparation... psychology & psychiatry mar 06, 2013 | not rated yet | 0 much to the chagrin of parents who think their kids should spend less time playing video games and more time studying, time spent playing action video games can actually make dyslexic children read better.... psychology & psychiatry feb 28, 2013 | 3. 5 / 5 ( 2 ) | 0 | what goes on inside our heads is similar to an orchestra. for peter hagoort, director at the max planck institute for psycholinguistics, this image is a very apt one for explaining how speech arises in the... neuroscience feb 26, 2013 | not rated yet | 1 ( healthday ) \u2014 using real - time images of brain connections developing in late - stage fetuses, scientists say they ' ve been able for the first time to compare the order and strength of these connections. neuroscience feb 20, 2013 | not rated yet | 0", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5333151793149674, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.214379"} {"text": "\u2014 using real - time images of brain connections developing in late - stage fetuses, scientists say they ' ve been able for the first time to compare the order and strength of these connections. neuroscience feb 20, 2013 | not rated yet | 0 | ( medical xpress ) \u2014 though learning to read proceeds smoothly for most children, as many as one in 10 is estimated to suffer from dyslexia, a constellation of impairments unrelated to intelligence, hearing or vision that make... neuroscience feb 19, 2013 | not rated yet | 0 | laura schulz, an associate professor of brain and cognitive sciences at mit, has always been interested in learning and education. at the age of 6, she tried teaching her 3 - year - old sister to read, an effort... psychology & psychiatry feb 14, 2013 | not rated yet | 0 | for the first time, scientists at carnegie mellon university ' s center for cognitive brain imaging ( ccbi ) have used a new combination of neural imaging methods to discover exactly how the human brain adapts... neuroscience jan 16, 2013 | 5 / 5 ( 3 ) | 0 | ( medical xpress ) \u2014 schoolchildren on the autistic spectrum experience worrying levels of mental health difficulties, according to a new study by research psychologists from the university of manchester. autism spectrum disorders dec 18, 2012 | 4 / 5 ( 2 ) | 0 ( healthday ) \u2014 the long - awaited revision of the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders ( dsm ) has been approved, bringing with it a series of revisions, additions and subtractions to the tome t... psychology & psychiatry dec 03, 2012 | not rated yet | 0 the now familiar term \" asperger ' s disorder \" is being dropped. and abnormally bad and frequent temper tantrums will be given a scientific - sounding diagnosis called dmdd. but \" dyslexia \" and other learning disorders remain. psychology & psychiatry dec 02, 2012 | 3. 3 / 5 ( 3 ) | 1 dyslexia is a very broad term defining a learning disability that impairs a person ' s fluency or comprehension accuracy in being able to read, and which can manifest itself as a difficulty with phonological awareness, phonological decoding, orthographic coding, auditory short - term memory, or rapid naming. dyslexia is separate and distinct from reading difficulties resulting from other causes, such as a non - neurological deficiency with vision or hearing, or from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.548643297370075, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.218998"} {"text": "the largest sequencing study of human disease to date, investigating the genetic basis of six autoimmune diseases. 18 hours ago | 4. 7 / 5 ( 3 ) | 0 | until now, little was scientifically known about the human potential to cultivate compassion \u2014 the emotional state of caring for people who are suffering in a way that motivates altruistic behavior. 15 hours ago | 5 / 5 ( 2 ) | 3 | ( healthday ) \u2014 migraines and depression can each cause a great deal of suffering, but new research indicates the combination of the two may be linked to something else entirely \u2014 a smaller brain. 15 hours ago | 4. 3 / 5 ( 3 ) | 0 | a new approach for immunizing against influenza elicited a more potent immune response and broader protection than the currently licensed seasonal influenza vaccines when tested in mice and ferrets. the vaccine... 16 hours ago | not rated yet | 0 | in a series of lab experiments designed to unravel the workings of a key enzyme widely considered a possible trigger of rheumatoid arthritis, researchers at johns hopkins have found that in the most severe... 17 hours ago | 5 / 5 ( 1 ) | 0 | researchers have developed a new drug delivery system that allows inhalation of chemotherapeutic drugs to help treat lung cancer, and in laboratory and animal tests it appears to reduce the systemic damage... 17 hours ago | not rated yet | 0 |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5120889771064511, "token_count": 305, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.232568"} {"text": "tv time : why children watch multi - screensaugust 3rd, 2011 in health new research published in biomed central ' s open access journal, international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity, examines the relationship children have with electronic viewing devices and their habits of interacting with more than one at a time. a sedentary lifestyle, linked to spending lots of time watching tv and playing computer games, is thought to lead to obesity, lower mental well - being, and cause health problems in later life, including diabetes. it is now possible to watch tv ' on demand ' via the internet, play computer games on laptops, on hand - held devices or mobile phones, to keep in contact with friends using text, facebook, skype, and msn, and to do all this concurrently. however previous studies have not examined if children take part in multi - screen viewing or children ' s reasons for doing so. questioning 10 - 11 year olds, researchers at the university of bristol and loughborough university found that the children enjoyed looking at more than one screen at a time. they used a second device to fill in breaks during their entertainment, often talking or texting their friends during adverts or while they were waiting for computer games to load. tv was also used to provide background entertainment while they were doing something else especially if the program chosen by their family was ' boring '. dr jago from the university of bristol explained, \" health campaigns recommend reducing the amount of time children spend watching tv. however the children in this study often had access to at least five different devices at any one time, and many of these devices were portable. this meant that children were able to move the equipment between their bedrooms and family rooms, depending on whether they wanted privacy or company. so simply removing the tv from a child ' s room may not be enough to address the health concerns and we need to work with families to develop strategies to limit the overall time spent multi - screen viewing wherever it occurs within the home. \" provided by biomed central \" tv time : why children watch multi - screens. \" august 3rd, 2011. http : / / medicalxpress. com / news / 2011 - 08 - tv - children - multi - screens. html", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4754959703093335, "token_count": 451, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.243435"} {"text": "in considering the question of our national parks the american society of landscape architects has principally before it these two problems : first the conservation of the primeval landscape beauty of the national park areas unimpaired for generations to come, and second, the increasing of the public facilities for the enjoyment of this beauty. ( 1. pray, p. 119 ) landscape architects did not only concern themselves with the design and creation of parks and public spaces. an additional responsibility of their profession was the preservation of natural landscapes. in 1916, when congress was voting on legislation to create the national park service, the american society of landscape architects held a conference to discuss the state of the national parks and to define their role in the preservation of america \u2019 s natural scenery. according to the chairman of the school of landscape architecture at harvard, james sturgis pray, the function of the landscape architect was to advise the park service on how to achieve enjoyment \" for the maximum number of people with the minimum number of injury to the landscape beauty. \" he called for the park service landscape architect to accomplish four goals : first, a careful determination of proper boundaries of the national park, not arbitrary, as those at present ; but in consonance with the topography and with landscape unity ; second, the development of comprehensive general plans for every national park and monument, showing roads, bridge, trails, buildings, etc., so far as these may be needed, and at the same time can be built without injury to the landscape, and the adoption of a definite policy of development ; third the approval of designs for buildings or other special structures ; fourth, prescribing a system of intelligent and scrupulous maintenance having particular regard for the protection of the beauty of the landscape. ( 2. pray, p. 119 - 120 ) in 1925 m. s. sager photographed his trip to montana \u2019 s glacier national park. he documented the natural landscape as well as the activities of the visitors and the structures around the nature reserve. when he returned he donated his photographs to the school of landscape design. the photographs are relevant for the teaching collection as they display the beauty of the environment, as well as showing concern for the way tourists used the park and its facilities. bibliography for glacier park holtz, mathilde edith and katherine isabel beinis. glacier national park : its trails and treasures. new york : george h. doran company, 1917. glacier national park : season june 15th - september 15th, 1925. minneapolis : great northern railways, 1925. glacier national park : season june", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4287712887089372, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.248280"} {"text": "is there a glut of saving? following ben bernanke, the chairman of the council of economic advisers, in his testimony to the congress on july 20, 2005, fed chairman alan greenspan said that it is quite likely that we are currently experiencing a global savings glut. agreeing with bernanke, the fed chairman views this glut as one of the factors behind the so - called interest rate conundrum, i. e., long - term rates have been falling despite the tight interest rate stance of the fed. this savings glut, according to many commentators, has been instrumental in the very low mortgage interest rates, which have pushed the housing market to new highs. the housing boom in turn has lifted consumers \u2019 wealth and in turn boosted their expenditure and thereby kept the us economy going. indeed the international monetary fund ( imf ) seems to support the fed chairman \u2019 s view. according to the imf the world is flooded with savings. the imf has estimated that world savings as a percentage of world gdp stood at 25. 4 % in 2005, which translates into us $ 11. 8 trillion \u2014 nearly the size of the us economy. most economists are in agreement that in order to grow an economy saving is a must. it is saving that funds investment in capital goods like computers tools and machinery, which in turn makes the economy more productive. however, it is argued that whilst saving plays an important role in growing an economy sometimes too much saving can actually be a bad thing. for instance, it is held that if consumer demand is weak then more savings will only undermine consumer expenditure and in turn weaken economic growth. after all, it is held the motor of the economy is consumer expenditure and saving is the opposite of consumption. according to this way of thinking if people decide on saving a large proportion of their income, then only a small quantity of output will find a market. output will have to be low because there will be no demand for larger quantities of production. also, it is held that while saving may pave the road to riches for an individual, if the nation as a whole decides to save more, the result may be poverty for all. since mainstream thinking views an excess of saving, or too much of it, as bad news for economic activity, obviously what greenspan also had in mind in his speech was that world economies may be under threat due to a glut of savings. indeed many economists are of the view that too much saving could destabilize the world economy.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4326620556116431, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.267954"} {"text": "activity, obviously what greenspan also had in mind in his speech was that world economies may be under threat due to a glut of savings. indeed many economists are of the view that too much saving could destabilize the world economy. however, does all this make much sense? it seems that most experts including greenspan have fallen into the trap of confusing money with saving. what is saving? saving as such has nothing to do with money. for example, if john the baker produces ten loaves of bread and consumes two loaves his saving is eight loaves of bread. in other words, the baker \u2019 s saving is his production of bread minus the amount of bread that he consumed. the baker \u2019 s saving now permits him to secure other goods and services. for instance, he can now exchange his saved bread for other consumer goods or he can exchange it for oven parts and tools. by exchanging his bread for other consumer goods the baker can expand the variety of final goods that he can consume at present. the exchange of his saved bread for oven parts and tools, all other things being equal, will enable the baker to enhance the oven, which in turn will make it possible for him to raise the quality and the quantity of the production of bread. note that it is the bakers \u2019 decision that determines how much of his stock of saved bread will be allocated for his personal consumption and how much towards the buying of oven parts and tools. also, note that by exchanging his saved bread for oven parts and tools the baker transfers his saved bread to the producers of parts and tools. the bread, coupled with other final consumer goods, maintains these producers \u2019 lives and well being and allows them to continue in their production activities. observe that saving here supports the consumption of the baker and the producers of parts and tools. also, note that when the baker exchanges his saving for final consumer goods and for tools and parts he pays for them with his saving. in short, his means of payments are saved loaves of bread. furthermore, we are here dealing with the productive consumption of savings. the consumption is productive because both the baker directly and the producers of tools and parts, indirectly, are engaged in the production of bread, i. e., real wealth. nonproductive consumption refers to the transfer of real savings to various activities that do not make any contribution to the flow of production of final consumer goods. for instance, expanding the size of the government will fall into this category. or digging ditches in order to raise employment \u2014", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5324057852965072, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.269110"} {"text": "to the transfer of real savings to various activities that do not make any contribution to the flow of production of final consumer goods. for instance, expanding the size of the government will fall into this category. or digging ditches in order to raise employment \u2014 in accordance with the keynesian framework of thinking \u2014 is part of nonproductive consumption. can there be such thing as too much saving? it is like asking can we have too much real wealth. the greater the pool of saved final consumer goods, the better the quality and the quantity of tools and machinery that can be made, which in turn gives rise to a greater production of final consumer goods, i. e., an increase in living standards. in other words, saving can never be bad for economic growth. furthermore, as we have seen saving is entirely absorbed in the consumption of the producers of final consumer goods and the producers of tools and machinery, i. e., capital goods producers. in other words by supporting productive consumption saving in fact only promotes economic growth. so if saving is the key for wealth generation then obviously it is absurd to suggest that it may be good for individuals but not necessarily good for the nation as a whole. since a nation without individuals doesn \u2019 t exist, obviously if saving is good for individuals it must be also good for the nation. what about the commonly accepted view that the driving force of an economy is consumer demand for goods and services? in other words, in this way of thinking what poses a threat to economic activity is the scarcity of demand. there is however, never a problem with demand. what always matters is having enough means to support demand. however, as we have seen the baker can exercise his demand for various final consumer goods because he has produced bread that the producers of other final consumer goods are ready to accept in exchange for their goods. this means that the limiting factor here is not the baker \u2019 s demand for consumer goods but his ability to pay for them. his ability to pay in turn is dictated by his ability to produce bread. consequently, as more means of payments become available greater demand can be accommodated. according to james mill, when goods are carried to market what is wanted is somebody to buy. but to buy, one must have wherewithal to pay. it is obviously therefore the collective means of payment which exist in the whole nation constitute the entire market of the nation. but wherein consist the collective means of payment of the whole nation? do they not consist in its annual produce, in the annual revenue of the general mass of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5242143762759522, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.270050"} {"text": "the collective means of payment which exist in the whole nation constitute the entire market of the nation. but wherein consist the collective means of payment of the whole nation? do they not consist in its annual produce, in the annual revenue of the general mass of inhabitants? but if a nation \u2019 s power of purchasing is exactly measured by its annual produce, as it undoubtedly is ; the more you increase the annual produce, the more by that very act you extend the national market, the power of purchasing and the actual purchases of the nation.... thus it appears that the demand of a nation is always equal to the produce of a nation. this indeed must be so ; for what is the demand of a nation? the demand of a nation is exactly its power of purchasing. but what is its power of purchasing? the extent undoubtedly of its annual produce. the extent of its demand therefore and the extent of its supply are always exactly commensurate. relation between saving and money now in a barter economy people will have difficulty engaging in trade. for instance, a baker may want to buy shoes for his bread. however the shoemaker has no interest in his bread. hence no exchange will take place and john the baker will not be able to accommodate his needs. money \u2014 the medium of the exchange \u2014 resolves these difficulties. john can now exchange his saved bread for money. once he has the money he can exchange it for the goods and services he requires. money therefore enables the goods of one specialist to be exchanged for the goods of another specialist. by means of money people can channel real saved final consumer goods, which in turn permits the widening of the process of wealth generation. the existence of money also resolves the difficulty of saving perishable goods. rather than trying to save by storing the bread the baker can now exchange his unconsumed bread for money and avoid the need of storing the bread. needless to say that the storing of the bread runs the risk that in a few days time it will become an unwanted good. the unconsumed production of bread is now \u201c stored \u201d so to speak in money. money can be seen as a receipt, as it were, given to the producers of final goods and services that are ready for human consumption. when a baker exchanges his money for apples the baker has already paid for them with the bread produced and saved prior to this exchange. money therefore is the baker \u2019 s claim so to speak on real savings. it is not, however, savings. money only provides the \u2018", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5228329425806691, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.272371"} {"text": "his money for apples the baker has already paid for them with the bread produced and saved prior to this exchange. money therefore is the baker \u2019 s claim so to speak on real savings. it is not, however, savings. money only provides the \u2018 facility \u2019 for the baker to pay for various goods and services he wants with his produced and saved bread. likewise other producers by means of money can now secure the final goods and services they desire. so if we do not save money as such what then are various savings deposits and other savings schemes? don \u2019 t we save money by placing them in various saving deposits? no. what we are doing here is lending money to financial intermediaries, which means that we are transferring claims on real savings to financial intermediaries. financial intermediaries in turn lend the money out to various individuals, i. e., transferring claims on real savings to the borrowers. let us now examine the effect of monetary expansion on the pool of real savings. the expanded money supply was never earned, i. e., goods and services do not back it up, so to speak \u2014 it was created out of \u201c thin air. \u201d when such money is exchanged for goods it in fact amounts to consumption that is not supported by production. ( as a rule it leads to nonproductive consumption ). consequently, a holder of honest money, i. e. an individual who has produced real wealth that wants to exercise his claim over goods, discovers that he cannot get back all the goods he previously produced and exchanged for money. in short, he discovers that the purchasing power of his money has fallen \u2014 he has in fact been robbed by means of loose monetary policy. the printing of money therefore undermines wealth generators and thereby weakens the pool of real savings over time. the fiction of the world glut of savings the notion of the supposed world glut of savings is based on the premise that saving is the amount of money left after monetary income was used for consumer outlays, which implies that saving is synonymous with money. for a given amount of monetary expenditure on consumer goods an increase in money income implies more monetary saving. however, what matters for economic growth is not monetary saving but rather the stock of real savings. this stock, however, cannot be quantitatively ascertained because of the heterogeneous nature of final goods and services. we cannot arithmetically add up potatoes and bread into a meaningful total. the employment of various price deflators to extract out of monetary income real income", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5029723561588293, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.273343"} {"text": "be quantitatively ascertained because of the heterogeneous nature of final goods and services. we cannot arithmetically add up potatoes and bread into a meaningful total. the employment of various price deflators to extract out of monetary income real income and in turn real saving will not do the trick since it contradicts the fact that potatoes and tomatoes can \u2019 t be added up to a meaningful total. one thing we can be assured is that monetary pumping can never be good for the pool of real savings. most so - called savings countries have actually been engaged in strong monetary pumping over the past six years. so it is quite likely that on account of loose monetary policies the strong monetary saving in fact is not that strong in real terms. for instance, between january 99 to june 2005 china \u2019 s money m1 increased by 153 %. malaysian money m1 increased during this period by 107 %, the thailand \u2019 s money m1 rose by 93 % while money m0 in russia increased by 828 %. to be sure, qualitatively one can suggest that countries like china and the former soviet union are generating more real wealth than in previous times on account of the introduction of a freer market economy. this, we suggest, has given an important support to the us economy. because the us dollar is an internationally accepted medium of exchange, through monetary expansion americans can divert real savings from other countries, i. e., they can engage in an exchange of nothing for something. this ability to divert world real savings to the us doesn \u2019 t mean that there is abundance of real savings in the world. additionally, it is questionable to establish so - called world liquidity ( as the imf does ), which is labelled as savings by averaging the various monetary savings of the world. in the us the only accepted medium of the exchange is dollars. so it is of no consequence whether china \u2019 s or european monetary saving is growing. these moneys cannot have any effect on prices of goods quoted in american dollars. hence if china, europe, or any other country is having a glut of money this cannot do much for the prices of american assets. the investors from other countries to the us must acquire us dollars for their money before they can buy american assets. the amount of these dollars however is dictated by the fed \u2019 s monetary policies and the us fractional reserve banking. it is obvious then that greenspan \u2019 s and bernake \u2019 s assertions that the glut of foreign liquidity is having a powerful effect on american asset prices", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49303457070520096, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.274318"} {"text": "dictated by the fed \u2019 s monetary policies and the us fractional reserve banking. it is obvious then that greenspan \u2019 s and bernake \u2019 s assertions that the glut of foreign liquidity is having a powerful effect on american asset prices is dubious. summary and conclusions according to greenspan it is quite likely that we are currently experiencing global saving glut. this glut, according to the fed chairman and most economists, has not only distorted relationships between long - term and short - term interest rates but has also contributed to the housing boom. consequently, many experts fear that this has introduced an element of instability into the world economy. | shostak recommended : $ 50 | in short, too much saving can be bad for your health, so it is held. however, what generates instability is not too much savings but too much money out of \u201c thin air. \u201d furthermore, what matters for economic growth is not monetary saving but rather the stock of real savings. this stock, however, cannot be established quantitatively. most savings countries may not have generated so much real savings as various experts are saying. in fact many of these countries have been engaged in reckless monetary pumping, which we suggest has undermined the pool of real savings. also, we have shown that it is not valid to look at so - called world global liquidity as the driving force behind the boom in us financial and real estate markets. the us financial bubble is entirely the result of the fed \u2019 s monetary policies and has nothing to do with the mythical glut of world savings. james mill, on the overproduction and underconsumption fallacies. edited by george reisman, a publication of the jefferson school of philosophy, economics, and psychology \u2013 2000.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5010406084166192, "token_count": 355, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.274983"} {"text": "according to philip parker, the relationship between physics - based physiology and macroeconomics may come to dominate explanations of economic growth. his argument focuses on the so - called equatorial paradox \u2014 the phenomenon that a country ' s latitude explains up to 70 percent of cross - country variances in per capita income. after introducing concepts from physics and physiology as the building blocks of homeostatic utility, he explains the role of homeostatic utility in economic growth. specifically, he shows that a country ' s performance is gauged not by its absolute level of income or consumption, but by how far it is from a homeostatic steady state governed by what he calls physioeconomics. countries closer to their homeostatic steady state grow more slowly than those farther away. parker shows how factors such as income, aggregate savings, investment, technology, entrepreneurship, production, and outputs per worker are influenced by the more fundamental principles of physics and physiology. he focuses particularly on the hypothalamus, the part of the brain that drives motivation, monitors homeostasis, and ultimately keeps us alive via neural, autonomic, and hormonal adjustments. he presents evidence that long - run growth can be attributed to variances in hypothalmic activity. a physioeconomic approach to growth can lead to better economic policies, measures of performance, and predictions of progress. to take just one example, policymakers would be quicker to realize that food aid to warmer regions can destroy local farming economies that supply adequate caloric needs at a lower steady state.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.6001391143607202, "token_count": 314, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.276532"} {"text": "making a difference newspapers, magazines, television and radio offer you the opportunity to reach large audiences with news or feature stories about medical librarians. favorable stories demonstrating how medical librarians have assisted a consumer, provided a physician with valuable information or otherwise made a dramatic difference can raise consumer awareness and build support among other health care professionals. to get good publicity, it ' s your job to let appropriate media know when you have news or feature ideas, and to be available as their source of information if they have an interest in your story. a media list is a list of your hometown reporters, editors and broadcast producers who you would like to interest in your story. when you are ready to contact media, it ' s important to think about the kind of media that would cover health care stories. to determine who to contact, the first step is to get to know your local media and what types of stories they report. you should know if there is a feature segment that runs during the evening news or a radio program that interviews local business or community leaders. you should read your local papers or watch local news to see if there is a health reporter who might be interested in how medical librarians can help people find accurate health care information. these and others would be among your target media. you shouldn ' t contact everyone and hope you ' ll get coverage. nothing irritates a busy reporter more than receiving a news release or a call from someone whose news is not appropriate for his or her \" beat \" ( the topics a reporter is assigned to cover ). if your library is open to the general public, you may find reporters who would be interested in medical librarians, including health, medical and fitness reporters and those who cover features or women ' s news. if you are participating in a time sensitive event, such as a health fair at your institution, then you also should contact news reporters and assignment desks at local television or radio stations to let them know you have a story coming up soon that they might want to cover. to develop your media list, you can begin with the local telephone directory or library reference books of media outlets. your media list should include : call each of the news organizations on your list to obtain the names, direct phone numbers and fax numbers of the news editor, medical or health reporter, feature editor, public service director and others. call each of these individuals directly and ask if they would be interested in receiving news about medical librarians or events in which you or others will participate. compile your media list of those who say", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.44250328815736756, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.283318"} {"text": "reporter, feature editor, public service director and others. call each of these individuals directly and ask if they would be interested in receiving news about medical librarians or events in which you or others will participate. compile your media list of those who say \" yes. \" additional publications to consider for your media list are the employee and member newsletters published by area businesses, industries, health organizations and hospitals, schools, churches and community groups. call active organizations in your area to determine their interest. your local chamber of commerce should be able to help. once you know who to contact, you are ready to begin developing professional relationships with media. this does not mean a friendship, but rather means that you get to know the people who would cover your news and you make sure that you call them or send them information ahead of time so that they may consider covering it. it also means that you call them back immediately if they call to ask you a question about your news or to ask you for a comment on another trend or news item related to evaluating health care information. there are several components to media relations that may be used together or separately to generate publicity. they include materials such as a press kit, query letter, news release, fact sheet, editorial backgrounder, photo, photo caption and / or graphic, and public service announcements. reporters prepare for their stories or broadcasts with varying degrees of thoroughness. some will request background material prior to the interview so they feel comfortable with the topic being discussed. others will conduct research on their own, reviewing newspaper clippings and magazine articles to gain a better understanding of the subject. still others will come into an interview cold, expecting you to provide everything they need to know about the topic. an informed reporter conducts the most productive interview because reporter are able to ask more intelligent, insightful questions if they are prepared. reporters will welcome having up - to - date information when they write an article or compose interview questions. you will have greater control over the direction of the interview if you have supplied the background information being used by the interviewer. the result will be a more accurate story. it is essential, however, that you read the material thoroughly before sending it to a reporter so that you are familiar with the information and agree with any statements made. typical components of a press kit are : query letter, news release, fact sheet, editorial background information, and a photograph, illustration or graphic that illustrates your story. you can supplement these basic press kit materials with other information such as a biography of your local spokesperson", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.42475999976922235, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.284426"} {"text": "of a press kit are : query letter, news release, fact sheet, editorial background information, and a photograph, illustration or graphic that illustrates your story. you can supplement these basic press kit materials with other information such as a biography of your local spokesperson, mat stories or educational materials such as the \" deciphering medspeak \" brochure available through mla. when you prepare a press kit, you should always include a date, contact name and telephone number on all press kit materials. don ' t assume a reporter will keep all materials together. a query or pitch letter is a simple and effective tool to whet a reporter ' s appetite for your story. a query letter tells a reporter the gist of a story and why it is of interest to the audience or readership. sometimes a query letter is sent to a reporter on its own, without a press kit, and other times it is enclosed in a press kit, with additional background information such as a news release or editorial backgrounder. the most effective query letters are no longer than one page. a news release is a one or two page written piece that gives a reporter all the facts and figures of your story in a nutshell. the first paragraph, or the lead, is the most important part, since many reporters make up their mind about your story after reading only the lead. the best news releases : view a sample of a news release. an editorial backgrounder is additional background information prepared to help reporters better understand your story. it is helpful to provide editorial backgrounders with a news release, especially if the reporter is unfamiliar with the topic of your story. a news alert is an abbreviated version of your news release and is meant to be read quickly by an editor, reporter or producer to get the story in a \" nutshell. \" it is no longer than one page and includes a headline, contact name and only the who, what, when, where, why and how. a photo alert is written in the same format as a news alert, but its purpose is to advise print and broadcast media of photo or video opportunities. view a sample of a photo alert. a fact sheet provides brief, bulleted information, details and statistics on a particular subject, usually a subject referred to in the news release. a fact sheet is written in \" quick - read \" format to make it easy and fast for reporters to zero in on key points and statistics as they put together their stories. view a sample of a fact sheet. both print and television reporters appreciate receiving photos or graphics", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4546036290032619, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.285419"} {"text": "is written in \" quick - read \" format to make it easy and fast for reporters to zero in on key points and statistics as they put together their stories. view a sample of a fact sheet. both print and television reporters appreciate receiving photos or graphics or visual ideas to further illustrate your story. it ' s one thing to talk about your medical library. it ' s another to see a picture of a librarian helping clients at an aids clinic or talking with a physician during grand rounds. with television especially, it ' s essential that you consider what the viewers will see when they are watching your story, and tell the reporter about possible \" visuals \" when pitching the story. a photo caption tells what is going on in a picture and identifies by name and title all people in the photograph. it should be no longer than three sentences and answer the who, what, when, where, why and how for the reader. view a sample of a photo caption. mat releases are \" pre - printed \" feature stories, often with photos or graphics, that are presented to editors in a newspaper format that can be pasted on a page, photographed and used as is. mat releases are most often used by smaller daily or weekly newspapers that don ' t have big enough reporting or photography staffs to cover these kinds of features. because mat releases are so \" user friendly \" and have mass human interest appeal, small newspapers use mat releases all the time to supplement the stories their reporters write for their feature sections. after you ' ve sent the pitch letter or press kit to media, a key element of media relations is follow - upcalling reporters to ensure that they received your materials and to answer any questions. follow - up provides you with the opportunity to see if a specific media contact, such as an assignment editor or health reporter, is interested in pursuing a story about medical librarians or sending a reporter or a camera crew to cover your story. it also gives you a chance to answer questions, remind media about your upcoming story or, if they ' re unsure about whether to cover the story, to add something new that might interest them on the spot. follow - up is also the first step in building long - term media relationships, and you should remember that a reporter who is not able to cover your story today, could be planning a story in the future. you should make a record of all contacts with the media for your own reference. you also should make a point of seeing the coverage that runs so you can drop a thank you note to a reporter", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4672127514084196, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.286780"} {"text": "by marilyn green among the educational alternatives offered by moorpark unified school district is homeschooling. the district offers this option, which is designed to meet the unique needs of each participating family, to students in kindergarten through eighth grade. together with parents, we create an environment where students can explore their interests, develop their unique strengths and talents, and become confident, life - long learners. how the program works students and their parents meet with a credentialed teacher on a weekly basis ( monthly appointments are also available ) to collaboratively plan lessons and activities. the school district provides families with state - approved, district - adopted curriculum and materials. then, the parent teaches the student throughout the week using the schedule and pace best suited to the individual child and family. students in the homeschool program are expected to meet the same grade level standards they would encounter in a classroom setting and teachers evaluate student work. attendance is granted based on successful completion of work assignments. determining if homeschooling is right for you every family and every student are different and the decision about whether to homeschool should be made thoughtfully and with input from all members of the family. some of the questions to consider when making the decision include the following : can you commit the time? we expect students to put in an average of four to six hours per day learning, reading, computing, thinking, discussing and writing. planning and reviewing student work will require additional time for parents, depending on how much individual attention their child needs. is your student on a different timeline than others? homeschooling offers flexibility to students who either need an accelerated curriculum or those who may need a little more time with some subjects. it offers a way for you to meet the needs of a child who is highly distractible or who needs more time with some topics or parents can accelerate instruction when needed and allow time for students to delve into areas of study they would like to pursue in more depth. does travel or commitment to practicing a specific sport make it difficult for my student to attend school regularly or complete all homework? if yes, homeschooling may offer your student the flexibility he or she needs to travel with parents or put in 10 hours a day training in gymnastics while keeping up with schoolwork. can we afford it? while the district will provide all the materials and books needed, at least one adult in the family will need to be home to provide instruction, supervision and interaction for the homeschooled student. this usually means that one parent will not be able to hold", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4460386697778751, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.291701"} {"text": "the district will provide all the materials and books needed, at least one adult in the family will need to be home to provide instruction, supervision and interaction for the homeschooled student. this usually means that one parent will not be able to hold a full - time job. can i really teach fifth grade math? it is only natural to wonder if you are really up to the challenge. the important thing to know is that you don \u2019 t have to know everything to be an effective homeschool parent, but you do need to learn to ask for and know where to get help. our moorpark teachers, enrichment day teachers, homeschool math tutor, other parents, books, the public library, blogs and websites will provide you support, input, advice and encouragement. and what if things don \u2019 t work out? all students have an absolute right to return to the classroom whenever you request it. we try to make sure that a return to the classroom is as seamless as possible and that students are successful in either option. students have access to library, computers, programs, field trips and special activities at school sites. our program also offers families a weekly enrichment day. students come to school one day a week to participate with other homeschooled students in small, cross - grade level classes including hands - on science, music and dance, art, spanish, physical education, journalism and math tutorials. monthly field trips and park days allow time for students and families to socialize and network with other homeschooling families. our expert and caring teachers are credentialed, with an average of 10 years experience in the homeschooling program. they are skilled at working with students with special needs as well as gifted students needing an accelerated program. they share a passionate commitment to their students and the homeschooling program. for information about homeschooling or independent study in grades nine to 12, call marilyn green, moorpark unified school district, at 805 - 531 - 6420. marilyn green is the director of grants, assessment and special projects for the moorpark unified school district.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4408841611946086, "token_count": 429, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.292523"} {"text": "| [ this is a mpiwg mpdl language technology service ] | a ( ) the first letter of the english and of many other alphabets. the capital a of the alphabets of middle and western europe, as also the small letter ( a ), besides the forms in italic, black letter, etc., are all descended from the old latin a, which was borrowed from the greek alpha, of the same form ; and this was made from the first letter ( / ) of the phoenician alphabet, the equivalent of the hebrew aleph, and itself from the egyptian origin. the aleph was a consonant letter, with a guttural breath sound that was not an element of greek articulation ; and the greeks took it to represent their vowel alpha with the a sound, the phoenician alphabet having no vowel symbols. a ( ) the name of the sixth tone in the model major scale ( that in c ), or the first tone of the minor scale, which is named after it the scale in a minor. the second string of the violin is tuned to the a in the treble staff. - - a sharp ( a / ) is the name of a musical tone intermediate between a and b. - - a flat ( a / ) is the name of a tone intermediate between a and g. a ( ) an adjective, commonly called the indefinite article, and signifying one or any, but less emphatically. a ( ) in each ; to or for each ; as, \" twenty leagues a day \", \" a hundred pounds a year \", \" a dollar a yard \", etc. a ( prep. ) in ; on ; at ; by. a ( prep. ) in process of ; in the act of ; into ; to ; - - used with verbal substantives in - ing which begin with a consonant. this is a shortened form of the preposition an ( which was used before the vowel sound ) ; as in a hunting, a building, a begging. a ( ) of. a ( ) a barbarous corruption of have, of he, and sometimes of it and of they. a ( ) an expletive, void of sense, to fill up the meter", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5348510501802286, "token_count": 456, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.294490"} {"text": "the mountains to sound greenway education program teaches six curriculum for 4th through 10th grade students in king county : broadens students understanding of the connections between the parts of a pacific northwest forest. photosynthesis and the role of producers, consumers and decomposers is explored. participants study natural and human caused impacts on the environment. explores the connection between soil, water and forests through hands - on experiments. students will begin to develop an understanding of how soil textures help determine the use of the land. focuses on stream / forest ecology and the lifecycle of salmon. students complete a mock stream survey in the classroom in preparation to do a real one on the field study trip. participants analyze the riparian zone, look for macroinvertebrates, test water quality and evaluate the stream channel. teams of students present their results. inspires dialogue between students. students are encouraged to answer the question : what is the best way to use the remaining forest lands that border urban areas? students are broken into groups and after completing a hands - on activity engage in presentations to advocate their views. parents like this topic a lot! is all about biosolids, the end - product of treated waste - water. this unit defines biosolids, how they are applied and studies whether it is a good idea to recycle waste. teachers ask for this program during a unit on recycling or land use issues. teaches about the challenges in choosing land use goals for our beautiful natural lands and how to make personal and collective decisions. a dynamic 15 - minute video is mailed to your school to introduce the concept of greenways, then a greenway educator will teach an in - class lesson to encourage students to consider all sides of this issue. it is a good introduction for most of our other curriculums. what is a greenway? ( in - class lesson coming soon! ) requests for printed copies of all curriculum units can be made to sally kentch or 206 - 524 - 1665. the mountains to sound education program is aligned with the.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47934824905158613, "token_count": 409, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.296688"} {"text": "why gender matters are boys and girls really that different? twenty years ago, doctors and researchers didn ' t think so. back then, most experts believed that differences in how girls and boys behave are mainly due to differences in how they were treated by their parents, teachers, and friends. it ' s hard to cling to that \u2026 more \u00bb are boys and girls really that different? twenty years ago, doctors and researchers didn ' t think so. back then, most experts believed that differences in how girls and boys behave are mainly due to differences in how they were treated by their parents, teachers, and friends. it ' s hard to cling to that belief today. an avalanche of research over the past twenty years has shown that sex differences are more significant and profound than anybody guessed. sex differences are real, biologically programmed, and important to how children are raised, disciplined, and educated. inwhy gender matters, psychologist and family physician dr. leonard sax leads parents through the mystifying world of gender differences by explaining the biologically different ways in which children think, feel, and act. he addresses a host of issues, including discipline, learning, risk taking, aggression, sex, and drugs, and shows how boys and girls react in predictable ways to different situations. for example, girls are born with more sensitive hearing than boys, and those differences increase as kids grow up. so when a grown man speaks to a girl in what he thinks is a normal voice, she may hear it as yelling. conversely, boys who appear to be inattentive in class may just be sitting too far away to hear the teacher - - especially if the teacher is female. likewise, negative emotions are seated in an ancient structure of the brain called the amygdala. girls develop an early connection between this area and the cerebral cortex, enabling them to talk about their feelings. in boys these links develop later. so if you ask a troubled adolescent boy to tell you what his feelings are, he often literally cannot say. dr. sax offers fresh approaches to disciplining children, as well as gender - specific ways to help girls and boys avoid drugs and early sexual activity. he wants parents to understand and work with hardwired differences in children, but he also encourages them to push beyond gender - based stereotypes. a leading proponent of single - sex education, dr. sax points out specific instances where keeping boys and girls separate in the classroom has yielded striking educational, social, and interpersonal benefits. despite the view of many educators and experts on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46507689032675686, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.300076"} {"text": "search the collections victorian women on farms gathering collection image : patch - victorian women on farms gathering, warragul 1999 source : museum victoria since 1990, victorian rural women have met at annual events, women on farms gatherings, to share common interests, exchange information, celebrate their contribution to their farms and communities, and support and nurture each other. each gathering is linked by a tradition of sharing memories, symbolic icons, women ' s stories, workshops, rituals, farm tours, good food and fun. the meaning, identity and action expressed through these collective activities are often ' life changing ' for participants and foster a deep sense of community. these gatherings emerged as part of the ' rural women ' s movement ' in australia. this movement sought to raise the profile, opportunities and voice of rural women. the victorian gatherings were soon replicated in other states around australia, and fed into the organisation of the world ' s first ' women in agriculture ' conference held in melbourne in 1994. the women on farms gathering collection dates from the first gathering held at warragul in 1990 and covers the first 20 years up to 2009. the women on farms gathering collection is a community project involving the active participation of rural victorian women in collecting, interpreting and sharing their histories. a cow pat, mallee root and motherboard, are some of the ' icons ' in the collection and offer a colourful and symbolic insight into the stories and experiences of rural women. these icons have been chosen by the organisers of each gathering to symbolise and celebrate the leadership, unity, diversity and resilience of rural women. the collection also includes two large banners ( one of which is used and altered at each gathering ), videos, photographs, a memorial plaque, memorabilia and a large collection of oral histories. the collection has state and national significance. it highlights the diversity of rural women ' s experiences, documents the contribution of women to their farms and communities, the changing nature of agriculture and contemporary issues affecting the future of victorian rural communities. the contemporary and collaborative nature of the collection has created important community links across rural and regional victoria and has directly influenced the development of associated collections and research, including : toxic waste campaign, 2009 victorian bushfires, water security, climate change, drought, sustainable agriculture, gender and demographic change. the active involvement of rural women in the development of this contemporary collection has fostered new and exciting possibilities for museum practice and the history making process : \"... we are creating living history. this heritage project with museum victoria is the first time that the museum has ever", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.453771564606852, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.305967"} {"text": "rural women in the development of this contemporary collection has fostered new and exciting possibilities for museum practice and the history making process : \"... we are creating living history. this heritage project with museum victoria is the first time that the museum has ever attempted something like this, and to my knowledge it is one of the few things in a museum that i have ever seen, which hasn ' t had to die to be recognised, and i find that very refreshing. \" ann jarvis ( inaugural member of the women on farms heritage group, kergunyah ) \" collecting, documenting and displaying these stories through the community partnership between women on farms gathering heritage group and museum victoria is groundbreaking. it is a model for how institutions may reshape their role to work collaboratively with communities to better interpret and represent their place in australian life. \" kerry wilson, member of the women on farms heritage group, violet town ) history of victorian women on farms gatherings victorian women on farms gatherings - what is a gathering? women on farms gathering - memorial plaque the women on farms gathering heritage agreement women on farms gathering - the perpetual banner and patches australian rural women ' s movement - timeline bibliography - australian women on farms rural women gather across australia poetry and song - the victorian women on farms gatherings 1990 warragul gathering ( inaugural gathering ) 1991 sea lake wofg 1992 numurkah wofg 1993 tallangatta wofg 1994 glenormiston wofg 1995 swan hill wofg 1996 ararat wofg 1997 bendigo wofg 1998 ouyen wofg 1999 warragul wofg 2000 yarra valley ( healesville ) wofg 2001 north east ( beechworth ) wofg 2002 macedon ranges ( kyneton ) wofg 2003 yarram wofg 2004 horsham wofg 2005 benalla wofg 2006 hamilton wofg 2007 shepparton wofg 2008 berriwillock wofg 2009 warragul wofg items per page : 10 50 ( showing 1 - 10 ) 172 items white ceramic mug given to participants at the glenormiston women on farms gathering in 1994. it is an example of the creative presentation of issues affecting rural women at the gathe... images : 1 mug given to each participant of the 2002 macedon ranges ( kyneton ) women on farms gathering in their gathering bag on registration. the mug is a very practical recurring ritual of the... images : 1 digital colour image of the women on farms gathering", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45932114676789415, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.307048"} {"text": "to each participant of the 2002 macedon ranges ( kyneton ) women on farms gathering in their gathering bag on registration. the mug is a very practical recurring ritual of the... images : 1 digital colour image of the women on farms gathering banner, taken at the horsham women on farms gathering in 2004. the banner displays 15 patches ( panels ) that illustrate the gathering... images : 1 royal blue scarf with yellow hand - painted wattle - like emblem on one end. this scarf was worn by the donor and by other members of the 2003 yarram women on farms gathering organising com... images : 1 blue polo neck shirt with logo. this shirt was worn by members of the 2003 yarram women on farms gathering organising committee. during the weekend all members of the committee wore blu... images : 1 silk scarf from the 2001 north east ( beechworth ) women on farms gathering. this scarf was worn by the north east ( beechworth ) organising committee members as a form of identification. t... images : 1 t - shirt from the 1993 tallangatta women on farms gathering. this green t - shirt was worn by members of the tallangatta women on farms gathering organising committee as a form of identifi... images : 1 calico vest worn by members of the 1998 ouyen women on farms gathering organising committee. during the weekend all members of the committee wore this vest so that they could be easily... images : 1 strong pink cotton hat with 2004 horsham women on farms gathering label applied to crown. this hat was contained within the ' gathering pack ' that was given to participants as they arriv... images : 1 green handmade badge created for the 1993 tallangatta women on farms gathering. denise, kylie & yvette kirk made these badges using a machine borrowed from the tallangatta hospital. den... images : 1", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41005999110730906, "token_count": 393, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.307825"} {"text": "this short article is taken from the full article which is available here as a pdf file we all know that the medieval western world came to know and appreciate the basic greek works through the works of muslim philosophers. the translation of the arabic versions of the aristotelian corpus, the commentaries, and the abridgments produced a cultural turning point in the intellectual history of the western world. we also know that the serious study of aristotle in the time of scholasticism begins with albertus magnus ( 1206 - 1280 ) who used ibn sina ' s commentaries. both albert and his brilliant student st. thomas aquinas who shaped the future of christianity, adopted a version of modified aristotelianism, which was to a large extent al - farabi ' s and especially ibn sina ' s version of aristotelian philosophy. when we have a serious look at the historical studies carried out up to now, we can easily see, despite the insufficiency of research, the deep influence of al - farabi and ibn sina not only in the fields of logic or natural philosophy, but in metaphysics, philosophy of religion, ethics, and political philosophy as well. as we have pointed out, muslim philosophers ' analysis of being, their division of beings into contingent and necessary, their definitions of universal and other key metaphysical terms had a lasting impact on the thomistic and scotist syntheses. al - farabi ' s theistic views were quoted in many instances en bloc. this is especially true in the case of thomas aquinas, who was the head of the latin schoolmen. before the islamic influence, to talk of the \" attributes \" of god was almost unknown in the christian theology. islamic views of the attributes lived five hundred and fifty years and begat the attributes of the schoolmen, and the attributes of the schoolmen lived four hundred years and begat the attributes of descartes and spinoza. in fact, the early church fathers knew little concerning the talk of god except in terms of trinity. as we mentioned above, al - farabi and ibn sina anticipated some important views that now we find in the works of the major contemporary philosophers. for example, long before descartes, ibn sina, showed that \" being \" is the first intuition of the mind. again, descartes ' idea of the primary intuition of the ego is very close to ibn sina ' s idea the self - awareness of the soul exemplified in his doctrine of the \" flying man \".", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5187778564924577, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.323565"} {"text": "is the first intuition of the mind. again, descartes ' idea of the primary intuition of the ego is very close to ibn sina ' s idea the self - awareness of the soul exemplified in his doctrine of the \" flying man \". some similarities also exist in their views of the necessary being, though there are some differences as well concerning this point. so far we tried to explain, albeit very briefly, the main contributions of al - farabi and ibn sina to global philosophical culture. now we have to look at the contribution of another turkish thinker who is not, strictly speaking, a philosopher, though he was indebted to the methods used by philosophers for many a solution for his problems. this was abu rayhan muhammad bin ahmad al - beyruni ( 973 - 1048 ce ). this great man stands as a model of the thinker who was able to harmonize within his own intellectual world various forms of knowledge, from the science of nature to religion and philosophy. al - beyruni has an extremely clear international outlook, and worked to remove the misunderstandings between various communities and bring humanity closer in their outlook upon the world. he was a key figure in bringing about real cultural contact between different races and nations. it is because of his great contributions to many fields, especially to the scientific spirit in general, that george sarton, the well - known historian of science, wishes to name the eleventh century \" the age of al - beyruni. \" he seems to be the first muslim thinker who had first - hand knowledge of indian philosophical and religious culture, in addition to sound knowledge of greek and islamic philosophical and scientific literature - a knowledge which enabled him to make useful comparisons between different cultures. this effort was no doubt a happy intellectual pursuit from which many historians of culture benefit much, even today. the scientific and philosophical erudition exhibited in his al - athar al - bakiya and kitab ma li ' l - hind is a dazzling achievement. one of the important contributions of al - beyruni can be seen in his account of scientific method, or the ethics of scientific investigation. in the introductory chapter of his al - athar al - bakiya, al - beyruni makes it very clear that in order to be an honest investigator ; one has to free himself from all kinds of prejudices, selfish motivations, and every kind of harmful element which prevent many from following the right course in the search of truth. commenting upon al - beyruni ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5588992040243652, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.324647"} {"text": "be an honest investigator ; one has to free himself from all kinds of prejudices, selfish motivations, and every kind of harmful element which prevent many from following the right course in the search of truth. commenting upon al - beyruni ' s work on india, g. von grunebaum, the famous historian of islamic culture, states that al - beyruni was able to develop and apply in his book that descriptive attitude towards another civilization which on the whole has been a distinctive trait of the west. it should be borne in mind, however, that this attitude of al - beyruni though very striking indeed, is not at all unique and seems to be a fairly common trait of islamic scientific and philosophical history. we see the same attitude in al - farabi and ibn sina as well, for example. in fact, one might say that such an attitude was one of the characteristics of turkish philosophers and men of science such as zamakhshari in the fields of tafsir ( the interpretation of the qur ' an ), al - bukhari in the field of hadith ( the collection and interpretation of the sayings of the prophet muhammad ), al - maturidi in theology, ai - farabi and ibn sina in philosophy, and of course al - beyruni especially in cultural history. it is noteworthy that most of these men were born and brought up in the turkish areas of central asia which were far away from the main centres of theological and political controversies. to cite only a few examples, al - farabi, in his commentary on a work of \" zinon the great, \" criticizes and even condemns some christian scholars who added many things and left out many statements while commenting upon the greek philosophical writings. al - beyruni speaks as follows : \" between an investigator of truth and a staunch follower of tradition there is, surely, a great difference. \" one of his great contemporaries shares the same view, ibn sina, who, commenting upon the attitudes of those who followed aristotle blindly, says that they spend their times in occupation with the past without resorting to their own intelligence. al - beyruni condemns the use of scientific knowledge to mislead and harm people. he warns again and again against \" the sciences which prey on the ignorance of the people. \" he, like al - farabi, warns us against \" the crimes committed by translators. \" his simple principle is this : seek after truth even if it may be against you. one \" should", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5191013909261467, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.325616"} {"text": "sciences which prey on the ignorance of the people. \" he, like al - farabi, warns us against \" the crimes committed by translators. \" his simple principle is this : seek after truth even if it may be against you. one \" should not refuse to accept the truth from any source, wherever one can find it. \" despite the incessant wars between the muslims and the hindus, al - beyruni managed to remain impartial while he was writing his major work on india. it is incredible to see in him a man trying sympathetically to have an access to the minds of those who were regarded, politically, as foes by the dynasty under which al - beyruni served. in the introduction of his book india al - beyruni makes the characteristic features of his approach very clear : to begin with, he says that he will investigate the truth of everything he hears, since \" what we hear is not like what we see. \" concerning his book he says \" i shall not produce the arguments of our antagonists in order to refute such of them as i believe to be in the wrong. my book is nothing but a simple historic record of facts. \" his main purpose for writing a book on india is \" to help those who want to discuss religious questions with them and associate with them. \" now, such an objective attitude developed and fully applied by al - beyruni is also indicative of the freedom of thought that existed during the reign of sultan mahmud, the great turkish ruler of the ghaznawids. the religious policy of this sultan and his immediate successors must have been very liberal indeed. it is not out of place to point out that al - beyruni is one of the keen minds to see the spirit of inquiry inculcated by the qur ' an. he sees a real connection between his objective approach and the demands of the qur ' an in this respect. in the introduction of the india lie explains how he tried to save himself from untruth and falsehood by analyzing some psychological motives such as hatred, ignorance, love, etc., which often lead us to conceal the truth. through god ' s mercy, says al - beyruni, none of these afflicts him. he says that \" that man alone is praiseworthy who shrinks from a lie and always adheres to the truth, enjoying credit even among liars, not to mention others. it has been said in the qur ' an that one has to speak the truth, even if it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5352294112863567, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.326535"} {"text": "alone is praiseworthy who shrinks from a lie and always adheres to the truth, enjoying credit even among liars, not to mention others. it has been said in the qur ' an that one has to speak the truth, even if it were against one ' s self \". according to al - beyruni, islam created a living culture - consciousness, as it were, which is free from all sorts of narrow - mindedness. he is fully aware of the rational and inductive spirit of the qur ' an on the one hand, and of the great difficulties caused by the scriptures of some other religions on the other. he says that some indian scientists in his time misinterpreted the scientific results so as to avoid the probable conflicts between science and religion ; and he reproaches them for that. he has great confidence in his religion and culture - a confidence which is sometimes indispensable for the attainment of a broad frame of mind. \" the sentences of the qur ' an, \" he claims, \" which deal with these ( the shape of the heaven, earth, etc. ) and other subjects necessary for men to know are not such as to require a strained interpretation.... they are in perfect harmony with the other religious codes ; and at the same time, they are perfectly clear and unambiguous. besides, the qur ' an does not contain questions which have for ever been the subjects of controversy... such as the question of chronology and the like. \" al - beyruni refers repeatedly to the verse that states \" our lord, thou did not create all these in vain.... \" he says that \" this noble verse contains the totality of what i have explained in detail. \" al - beyruni was a great lover of knowledge ; he emphasized the importance of knowledge for its utility as well as for the sake of perfection of men. for him, knowledge is good as a means and as an end, and there is a clear distinction between the intrinsic worth of a thing and the benefit that it brings in the end. according to al - beyruni, \" it is knowledge in general that is pursued solely by men, and which is pursued for the sake of knowledge itself because its acquisition is truly delightful and is unlike other pleasures derivable from other pursuits. \" the number of sciences are great, and it may be still greater if the public mind is directed towards them at such times as they are in the ascendancy and general favour", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5382698315155892, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.327442"} {"text": "truly delightful and is unlike other pleasures derivable from other pursuits. \" the number of sciences are great, and it may be still greater if the public mind is directed towards them at such times as they are in the ascendancy and general favour with all, when, people not only honour science itself, but also its representatives. to do this is, in the first instance, the duty of those who rule over them. \" al - beyruni was, as has been pointed out, primarily a man of science rather than a philosopher in the technical sense of the term. nevertheless, there is no harm to call him a philosopher, if we take philosophy to mean a rational and disciplined inquiry. it is said that al - beyruni wrote three philosophical treatises that seem to have been lost. thus, we can only obtain some clues of his philosophical ideas. he seems to be somewhat critical of muslim aristotelianism in many important points such as the idea of the eternity of the world and the like. he believed in creation ex nihilo and said that to believe otherwise is tantamount to the denial of some basic principles of islam. in a series of questions and answers with ibn sina, al - beyruni touched upon problems of time, matter, motion, and compared his own views with those of aristotelian philosophers. as we said, he was the first muslim thinker who had first - hand knowledge of indian philosophical and religious thought. he was also quite familiar with greek and islamic philosophical literature. he gives some invaluable information about the brahmanic religion of the people of india, and relates the indian culture to islamic and greek cultures. his comparisons in this respect are very illuminating. in fact, due to his success in this field, some modern scholars consider him as the founder of the discipline of the comparative study of religion. for example, when he explains the indian idea of immortality and metempsychosis with the corresponding ideas in greek thought, he gives lengthy quotations from the dialogues of plato such as pkaedo, ximaeus, and the laws. it is interesting to note that al - beyruni finds a kind of monotheism among the educated indians. to begin with, he makes a clear distinction between the beliefs of the common people and those of the well - educated. of the latter, he says the following : the educated people call god i ' svara, i. e., self - sufficing, beneficent, who", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5480960176195389, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.328351"} {"text": "the beliefs of the common people and those of the well - educated. of the latter, he says the following : the educated people call god i ' svara, i. e., self - sufficing, beneficent, who gives without receiving. they consider the unity of god as absolute. the existence of god they consider as a real existence, because of everything that exists through him. those who study philosophy or theology and desire abstract truth which they call sara, are entirely free from worshipping anything but god alone, and never dream of worshipping an image manufactured to represent him. in ethical and political thinking, al - beyruni tends towards practical solutions rather than theoretical reasoning. in ethics, he stresses the importance of two basic virtues : muruwwa and ukhuwwa. the first term usually stands for the moral behaviour of the individual, whereas the second stands for the social moral life ; the one for \" manliness \" and the other for communal \" brotherhood. \" it must be remembered that the first terra has nothing to do with the show of the brute force. in fact, gentleness ( hilm ), soft - heartedness ( riffc ), and patience are the basic constituent elements of this virtue. his idea of brotherhood seems to have made him very critical of the old indian cast system. \" among the hindus, \" al - beyruni says, \" institutions of this kind abound. we muslims, of course, stand entirely on the other side of the question, considering all men as equals.... this is the great obstacle which prevents any approach or understanding between hindus and muslims. \" beyruni was a man of science ; so, he tried to build a bridge of understanding between different communities by way of scientific appreciation of human culture. he was a fine example of a true philosopher as the word properly means in greek : \" a lover of wisdom \". the scientific approach he and many other muslim scholars followed was embraced later in the west and has been a vital bridge of understanding between the west and the rest of the world. this approach is grounded firmly on the love of truth and justice. it is found in all the best human beings and is emphatically demanded in the qur ' an : o ye who believe! stand out firmly for justice, as witnesses to god, even as against yourselves, or your parents, or your kin, and whether it be ( against ) rich or poor : for god can best protect both. follow not the lusts ( of your hearts", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5896898880205372, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.329396"} {"text": "out firmly for justice, as witnesses to god, even as against yourselves, or your parents, or your kin, and whether it be ( against ) rich or poor : for god can best protect both. follow not the lusts ( of your hearts ), lest ye swerve, and if ye distort ( justice ) or decline to do justice, verily god is well - acquainted with all that ye do. g. von grunebaum, islam : essays in the natm tradition, menasha 1955, p. 48. tahdid nihayat al - amakin..., ed. tanci, ankara, 1962 ; eng. tr. by j. ah, the determination of the coordinates of cities, beirut, 1967, p. 3. al - biruni ' s india, eng. tr., s. eachau ; 1914, p. 187. the determination, p. 7. the determination, p. 79. al - biruni ' s india, london 1910, vol. 1, p. 7 and p. 9. al - biruni ' s india, vol. 2, pp. 31, 250, 269. see, surah, iv, 134. see also, b. a. dar, \" al - biruni on hindu religious thought, \" in al - biruni ' s commemorative volume, karachi 1979, p. 337. the determination \u2026., p. 8. ibid, p. 2. ibid, pp. 14 ff.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4880206856148529, "token_count": 315, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.329964"} {"text": "save my session : name of school states ( use map for more than 1 state ) | reset list level of award tuition & fees undergraduate student enrollment % of applicants admitted test scores \u2013 25th percentile varsity athletic teams extended learning opportunities retention rates measure the percentage of first - time students who return to the institution to continue their studies the following fall. the overall graduation rate is also known as the \" student right to know \" or ipeds graduation rate. it tracks the progress of students who began their studies as full - time, first - time degree - or certificate - seeking students to see if they complete a degree or other award such as a certificate within 150 % of \" normal time \" for completing the program in which they are enrolled. some institutions also report a transfer - out rate, which is the percentage of the full - time, first - time students who transferred to another institution. note that not all students at the institution are tracked for these rates. students who have already attended another postsecondary institution, or who began their studies on a part - time basis, are not tracked for this rate. at this institution, 35 percent of entering students were counted as \" full - time, first - time \" in 2011. graduation rates can be measured over different lengths of time. \" normal time \" is the typical amount of time it takes full - time students to complete their program. for example, the \" normal \" amount of time for many associate ' s degree programs is 2 years. not all students complete within the normal time, so graduation rates are measured by other lengths of time as well, including \" 150 % of normal time \" ( e. g., 3 years for a 2 - year program ) and \" 200 % of normal time, \" or twice as long as the normal time ( e. g., 4 years for a 2 - year program ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45000570757060754, "token_count": 377, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.331862"} {"text": "washington, d. c. \u2014 the recent completion of a three - dimensional ( 3 - d ) seismic survey at a large illinois carbon dioxide ( co2 ) injection test site is an important step forward for the carbon capture and storage ( ccs ) project \u2019 s planned early 2011 startup. the survey \u2013 essential to determine the geometry and internal structures of the deep underground saline reservoir where co2 will be injected \u2013 was completed by the midwest geological sequestration consortium ( mgsc ), one of seven regional partnerships created by the u. s. department of energy ( doe ) to advance ccs technologies nationwide. ccs is seen by many experts as a key technology for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and helping to mitigate potential climate change. the project, located in decatur, ill., will capture co2 from the archer daniels midland ( adm ) ethanol production facility and inject it into a deep saline reservoir, more than a mile underground. starting in early 2011, up to 1 million metric tons of co2 from the adm facility will be compressed to a dense, liquid - like state and injected over a 3 - year period. the rock formation targeted for the injection is the mt. simon sandstone, at a depth between 6, 400 and 7, 000 feet. the mt. simon sandstone is the thickest and most widespread saline reservoir in the illinois basin, with an estimated co2 storage capacity of approximately 30 \u2013 110 billion metric tons. during a seismic survey, sound waves generated at the surface travel down through the ground and encounter underlying rock structures that reflect some of the waves back to the surface. these reflected waves are processed to generate clean, high - resolution 3 - d images of the subsurface, providing greater detail of the structural and stratigraphic configuration of the rocks. analysis of the survey data is a key component in the comprehensive monitoring program that will be implemented to ensure the injected co2 is stored safely and permanently. in addition to providing greater structural and stratigraphic detail, the survey data serves as a baseline for reservoir and fluid distribution within the mt. simon and shallower zones prior to injection operations. the survey data will also provide important information in identifying any fault networks in and above the injection zone, and will be used to predict where additional geophysical surveys should be deployed as co2 is injected. data acquisition of the 3. 82 square - mile survey started on november 19, 2009, and was completed on january 31, 2010. the seven doe regional partnerships form a nationwide network that is investigating the comparative merits of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4821089866060038, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.334744"} {"text": "a provocative new study suggests that mice raised in spacious cages with lots of toys and companions are more resistant to cancer than mice living in standard cages. the work, which finds that exercise alone doesn ' t explain the anticancer effect, is drawing both excitement and skepticism. the study builds on research dating back to the 1960s, which has found that raising mice in an \" enriched environment \" spurs neural growth and learning. recent research even suggests that a stimulating cage environment late in life can help restore memory in animals with neurodegenerative disease. neuroscientists matthew during and lei cao, both of ohio state university and cornell university, wondered whether these profound effects on the brain could influence how the body responds to cancer. during ' s team studied the course of cancer in two sets of young male mice \u2014 groups of five animals housed in a standard cage ( roughly the size of a bread box ) with food but nothing else, and groups of 18 to 20 mice raised in a bigger cage ( about the size of a portable crib ) with food, toys, a maze, running wheels, and places to hide. after the mice spent 3 to 6 weeks in their cages, the researchers injected them under the skin with melanoma cancer cells and waited for tumors to develop. the results were a surprise, during says. mice that spent 3 weeks in the enriched cage developed tumors that were 43 % smaller in volume than those raised in normal cages. the difference in tumor mass was 77 % when the mice spent 6 weeks in the special cages. and unlike mice raised in standard cages, a few of those in the enriched cages developed no tumors at all. the researchers saw similar results for two types of mice prone to colon cancer. exercise alone didn ' t explain the effect. mice raised in a typical cage connected to a running wheel developed tumors just as massive as those that did no cardio. the anticancer effects seem related to metabolic changes, during says. mice raised in the enriched environment had much lower blood levels of leptin, a hormone linked to obesity and cancer ; they also had higher levels of corticosterone, a stress hormone. in addition, the hypothalamuses of the enhanced cage mice had higher levels of brain - derived neurotrophic factor ( bdnf ), a growth factor that the researchers suggest sends signals to fat cells to produce less leptin. when the team turned bdnf off or ramped it up in the brains of the mice, they saw corresponding changes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47782595467635886, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.339335"} {"text": "bdnf ), a growth factor that the researchers suggest sends signals to fat cells to produce less leptin. when the team turned bdnf off or ramped it up in the brains of the mice, they saw corresponding changes in leptin levels and in tumor size, they report in tomorrow ' s issue of cell. during speculates that the mice in the enhanced cages have \" some degree of anxiety \" because of living in a larger space and having more fellow mice to deal with. \" it ' s mild stress. it ' s challenging the system. \" the mild stress signals the brain to produce more bdnf and make less cancer - promoting leptin, he suggests. during says the results suggest that a stress - free life may be less healthy than one with slight stress. \" living a couch potato existence is not the best, \" during says. some researchers are viewing the study with caution. for one, it contradicts a large body of evidence that exercise protects against cancer, says neuroscientist henriette van praag of the national institute on aging in bethesda, maryland. she says one problem with the paper is that the \" runner \" mice in standard cages weren ' t given a chance to run individually ; in a group, some males may hog the running wheel. \" the concept is good, but i don ' t think they can say conclusively that exercise is not an important factor, \" van praag says. physiologist john hall of the university of mississippi medical center in jackson calls the paper \" an exciting new idea, \" but points to another reason to question whether the results will apply to people : beta blockers, which are drugs that block bdnf, have been in widespread use for heart disease since the 1960s, yet there ' s \" no evidence that they promote tumor growth, \" he says.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5192174992866507, "token_count": 387, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.340115"} {"text": "mars, and the curiosity rover now exploring it, are 120 million miles away. back at mission control, rover cameras show a rocky incline, maybe ten feet ahead, near the path curiosity is supposed to travel. how does nasa make sure the precious rover doesn \u2019 t go tumbling down the small slope? the answer involves the team of rover drivers glued to their computer screens at the jet propulsion laboratory. they work the world \u2019 s most exclusive \u2014 and perhaps most high - pressure \u2014 video simulation. a virtual curiosity can be placed into the latest images that come down from mars, moved around to see what happens, and be driven over virtual inclines mapped out via satellite to see how it does. the set - up even comes with 3 - d capability and glasses. the drivers work their screens with an arcade - like intensity \u2014 you almost expect them to reach for the joystick. but that \u2019 s not how you drive on mars. it \u2019 s much more complicated than that, and the stakes could hardly be higher. seeing in 3 - d first off, there \u2019 s a 14 - minute radio lag between mars and earth, so even with their state - of - the - art programs, the real - time driving is essentially blind. plus, the movements of the rover need to be analyzed, checked, rechecked and sometimes changed suddenly by the dozens of engineers and scientists who plan the rover \u2019 s movements. based on their input, the rover drivers pick a path and then write computer sequences that will tell curiosity how to follow it and how far to go. they do all this while the rover is asleep ; the instructions are delivered when the martian morning starts. nobody will know what really happened with the driving until the first downlink some eight to ten hours later. \u201c this image just came down, \u201d said matt heverly on a recent day, excited to be getting a first look from curiosity \u2019 s new location. he \u2019 s one of the 14 \u201c rover planners \u201d who trained for years before getting his mars \u201c driver \u2019 s license, \u201d and like most of the others he \u2019 s worked on previous mars rover missions. heverly quickly placed the rover into the scene. he suggested i join him by putting on our 3 - d glasses, and suddenly we \u2019 re looking at the martian landscape as if we \u2019 re driving through the desert southwest, minus the cacti. before us is the next major destination : glenelg. it \u2019 s filled with great science possibilities and more than a few potential driving pitfalls. \u201c", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4431949839071856, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.344447"} {"text": "martian landscape as if we \u2019 re driving through the desert southwest, minus the cacti. before us is the next major destination : glenelg. it \u2019 s filled with great science possibilities and more than a few potential driving pitfalls. \u201c we \u2019 re almost at the rim that leads down into glenelg, \u201d he said, eagerly scanning the horizon. \u201c now we have to figure out how to get where they want us to go. \u201d watching the drivers at work brings home the fact that the fate of the $ 2. 5 billion mission depends on how well they use their interplanetary visualizers to avoid dune fields, keep away from big rocks, stay on surfaces below the 30 - degree incline the rover is designed to handle. and since they \u2019 re living on ever - changing mars time for the mission \u2019 s first 90 days and working long, long hours, they have to do it all with a sense of perpetual jet lag. if you think the driving is tough, consider the job of moving the arm. seven feet long when extended, with five moving joints and topped by a heavy turret of all - important science instruments, drills and cameras, it too has to be choreographed through code to make scores of sometimes very complicated maneuvers. most difficult, said arm lead engineer and driver matt robinson, is probably going to be transporting a rock or soil sample collected at the extended turret, reconfiguring the arm so it hovers instead over the rover deck, and delicately dropping the precious sample into a one - inch opening that leads down into the chemistry labs inside curiosity. a key goal of the mission is to search for carbon - based organics \u2014 building blocks for life on earth \u2014 as part of its effort to determine if mars was ever habitable. it can only complete that task if robinson and his colleagues master the arm movements needed to drill or scoop, collect, sift, and then deliver the martian samples. other rovers and landers on mars have collected samples, but never with the level of complexity brought by curiosity. as we watched a simulated unfurling of the arm \u2014 kind of like a tai chi exercise \u2014 as it readied to work, robinson said that his team has worked on the sampling programs for months. they \u2019 re confident they can make it work, but don \u2019 t entirely know how differently it will behave in the thin atmosphere of mars than on earth. \u201c we placed rigorous requirements on our designs, but we can \u2019 t place requirements on mars, \u201d he said. \u201c we don", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.40718480869001605, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.345649"} {"text": "the national rifle association was founded in 1871 by two men, a lawyer and a former reporter from the new york times. for most of its history, the n. r. a. was chiefly a sporting and hunting association. to the extent that the n. r. a. had a political arm, it opposed some gun - control measures and supported many others, lobbying for new state laws in the nineteen - twenties and thirties, which introduced waiting periods for handgun buyers and required permits for anyone wishing to carry a concealed weapon. it also supported the 1934 national firearms act \u2014 the first major federal gun - control legislation \u2014 and the 1938 federal firearms act, which together created a licensing system for dealers and prohibitively taxed the private ownership of automatic weapons ( \u201c machine guns \u201d ). the constitutionality of the 1934 act was upheld by the u. s. supreme court in 1939, in u. s. v. miller, in which franklin delano roosevelt \u2019 s solicitor general, robert h. jackson, argued that the second amendment is \u201c restricted to the keeping and bearing of arms by the people collectively for their common defense and security. \u201d furthermore, jackson said, the language of the amendment makes clear that the right \u201c is not one which may be utilized for private purposes but only one which exists where the arms are borne in the militia or some other military organization provided for by law and intended for the protection of the state. \u201d the court agreed, unanimously. in 1957, when the n. r. a. moved into new headquarters, its motto, at the building \u2019 s entrance, read, \u201c firearms safety education, marksmanship training, shooting for recreation. \u201d it didn \u2019 t say anything about freedom, or self - defense, or rights.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4376868980282018, "token_count": 351, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.347635"} {"text": "by kori hamilton national dissemination center for children with disabilities ( nichcy ) there are many types of speech and language disorders that can affect children. over one million students are being served in our schools under the speech or language impairment category of idea, the law that authorizes special education. do you have a student in your classroom who struggles with articulation, fluency, voice, or language? is the student \u2019 s academic performance being negatively affected? this blog will give you 8 tips to help support students in your class who have speech or language impairments. about speech - language impairments there are four major areas in which speech and language impairments occur : ( 1 ) articulation impairment is where the child produces sounds incorrectly or has difficulty making particular sounds. the sounds may be changed, added, left off, or distorted, which makes it hard for people to understand the child. ( 2 ) fluency disorder is when a child displays disruption in the rhythm and flow of speech. a stutter is a common fluency disorder in which sounds, syllables, and words are repeated, prolonged, or avoided. ( 3 ) voice disorder refers to an abnormal quality to pitch, resonance, or loudness in speech. people who have voice problems often notice changes in pitch, loss of voice, loss of endurance, and sometimes a sharp or dull pain connected with voice use. ( 4 ) language disorder describes an impaired ability to express needs, ideas, or information, and / or understand what others say. improper use of words and their meaning, inability to express ideas, inappropriate grammatical patterns, reduced vocabulary, and inability to follow directions are all characteristics of language disorders. more detail about each of these impairments is available in nichcy \u2019 s fact sheet on speech and language impairments. note : if you suspect that a student in your class has an undiagnosed speech or language impairment, follow your school \u2019 s policies for referring a student for an evaluation under idea. also recommend that the child \u2019 s hearing be checked. the child may not have a speech or language impairment at all but, rather, a hearing impairment that is interfering with his or her development of language. addressing speech and language impairments in school because all communication disorders carry the potential to isolate individuals from their social and educational surroundings, it is essential that teachers provide students with help and support. many students with speech and / or language impairments will be eligible under idea to receive special education and related services. most, if not all, will need speech - language pathology services", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4801959871641912, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.355413"} {"text": "surroundings, it is essential that teachers provide students with help and support. many students with speech and / or language impairments will be eligible under idea to receive special education and related services. most, if not all, will need speech - language pathology services. assistive technology ( at ) can also be very helpful to students, especially those whose physical conditions make communication difficult. there are many powerful things that a general education teacher can do in class to support the learning of students with speech and language impairments. 1. get informed. learn more about speech and language impairments and how they affect individuals \u2019 learning. speech and language impairments differ considerably from one another, so it \u2019 s important to know the specific impairment and how it affects your student \u2019 s communication abilities. the more you know, the better you can serve and support the student in your classroom. we \u2019 ve already mentioned nichcy \u2019 s fact sheet \u2014 that \u2019 s a great place to start. 2. consider language learners. do you have english language learners in your class? they, too, can have speech or language impairments, although it may be difficult to distinguish the impairment from the language learning. if you suspect that one of your ells has a speech or language impairment, refer the student for assessment by a bilingual speech pathologist. otherwise, the student \u2019 s speech or language impairment may be attributed to cultural or linguistic differences. 3. get familiar with the student \u2019 s individualized education program ( iep ). if you are not part of the student \u2019 s iep team, ask for a copy of his or her iep. the student \u2019 s educational goals will be listed there, as well as the services and classroom accommodations he or she is to receive. 4. make sure that needed accommodations are provided. the student \u2019 s iep will list the accommodations the student needs for classwork, homework, and testing. it \u2019 s important that these are provided \u2014 they will help the student learn and demonstrate his or her learning. also find out if your state or school district has materials or resources available to help educators address the learning needs of children with speech or language impairments. it \u2019 s amazing how many do! 5. make adjustments in the classroom. small adjustments can really help a student with a speech or language impairment. for example, seat the student near you, which will help with questions and instructions. perhaps have a system of signals that lets the student ask for help or indicate confusion without causing undue disruption. visual aids and clear, written instructions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.40130230037058345, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.357459"} {"text": "or language impairment. for example, seat the student near you, which will help with questions and instructions. perhaps have a system of signals that lets the student ask for help or indicate confusion without causing undue disruption. visual aids and clear, written instructions help, too. so does talking privately with the student and getting his or her input on what \u2019 s helpful and what \u2019 s not. 6. don \u2019 t go it alone \u2014 consult with others! work closely with the speech pathologist and special educators in your school to get tips and strategies for supporting the student, including ways to adapt the curriculum and how to address the student \u2019 s iep goals in your classroom. 7. collaborate with parents. work together with the student \u2019 s parents to create and implement an educational plan tailored to meet the student \u2019 s needs. parents can also tell you a great deal about the student \u2019 s interests, difficulties, and skill areas. regularly exchange information with parents about how the student is doing at home and at school. 8. be patient and mindful of etiquette. not being able to communicate effectively can be frustrating for everyone, but most especially for the student with the speech or language impairment. it \u2019 s important to be patient \u2014 for example, let the student finish his or her own sentences. if you don \u2019 t understand something the student says indicate what you did understand. it \u2019 s also okay to ask questions in a way that lets the student give a short answer, or to substitute written work for oral presentations. what you model for the class in terms of etiquette and patience creates a positive, encouraging environment for all. as a teacher, you have the power to make an enormous difference in learning and school experience of a student with a speech or language impairment. we hope that these resource organizations help you do just that! asha | american speech - language - hearing association nidcd | national institute on deafness and other communication disorders cleft palate foundation casana | childhood apraxia of speech association of north america national stuttering foundation blog, speech or language impairment, speech - language pathology", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.41362841305339904, "token_count": 424, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.358680"} {"text": "mit open course ware for high school students did you know that mit offers a huge catalog of free online courses where you can earn certificates of mastery of a subject from mit? they offer over 2000 courses ranging from sciences & humantities to management & engineering. well, they also offer a course selection for teens looking to get a taste of what mit has to offer, as well as help them prepare for their ap exams. there are introductory course recommendations for high school students that include multiple selections in : - computers and electronics - foreign languages - media, music and the arts - social sciences - writing and literature students can take the courses at their leisure through mit open course ware, and have other options available to them as well. there are exam preparation tools in the sciences to aid students in their ap test studies, high school courses developed by mit, and hands on opportunities like labs, competitions & demonstration videos. into building stuff? take a course in practical electronics, furniture making or even toy product design from the mit toy. you can also apply your skill in courses like technical design for theatrical scenery, or get a head start on your robot army with introduction to robotics. do you have a higher calling and feel a need to save the world? you can take courses based on mit ' s continuing mission to develop sustainable solutions to challenging problems through design like demining war zones past and present, designing solutions for underserved communities, or discussing developing information technology in sub - saharan africa. courses are also offered to help students become better writers. the courses cover technical writing, writing for the internet, short stories, and essays. these courses are designed to help students be on track as they enter the world of higher education. courses, study materials from other courses and guides with writing tips and tricks are all part of this offering. students will benefit from having the self confidence to communicate what they learn with their professors and fellow students, and by developing a critical communication skill as they grow into adults. mit ' s outreach database makes resources available to individuals and families to encourage children to learn science and math, develop their interest in inventing, study physical sciences, and broaden their horizons as they navigate their way through elementary and high school years. so check out the what mit has to offer your kids, and browse the course catalog for yourself! you may find something you ' ve always wanted to learn about, or acquire a mit certificate in a skill that will help further your own career!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4788511535163441, "token_count": 495, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.362654"} {"text": "guaruja, sao paulo, brazil activities : guaruja, sao paulo, brazil hikes : hikes through the coastal forest reveal the high biodiversity of flora and fauna that makes up this complex ecosystem. students learn that biodiversity is necessary for the ecosystem to thrive, and therefore these forests and their inhabitants should be protected and preserved. on night hikes, students learn about nocturnal animals of the coastal forest. mangrove explorations : elevated walkways lead students on an adventure through the coastal mangrove forests of guaruja. they learn about the amazing adaptations that allow these trees to live in saltwater and how mangroves are connected to offshore fisheries, migrating birds and coastal protection. snorkeling : students snorkel along the guaruja coastline, exploring the sandy and rocky bottom of brazil \u2019 s beautiful coast. green building and architecture lessons : the camp itself serves as the classroom for this activity! students learn about how architects designed the buildings throughout the camp to minimize environmental impact. tide pooling : explorations of tide pools reveal the amazing adaptations critters need to survive in this surprisingly harsh environment. composting : students get some dirt under their fingernails as they learn about different types of composting - recycling in a very basic form! they compost their leftovers after every meal and see how that compost is used in the camp \u2019 s organic garden. organic gardening : students learn that being organic is tasty! they discover what it means to be organic and the benefits of growing and eating organic food. they use the soil created in the camp \u2019 s composting system to grow food that will become ingredients in the camp \u2019 s kitchen! eco art : taking inspiration from nature where nothing is wasted, students use unlikely objects such as plastic water bottles to create works of art and useful items like planters and paper dispensers. sustainable living lessons : guests learn about solar technology and other renewable energy sources, the three r \u2019 s ( reduce, recycle and reuse ), and what they can do at home to lead a sustainable lifestyle to minimize impact on the environment. videomicroscope lessons : students explore the microscopic world with a videomicroscope, examining tiny critters such as plankton and insects up close on a video screen. solar technology explorations : as part of their lessons about sustainable living and green building technology, students discover how sunlight can be harnessed with solar technology.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4453808436546831, "token_count": 489, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.366918"} {"text": "rosh hashanah of the special tree four varieties of rosh hashana are listed in the opening mishna of this mesechta. one, the rosh hashana related to the tree, is on the 15th of shevat according to the opinion of beit hillel ; it is familiar to us as \" tu ( 15th ) b \u2019 shevat \u2014 the new year of the trees. \" there are several halachic implications of this date, such as determining the year \u2019 s beginning in regard to tithes. fruits reaching a certain state of development before tu b \u2019 shevat are not tithed with fruits that reach that stage later. similarly, this date determines the type of tithe that applies : ma \u2019 aser sheni, the \" second tithe \" applies to fruits of the second year in the seven - year agricultural cycle ; whereas, ma \u2019 aser ani, the tithe for the poor, applies to fruits of the third year. there is also the ramification of how to determine when the fruits of a tree have passed the three year stage during which they are forbidden as orlah. ( whether tu b \u2019 shevat determines the beginning of the shemita year for fruits is the subject of a lively debate of halachic authorities cited by rabbi shlomo strashun ( rashash ) in the back of the gemara. ) one of the great chassidic leaders, rabbi zvi elimelech of dinov, in his classic work \" bnei yissachar \" makes an interesting observation : all the items mentioned in the mishna affected by the various rosh hashana dates \u2014 kings, documents, festivals, animals and vegetables \u2014 appear in the plural form. the only exception is the tree which is referred to in the singular. this, he suggests, may be a hint that on tu b \u2019 shevat, the new year of the trees, we focus on one particular tree, the one which provides the etrog for the mitzvah of taking the four species on succot. there is a tradition, he notes, to pray on that day to have the privilege of acquiring not only a kosher etrog, but a beautiful one as well. it is on that day that the sap rises in fruit trees, and the etrog each jew will acquire depends on his individual merit. prayer on this day, concludes the author, will \" bear fruit, \" and it is to this prayer which the mishna alludes in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4305858348348718, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.369560"} {"text": "a day in the life of venus express bright and dark cloud bands wind around the poles of venus in this beautiful sequence tracked by esa ' s venus express as it makes a rollercoaster orbit around the planet. we join the spacecraft from a staggering 66 000 km above the south pole, staring down into the swirling south polar vortex. from this bird ' s - eye view, half of the planet is in darkness, the ' terminator ' marking the dividing line between the day and night sides of the planet. intricate features on smaller and smaller scales are revealed as venus express dives to just 250 km above the north pole and clouds flood the field of view, before regaining a global perspective as it climbs away from the north pole. the movie is based on images snapped by the venus monitoring camera over a period of 18 hours during one of the spacecraft ' s 24 - hour orbits around the planet on 7 - 8 january last year. it was compiled using public data from the venus express data archive. the camera observes the planet in ultraviolet wavelengths, revealing intriguing patterns in the cloud tops, which ride around the planet about 70 km above the surface. the observed pattern of bright and dark markings is caused by variations in an unknown absorbing chemical at the venus cloud tops. the clouds are driven by extremely strong winds, sweeping around the planet once every four days. by comparison, the planet takes 243 days to complete one rotation about its own axis. venus express has been orbiting the planet since 2006. it carries seven scientific instruments investigating the surface, atmosphere and ionosphere of venus.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4559817362377584, "token_count": 312, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.374353"} {"text": "by prof. ian h. giddy, new york university corporate restructuring entails any fundamental change in a company ' s business or financial structure, designed to increase the company ' s value to shareholders or creditor. corporate restructuring is often divided into two parts : financial restructuring and operational restructuring. financial restructuring relates to improvements in the capital structure of the firm. an example of financial restructuring would be to add debt to lower the corporation ' s overall cost of capital. for otherwise viable firms under stress it may mean debt rescheduling or equity - for - debt swaps based on the strength of the firm. if the firm is in bankruptcy, this financial restructuring is laid out in the plan of reorganization. the second meaning, operational restructuring, is the process of increasing the economic viability of the underlying business model. examples include mergers, the sale of divisions or abandonment of product lines, or cost - cutting measures such as closing down unprofitable facilities. in most turnarounds and bankruptcy situations, both financial and operational restructuring must occur simultaneously to save the business. corporate financial restructuring involves restructuring the assets and liabilities of corporations, including their debt - to - equity structures, in line with their cash - flow needs to promote efficiency, support growth, and maximize the value to shareholders, creditors and other stakeholders. these objectives make it sound like restructuring is done pro - actively, that it is initiated by management or the board of directors. while that is sometimes the case - - examples include share buybacks and leveraged recapitalizations - - more often the existing structure remains in place until a crisis emerges. then the motives are defensive - - as in defenses against a hostile takeover - - or distress - induced, where creditors threaten to enforce their rights. financial restructuring may mean refinancing at every level of capital structure, including : assignment : identify a company in the news that is undergoing corporate restructuring. is the restructuring financial or operational? what methods are being used? will they produce fundamental improvements? what risks does the company run in using these techniques?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5169225610421578, "token_count": 413, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.379611"} {"text": "nov 10, 2009, 6 : 09 am post # 3 of 7 re : [ divyag ] ' constant ' in perl [ in reply to ] can we define any variable as constant in perl ( just like const in c and java ), so that its value cannot be modified throughout the program? there are two techniques to get unmodifiable values in perl : ` use constant ; ` and ` use readonly ; ` the pragmatic constant is part of the standard perl installation and is available to any script. it creates a sub that returns the value. it can be used anywhere a sub can. perl - e ' use constant pi = > atan2 ( 0, - 1 ) ; print pi, \" \\ n \" ' running the deparser on it, you can see the sub. you can also see that the compile phase replaces the sub with the value for faster execution. perl - mo = deparse - e ' use constant pi = > atan2 ( 0, - 1 ) ; print pi, \" \\ n \" ' readonly is a module available from cpan : http : / / search. cpan. org / ~ roode / readonly - 1. 03 / readonly. pm what is does is tie into the variable and disables its ability to change. this adds some execution overhead every time the variable is used. it biggest drawback is that readonly must be installed on every system where the script runs. i love perl ; it ' s the only language where you can bless your thingy. perl documentation is available at perldoc. perl. org. the list of standard modules and pragmatics is available in perlmodlib. get markup help. please note the markup tag of \" code \".", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5126514731951352, "token_count": 382, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.381620"} {"text": "relapse, verb - - to fall or slip back into a former state, practice, etc. : to relapse into silence. - to fall back into illness after convalescence or apparent recovery. - to fall back into vice, wrongdoing, or error ; backslide : to relapse into heresy. a common view of relapses is that the start of the relapse is when you fall back into your former state of being. for example, for an alcoholic, his relapse starts when he takes his first sip after a period of sobriety. for someone diagnosed with clinical depression, his relapse starts with the onset of his depression. for a smoker, his relapse starts when he takes his first puff ( after a long break ). for an emotional eater, his relapse begins when he has a binge attack after a period of healthy eating. this view is good in that it helps you to categorize the periods when you are \u201c down \u201d and the periods when you are \u201c clean \u201d. it helps you to work toward the goal of becoming \u201c clean \u201d \u2013 clean of the addiction, clean of the bad habit, or clean of the bad practice. this is the objective of rehabilitation clinics \u2013 to help you be clean and stay clean. however, the problem with this view is that it only looks at the physical occurrence of the relapse without considering the big picture. the reality is that the point when one falls back into one \u2019 s old behavior isn \u2019 t the start of the relapse \u2013 it is actually the end of the relapse. the issues that contribute to the negative behavior have probably been present for a while before the relapse manifested itself. it \u2019 s just that they were hidden below the surface, and hence not observable. understanding how relapses occur let me do a breakdown of a relapse process so you know what i mean. i \u2019 ll use the example of drinking, though this applies to any other \u201c relapse \u201d - type situations, like emotional eating, junk food eating, smoking, depression, slipping into bad habits, losing grip of good habits ( say exercising, healthy eating, waking early, consistent studying ), bad temper, overwhelm from stress, and so on. jane has a drinking problem. she is not an alcoholic, but she drinks a lot, sometimes uncontrollably. she knows that drinking is not good for her and she wants to stop", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5523142926829788, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.393648"} {"text": ", overwhelm from stress, and so on. jane has a drinking problem. she is not an alcoholic, but she drinks a lot, sometimes uncontrollably. she knows that drinking is not good for her and she wants to stop drinking permanently. so she starts turning to healthier beverages, such as water, real fruit juices and green juices. she removes all alcoholic drinks from her house. she stops going to parties where there are people drinking, so she will not be tempted. she stocks her home with fresh natural fruits so she can blend her own drinks. she switches over to this new, healthy habit with relative ease. occasionally she thinks about drinking. this ranges from a fleeting thought to an overwhelming urge. but since there are no drinks in her home, she has nothing to drink even when she wants to. she either suppresses the urge or forces herself to go to sleep. this continues for the next few weeks. after 1 month of sobriety, she is invited to a party one day. she thought : \u201c i \u2019 ve been doing so well in the past month. i should be alright in this party. \u201d as it turns out, she decides to have a sip of wine while she is there, so that she does not stick out like a sore thumb. a sip turns to a glass, which turns to 2 glasses, then 3 glasses, then 4 and 5. she gets back to drinking after that, since she has already ruined her sobriety. this goes on for a short while before she tries to be sober again. here, it looks like the relapse happened during the party. however, the relapse happened way before that \u2013 probably some time before the first thoughts of drinking surfaced in her mind. even though jane technically did not drink during those moments, the surfacing of those thoughts suggested she was losing control of the situation. however, she did not do anything about those thoughts \u2013 instead ignoring the signs and occupying herself with other things. in the end, the issue became compounded and she ended her sobriety. it looked like the \u201c relapse \u201d could have been easily avoided if she did not attend her party, but the slip was already a long time coming. attending the party was merely the final straw. by the time she had her first sip, the situation was already too far gone for her to do anything about it. the mental floodgates were wide open and the water was gushing everywhere. all she could do was merely ride on the waves and act", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5001057621499645, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.394875"} {"text": "time she had her first sip, the situation was already too far gone for her to do anything about it. the mental floodgates were wide open and the water was gushing everywhere. all she could do was merely ride on the waves and act out her urges. this brings to mind this chinese fable i read when i was young. two groups of animals were doing a tug - of - war and it was a tie between them. the rat joined team a which tipped the scales in the team \u2019 s favor and they ended up winning. when the rat tried to claim credit for the victory, the other animals corrected him by saying it was a team work effort. he wasn \u2019 t the sole reason for the victory. if he was the lone member in team a doing the tug - of - war with team b, he would never have won. the point at which jane could have remedied the situation would be right at the beginning, when the thoughts first surfaced. why were the thoughts of drinking surfacing in her mind? what did they represent? did she do something that triggered those thoughts? what could she do about that? these are questions she should have reflected on right there and then. in doing so, she would have nipped the problem in the bud and prevented herself from a crazy blood bath later on. if the thoughts were to resurface again later on, it was merely a sign of an impending relapse and there was more steps to be taken to properly recover. her thoughts would serve as a helpful indicator to prevent the actual, physical relapse \u2013 rather than waiting until it was too late to fix the situation. example : emotional eating let me use another example, which is my emotional eating. i have written extensively about my emotional eating issues in how to overcome emotional eating ( 6 - part series ), which i recommend you to read if you have difficulty sticking to healthy eating patterns. looking back at my past emotional eating episodes, they could be described as sudden frenzies of uncontrollable eating, usually of junk food, that tainted my healthy eating endeavors. they tended to occur at night and would last for the next couple of days until i got a hold of myself and \u201c restarted \u201d my eating by starting anew the next day. before these bingeing episodes though, i would usually be eating perfectly healthy meals with no problem at all. if i was to perceive the bingeing episodes as the issue, i would be locking all the food in cabinets every night \u2013 and perhaps", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5187560127740116, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.396034"} {"text": "before these bingeing episodes though, i would usually be eating perfectly healthy meals with no problem at all. if i was to perceive the bingeing episodes as the issue, i would be locking all the food in cabinets every night \u2013 and perhaps even be sleeping early every day so i wouldn \u2019 t run the risk of bingeing at night. however, this would not solve anything because firstly, i could not lock away all the food in my household \u2013 there was too much food. and it was not like i could do that without affecting others \u2013 i lived ( and still live ) with my parents and brother. secondly, logic would be thrown out of the window during my frenzy ee moments. if i were to lock the food in cabinets ( which i never did because it was pointless like i said previously ), i could easily unlock them. even if i managed to to control myself and not unlock the cabinets, i could easily walk to a 24 - hour store and buy food, usually the worse kinds, to eat. clearly, the bingeing episodes were not the issue as much as they were only a reflection of an underlying issue. in my journey with emotional eating, part 1 : food as a symbol of love, i shared that a big part of my emotional eating was the result of seeing food as a symbol of love. hence, whenever i binge ate in the past, it was because i lacked love ( self - love ). it was not specifically the point when i binge ate that this happened though \u2013 it was the compounded effect of forcing myself to do things, depriving myself, being harsh on myself, and neglecting my needs throughout the day ( s ) that eventually led me to \u201c slip \u201d and binge eat at night. the \u201c relapse \u201d, the bingeing, was in the making long before the first uncontrollable bite occurred. that first bite merely represented the point at which my conscious self was no longer able to hold things together anymore \u2013 during which the problem then spilled over to reality. by recognizing this, i was able to identify the points at which the real relapse for my emotional eating began \u2013 which would be the times when i neglected my needs and made myself do things i didn \u2019 t want to. by working on that, i was then able to address my emotional eating issue. how to prevent a relapse : recognize when it really begins most people with addiction problems check into rehabilitation clinics when their addictions resurface. however,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4798834636632095, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.397414"} {"text": "to. by working on that, i was then able to address my emotional eating issue. how to prevent a relapse : recognize when it really begins most people with addiction problems check into rehabilitation clinics when their addictions resurface. however, that \u2019 s when the problem is too far gone. they should be looking for help long before that. when you only wait until your relapse occurs before you fix the issue, that \u2019 s way too late. not only do you have to fix the problem, you have to deal with the sticky aftermath of the situation, and the disappointment of having a relapse. secondly, you have to chase the problem at its tail, rather than getting a leg up on the issue. last but not least, you don \u2019 t deal with the root of the issue, but rather, its effect. trace your relapses think about a bad habit or practice you have which you have been trying to remove. now, consider the following questions : - when \u2019 s the last time you did that? - tracing back, when do you think the relapse really started? - what can you do to prevent this bad habit or practice from occurring in the future? feel free to share your answers in the comments section. check out the related articles : - how to break out of recurring patterns in life ( exclusive article in personal excellence book volume 2 ) - cultivate life transforming habits in 21 days", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4640047154955797, "token_count": 291, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.398958"} {"text": "westview press ( 1995 ) | abstract | | our nation \u2019 s schools have always been contested turf but perhaps never more so than in today \u2019 s volatile environment. educational policy and educational values have never been more controversial, and the schools themselves are under attack from many different directions. the role of philosophy of education in such an environment is not to dictate answers. rather, it must foster understanding of the philosophical issues underlying contemporary debates. in this survey, nel noddings provides the essential background necessary for a more sophisticated and nuanced comprehension of the issues. philosophy of education is designed for general students of education who need to know something about philosophical thought and its exercise in teaching, learning, research, and educational policy. it assumes no previous training in philosophy. ranging broadly from the great historical figures through john dewey to contemporary representatives of both analytic and continental traditions, it is always fair - minded, generous, and undogmatic. attractive features are the author \u2019 s nondoctrinaire feminism, her commitment to the empowerment of students, and her coverage of the most recent trends in educational thought. this is an essential book not just for teachers and for future teachers but for anyone needing a survey of contemporary trends in the philosophy of education. | | buy the book | | $ 7. 43 new ( 77 % off ) $ 12. 99 direct from amazon ( 60 % off ) amazon page | | call number | | lb14. 7. n63 1995 | | isbn ( s ) | | 081338429x 0813343232 0813345316 9780813345314 | | through your library | | configure | similar books and articles alis oancea & david bridges ( 2009 ). philosophy of education in the uk : the historical and contemporary. oxford review of education 35 ( 5 ) : 553 - 568. raf vanderstraeten & gert biesta ( 2006 ). how is education possible? pragmatism, communication and the social organisation of education. british journal of educational studies 54 ( 2 ) : 160 - 174. john n. hawkins & w. james jacob ( eds. ) ( 2011 ). policy debates in comparative, international, and development education. palgrave macmillan. william hayes ( 2006 ). the progressive education movement : is it still a factor in today ' s schools? rowman & littlefield education. david scott ( 2000 ). realism and educational research : new perspectives and possibilities. falmer press. david", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5572891147034295, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.407712"} {"text": "a successful nasa flight test monday demonstrated how a spacecraft returning to earth can use an inflatable heat shield to slow and protect itself as it enters the atmosphere at hypersonic speeds. the inflatable re - entry vehicle experiment, or irve, was vacuum - packed into a 15 - inch diameter payload \" shroud \" and launched on a small sounding rocket from nasa ' s wallops flight facility on wallops island, va., at 8 : 52 a. m. edt. the 10 - foot diameter heat shield, made of several layers of silicone - coated industrial fabric, inflated with nitrogen to a mushroom shape in space several minutes after liftoff. the black brant 9 rocket took approximately four minutes to lift the experiment to an altitude of 131 miles. less than a minute later it was released from its cover and started inflating on schedule at 124 miles up. the inflation of the shield took less than 90 seconds. \" our inflation system, which is essentially a glorified scuba tank, worked flawlessly and so did the flexible aeroshell, \" said neil cheatwood, irve principal investigator and chief scientist for the hypersonics project at nasa ' s langley research center in hampton, va. \" we ' re really excited today because this is the first time anyone has successfully flown an inflatable reentry vehicle. \" according to the cameras and sensors on board, the heat shield expanded to its full size and went into a high - speed free fall. the key focus of the research came about six and a half minutes into the flight, at an altitude of about 50 miles, when the aeroshell re - entered earth ' s atmosphere and experienced its peak heating and pressure measurements for a period of about 30 seconds. an on board telemetry system captured data from instruments during the test and broadcast the information to engineers on the ground in real time. the technology demonstrator splashed down and sank in the atlantic ocean about 90 miles east of virginia ' s wallops island. \" this was a small - scale demonstrator, \" said mary beth wusk, irve project manager, based at langley. \" now that we ' ve proven the concept, we ' d like to build more advanced aeroshells capable of handling higher heat rates. \" inflatable heat shields hold promise for future planetary missions, according to researchers. to land more mass on mars at higher surface elevations, for instance, mission planners need to maximize the drag area of the entry system. the larger the diameter of the aero", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4620771135326076, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.415787"} {"text": "chaos, like next year \u2019 s weather, is anything but predictable. so results appearing in the 8 october print issue of prl may seem paradoxical : researchers claim that for the first time, two lasers have been synchronized so that one can anticipate the chaotic fluctuations in the other. some experts are skeptical of the result, but it illustrates some of the challenges in the field of chaos research, where physicists are attempting to understand and make use of nature \u2019 s seeming disorder. the weather is a classic example of chaos. in a perfect world, a computer \u2013 given a complete set of atmospheric data and equations \u2013 should be able to crunch out forecasts for years to come. but in practice, tiny uncertainties in the initial data set eventually lead to completely inaccurate predictions. a laser also becomes very unpredictable if you reflect a small portion of the laser \u2019 s output back into the device. this feedback makes the laser \u2019 s future output \u2013 like next year \u2019 s weather \u2013 strongly dependent on its past. alan shore and his colleagues at the university of wales in bangor, uk, created fluctuations in their first laser \u2013 the \u201c transmitter \u201d \u2013 using this standard feedback technique. they also fed some of the transmitter \u2019 s light into a second, \u201c receiver \u201d laser, which went into fits of intensity fluctuations nearly identical with those of the transmitter. the team arranged the mirrors in a way that gave the transmitter \u2019 s feedback signal a long round trip, so the receiver got the signal earlier and anticipated the transmitter \u2019 s fluctuations by a fixed amount of time. surprisingly, that fixed anticipation time did not depend upon the round - trip time for light to re - enter the transmitter. several researchers have pointed out that even the tiniest amount of accidental light traveling from the receiver back to the transmitter could induce unintended fluctuations in the transmitter. they suggest that the receiver might not be anticipating fluctuations in the transmitter, but rather, causing them. shore says that there is a small amount of feedback from the receiver to the transmitter, but that his team has shown that this feedback is not causing the fluctuations in the transmitter \u2013 a result they will soon publish. although many experts want to consider this result more carefully, they are optimistic about the potential usefulness of chaos synchronization. dan gauthier of duke university in durham, nc, suggests one possible application for anticipating chaos : researchers could maintain an extremely steady laser intensity by using the advanced signal to counter fluctuations quickly. ingo fischer, of the university of darmstadt in germany, still sees open questions in the interpretation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6378072795112599, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.426641"} {"text": "what is typography? and why is it so important to graphic designers? because everything you touch, see and create is impacted by the use of writing styles and techniques. by understanding the underlying message that your choice of text contains, you will become more effective as you design and layout projects containing words and phrases. a picture may be worth a thousand words, but you have to know a thousand words to replace it. typography is the art and process of arranging type for a variety of media purposes and is made up of several parts. take a look at the image below. depending on the font style some or all of these parts will always be present. let \u2019 s understand the basics of typography. - the type size, also called the cap height, is the overall height of capital letters in the formation of words. - the ascender is the upward tail on letters like h, l, t, b, d, and k. - the descender is the downward tail for letters like g, q, and y. - the counter is the white space located inside letters like o and p. - the x height is the height of the letter, and does not include ascenders or descenders. - baselines are the boundary that the lowest part of the letter rests on. take a look at the y, p, g, p and y letters in the illustration above. the solid line they are resting on is the baseline. what \u2019 s the importance of kerning? have you ever seen a paragraph or advertisement that made the letters appear either s p a c e d w a y out or scrunched all up so it was hard to read? the effective use of kerning and leading will fix that problem. kerning is the space located between individual letters of a word. if you can remember the kernels on an ear of corn, it \u2019 s easy. when the kernels of corn line up, it makes a nice neat row. if the kerning is off, so will the appearance of the word or line of text you are working with and it will be harder to read. leading is the space between the lines of text. if you look at the illustration above, you will quickly notice the space between line one and two is too close, giving the impression of not enough space. by adjusting the amount of leading between lines, the text becomes much more readable and less pinched. please rate this article. if you enjoy pluginin\u2122 and the information we provide please sign up", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5076035941692549, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.437258"} {"text": "policy - makers put a lot of faith in education as a pathway toward prosperity \u2014 for individuals, for families, and even for entire countries. and for many, education offers the possibility of economic mobility and, perhaps equality of opportunity. for oxfam building human capital through education is not just good for society and families, but should be considered as something closer to a human right. this case is easier to make \u2014 and more salient \u2014 for primary and secondary education. for more advanced education, a careful analysis is worthwhile to make sure the value to individuals, families, and societies is worth it. in general, the presumed answer is yes. but, as the costs of getting a college education rise, the question increasingly gets asked and doubts creep in about whether it \u2019 s worth it. i came across a report released earlier this year on \u201c the economic case for higher education \u201d in the usa produced by the us departments of treasury and the us department of education. those are formidable authors, so i thought it would be an impressive document. and it is. the paper finds that college tuition has increased rapidly since 1991. this is offset a bit by increased financial aid ( from various sources ) and government tax breaks. but even taking these into account, college tuition has increased by 58 percent since 1991 for public schools and 25 percent for private schools. public schools educate the large majority of students, so rising public school costs affect more people. rising costs in public schools reflect the relentless budget cutting happening in the states, as well as increasing costs and administration of those schools. despite increasing cost, college education has a high return - on - investment. incomes for people who have college education are 64 percent higher than for those who do not. and people with college education often receive other benefits, like pensions, health insurance, paid time off. and they are employed more, or rather, experience less unemployment. in general, the wage premium for going to college has accelerated since the early 1980s. this might imply a shortage of college - educated people for the labor force, but it also reflects the stagnation of wages for non - college educated people. for individuals and families, it \u2019 s clear that college is a good bet. individuals that start life in a poor family ( in the lowest income quartile ), but who get a college education, reduce the chance that they will also be poor by more than half. but the positive story of college education and prosperity begins to fray with this graph : here we see that college is still a distant dream for the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4749105753374313, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.447597"} {"text": ", but who get a college education, reduce the chance that they will also be poor by more than half. but the positive story of college education and prosperity begins to fray with this graph : here we see that college is still a distant dream for the overwhelming majority of poor americans ( bottom or first quartile on the left ). less than one - third starts college, and less than one - tenth graduate. compared to people in families with more money, poorer kids enroll at much lower rates, and once they enroll have a much harder time graduating. while the trend has been upward for poor people over three decades of college enrollment and graduation, the improvement has been for every income level, not just poor families ( the orange v. blue bars ). in fact, the improvements have been faster for higher income levels \u2014 with the rate of improvement in college entry and graduation highest for kids in families in the third quartile. so richer kids have an easier time getting to college, more success sticking with it, and get higher incomes as a result. things have been getting better for them over the years. a college education is a great opportunity and is an engine for class mobility. it could be an engine for increased equality. but is an engine that is unavailable to kids from the lowest class really an engine of opportunity at all? if college delivers higher income to graduates, but is denied to poorer families, then does it actually help transmit increased inequality?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47504497476316815, "token_count": 291, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.448401"} {"text": "new insights into processes vital to cellular functions and human health : physicists manipulate single molecules to unravel secrets of protein folding 27. 10. 2011, press releases physicists at the technische universitaet muenchen ( tum ) are opening a new window into the life of biological cells, using a technique that lets them grab the ends of a single protein molecule and pull, making continuous, direct measurements as it unfolds and refolds. their latest results, reported in the journal science, reveal a complex network of intermediate structural and kinetic states along the way to functionally correct folded forms, including both express routes and dead ends. better understanding of protein folding is essential because incorrectly folded proteins cause diseases such as alzheimer ' s and parkinson ' s. the experiments focused on the protein calmodulin, which is not implicated in these diseases but plays a role in many processes vital to cellular functions, and thus to human health. the functions ( and malfunctions ) of proteins are largely determined by their structures, so researchers are exploring many avenues toward understanding precisely how they fold ( or misfold ). where x - ray structural analyses offer \" snapshots \" of protein folding, single - molecule force spectroscopy - - the approach pioneered by prof. matthias rief and colleagues in the tum department of physics - - produces views that are, by comparison, more like movies. even though these movies are very \" blurred, \" since they only capture the length of the molecule, they allow the researchers to study the dynamics of the folding process. in the study reported in science, rief ' s co - authors were tum doctoral candidates johannes stigler, fabian ziegler, anja gieseke, and christof gebhardt ( now a postdoc at harvard university ). a grant from the tum institute for advanced study helped the laboratory acquire the instrumentation that made these single - molecule experiments possible - - ultra - stable, high - resolution \" optical tweezers, \" a tool that traps miniscule objects between opposing laser beams as surely as if they were being held between thumb and forefinger. to get a grip on a calmodulin molecule, the researchers first would insert it between two molecules of a mechanically tougher protein called ubiquitin. residues of the amino acid cysteine at the outer ends of this assembly allowed \" handles \" made of dna to be attached, and these were fixed to glass beads one micrometer in diameter. the beads, and thus the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.60226570704049, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.462066"} {"text": "ubiquitin. residues of the amino acid cysteine at the outer ends of this assembly allowed \" handles \" made of dna to be attached, and these were fixed to glass beads one micrometer in diameter. the beads, and thus the calmodulin molecule between them, could then be manipulated with the optical tweezers. the essence of the experiments, repeated many times over in a variety of ways, was to pull the ends of a single, folded calmodulin molecule until it straightened out and then to reduce the tension so it could fold again, constantly measuring protein length, mechanical forces and time with extreme precision. throughout, the calmodulin molecule was kept in conditions not too different from its working environment inside a cell, an aqueous solution with a concentration of calcium ions known to favor stable folding. statistical analysis helped to reveal what the measurements recorded. the results indicate that distinct subdomains of the calmodulin molecule fold independently yet interact with others, sometimes cooperating and sometimes interfering. \" far from being a simple two - state process, \" rief explains, \" the folding of a calmodulin molecule takes place via a complex network of pathways in what we call its ' energy landscape. ' we found that this map of kinetic states and paths between different folded forms includes dead ends - - intermediate structures that need to be undone, like unwanted knots in a rope, before the protein can assume a shape that enables it to function properly. \" the researchers also discovered express routes, pathways that let some domains reach their final state much more rapidly than the molecule as a whole. \" the calmodulin molecule, \" rief says, \" even though considered small compared to most proteins in our body, already exhibits unexpected complexity in its folding. nature manages to fold much more complex proteins without major misfoldings. understanding this still remains a challenge for the future, and single - molecule experiments will help to resolve it. \" this research was supported by the deutsche forschungsgemeinschaft ( sfb 863 a2 ), the tum institute for advanced study ( excellence initiative ), and the elite network of bavaria. the complex folding network of single calmodulin molecules johannes stigler, fabian ziegler, j. christof m. gebhardt, matthias rief science, oct. 28, 2011, pp. 512 - 516 doi : 10. 1126 / science. 1207598 contact : prof. matthias rief department of physics e22 technische universitae", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5909609839132375, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.464891"} {"text": "research paper topics, free example research papers free research papers and essays on topics related to : lady catherine - 7 results found, view research papers on page : - austen, jane pride and prejudice - 1, 748 words austen, jane \" pride and prejudice \" pride and prejudice by jane austen ( 1775 - 1817 ) type of work : study of manners setting rural england ; early nineteenth century principal characters mr. bennet, father of five daughters mrs. bennet, his opinionated wife elizabeth, their intelligent middle daughter, and mr. bennet ' s favorite child jane, elizabeth ' s beautiful older sister lydia, the bennet ' s impetuous youngest daughter mr. binglcy, jane ' s rich and amiable suitor mr. darcy, bingley ' s arrogant and wealthy friend reverend collins, a conceited bore mr. wickman, an army officer story overveiw mrs. bennet felt delighted that netherfield, a nearby estate, was again rented, and was especially pleased... related : jane, jane austen, prejudice, pride, pride and prejudice - my trip - 256 words my trip the role of the visit to pemberley by elizabeth and the gardiners would most closely resemble a modern visit to a museum or a tourist attraction. i remember visiting newport, ri some time ago and visiting the vanderbilt ' s mansion and the aster ' s mansion on the island and touring the grounds of the estate the same way that elizabeth and the gardiners visited darcy ' s home. we viewed the rooms filled with crystal and walls made out of marble that had been imported from europe in awe. these excursions reminded me of millions of dollars in this world, yet at the same time, in the great scheme of life, the number of really wealthy people is small. likewise, when we ( and elizabeth ) are intr... related : trip, lady catherine, social class, visiting, super - pride and prejudice - 1, 386 words pride and prejudice in her novels, jane austen employs the timelessly effective characterization agents of dialogue, action, and point of view to cleverly manipulate the reader ' s emotions towards the characters. austen successfully creates heroins in a time that it was not social acceptable to think of women in a heroic role. she is so successful in applying these characterization techniques in her story lines that she molds a positive feeling towards strong females without the reader even realizing the influence the author ' s agents have had, at the same time creating a very entertaining story. in pride", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.462656871507891, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.481220"} {"text": "she is so successful in applying these characterization techniques in her story lines that she molds a positive feeling towards strong females without the reader even realizing the influence the author ' s agents have had, at the same time creating a very entertaining story. in pride and prejudice as well as mansfield park for example, jane austen creates characters who a... related : prejudice, pride, pride and prejudice, first impressions, mansfield park - pride and prejudice - 816 words pride and prejudice in pride and prejudice by jane austen, the emphasis is on irony, in its exposure of foolishness and the importance of social values. jane austen ' s irony is devastating in its exposure of foolishness. there are various forms of exquisite irony in pride and prejudice, sometimes the characters are unconsciously ironic, as when mrs. bennet seriously asserts that she would never accept any entailed property, though mr. collins is willing to. \" often mr. bennet and elizabeth serve to directly express the author ' s ironic opinion \" ( trevor 352 ). when mary bennet is the only daughter at home and does not have to be compared with her prettier sisters, the author notes that : \" it was s... related : prejudice, pride, pride and prejudice, lydia bennet, jane austen - pride and prejudice - 978 words pride and prejudice pride and prejudice on pride and prejudice, which in your opinion comes in for sharper criticism from austen. support your answer by referring to specific incidents and episodes. pride n., v., 1. high ( or too high ) opinion of one ' s own dignity, importance, worth, etc. 2. the condition or feeling of being proud. 3. a noble sense of what is due to oneself or one ' s position or character ; self respect ; self esteem. prejudice n., v., 1. an opinion ( usually unfavourable ), formed beforehand or without knowledge, thought, or reason. 2. disadvantage resulting from some judgement or action of another. 3. the resulting injury or loss. in my opinion, pride comes in for the sharper cr... related : prejudice, pride, pride and prejudice, elizabeth bennet, more important - pride and prejudice - 464 words pride and prejudice the passage which best relates the theme of pride and prejudice, by jane austin, is on page 125, in the middle of the page. this is where mr. darcy is proposing to elizabeth, and is informing her of the inferiority of her family and connections. this passage", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46092296737478056, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.482625"} {"text": "the theme of pride and prejudice, by jane austin, is on page 125, in the middle of the page. this is where mr. darcy is proposing to elizabeth, and is informing her of the inferiority of her family and connections. this passage is significant because it is one of the few times where the characters openly acknowledge that the sole purpose of a person ' s life is to achieve a high salary and a high social position. it is evident from every point of the story that all people care about is marrying into a higher social rank. and even for those who are comfortable with their current status, it is imperative that they only marry someone of at least... related : prejudice, pride, pride and prejudice, romeo and juliet, current status - pride and prejudice novel - 834 words pride and prejudice novel in writing, one can express feelings they can never convey aloud. letters allow one to reveal their thoughts more personally and intimately than they can in person. staring at a blank page of paper is definitely less intimidating than looking into someones eyes. communication is such an important vitality, and letter - writing the lacks loss of words, stuttering, awkward silences, and uneasiness that conversations can sometimes carry. in the novel pride and prejudice, letter - writing is almost as much a form of communication as face - to - face conversation. in fact, letters provide some of the most intense and important climaxes in the story, not to mention some of the mo... related : prejudice, pride, pride and prejudice, lady catherine, lydia bennet - 7 results found, view research papers on page :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4769433379278596, "token_count": 328, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.483238"} {"text": "prostate cancer is the most common noncutaneous cancer among males. although prostate cancer can be a slow - growing cancer, thousands of men die of the disease each year ; prostate cancer is the second most common cause of cancer death in males. prostate cancer risk factors : age is the number one risk factor. chance of developing a prostate disease increases as you get older. though rare in men under 40 years, it can happen, but mostly affects men who are 70 years old or older. family history : if a close relative developed prostate cancer before he was 60, you are four times more likely to develop it yourself. ethnicity : the highest rates of prostate cancer are recorded in afro - caribbean men. for reasons that aren \u2019 t fully understood, the condition is more common in men of afro - caribbean or african descent and less common in men of asian descent. diets high in red meats and saturated fats are also considered a contributory factor. need to urinate more frequently ( often during the night ) ; need to rush to the toilet ; difficulty starting to urinate ( hesitancy ) ; straining or taking a long time while urinating ; weak flow and feeling that your bladder hasn \u2019 t emptied fully. the outlook for prostate cancer is generally good. this is because, unlike many other types of cancer, prostate cancer usually progresses very slowly. a man can live for many years without any symptoms or need for treatment. many men die with prostate cancer, rather than as a result of having it. prostate cancer can usually be cured if treated in its early stages. treatments include : using surgery to remove the prostate gland ; radiotherapy \u2013 radiation is used to kill the cancerous cells and hormone therapy \u2013 the growth of prostate cancer is stimulated by a hormone called testosterone, so hormone therapy involves using medication to block the effects of testosterone. all of the above treatment options carry the risk of significant side effects, including : loss of sexual desire ( libido ) ; the inability to obtain or maintain an erection ( erectile dysfunction ) and loss of bladder control ( urinary incontinence ). for this reason, many men choose to delay treatment until there \u2019 s a significant risk that the cancer might spread. if the cancer spreads from the prostate gland to other parts of the body ( metastasis ), typically the bones, it can \u2019 t be cured. in this case, treatment will aim to relieve the symptoms and prolong life.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46247814518038316, "token_count": 492, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.494619"} {"text": "a top scientific adviser to the u. k. government is advising depressed people to forget drugs and take up lifestyle changes such as smiling and eating seaweed. jane a. plant is a professor of geochemistry at imperial college london. she became interested in mental health via her work in environmental health and after first - hand experience. while her previous books have focused on a range of physical conditions, she has now turned her attention to depression. in her controversial new book, beating stress, anxiety and depression : groundbreaking ways to help you feel better, plant aims to \u201c inform and empower sufferers and their families \u201d and \u201c give the reader the latest findings on medications commonly used and misused to treat the epidemic that is sweeping the western world. \u201d the book discusses the current debate as to whether pharmaceutical drugs are any better than placebo for managing depression. plant and co - author janet stephenson are both themselves former sufferers : plant survived years of chronic anxiety after taking benzodiazepines to counteract the stress of cancer treatment, and stephenson, herself a psychologist, suffered from psychosis that began as postnatal depression and eventually led to admission to a \u201c frightening \u201d mental institution. both authors say that those experiences left them feeling helpless and part of an often - invisible community. by writing the book they hoped to pass on what they learned about regaining their health. plant and stephenson identify 10 lifestyle factors that that they believe can \u201c dramatically reduce anxiety and depression, \u201d as well as proposing \u201c 10 food factors \u201d to improve mental well - being. rather than relying on antidepressants, they recommend that depression sufferers take steps such as avoiding dairy products, sending fewer text messages, eating porridge at night and playing card games. they say all their tips are based on hard scientific evidence gathered from studies around the world. \u201c smiling is a way of tricking your brain into thinking that everything \u2019 s ok, even if it \u2019 s not, \u201d says plant. \u201c people who are mildly depressed should do their best to show the world a happy face, as that will improve people \u2019 s reaction to you and lift your mood. \u201d the authors advise sufferers to increase their intake of mood - boosting chemicals by eating kippers or poached haddock for breakfast because they contain omega - 3 fatty acids, and to be less materialistic, as those who achieve success may do so at the expense of personal relationships, which are a better guarantee of happiness. the authors argue that human contact, face - to - face or over the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4618378023159839, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.508558"} {"text": "- 3 fatty acids, and to be less materialistic, as those who achieve success may do so at the expense of personal relationships, which are a better guarantee of happiness. the authors argue that human contact, face - to - face or over the telephone, and the \u201c people skills \u201d to both talk and listen meaningfully are useful. however, they point out that emailing and texting are individualistic and isolating processes which people should spend less time on. they condemn the conventional approach, urging a radical overhaul of medical treatment for the increasing number of people with mood disorders. psychiatrists come in for some heavy criticism : \u201c we know of many psychiatrists who have only a rudimentary knowledge of the brain and its workings. \u201d all the more reason to follow their advice and take control. \u201c we do not agree with the usual advice to \u2018 keep taking your medication and eventually all will be well, because doctor knows best \u2019, \u201d they write. \u201c we challenge many of the conventions in the treatment of mental illness, particularly the way that patients are prescribed medication without any diagnostic tests being carried out. \u201d they say that people with low self - esteem should ignore celebrity culture as much as possible, because it can reduce their self - esteem further. they also recommend improving your appearance through a new hairstyle, clothes or make - up because this can improve self - confidence. although controversial, these non - drug suggestions are receiving some mainstream support. in the u. k., the national institute of clinical excellence says that cognitive therapy, involving one - on - one sessions, can be just as effective as antidepressants. many family doctors feel that they are writing too many prescriptions when a different approach could be better for their patients. the alternative approach outlined in the book has also been praised by the neurologist sir john walton, a former president of the british medical association. he says that it is an \u201c admirable book, which would do much to alleviate the fear, helplessness and hopelessness which many feel when suffering from mental ill - health. \u201d plant j. and stephenson j. may 2008. beating stress, anxiety and depression : groundbreaking ways to help you feel better ( piatkus books ). collingwood, j. ( 2008 ). radical lifestyle changes may help depression. psych central. retrieved on may 23, 2013, from http : / / psychcentral. com / lib / 2008 / radical - lifestyle - changes - may - help - depression / last reviewed : by john m. gr", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47563304010700247, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.510124"} {"text": "columbus, ohio \u2013 having the right kind of neighbors can help prevent teens from having sex at an early age, according to new research. a study in chicago found that some teens were more likely to delay having sex if they lived in neighborhoods where the adults kept a close eye on area children. the teens who benefited from living in these close - knit neighborhoods were those who had the least parental supervision, such as might occur when both parents work outside the home. the results show another reason why neighborhoods are important in the lives of residents, said christopher browning, co - author of the study and associate professor of sociology at ohio state university. \" teens may benefit when they live in neighborhoods where adults take responsibility for socializing kids, even those they may not know personally, \" browning said. \" these are the neighborhoods where residents share the same values and norms, and try to pass them along to youth. \" while previous research has shown that good neighbor relations help prevent crime, browning said this is the first study to show how how these strong relationships among neighbors may affect teenage sexual behavior. \" crime tends to happen in public spaces, but this is different. sexual behavior happens in private spaces, in people ' s homes, so it may not be as easy to regulate as crime. but in some neighborhoods, adults are making sure kids aren ' t unsupervised in empty homes after school. \" browning conducted the study with jeanne brooks - gunn from columbia university and tama leventhal from john hopkins university. the study appears in the current issue of the american sociological review. the data came from a larger project called the project on human development in chicago neighborhoods, which is designed to examine the role of neighborhoods in the lives of children. the study included residents of 80 neighborhoods. in 1994 - 95, researchers interviewed people in each of the neighborhoods to calculate what they call \" neighborhood collective efficacy. \" this is a measure of how close - knit each of these communities were. among other things, residents were asked to rate how much people trusted their neighbors, and whether adults in the neighborhood could be counted on to watch out for children. in 1995 - 96, 431 boys and 476 girls aged 11 to 16 and their caregivers, all from these 80 neighborhoods, were interviewed about a wide variety of issues, including early sexual experiences of the youths. the results showed that the type of neighborhood didn ' t have any effect on the age of first intercourse for teens whose parents reported they kept a close eye on where their children were at all times. but for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4370100713028811, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.514390"} {"text": ", including early sexual experiences of the youths. the results showed that the type of neighborhood didn ' t have any effect on the age of first intercourse for teens whose parents reported they kept a close eye on where their children were at all times. but for teens who weren ' t as closely supervised, they were less likely to have intercourse at an early age if they lived in one of the close - knit neighborhoods where adults kept an eye out on local kids. \" when both parents are working, or children are being raised by a single parent, supervision may be more difficult. in these circumstances, it helps to live in a neighborhood where there are other adults who share the same values and who will help supervise teens, \" browning said. the results don ' t mean it is best if parents are constantly watching over teens, he said. teens need to learn how to use their independence and it doesn ' t help them develop if parents are overprotective. \" but you need to know what kind of community you live in, \" browning added. \" if you live in the right kind of neighborhood and you give your teens some independence, they have the opportunity to see other adults who reinforce your norms and values. that ' s going to be beneficial in the long run. \" results showed that youth from high - poverty neighborhoods were more likely than those from other areas to have sex earlier. however, the effect of good neighbor relations was nearly as strong as the effect of living in a poor neighborhood, browning said. \" poverty isn ' t the whole story. \" the results also showed that parental monitoring had more effect on the behavior of girls than it did on boys. \" boys at this age tend to take part in more risky behavior, \" he said. \" the parents ' capacity to control boys ' behavior through monitoring is more limited, but strong neighborhoods where parents jointly supervise local teens can have an impact on boys ' behavior. \" browning said the findings suggest anything that can be done to promote good neighbor relations will have positive impacts on families. formal and informal neighborhood groups such as block watches and community organizations may have benefits beyond the specific issues they consider. \" building strong communities will help in many ways, including preventing risky early sexual behavior among adolescents. \" source : eurekalert & otherslast reviewed : by john m. grohol, psy. d. on 21 feb 2009 published on psychcentral. com. all rights reserved. i always like to know everything about my new friends, and nothing about my old ones. - - oscar", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4386273179333018, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.515525"} {"text": "individual differences | methods | statistics | clinical | educational | industrial | professional items | world psychology | unverricht - lundborg disease ( abbreviated uld or epm1 ) is the most common form of an uncommon group of genetic epilepsy disorders called the progressive myoclonus epilepsies. it is caused due to a mutation in the cystatin b gene ( cstb ). the disease is named after heinrich unverricht, who first described it in 1891, and herman bernhard lundborg, who researched it in greater detail in 1903. uld onsets in children between the ages of 6 and 16 ; there are no known cases in which the person was older than 18. most cases originate from the baltic region of europe, though many have been reported from countries in the mediterranean. onset of the disease is characterized by myoclonic jerks and tonic - clonic seizures. early cases often resulted in the need of a wheelchair and death before the age of 24, but new treatments and medications have increased the life expectancy of individuals with uld, in some cases even to near that of an unaffected individual. unverricht - lundborg disease is also known as epm1, as it is a form of progressive myoclonic epilepsy ( pme ). other progressive myoclonic epilepsies include myoclonus epilepsy and ragged red fibers ( merrf syndrome ), lafora disease ( epm2a or emp2b ), neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis ( ncl ) and sialidosis. progressive myoclonic epilepsies generally constitute only a small percentage of epilepsy cases seen, and uld is the most common form. while uld can lead to an early death, it is considered to be the least severe form of progressive myoclonic epilepsy. signs and symptomsedit patients with unverricht - lundborg disease exhibit myoclonic jerks and tonic - clonic seizures at a young age, between ages 6 - 16. the myoclonic jerks occur in the muscles of the arms and legs closest to the torso, and are triggered due to a variety of common external stimuli. seizures begin at an average age of 10. 8 years, with myoclonus beginning around 12. 1 years. it is not currently possible to diagnose without a genetic test, and since early symptoms are general, it is often mistaken", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5124447628243693, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.530796"} {"text": ". seizures begin at an average age of 10. 8 years, with myoclonus beginning around 12. 1 years. it is not currently possible to diagnose without a genetic test, and since early symptoms are general, it is often mistaken for another more common epilepsy, in many cases juvenile myoclonic epilepsy ( jme ). the genetic cause of uld is known, but research has led to new areas of study that may lead to an increase in knowledge of what causes uld. the cause of uld is known to be a mutation of the gene that produces cystatin b. the disease is autosomal recessive, so both parents of an individual must be carriers of the recessive cstb gene for the individual to inherit it, and for an individual to show symptoms of uld, they must have both recessive cstb genes. siblings of affected individuals who only have one recessive gene have been monitored and generally do not show the signs of uld, though in some cases mild symptoms may be present. new research shows that cystatin b may not be the only factor involved in unverricht - lundborg disease. in a study, it was determined that patients with uld had more dopamine receptors in certain areas of their brain than unaffected individuals. the researchers chose to investigate dopamine receptors because they are known to be a factor in myoclonus, which are a significant part of the symptoms of uld. the results of this study indicate that the cause of uld may be more complex that currently thought. while the genetic cause of unverricht - lundborg disease is known, the mechanism by which it works is not fully known. current research has provided promising results that may lead to a confirmation of the mechanism. this research has been performed on mice with the gene for producing cystatin b removed, to provide a similar set of symptoms to individuals with uld. the mechanism currently supported by research is very similar to another theory of epilepsy progression known as kindling. current research links cystatin b to production of inhibitory neurons known as gabaergic neurons. it has shown that a lack of cystatin b due to a mutation of the cstb gene leads to a decrease in the number of inhibitory neurons, and this lack of inhibition makes the cells in the brain, particularly the hippocampus, more excitable. it is hypothesized that this increase in excit", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5033948652861697, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.531789"} {"text": "gene leads to a decrease in the number of inhibitory neurons, and this lack of inhibition makes the cells in the brain, particularly the hippocampus, more excitable. it is hypothesized that this increase in excitability is what causes the myoclonic jerks and tonic - clonic seizures in patients with uld. research also gives evidence to support the idea that cystatin b may be a type of \" protecting \" molecule in the brain. normally, after a seizure, the presence of cystatin b prevents the neurons from dying due to toxic levels of neurotransmitters. studies suggest that the absence of cystatin b leads to the death of affected neurons, leading to a damaged portion of the brain. this damage coupled with the increased excitability of the cells then leads to more damage, which is what makes unverricht - lundborg disease progressive. the only currently available method to diagnose unverricht - lundborg disease is a genetic test to check for the presence of the mutated cystatin b gene. if this gene is present in an individual suspected of having the disease, it can be confirmed. however, genetic tests of this type are prohibitively expensive to perform, especially due to the rarity of uld. the early symptoms of uld are general and in many cases similar to other more common epilepsies, such as juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. for these reasons, uld is generally one of the last options doctors explore when looking to diagnose patients exhibiting its symptoms. in most cases, a misdiagnosis is not detrimental to the patient, because many of the same medications are used to treat both uld and whatever type of epilepsy the patient has been misdiagnosed with. however, there are a few epilepsy medications that increase the incidence of seizures and myoclonic jerks in patients with uld, which can lead to an increase in the speed of progression, including phenytoin, fosphenytoin, sodium channel blockers, gabaergic drugs, gabapentin and pregabalin. other methods to diagnose unverricht - lundborg disease are currently being explored. while electroencephalogram ( eeg ) is useful in identifying or diagnosing other forms of epilepsy, the location of seizures in uld is currently known to be generalized across the entire brain. without a specific region", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5279125986605949, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.532754"} {"text": "currently being explored. while electroencephalogram ( eeg ) is useful in identifying or diagnosing other forms of epilepsy, the location of seizures in uld is currently known to be generalized across the entire brain. without a specific region to pinpoint, it is difficult to accurately distinguish an eeg reading from an individual with uld from an individual with another type of epilepsy characterized by generalized brain seizures. however, with recent research linking uld brain damage to the hippocampus, the usefulness of eeg as a diagnostic tool may increase. magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) is also often used during diagnosis of patients with epilepsy. while mris taken during the onset of the disease are generally similar to those of individuals without uld, mris taken once the disease has progressed show characteristic damage, which may help to correct a misdiagnosis. while uld is a rare disease, the lack of well defined cases to study and the difficulty in confirming diagnosis provide strong evidence that this disease is likely under diagnosed. while there is no current cure to repair the mutated cstb gene, several antiepileptic drugs are effective in reducing seizures and helping patients with uld to manage the symptoms. in addition, new research is being performed to examine the effectiveness of other types of treatments. valproic acid is the first line drug choice for reducing generalised seizures and myoclonus. levetiracetam is also effective for both generalised seizures and myoclonus. clonazepam and high - dose piracetam can alleviate myoclonus. phenytoin can worsen seizures and may speed up neurodegeneration ; carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, tiagabine, vigabatrin, gabapentin and pregabalin may worsen myoclonus and myoclonic seizures. other common medications to treat uld include topiramate and zonisamide. if an individual with unverricht - lundborg disease is particularly sensitive to a certain type of stimulus, it is also beneficial to reduce the patient ' s exposure to that stimulus in order to reduce the likelihood of seizures. since uld is progressive and may not get better over time, depression has been documented in many cases, so providing a strong support group of friends, family, and even other individuals with uld is very beneficial. new treatment opportunitiesedit instead of addressing the symptoms, another direction of unverricht -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5172796874312188, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.533740"} {"text": ", depression has been documented in many cases, so providing a strong support group of friends, family, and even other individuals with uld is very beneficial. new treatment opportunitiesedit instead of addressing the symptoms, another direction of unverricht - lundborg disease treatment involves correcting the deficiency in cystatin b by delivering it to the brain from an outside source. one recent study has attempted this, by attaching cystatin b to another molecule that the brain usually allows to pass. cystatin b alone is not able to pass through the blood \u2013 brain barrier, so it is necessary to attach it to another molecule. while the study was not able to get cystatin b past the blood \u2013 brain barrier, this method still exists as a viable option to treat uld if the correct binding molecule is found. for early unverricht - lundborg disease patients, the disease would begin to progress early and lack of effective treatment meant a quick progression. in many cases the patient would require a wheelchair for mobility, and would die at a young age. however, increased knowledge about the disease and improved treatment and medication has led to a drastic improvement in prognosis for individuals with uld. antiepileptic drugs reduce the occurrence of seizures and myoclonus, which leads to a decrease in the damage caused in the brain due to seizures and the body due to falls resulting from the seizures. as a result, individuals with unverricht - lundborg disease are now much less likely to end up in a wheelchair, which eliminates the chance of complications involved with being a wheelchair user. all these factors have increased the outlook for patients. due to the progressive nature of the disease, depression is prevalent, but support of family and friends as well as proper treatment can help. while early patients with uld had a life expectancy of around 24 years, there have recently been reported cases of individuals living to near - normal ages. the only country that unverricht - lundborg disease has a reported incidence is in finland, where it is reported to occur in 4 in 100, 000 individuals. however, uld has only become well defined recently, and it is likely still under diagnosed, so the actual incidence may be different that what is currently known. other countries with known cases include countries in the mediterranean region including italy, france, tunisia, algeria, and morocco, as well as the united states. unverricht - lundborg disease was first known as one of two different diseases, depending on the location", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5097851787250735, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.534662"} {"text": "with known cases include countries in the mediterranean region including italy, france, tunisia, algeria, and morocco, as well as the united states. unverricht - lundborg disease was first known as one of two different diseases, depending on the location of the individual who had it : baltic myoclonus or mediterranean myoclonus. the reason for the different names was partly regional but also because the prognosis of the disease was different for individuals with each due to the way that it was treated in that region. eventually, both were realized to be the same disease, uld. many studies have been performed recently to investigate the cause, mechanism, and chemical basis of unverricht - lundborg disease. cystatin b characteristicsedit a recent study has attempted to describe the behavior of normal and mutated cystatin b as it is expressed in the body. the results show that cystatin b has a polymeric structure, and that the mutated form of cystatin b, which is present in patients with unverricht - lundborg disease, is likely to attract other molecules of cystatin b and form clumps of the molecule. the researchers suggest that this clotting action of the cystatin b molecules may be one of the factors that cause progression of uld. study of heterozygous miceedit in humans it is generally known that unless a patient has both recessive cstb genes ( are homozygous recessive ), they will not express uld symptoms. a recent study has attempted to characterize the effects, if any, seen in mice that carry only one recessive cstb gene ( are heterozygous ). the researchers analyzed normal and heterozygous mice by having them perform various tasks. the study found that heterozygous mice performed similar to normal mice when the task was started, but as the task continued or became more complex they were more likely to fail. while the results for the heterozygous mice were not remarkably different from the normal mice, they do indicate that carrying just one recessive cstb gene may have adverse effects, at least in mice. analysis of eeg as uld progressesedit currently, electroencephalography ( eeg ) is not very effective as a diagnostic tool for unverricht - lundborg disease. this study instead looks to characterize the change in eeg of uld patients as the disease progresses. the researchers studied", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5066618588869229, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.535509"} {"text": "kaasinen v, lamusuo s, parkkola r, nagren k, marttila r. 2007. substantial thalamostriatal dopaminergic defect in unverricht - lundborg disease. epilepsia 48 ( 9 ) : 1763 - 73 - \u2191 7. 0 7. 1 7. 2 7. 3 franceschetti s, sancini g, buzzi a, zucchini s, paradiso b, et al. 2007. a pathogenetic hypothesis of unverricht - lundborg disease onset and progression. neurobiology of disease 25 : 675 - 85 - \u2191 8. 0 8. 1 8. 2 warmouth g., emory university department of epilepsy, interviewed by m. scrudato, nov. 19, 2008 - \u2191 ( apr 2008 ). clinical picture of epm1 - unverricht - lundborg disease.. epilepsia 49 ( 4 ) : 549 \u2013 56. - \u2191 andrade dm, scherer sw, minassian ba. 2006. protein therapy for unverricht - lundborg disease using cystatin b transduction by tat - ptd : is it that simple? epilepsy research 72 : 75 - 79 - \u2191 cipollini e, riccio m, di giaimo r, dal piaz f, pulice g, catania s, caldarelli i, dembic m, santi s, melli m. 2008. cystatin b and its epm1 mutants are polymeric and aggregate prone in vivo. biochimica et biophysica acta 1783 : 312 - 22 - \u2191 ferlazzo e, magaudda a, striano p, vi - hong n, serra s, genton p. 2007. long - term evolution of eeg in unverricht - lundborg disease. epilepsy research 73 : 219 - 27 unverricht - lundborg disease at : seizures and epilepsy ( g40 \u2013 g41, 345 ) | issues for epileptics | | seizure types | | template : central nervous system navs | | this page uses creative commons licensed content from wikipedia ( view authors ). |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5297278804699428, "token_count": 463, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.537153"} {"text": "the very first text message was sent 20 years ago, on dec. 3, 1992. the momentous missive? \u201c merry christmas, \u201d wrote neil papworth, then a 22 - year - old engineer, to richard jarvis, an executive at british telecom vodafone. jarvis was attending his company \u2019 s holiday party in newbury, england, and received the text on an orbitel 901, which looks like this : to be precise, this marks the 20th birthday of sms, which stands for short messaging service. in most cases, an sms is sent from one phone to another on a narrow slice of cellular bandwidth called the control channel, an ever - present connection that \u2019 s also used to notify phones of incoming calls and signal strength. that \u2019 s one reason why sms has proven to be a durable form of communication during disasters, when traffic channels, which are used for phone calls and larger data transfers, get overloaded. the control channel \u2019 s diminutive size is what accounts for the strict, 160 - character cap on text message length. ( in turn, that \u2019 s why twitter, which was originally based on sms, limits tweets to 140 characters, in order to fit the message plus the sender in a single text message. ) it \u2019 s also why some people argue that wireless carriers gouge their customers by charging several cents per text when the marginal cost to the company is zero : the control channel is used whether or not it \u2019 s transmitting an sms. in fact, on its 20th birthday, the text message finds itself threatened by a host of free alternatives, from facebook messaging to apple \u2019 s imessage. sms usage is waning in much of the world, now even including the united states, which was slower to the adopt the technology. that decline is likely to accelerate as more people purchase smartphones that are laden with other messaging options, meaning the future of sms lies in feature - phone markets like india and africa. still, text messaging remains the world \u2019 s most widely used form of digital communication, with some six billion to eight billion texts sent per year, according to various estimates. the technology has endured, in part, thanks to its compatibility across different types of phones and networks : sms didn \u2019 t really take off until the late 1990s, when companies and governments began lifting regulations that only permitted sending texts between customers on the same network. though other forms of communication had more memorable inaugural messages \u2014 \u201d what hath god wrought \u201d was the first telegram \u2014 it \u2019 s fitting that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49472013132598597, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.540925"} {"text": "one hundred years ago sunday was the watershed 1913 women ' s suffrage march in washington, d. c. plus, friday is international women ' s day. it ' s therefore the perfect moment to reflect on the strategies and tactics of several generations of amazing women. we all know that the suffragettes won in the end by securing the vote for u. s. women in 1920. but to stop with that fact is to miss the phenomenal, inspirational, often nail - biting and groundbreaking campaign that preceded their win, as well as the lessons they have for activists today. before telephones, before tv, before the web, these women mobilized masses of people in a widespread and colorful campaign. their successful tactics continue to shape campaigns today, even if many organizers have no idea where those tactics originated. but no, this couldn \u2019 t possibly be because of the suffragettes \u2019 gender and the utter lack of historical study on women \u2019 s issues until just a few decades ago. first of all, it was huge modern history often gives the impression that suffrage was given to women by men under pressure from some small group of marginalized female activists. of course, there was a committed core organizing crew, but that account is far from what really went down. in the late 1800s, moderate activists, such as those in the national american woman suffrage association, chose to frame voting rights as a natural extension of what was then considered appropriate for women so as not to alienate potential supporters. rather than diminishing men \u2019 s role, they argued that women needed the vote to fulfill their role as nurturers, holders of morality, keepers of culture, the heart of the household. as mothers and guardians who were considered to be more in touch with morality than men, women were positioned to call out corruption and hold the all - male politicians accountable. \u201c politics is housekeeping on a grand scale, \u201d jane addams said at the time. the mainstream nature of the wider movement is displayed in lines from a banner carried in the parade before the 1916 republican national convention : \u201c for the safety of the nation / to the women give the vote / for the hand that rocks the cradle / will never rock the boat! \u201d do you think they really meant that, or was it just brilliant pr outreach? either way, before signon. org, twitter or facebook, these women collected more than a millionsignatures in pen and ink, all through hand - to - hand contact, and displayed them as they marched down fifth avenue in new york with 20, 000 supporters and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42538488455983897, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.553556"} {"text": "savvy. allegorical and classical images of women were used commonly in american culture since the revolutionary war, and the suffragettes embraced that. they dressed in robes at public events, personifying america, democracy, liberty and justice, thus linking existing symbols of civic and social virtues to voting rights for women. it was both spectacular and strategic beyond the bold use of color and classic images, the women embraced huge spectacles - - from long, multi - day marches foreshadowing gandhi \u2019 s salt march to massive pageants with costumed participants, floats and formations. to push the vote in new york state in 1912, there was a 12 - day, 170 mile \u201c hike to albany \u201d ; the next year, the suffragist \u201c army of the hudson \u201d completed a 225 - mile walk from new jersey to washington, d. c. these physical stunts were part of the \u201d new womanhood \u201d that showcased active, fit women in the public sphere to undermine any thoughts of women \u2019 s inferiority, physically or politically. at the time, astute writers commented that this kind of public work generated millions of dollars in free publicity for the movement, as well as immense outreach opportunities. the militant national women ' s party took this another step further with the first - ever picket of the white house. the \" silent sentinels \" and their banners were present every day from jan. 10, 1917, to june of 1919 - - except on sundays. more than a thousand women participated over this period. many were arrested, were refused bail and served time in horrendous conditions of solitary confinement, where they experienced beatings and force - feeding when they went on hunger strikes. outrage at the treatment of women activists in prison built sympathy for the suffragette cause. also, the first arrests at the white house were eventually found illegal, which helped ensure the right to protest there to this day. in the 19th century, political parades and pageants were common in u. s. communities - - for local celebrations, temperance marches or presidential campaigns passing through town. suffragists held parades as early as 1906, beginning in california. this practice reached its peak exactly a century ago with what the new york times called \" one of the most impressively beautiful spectacles ever staged in this country. \" this 1913 woman suffrage procession was reported to include nine bands, four mounted brigades, three heralds, about 24 floats and more than 5, 000 marchers. the march concluded at the department of the treasury steps with 100 women and children staging", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4640863841383167, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.559702"} {"text": ". \" this 1913 woman suffrage procession was reported to include nine bands, four mounted brigades, three heralds, about 24 floats and more than 5, 000 marchers. the march concluded at the department of the treasury steps with 100 women and children staging a vision of a shining future along with justice, liberty, charity, peace and hope personified by women in flowing classical dresses and trumpets blaring. the now - famous image from this march is of a young beautiful woman in white robes on horseback, in a not - so - closeted, militant nod to joan of arc. wow. lawyer inez boissevain, wearing white cape, seated on white horse at the national american woman suffrage association parade on march 3, 1913, in washington, d. c. ( wikipedia / george grantham bain collection ) their spectrum of tactics included hotter actions, too. at one point in 1919, president wilson was burnt in effigy in front of the white house, pitting the petticoats against the bluecoats. wildly spewing fire extinguishers were unable to prevent the burning of the four - foot - tall cardboard wilson. ( there were about 50 arrests that day. ) the suffragettes used flames again when they set \" watchfires \" outside the new york city opera house while wilson was speaking there. activists transcribed his words as he spoke them and then publicly burned the paper in public fires outside - - thus condemning the hypocrisy of his words about international freedom while women were denied suffrage at home. these protests kindled more support for the women, who were steadfast, innovative and organized. they left the police looking disorganized and foolish, along with anti - suffrage minions. many of the media stunts were timed just right - - famously, president - elect wilson arrived in washington the day before he was to be inaugurated to empty streets, as the masses in town all were drawn to the woman suffrage procession. of course, that meant that there were many hostile observers who had come just for the next day \u2019 s inauguration - - about 100 marchers landed in the hospital - - but the riotous swarm and the resulting publicity led to more momentum for the campaign. it worked on many levels generations of american suffragettes were brave, tenacious, dedicated and incredibly talented nonviolent warriors and leaders - - from elizabeth cady stanton to alice paul. their tactics and strategies have become such an integral part of our nation \u2019 s repertoire of civil resistance that we often take them for granted.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42719887720097294, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.563106"} {"text": "what you seek is nowhere ; but turn yourself away, and the object of your love will be no more. that which you behold is but the shadow of a reflected form and has no substance of its own. with you it comes, with you it gostays, and it will go with you. ( ovid, metamorphoses 3. 433 ) the beautiful narcissus was divinely punished for his exceptionally cruel despisal of those who fell in love with him. he was thus caused, by the gods, to fall in love with his own reflection in a pool. unable to obtain the object of his love and not being able to break away from the beauty of his own reflection, narcissus pined away alongside the pool and, succumbing to his sorrow, finally perished. myths are allegorical representations of ancient society. much like fairytales and folklore, myths served to maintain models for behaviour as well as social structures and institutions. the myth of narcissus teaches society of the dangers of self - love, which leads to sorrow and even death \u2013 literal and figurative. this is certainly the case for oscar wilde \u2019 s dorian gray, who sells his soul in payment for the preservation of his youth and beauty. wilde \u2019 s the picture of dorian gray can be considered a modern myth \u2013 a cautionary tale of supernatural horror, similar to the legends of old. the author \u2019 s biting wit allows for an acute social commentary on the plague of narcissism that has laid claim to soul of society. at the outset of the novel, dorian gray is a tabula rasa. the young man \u2019 s encounter with artist basil hallward and socialite lord henry signifies the launch of his descent into a life of debauchery and hedonism. when confronted with his own beauty through the eyes of the two men, gray is loath to part with it and he thus wishes to remain as untainted and lovely as the masterpiece that hallward has painted of him. he wishes that the portrait could age in his stead. a supernatural force grants his wish, and gray \u2019 s sins and age are manifested in his portrait. he is free to live a life of decadence and immorality without paying the physical cost. he is immortal. gray \u2019 s initial vulnerability makes him excellent clay for lord henry \u2019 s willing hands. lord henry moulds and manipulates dorian gray with ideas of pleasure - seeking and hedonism by maintaining that intense experience is the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5126545923192976, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.580033"} {"text": "cost. he is immortal. gray \u2019 s initial vulnerability makes him excellent clay for lord henry \u2019 s willing hands. lord henry moulds and manipulates dorian gray with ideas of pleasure - seeking and hedonism by maintaining that intense experience is the key to true beauty, even when the experience itself is something sordid, ugly, or grotesque. gray \u2019 s life is punctuated by momentary happiness but it is fraught with pain and anxiety, much like narcissus. in an ode to the life of dorian gray, society has spawned what is known as \u2018 dorian gray syndrome \u2019 ( dgs ), which \u201c denotes a cultural and societal phenomenon characterised by an excessive preoccupation with the individual \u2019 s own appearance accompanied by difficulties coping with the aging process and with the requirements of maturation. sufferers of dorian gray syndrome are heavy users of cosmetic medical procedures and products in an attempt to preserve their youth \u201d. the terrifying madame zhou, from gregory david roberts \u2019 autobiographical novel shantaram, is a prime example of someone affected with dgs. the bombay brothel owner, who is deeply feared by all who know her, never reveals her physical identity and speaks from behind a screen. her signature is a photograph that displays a youthful image of unchanging beauty. the mystery surrounding madame zhou is described by an acquaintance in shantaram : \u201c i \u2019 ve spoken to her, through the screen. i think she \u2019 s so incredibly, psychopathically vain that she, she sort of hates herself for getting older. i think she can \u2019 t bear to be less than perfect. a lot of people say she was beautiful. really, you \u2019 d be surprised. a lot of people say that. in her photo she hasn \u2019 t aged past twenty - seven or thirty. there aren \u2019 t any lines or wrinkles. there \u2019 s no shadows under the eyes. every black hair is in its place. i think she \u2019 s so in love with her own beauty, she \u2019 ll never let anyone see her as she really is. i think she \u2019 s \u2026 it \u2019 s like she \u2019 s mad with love for herself. i think that even if she lives to be ninety, those monthly photos will still show that same thirty - year - old blank \u201d ( gregory david roberts, shantaram ch. 13 ) the desire of society to remain forever youthful is by no means a modern concept. it is deep - rooted in ancient philosophy and practice, and this is perhaps the reason that self - love is so utterly cr", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4736445818112556, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.581007"} {"text": "roberts, shantaram ch. 13 ) the desire of society to remain forever youthful is by no means a modern concept. it is deep - rooted in ancient philosophy and practice, and this is perhaps the reason that self - love is so utterly crippling. narcissism has had centuries of practice and it seems to have finally gripped society by the throat and is squeezing out every last breath of life. the ethereal eternal fountain of youth has been replaced with botox, anti - ageing pills and creams, and plastic surgery \u2013 some costly but more convenient options to the time consuming hunt for that ever - elusive elixir of life. oscar wilde \u2019 s lord henry personifies modern society \u2013 a predator in the guise of an ally that lurks in the background eagerly awaiting its chance to distort the moral fibre of weak and insecure minds. there exists the idea that, like dorian gray, we are blank slates awaiting the infiltration of ideas that will manipulate our decisions and actions. in an age when few people are inclined to take responsibility for their own actions, it is easiest to jump on the band - wagon and blame the media. a media industry created by society for society \u2013 \u201c of the people, by the people, for the people \u201d, in the wise words of abraham lincoln. tangible irony. we are caught in a self - created and self - propagated web of inescapable narcissism. and yet the futility of it all seems, conveniently, to elude us \u2013 after years of obsession and time - consuming beautification processes, we get old and die. life is spent trying to curb the inevitability of old age, instead of being lived. dorian gray \u2019 s attempts to \u201c cure the soul by means of the senses, and the senses by means of the soul \u201d ( oscar wilde, the picture of dorian gray ch. 16 ) are unsuccessful. when faced with the portrait of his soul, gray beholds that \u201c in the eyes there was a look of cunning, and in the mouth the curved wrinkle of the hypocrite \u201d, and he stabs the picture, in a bid to destroy it. in so doing, he ends his own life. gray \u2019 s soul is united with his body. he becomes the disfigured image in the painting and when his death is discovered, the portrait is found unharmed, showing dorian gray as a beautiful young man, and on the floor is the body of an old man,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49579523430276085, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.581986"} {"text": "united with his body. he becomes the disfigured image in the painting and when his death is discovered, the portrait is found unharmed, showing dorian gray as a beautiful young man, and on the floor is the body of an old man, wrinkled and disfigured, with a knife plunged into his heart. narcissism is understood to be compensation for poor self - esteem \u2013 an explanation that renders the likes dgs acceptable. perhaps this is a desperate attempt by society to understand a behaviour that is inherently part of human nature and thus cannot be explained. and yet social behaviour indicates that society is consumed by a culture of self - loathing. self - loathing ignites the desire for perfection and this, in turn, results in narcissism. yet there is a distinction between the narcissism associated with dgs and the self - respect which denotes a healthy self - love. the ability to love oneself is a sign of self - respect as well as the admission that life is precious, and it is necessary in order to love others. if one is void of love, \u201c blank \u201d like madame zhou, how can one love another? in a world where so many are desperate for love, for generosity of spirit, there are so few who are able to give it. american screen writer and independent film director todd solondz says \u201c narcissism and self - deception are survival mechanisms without which many of us might just jump off a bridge \u201d. this, in itself, is a narcissistic view, albeit true. in this dog - eat - dog world, society teaches us to look out for ourselves. and so we have developed self - preservation tactics, which exclude the unconditional and selfless nature of love, and embrace narcissistic values at the expense of other people. therefore, in a world monopolised by narcissism \u201c if this girl can give a soul to those who have lived without one, if she can create the sense of beauty in people whose lives have been sordid and ugly, if she can strip them of their selfishness and lend them tears for sorrows that are not their own, she is worthy of all your adoration, worthy of the adoration of the world. \u201d ( oscar wilde, the picture of dorian gray ch. 7 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4919850850174996, "token_count": 475, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.583010"} {"text": "across the globe, governments are opening up traditional public services to the competitive marketplace. the government of the future will be more a focuser of resources than an owner, and more a purchaser and manager of services than a supervisor of personnel and direct service provider. this dramatic change in the nature of government requires fundamental organizational changes. for governments to avoid failures and mishaps, they must concentrate on becoming smarter shoppers. this means creating contracting systems that are outcome based ; writing contracts that contain clear performance standards ; incorporating financial incentives and penalties into the contract ; and developing advanced measurement techniques. such state - of - the - art contracting is often referred to as \u201c performance - based - contracting. \u201d when properly structured, performance - based contracting holds great promise to reduce contracting costs while increasing service quality. performance - based contracting systems have several key components : 1. outcome based contracts performance contracts clearly spell out the desired end result expected of the contractor, but the manner in which the work is to be performed is left to the contractor ' s discretion. contractors are given as much freedom as possible in figuring out how to best meet government ' s performance objective. example : the air force saved 50 percent by modifying its statement of work for a janitorial contract. previously, the agency required the contractor to strip and rewax floors weekly. now it requires the floors to be clean, free of scuff marks and dirt and have a glossy finish. 2. performance standards the process of drawing up the request for proposal is a great way to focus a manager ' s mind on exactly what it is the agency wants accomplished from the delivery of a service, operation of an enterprise, or running of a program. a example : : a navy contract for aircraft maintenance doesn ' t specify how many mechanics or parachute riggers must be on a crew,, butt it does hold the contractor accountable for achieving precise and measurable performance standards, such as a ground abort rate of less than 5 percent and meeting 100 percent of flight schedules. 3. financial incentives and penalties privatization gives public officials the freedom to creatively design contractor payments to correspond with certain performance pegs. incentives to increase productivity,, cut costs and raise service quality can be built into the contract. incentive - based contracts shift much of the risk onto the contractor, who is rewarded for productivity improvement and penalized for poor performance or rising costs. example : after the california earthquake, caltrans, the state transportation agency offered the contractor substantial performance incentives and penalties for rebuilding a highway overpass : a $ 200,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49103746373073226, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.587846"} {"text": "who is rewarded for productivity improvement and penalized for poor performance or rising costs. example : after the california earthquake, caltrans, the state transportation agency offered the contractor substantial performance incentives and penalties for rebuilding a highway overpass : a $ 200, 000 per day bonus for completing the project ahead of schedule and a $ 200, 000 a day penalty for each day the project was behind schedule. 4. advanced monitoring and measurement techniques as more governments rely on private companies to deliverer public services, monitoring and assessing these outside partnerships becomes vitally to achieving an administration ' s goals. the monitoring plan defines precisely what a government must do to guarantee that the contractor ' s performance is in accordance with contract performance standards. different services require different types and levels of monitoring. for highly visible services that directly affect citizens such as snow removal and garbage pickup, poor service will be exposed through citizen complaints. for complex or technical services, it may make sense to hire a third party to monitor the contractor. the contractor should be considered a strategic partner and given incentives to innovate, improve, and deliver better customer service. implementing state - of - the - art performance - based contracting requires new evaluation techniques, new management approaches, improved top - level know - how on designing and managing contract relationships, better logistics systems, and a whole new set of skills for public officials. perhaps most important of all, what is needed is a changed mindset where public managers are rewarded for effectively managing projects and networks of contractors rather than for the number of public employees under their command.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.473275964608074, "token_count": 310, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.592326"} {"text": "women of a different generation : the lady spies and soldiers of the civil war. by sarah emanuel what history hasn ' t revealed about the civil war ' s women. by sarah emanuel ladies throughout history have been depicted as genteel, pretty creatures, lacking the strength or intelligence to do much for our country. of course, there have been the marvelous exceptions : harriet tubman, betsy ross, only betsy never existed, deborah sampson, and so forth. there have been extraordinarily independent women, like annie oakley, but the majority of the unconstrained, courageous, violent acts have been attributed to men. in reality, women were among some of the most forceful movers and shakers in history, especially during the civil war. they claimed for themselves the role of soldiers and spies, took control of their homes, and spent time and energy healing the sick and wounded. yet, strangely enough, the most violent actions of women did not take place in battle, but in their daily lives, and sometimes, without warning. young emma edmonds was sent out to collect supplies for a hospital when she was suddenly shot at by a confederate widow who had just given emma supplies. wheeling around on her horse, she sent a round through the widow ' s hand ; the woman fell unconscious, and not daring to risk her life any further, emma wrapped a belt around the widow ' s wrist and dragged her along behind the horse until she woke up. emma then brought the widow to a hospital, where the wound was healed, and the widow became a nurse. kady brownell was also a nurse, as well as a color - bearer, serving with the fifth rhode island during the war. one day, she came to the aid of a confederate engineer lying wounded in a puddle of muddy water. after she had dragged him to dry land, he began to curse and threaten her, calling her a \" damn yankee \", and so forth. kady became enraged and grabbed a rifle, and was seconds away from plunging the bayonet into the ungreatful rebel ' s heart, when another soldier intervened and grabbed the gun away. in 1863, a lady by the name of mrs. bickerdyke was put in charge of a hospital in memphis. one morning she arose and made her daily rounds, and upon entering a ward for severely wounded, she found that the surgeon had not yet risen and made up the list of the special foods for the soldiers. it was nearly noon, and the men, already near the brink of death", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4108286733939679, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.597577"} {"text": "her daily rounds, and upon entering a ward for severely wounded, she found that the surgeon had not yet risen and made up the list of the special foods for the soldiers. it was nearly noon, and the men, already near the brink of death, were starving. mrs. bickerdyke became immediately furious ; her temper only worsened when she learned that the surgeon had been out drinking the night before. upon finding the surgeon, she tore at him verbally, and when he laughed, she had him discharged. the surgeon went to see general sherman, and explained his case. sherman asked who the lady was, and the surgeon replied that it was mrs. bickerdyke. sherman merely replied, \" well, if it was her, i can do nothing for you. she ranks me. \" these three women are but examples of the courageous acts that hundreds of women performed during the civil war. they were not afraid to step up and take action, and many of them never received the credit they deserved. sarah is the daughter of a member of the 22nd. along with her mother and sister, she is one of the women who support our unit dressing in period costume and assisting whenever possible. sarah is was going into her senior year in high school when she wrote these articles. | larson, rebecca d. blue and gray : roses of intrigue. gettysburg, pa. 1993. | our price : $ 6. 95 + $ 1. 85 special surcharge | | moore, frank. women of the war : true stories of brave women in the civil war. blue / gray books. 1997. | our price : $ 13. 56 | you save : $ 3. 39 ( 20 % ) | not available | | broadwater, robert p., and joseph t. campbell, ed. daughters of the cause : women of the civil war k - b offset printing, inc., state college pa. 1993. | not available | | mehaffey, karen rae. the after - life : mourning rituals and the mid - victorians laser writers publishing, pipestone mn. 1993.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.36444401554654193, "token_count": 424, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.598382"} {"text": "once a kidney stone has been removed or has passed on its own, the focus shifts to prevention \u2014 steps that you can take to minimize your chances of developing another stone. while your specific prevention strategy depends on what kind of kidney stone you had and why it developed, some general guidelines are outlined below. - drink plenty of fluids - watch your diet - talk to your doctor about medications for prevention one of the goals of preventive therapy is to keep your urine as dilute as possible. this helps to keep the substances that could potentially form a kidney stone, including calcium and oxalate, moving quickly through your urinary tract. try to drink at least two liters of fluids a day if you are an adult.. a good gauge of whether or not you are drinking enough fluids is urine color. except for the first thing in the morning, it should be pale in color. if your urine is dark yellow, that ' s an indication that you should drink more fluids. if you are hesitant to drink too much during the day because you have a bladder control problem, discuss this concern with your doctor. whether or not diet can help you avoid another kidney stone depends on what kind of stone you had and what caused it to form in the first place. if your stone was made up of calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, or uric acid, what you eat or don ' t eat can help prevent a recurrence. note that these are only guidelines. people taking some kinds of medications may need to avoid certain foods. always follow the advice of your doctor or registered dietitian in making any diet changes. nutrients to consider include : - reduce your intake of dietary sodium. some of these include : - lunch meats and cured meats like ham, sausage, and bacon - salted snacks - prepared salad dressings, mustard, ketchup, soy sauce, and barbecue sauce - pickled foods and olives - canned soup and bouillon - reduce your intake of animal protein. animal protein includes meat, poultry, fish, and eggs. - maintain proper calcium intake from food or calcium supplements. if your kidney stones contained calcium oxalate, you may also need to avoid certain plant foods that bind with calcium and other minerals. if your body is not absorbing and using calcium correctly, you could end up with too much oxalate in your urine. you can reduce the level of oxalate in your system by avoiding these foods : - wheat bran - brewed tea limit your intake of animal protein from meat,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4464692326018174, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.603598"} {"text": "stewart, ian. taming the infinite : the story of mathematics from the first numbers to chaos theory. quercus, dist. by trafalgar square. dec. 2011. 384p. illus. index. isbn 9781847247681. pap. $ 14. 95. math have you ever thought of math as terrific fun? stewart ( mathematics, univ. of warwick, uk ; why beauty is truth : the history of symmetry ) makes it that and more. his engaging writing style draws readers into the story of mathematics, giving it an arc and its players charismatic personalities, even when those players are notation systems. in each chapter, stewart chronologically examines a particular area of mathematics. he gives accessible, real - world examples that are easy to visualize and often illustrate the impact of complicated mathematical concepts on our daily lives. from tally marks and numerals, to euclid and pythagoras, to imaginary numbers and chaos theory, to godel and faraday, stewart offers an insightful and clear history of mathematical developments. the diagrams and illustrations are comprehensible for lay readers yet not condescendingly simple. throughout, stewart examines the discoveries of great mathematicians and offers absorbing anecdotes about their lives in special callouts throughout the book. verdict clear and readable, this is an essential title for math, science, and technology buffs and will be intriguing for all. it might even be of interest to teens! highly recommended. \u201a candice kail, columbia univ. libs., new york mount, ian. the vineyard at the end of the world : maverick winemakers and the rebirth of malbec. norton. jan. 2012. c. 288p. illus. bibliog. index. isbn 9780393080193. $ 26. 95. beverages adding to the growing body of work on wine history, wine journalist mount traces the history of argentinian wine from its beginning in the 1700s to the present day. to accomplish this monumental task in a digestible narrative, he focuses on one figure and one region but explains in the epilog that many other people and areas were also important. the result is an artfully written story of how a poorly developed wine culture grew into one of the best wine regions in the world. mount brings to light a lesser - known wine region and explains how cultural contact beginning with spanish explorers contributed to its current wine - producing status. the work is obviously well", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6186368187418526, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.611122"} {"text": "a poorly developed wine culture grew into one of the best wine regions in the world. mount brings to light a lesser - known wine region and explains how cultural contact beginning with spanish explorers contributed to its current wine - producing status. the work is obviously well researched ; the author includes notes and a bibliography, but citations are not included throughout the chapters. verdict this engaging, important, and accessible book fills a gap in the literature of wine culture and history. \u201a lisa ennis, univ. of alabama lib., tuscaloosa great discoveries in medicine. thames & hudson, dist. by norton. 2011. 304p. ed. by william bynum & helen bynum. illus. index. isbn 9780500251805. $ 45. med coeditors of the dictionary of medical biography, husband - and - wife team william ( history of medicine, emeritus, univ. coll. london ) and helen bynum ( history of medicine, former lecturer, univ. of liverpool ), along with an international team of 49 experts, guide readers through the history and heroes of modern medicine. this beautifully designed, quarto - sized volume features 382 illustrations from classical art to medieval engravings to early photographs to the latest examples of medical imaging and electronic microscopes. egyptian, chinese, indian, islamic, and greek medical traditions are covered both in the text and in the images, which enriches the dominant narrative of western medical progress. seven topical sections include chapters on medical devices, historically important diseases, drugs, surgery, and life - saving innovations such as vaccines, insulin, and dialysis. complementary medicine is treated respectfully, although nutrition is omitted. mental illness and psychoanalysis are also well covered. the book portrays medical progress as gained through incremental steps as well as broad strides, often arriving somewhere new unexpectedly, via outsiders who challenged the medical establishment. verdict a striking and informative history, this book should be the go - to gift for many medical professionals this holiday season. \u201a kathy arsenault, st. petersburg, fl for all the latest reviews in this subject area and more, see lj \u2018 s new reviews center ( beta )! the reviews center ( beta ) is available free through march 1, 2012 to all users with a library journal or school library journal online account ( this includes current recipients of our email newsletters ). don \u2019 t know if you have an account with us? it \u2019 s easy to check and verify your email, or create a new account.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4864760488061841, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.612155"} {"text": "here is an excerpt as related to that last point : focusing on the past six decades, we observe no sustained upward trends in wind speed distributions ( figs. 1 and 3 ), the mean wind speed at landfall or the annual frequency of occurrence of landfalling segments ( fig. 8 ). ( note that this annual frequency is specific to landfalling segments and different from the annual frequency of landfalling events since some events have multiple landfalling segments, e. g. in 2005 hurricane katrina made landfall in both south florida and louisiana. ) this being the case, the dramatic increases in total economic and insured losses from tcs, which have been manifest over the past six decades, indicates that the increasing losses must be attributed to the factors other than wind speed alone. this is in accord with recent studies ( pielke, 2005 ; pielke et al., 2008 ; crompton and mcaneney, 2008 ), which demonstrate the importance of demographic changes in driving the increasing economic cost of hurricane losses. the paper concludes as follows : the quality of observational data is central to the ongoing debate between a warming climate and consequences for tc frequency and intensities. our analyses show clear, anomalous differences in the wind speed distributions between the early historical period and the very recent six decades. while these differences cannot unequivocally exclude a possible global climate change cause, we suggest that data quality issues are more plausible. find the paper here in pdf. an enormous challenge lies ahead for recovering reliable wind estimates in the early historical record, especially for highly dynamic and short - lived extreme tcs. the counting of events by saffir - simpson hurricane categories is determined by threshold wind speeds, and if the wind estimates are themselves unreliable, how can derivative statistics be trusted sufficiently for long - term trend analysis? it is timely to recognise that using the early historical record will inevitably involve some irreducible uncertainties and \u201c fixing \u201d these may not be possible and that more physically - based models are needed to help resolve the data impasse. conclusions drawn from scientific and insurance applications using the inherently lower - quality components of the record should be treated with caution.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.503450424473026, "token_count": 434, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.614417"} {"text": "| storm name | | landfall date | | damage rank | | current damage ( $ 2012 ) | | new england | | sep 21, 1938 | | 8 | | $ 46, 840, 000, 000 | | diane | | aug 19, 1955 | | 12 | | $ 24, 110, 000, 000 | | carol | | aug 31, 1954 | | 17 | | $ 19, 290, 000, 000 | | agnes | | jun 22, 1972 | | 18 | | $ 19, 010, 000, 000 | | storm 7 in 1944 | | sep 14, 1944 | | 31 | | $ 10, 600, 000, 000 | | bob | | aug 19, 1991 | | 66 | | $ 3, 620, 000, 000 | | edna | | sep 11, 1954 | | 67 | | $ 3, 230, 000, 000 | | gloria | | sep 27, 1985 | | 76 | | $ 2, 530, 000, 000 | | donna | | sep 14, 1960 | | 117 | | $ 850, 000, 000 | some notes and caveats : 1. the estimates include hurricane damage as defined by noaa. most importantly that does not include inland flood damage that may occur when a storm moves inland ( that damage is recorded under flood damage ). several of these storms would have much higher damage if inland flood damage were to be included. 2. so when comparing damage estimates that you may see for sandy to those here, to compare apples to apples, a rough method will be to take estimated insured losses and multiply by two. 3. these data are based on pielke et al. 2008, updated by icat. 4. as you can see in the map at the top of this post, none of the historical storm tracks make for good analogues for sandy. all of the top 10 were category 3s at landfall except bob ( 2 ), agnes ( 1 ) and diane ( ts ). and all were in aug or sept except agnes ( june ). 5. large, damaging storms are not unprecedented in the second half of october, with storm 11 ( 1944, ~ $ 54 billion ), wilma ( 2005, $ 26 billion ) and hazel ( 1954, $ 24 billion ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38093184186852325, "token_count": 461, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.616334"} {"text": "a few weeks ago south african scientists reported finding a supposedly 360 million year old fossil lamphrey. the problem for evolutionary theory is ; the fossil lamprey is virtually identical to \" present day \" lampreys. just in case some of those pesky creationists were around to ask embarrasing questions, the scientists noted that though the fossil had surprisingly not evolved much, it appeared that the lampreys had \" gotten slightly longer \"! what kind of scientist would make such an assumption based on one specimen? an evolutionary scientist who needs to show something for 360 million years of work, that ' s who. that brings us to the subject of this article, \" neanderthal man \". the more we learn about neanderthal, the less primitive he becomes. recent scientific articles have admitted that modern man and neanderthal met, interacted and even interbred. another recent article suggests that europeans could be 5 % neanderthal on the other hand, many ruling paradigm scientists are still insisting that neaderthals couldn ' t speak and that there certainly was no interbreeding. so, what would happen when scientists were able to isolate neanderthal dna, as they have recently actually done with material found in a croation cave? neanderthal dna is 99. 9 % identical to \" human \" dna! blockbuster! all over the news, right? 99. 9 % identical is certainly startling, all right but it ' s not 100 % identical, seemingly preserving something for evolutionary scientists to hang their hats on. like saying it looks like lamphreys got slightly longer over 360 million years. what they don ' t give you is the following fact as quoted from a lecture by eric lanser, ph d ; ( easily verified elsewhere ) \" any two humans on earth are 99. 9 percent identical in their dna sequences \". this kind of puts the data on neanderthal dna in a whole new light ; their dna differs from ours exactly as our differs from each other! neanderthal is / was exactly as different from you as your next door neighbor is, only he / she is not typically depicted hunched over wearing animal skins and carrying a spear. given the fact that dna sequencing shows that \" modern humans \" and neanderthal are \" identical \", the article below really makes no sense, continuing the fiction that the populations remained separate and that we ( modern humans ) won ( in evolutionary terms ) and that they lost. turns out that we ' re a little shorter, maybe. by fiona macrae last", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5247535699865199, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.623351"} {"text": "article below really makes no sense, continuing the fiction that the populations remained separate and that we ( modern humans ) won ( in evolutionary terms ) and that they lost. turns out that we ' re a little shorter, maybe. by fiona macrae last updated at 22 : 00pm on 15th november 2006 we may like to think we ' re far superior to the neanderthals species that us humans beat in the evolutionary battle. but analysis of dna from a 38, 000 - year - old bone has revealed neanderthal and human dna is actually up to 99. 9 per cent identical. in contrast, humans and chimps only share 95 per cent of their genetic material. the discovery came as scientists work on decoding the entire neanderthal genome from a perfectly - preserved artefact. found in a cave in croatia, the bone could hold the key to many of the secrets of evolution. dr edward rubin, one of the us and german researchers who have started to sequence the ancient dna, said : ' we are at the dawn of neanderthal genomics. ' this data will function as a dna time machine and tell us aspects of biology we could never get from bones or associated artefacts. fossil remains have already shown that neanderthals looked different from us, with heavy brows, low foreheads, and receding chins. they were also much more robustly built than modern humans. a full blueprint of neanderthal dna - due to be produced in two years ' time - could provide information on eye colour and hair colour, intelligence and language. the partial sequencing completed so far has confirmed the theory that humans and neanderthals split from their common ancestor between 400, 000 and 500, 000 years ago, studies published in the journals nature and science report. the two then co - existed for many thousands of years before neanderthals became extinct around 30, 000 years ago, perhaps beaten by their more innovative cousins in the race for food, clothing and shelter. it is thought they were unable to compete with the more innovative and adaptable homo sapiens for food, clothing and shelter. while the studies did not find any evidence that the two populations interbred, the researchers were unable to completely rule out the idea. dr svante paabo ( corr ), of the max planck institute in leipzig, germany, said : ' while unable to definitively conclude that interbreeding between the two species of humans did not occur, analysis of the nuclear dna from the neanderthal suggests the low likelihood of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5047517567948772, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.624423"} {"text": "), of the max planck institute in leipzig, germany, said : ' while unable to definitively conclude that interbreeding between the two species of humans did not occur, analysis of the nuclear dna from the neanderthal suggests the low likelihood of it having occurred at any appreciable level. ' co - researcher professor jonathan pritchard, of the university of chicago, said further analysis could provide more evidence of what makes us human. ' humans went through several key stages of evolution during the last 400, 000 years, ' he said. ' if we can compare humans and neanderthal genomes, then we can possibly identify what the key genetic changes were during that final stage of human evolution. ' professor chris stringer, head of human origins at the natural history museum in london, said : ' research can now extend to complete the whole genome of a neanderthal and to examine neanderthal variation through time and space to compare with ours. ' having such rich data holds the promise of looking for the equivalent genes in neanderthals that code for specific features in modern humans, for example eye colour, skin and hair type, cognitive and language skills. ' he added : ' having a neanderthal genome will also throw light on our own evolution, by allowing a three - way comparison of the genetic blueprints that produced neanderthals, and that today produce us and our closest living relatives, the chimpanzees. ' we should then be able to pin down unique changes in each genome to show how we came to be different from each other. ' * in just 50 years ' time, we ' ll live healthily to 100, thanks to full body transplants and a vegetarian diet, leading scientists predict. asked to forecast the biggest scientific breakthroughs of the next 50 years, they said the development of anti - aging drugs will allow us to live to a sprightly 100. professor richard miller, of the university of michigan, said : ' it is now routine in laboratory mammals to extend lifespan by about 40 per cent. ' turning on the same protective system in humans should, by 2056, create the first class of centenarians who are as vigorous and productive as today ' s run - of - the - mill sexagenarians. ' advances in storing both eggs and ovarian tissue will allow women to give birth into old age, while technology that allows us to read the minds of animals will lead to mass vegetarianism. new scientist magazine ' s 50th birthday issue also predict", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4901175499057233, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.625446"} {"text": "collectanea chemica, ed. by a. e. waite,, at sacred - texts. com of the dissolution and extraction of the seed in metals. the true sons of science have always accounted the dissolution of metals as the master key to this art, and have been particular in giving directions concerning it, only keeping their readers in the dark as to the subject, whether ores, or factitious metals, were to be chosen ; nay, when they say most to the purpose, then they make mention of metals rather than the ores, with an intention to perplex those whom they thought unworthy of the art. thus the author of the \" philosophical duel, \" or a dialogue between the stone, gold, and mercury, says : \" by the omnipotent god, and on the salvation of my soul, i here declare to you earnest seekers, in pity to your earnest searching, the whole philosophical work, which is only taken from one subject and perfected in one thing. for we take this copper, and destroy its crude and gross body ; we draw out its pure spirit, and after we have purified the earthy parts, we join them together, thus making a medicine of a poison. it is remarkable that he avoids mentioning the ore, but calls his subject copper, which is what they call a metal of the vulgar, being indeed factitious, and not fit for the confection of our stone, having lost its seminal quality in the fire ; but in other respects it is the plainest discovery extant, and is accounted to be so by sendivogius. yet the reader is not to suppose that the ore of copper is to be chosen in consequence of that assertion, as preferable to others ; no, the mercury, which is the metallic seed, is attainable from all, and is easier to be extracted from lead, which is confirmed by the true adepts, advising us to seek for the noble child where it lies in a despised form, shut up under the seal of saturn ; and, indeed, let it be supposed, for an illustration of this subject, that any one would propose to make malt, he may effect his purpose in the other corns, but barley is generally chosen, because its germ is made to sprout by a less tedious process, which is to all intents and purposes what we want in the extraction of our mercury : neither are the proceedings un - similar in both cases, if regard is had to the fixity", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5578525677037444, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.630236"} {"text": "is made to sprout by a less tedious process, which is to all intents and purposes what we want in the extraction of our mercury : neither are the proceedings un - similar in both cases, if regard is had to the fixity of ores, and the ease with which barley gives forth its seminal virtue from the slight cohesion of its parts. let the artist remark how a maltster manages his grain by wetting, to loosen the cohesion of its parts, and leaves the rest to nature, knowing that she will soon furnish the necessary heat for his purpose, if he does not suffer it to escape by mismanagement in the laying of his heap too thin, or raising the fermentation too high by a contrary proceeding, as it is well known actual fire may be kindled from the fermentation of vegetable juices when crude ; and ripe corn, under such treatment, would soon be fit for nothing but hogs, or the dunghill. now the intention is to raise such a fermentation only as will draw out the vegetable mercury without spoiling it, either for the earth, if it was cast there to fructify, or the kiln, if it is to be fixed at that precise point, by exhaling the adventitious moisture, and thus preserving the whole strength of its seminal quality for the purposes of brewing, or making malt spirits. suppose, then, an artist would extract a mineral mercury from the ores, and chooses lead ore for his subject. he can only assist nature in the process by stirring up a central heat, which she includes in everything not already putrefied, as a root of its life, in which it is increased. the medium by which this central heat is put in motion is known to be putrefaction ; but the ores of every kind are found to resist putrefaction in all known processes extant. they may, indeed, when they have been fluxed in the fire, contract a rust from the air, which is a gradual decomposition of their substance, but this is only the natural decay of a dead body, not the putrefaction of its sperm for the purposes of propagation ; and we are sensible from the heat of furnaces which is required to flux the ores, and the slowness of their decay when deprived of their seminal qualities, by fluxation, that a heat which would destroy the seed in vegetables may be necessary in the first stages of putrefaction for the ores,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5551171507532509, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.631161"} {"text": "flux the ores, and the slowness of their decay when deprived of their seminal qualities, by fluxation, that a heat which would destroy the seed in vegetables may be necessary in the first stages of putrefaction for the ores, as they will bear a red fire without being fluxed or losing anything but their sulphureous and arsenical impurities ; in short, a matter in itself as much extraneous to the seed of metals, as the chaff to the wheat ; wherefore, a careful separation of these by roasting, or otherwise, is deservedly reckoned among the first operations for the putrefaction of ores, and the rather because that which has been calcined, by having its pores opened, is rendered attractive, both of the air and other menstruums proper for its decomposition. let the artist, therefore, by fire and manual operation, separate the impure qualities from his subject, pounding, washing, and calcining till no more blackness is communicated to his menstruum, for which pure rain water is sufficient. it will be seen on every repetition of this process, that what fouls the water is extraneous, and the ore yet exists in its individual metallic nature, except it is fluxed by a too intense heat, in which case it is no longer fit for our purpose ; therefore fresh ore is to be used. the matter being thus prepared, its central fire will be awakened, if it is treated properly, according to the process for extracting quicksilver from it ores, by keeping it in a close heat, which is continued without admission of the crude air, till the radical moisture is elevated in the form of a vapour, and again condensed into a metallic water, analogous to quicksilver. this is the true mercury of the philosophers, and fit for all their operations in the hermetic art.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5606931184109905, "token_count": 391, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.631918"} {"text": "index previous next once ( there lived ) a polygamist. he said to his wives, \" one ( of you ) have a fur shirt made, and the other have some trousers made, and let them be all white. \" they finished the clothes, and all of them went out. the moon was on the wane. then ( the polygamist ) p. 84 ran away. his wives looked on. he crouched down and made himself flat right before them. then they looked for him, but could not find him. they entered the house. he departed towards the east [ windward ], and saw a number of ke\u00b4let. one of them, just as he was coming, began to angle for fish with a rod. very soon he pulled out a little infant. it was a human infant. he pulled it out. the infant cried, \" ana\u00b4, ana\u00b4, ana\u00b4! \" the man coughed. the ke\u00b4le said, \" oh, oh, a guest! \" \u2014 \" yes! \" \u2014 \" let us go home! \" \u2014 \" you go first, \" the ke\u00b4le said to the man. \" how can i go first? i do not know ( the way ). the house - masters ( should ) go first. \" \u2014 \" oh, oh, all right! \" the ke\u00b4le went first. they came to the house. \" go in! \" \u2014 \" we in our houses are wont to say to our wives, ' spread good skins for bedding. a guest is here. ' \" \" ah, well, all right! \" the ke\u00b4le entered the house. \" oh, i bring this one! sharpen your butcher - knives! \" meanwhile the man fled, running to a corner of the house \u2014 the one clad in white. the ke\u00b4le came out, but ( the man ) was not to be seen. he made himself flat there ( upon the ground ). the ke\u00b4le began to chide his wife : \" oh, this is bad! we have let our quarry go, very good game. \" the other one again departed. again he found a settlement. this one was of real human people. one man came out. he stopped close by him, but the other one could not see him at all. that one passed p. 85 water, and then said, \" the moon is on the wane. \" the guest then said, \" it is quite true. \" \u2014 \" oh, oh,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4878390742539422, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.635506"} {"text": "the other one could not see him at all. that one passed p. 85 water, and then said, \" the moon is on the wane. \" the guest then said, \" it is quite true. \" \u2014 \" oh, oh, a guest? \" \u2014 \" yes! \" \u2014 \" indeed, you are human? \" \u2014 \" oh, yes! rather it is you who are not human. you are the ke\u00b4let. \" \u2014 \" in truth, we are not. \" \u2014 \" oh, then let us enter the house! \" \" but we have neighbors who indeed are ke\u00b4let, and these ke\u00b4let will fetch you to their own house. \" they entered the sleeping - room. before they had time to eat, a ke\u00b4le - woman entered. \" oh, i have come to fetch you! you must marry me. \" he went out. she took him to her home. on the sides of the entrance a brown bear and a polar bear were tied up. before they could enter, the monsters rushed at the man. the ke\u00b4le - woman said to them, \" aha! it is the master. \" they lay down and copulated. all at once an old woman appeared from the rear wall. she carried a butcher - knife. this was the mother of the ke\u00b4le - woman. this old woman approached the man, carrying the butcher - knife. she wanted to strike him on the head. he simulated sleep. still she proved to be quite nimble, and fled again. he ( simulated awakening ), said to the ke\u00b4le - woman, \" oh, i had a dream! such an old woman ( it was ), who nearly killed me! \" the woman said, \" oh, oh! again, again! what are you doing? i want to have this one for a husband. \" they slept again, the ke\u00b4le - woman slept quite soundly, then the man laid her down and exchanged clothes with her. the woman ' s combination - suit he used for a covering for himself, p. 86 and his own fur shirt he put on her as a covering. then he slept again, simulated sleep. he had a knife ready. the old woman appeared again from the rear wall, and all at once she rushed on her daughter and struck her, sleeping, ( with such force ) that the head was cut off. just then the man struck the old woman with his knife, and also cut off her head. he put on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5070451516361126, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.636358"} {"text": "lives of the saints, by alban butler, benziger bros. ed., at sacred - texts. com st. gerard was of a noble family of the county of namur, france. an engaging sweetness of temper, and a strong inclination to piety and devotion, gained him from the cradle the esteem and affection of every one. having been sent on an important mission to the court of france, he was greatly edified at the fervor of the monks of st. denis, at paris, and earnestly desired to consecrate himself to god with them. returning home he settled his temporal affairs, and went back with great joy to st. denis '. he had lived ten years with great fervor in this monastery, when in 931 he was sent by his abbot to found an abbey upon his estate at brogue, three leagues from namur. he settled this new abbey, and then built himself a little cell near the church, and lived in it a recluse until god called him to undertake the reformation of many monasteries, which he did successfully. when he had spent almost twenty years in these zealous labors, he shut himself up in his cell, to prepare his soul to receive the recompense of his labors, to which he was called on the 3d of october in 959. reflection. \u2014 though we are in the world, let us strive to separate ourselves from it and consecrate ourselves to god, remembering that \" the world passeth away, but he that doth the will of god abideth forever. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.36860897153781313, "token_count": 324, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.639341"} {"text": "when barack obama became president, he vowed to reduce deficit spending. working with liberals in congress, he increased it. with obama ' s term in office not yet completed, the national debt has increased by about $ 5. 4 trillion since he became president. now obama wants voters to believe his plan to cut deficit spending is more appealing than one suggested by his opponent in the presidential election, mitt romney. obama says he has a plan to reduce deficit spending by about $ 4 trillion during the next decade. actually, as analysts point out, that simply isn ' t true. about $ 2 trillion of the amount obama is counting already is part of a long - term plan approved only because conservatives in congress insisted on it. nearly $ 600 billion more is \" savings \" that would have occurred anyway because of troop reductions in iraq and afghanistan. but the $ 4 trillion number does have some significance : that happens to be the amount most analysts say the national debt will increase during the next 10 years, if obama ' s proposals remain in place. perhaps it is because few teenagers vote that ohio legislators enacted a ban on use of cellular phones and other electronic devices by vehicle operators that is much tougher on younger drivers. or it could be that lawmakers simply believe younger drivers are more dangerous when distracted by practices such as \" texting \" on cell phones. whatever the logic, it was faulty. distracted driving is a concern for motorists of all ages, not just juveniles. after years of being prodded, the general assembly finally enacted a law aimed at lessening the danger from distracted drivers. it went into effect a few weeks ago. but while the measure is tough on juveniles, it is less so on adults - and it contains loopholes law enforcement officers say make it difficult to enforce in some situations. legislators should close the loopholes and establish the same limits for both adults and younger drivers in ohio.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40761154214997375, "token_count": 380, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.641372"} {"text": "replicon particle vaccine for white spot syndrome virus in marine shrimp phase ii currently there are no truly effective interventions or therapeutic treatments for white spot syndrome virus ( wssv ) in farmed shrimp. current production practices focus on pathogen exclusion by stocking specific pathogen free ( spf ) larvae, decontamination and filtration of water to prevent pathogen introduction, and strict biosecurity at hatcheries and grow out pond sites. this is extremely challenging due to the prevalence of wssv in estuarine waters in shrimp producing areas, resulting in devastating financial losses, even in spf populations. wssv was first discovered in 1992 after several outbreaks of a high mortality disease occurred in shrimp farms in taiwan. within a decade it has spread throughout the world and is now endemic in most shrimp producing areas. wssv has a wide host range of over 50 separate species including all penaeids and crayfish. in the united states, a 2007 aphis study showed that 66 % of tested samples were positive and it has been declared endemic by the state veterinarian and oie in the louisiana freshwater crayfish population. the combined economic impact of wssv in farmed shrimp is tremendous. it is estimated that asia alone has lost over $ 6 billion since 1992, and the americas about $ 1 - 2 billion since wssv introduction in 1999 with countries such as ecuador showing the greatest economic impact. in addition to the tremendous economic effect on shrimp production, there is a rising concern for an introduction of wssv into native crustacean species. avenues exist for the introduction of wssv into naive species such as reprocessing of frozen emergency harvested product or animal movement. in addition, the united states possesses over 350 of the estimated 500 species worldwide of crayfish species. in north america, 65 out of the estimated 400 resident species are endangered and half of these are listed as needing protection. the outcome of the proposed project would be the first effective commercially available vaccines that protect against disease caused by wssv in shrimp. harrisvaccines intends to market vaccine to be used in two different shrimp production settings. first, an injectable vaccine for adult breeding females will be targeted to spf production companies and larger integrated intensive shrimp producers abroad who possess their own hatcheries for the purpose of restocking their ponds. the second would be an orally administered vaccine for post larvae ( pl ) shrimp that would aid in protection of the shrimp prior to entry into the ponds. this accomplishes disease", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4573735650960402, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.644292"} {"text": "arnold school researchers : technology can help shed pounds anyone who has ever struggled to stick to a restricted diet knows that willpower alone is rarely a successful offense. but reinforcements are on the way, in the form of technology. a group of university of south carolina researchers in the arnold school of public health has found that incorporating armband technology into weight - loss interventions can help sedentary and overweight individuals shed those unwanted pounds. the results were published in the online journal, \u201c international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity. \u201d \u201c changing behavior is one of the hardest things for a person to do, \u201d said dr. greg hand, co - director of the clinical exercise program and associate dean for research, and one of the researchers on the nine - month study. people can stick to a diet, but they \u2019 ve got to change their behavior to keep the weight off. \u201d hand and his colleague, exercise science and epidemiology / biostatistics professor dr. steven blair, said that technology is a powerful tool because it offers real - time feedback on caloric intake and activity. \u201c real - time data can be a powerful motivator, \u201d blair said. \u201c it \u2019 s hard to argue with the numbers. \u201d blair and hand teamed up with five colleagues in the arnold school \u2019 s department of exercise science to study 197 sedentary, overweight or obese men and women between the ages of 18 and 65. sedentary was defined as exercising less than 150 minutes moderately each week. essentially, the team wanted to test the effectiveness of the armband technology, which featured a wrist watch with real - time display and access to a personalized web account designed to help manage their weight loss program. while wearing the armband, individuals got real - time feedback on the amount of energy they expended and they could determine the calories they took in by entering their diet onto the website. participants were divided among four groups, each of which followed different weight - loss strategies : one group received a weight - loss manual ; a second group received the same manual and participated in group counseling sessions to help them change their diet and physical activity habits ; the third was given the manual and the armband ; and the fourth received the manual, armband, and the group counseling sessions. the study found that the group that had access to group sessions and the armband lost the most weight ( nearly 15 pounds ) and logged improved levels of glucose, triglycerides and lower blood pressure. the potential for individuals to change behavior via", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5027148576427407, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.648462"} {"text": "david goodstein used this term to describe : the long - discredited baconian view of the scientist as disinterested seeker of truth who gathers facts with mind cleansed of prejudices and preconceptions. the ideal scientist, in this view, would be more honest than ordinary mortals, certainly immune to such common human failings as pride or personal ambition. when people find out, as they invariably do, that scientists are not at all like that, they may react with understandable anger or disappointment. i think it is a useful term. but i don \u2019 t agree with goodstein \u2019 s belief that scientists are guilty of promoting it. certainly not in my experience. | before fermi lab visit i think of a scientist as very dedicated to his work. he is kind of crazy, talking always quickly. he constantly is getting new ideas. he is always asking questions and can be annoying. he listens to others \u2019 ideas and questions them. | after fermi lab visit i know scientists are just normal people with a not so normal job.... scientists lead a normal life outside of being a scientist. they are interested in dancing, pottery, jogging and even racquetball. being a scientist is just another job which can be much more exciting. | these are drawings and comments made by amy, one of a group of us 7th graders before and after their visit to the fermi lab true, there is an ethos of honesty in science which we can be proud of and attempt to adhere to. but we know that scientists are just as human as anyone else. they certainly are as susceptible as others to human failings. and this includes not only pride and personal ambition but also subjectivity, blinkered views, bias and even superstition. maybe in the past there was this public picture of the noble scientist but we now live in a more more sensible age. biographies of scientists are no longer hagiographies. anyone who has read a recent biography will be aware of how unpleasant newton was personally. of albert einstein \u2019 s treatment of his first wife and their fist child. of madame curies \u2019 affair. no, these heroes of science were real people, not the idealised noble scientist. some biographies will even discuss the scientific mistakes of these great scientists. although, i personally think more should be made of these as they would help us understand the real processes that go on in scientific discovery. media beat ups, like the \u201c climategate \u201d concentration on stolen scientist emails, have also revealed how human,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.566730769169505, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.655477"} {"text": ". although, i personally think more should be made of these as they would help us understand the real processes that go on in scientific discovery. media beat ups, like the \u201c climategate \u201d concentration on stolen scientist emails, have also revealed how human, and even petty, scientists can be. and the recent news of scientific misconduct by marc d. hauser has exposed another, unpleasant, side of human failings ( see hauser misconduct investigation \u2014 full text of dean \u2019 s statement and marc hauser replies \u2014 acknowledges mistakes ). human scientists but noble science but scientists do evoke the image of trust \u2013 if you believe advertisements for cleaning products and cosmetics. how often have we seen white lab coats used in such ads. but i think this reputation comes more from the nature of science itself, rather than the scientist. after all, we know from experience that science is capable of delivering. we all depend on this reliability of science in our everyday lives. this reliability comes from the scientific method \u2013 not from the character of individual scientists. taken in isolation humans rely on pattern recognition. they also rely on brain processes which create our own version of reality. rather than \u201c seeing is believing \u201d we are often confronted more with \u201c believing is seeing. \u201d it is only human to unconsciously select the information which fits with our preconceived views. to seek confirmation for our own biases. this may have been a result of our evolution and has probably served us well in our attempts to survive and reproduce. but this approach is not a good basis for truly investigating and understanding reality. they are not a good basis for doing science. and we can certainly see the influence of subjective attitudes, protection of pet ideas, cultural and religious influences, etc., when we look at the history of science. modern science has developed methodologies to minimise subjective influences. one is the importance we now place on interaction with reality. on collection of evidence and the testing of any resulting hypotheses and theories against reality. scientific theories are validated both by testing against reality and by their use in subsequent investigations and technological appliances. the social nature of science also helps. ideas and theories must be open to sceptical consideration of peers in the process of collaborative research, funding applications, conference presentations and scientific publications. scientific knowledge is progressive \u2013 it generally improves with time. this means that mistakes, and scientific frauds, do not remain undiscovered. scientific knowledge is always provisional. ambitious scientists are eager to expose such mistakes. science really is self - correcting.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5540289547477337, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.657116"} {"text": "is progressive \u2013 it generally improves with time. this means that mistakes, and scientific frauds, do not remain undiscovered. scientific knowledge is always provisional. ambitious scientists are eager to expose such mistakes. science really is self - correcting. irrespective of the human failings of individual scientists. the noble scientist as a straw man scientists themselves have no illusions. after all they experience the human side of their colleagues all the time. i don \u2019 t know about the perception of the person in the street but suspect that the image of noble scientist would not be common in these cynical times. personally, the only time i come across this myth is when it is used as a straw man by those who are critcising science or denying certain scientific findings. you know. when confronted with scientific features they wish to reject the climate change or evolution denier will sometimes justify their rejection by arguing that scientists are not objective. that scientific fraud is common. the \u201c scientific establishment \u201d controls peer review. or that science can \u2019 t escape from its cultural prejudices. some theological critics of science fall back on the bias of the so - called \u201c materialistic \u201d or \u201c naturalistic \u201d \u201c paradigm \u201d in science. they will accuse those they are debating with of having an idealised, fictional concept of the objective, honest scientist. the noble scientist. a debating ploy, but one that really avoids the issue. and that is probably why it is used. they should be dealing with, and possibly critiquing if they can, the actual scientific evidence and its interpretation. not the all too human individual scientist.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5279604671159104, "token_count": 326, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.658322"} {"text": "twin rovers headed for mars | tweet | twin rovers headed for mars nasa today announced plans to launch two large scientific rovers to the red planet in 2003. august 10, 2000 - - the traffic on mars is expected to double in the near future. nasa today announced plans to launch two large scientific rovers to the red planet in 2003, rather than the original plan for just one, said dr. ed weiler, associate administrator for space science, nasa headquarters, both mars rovers, to be built, managed and operated by nasa ' s jet propulsion laboratory, pasadena, calif., currently are planned for launch on delta ii rockets from cape canaveral air force station, fla. the first mission is targeted for may 22, with the second launch slated for june 4. after a seven - and - a - half month cruise, the first rover should enter mars ' atmosphere january 2, 2004, with the second rover bouncing to a stop on the martian surface january 20. above : this image is a single frame from a striking video of the planned mars 2003 rover mission. [ more information from nasa headquarters ] the rovers will be exact duplicates, but that ' s where the similarities end. relatives of the highly successful 1997 sojourner rover, these 150 - kilogram ( 300 - pound ) mobile laboratories may look and act alike, but they ' re going to decidedly different locations. scott hubbard, mars program director at nasa headquarters said, \" for the past few weeks nasa has been undertaking an extensive study of a two - lander option. hubbard added, \" the scientific appeal of using the excellent launch opportunity in 2003 for two missions was weighed carefully against the resource requirements and schedule constraints. \" \" our teams concluded that we can successfully develop and launch these identical packages to the red planet, \" continued hubbard. \" we also determined that, in addition to the prospect of doubling our scientific return, this two - pronged approach adds resiliency and robustness to our exploration program. \" \" mars is a beguiling place, and conducting a real mobile field - geology mission is always better when there are multiple perspectives, \" said dr. jim garvin, mars program scientist at nasa headquarters. however, the landing sites have yet to be selected. \" we are thinking about localities where there is evidence of surface processes involving what we might call ' past ' water on mars, \" garvin said. \" this includes sites where we have today mineralogical evidence that water may have produced unique chemical fingerprints, as well as places where it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.377545732152519, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.663489"} {"text": "there is evidence of surface processes involving what we might call ' past ' water on mars, \" garvin said. \" this includes sites where we have today mineralogical evidence that water may have produced unique chemical fingerprints, as well as places where it seems likely water ' ponded ' in closed depressions for enough time to modify the regional geology, \" garvin added. during the next two to three years, engineers and scientists will conduct an intensive search for potential touchdown sites. using the flood of data still coming in from mars global surveyor, and that expected starting in 2002 from the mars 2001 orbiter, scientists will search for compelling landing zones with the fewest hazards and select the best candidates. above : this artist ' s rendering shows a view of nasa ' s mars 2003 rover as it sets off to roam the surface of the red planet. the rover is scheduled for launch in june 2003 and will arrive in january 2004, shielded in its landing by an airbag shell. the airbag / lander structure, which has no scientific instruments of its own, is shown to the right in this image, behind the rover. [ more information ] \" the goal of both rovers will be to learn about ancient water and climate on mars, \" said professor steven squyres, cornell university, ithaca, n. y., and principal investigator for the rovers ' athena science package. \" you can think of each rover as a robotic field geologist, equipped to read the geologic record at its landing site and to learn what the conditions were like back when the rocks and soils there were formed. \" | parents and educators : please visit thursday ' s classroom for lesson plans and activities related to this story. | given the high priority nasa and the administration assign to the space science program overall, and to the timely exploration of mars, the agency proposes that space science cover any additional costs of the first rover mission, and that the bulk of the cost for the second lander be reallocated from programs outside space the mars 2003 rover project will be managed at jpl, for the office of space science. dr. firouz naderi is the mars program manager at jpl, which is a division of the california institute of technology in pasadena. mars exploration program - from the nasa jet propulsion laboratory science @ nasa stories about mars : to the future on mars - - july 28, 2000. nasa announces plans for a mars rover in 2003 with a second rover under consideration. making a splash on mars - - june 29, 2000. scientists ponder how to keep", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4510356972634234, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.664623"} {"text": "nasa stories about mars : to the future on mars - - july 28, 2000. nasa announces plans for a mars rover in 2003 with a second rover under consideration. making a splash on mars - - june 29, 2000. scientists ponder how to keep water in its liquid form on super - dry and cold mars. mars surprise - - june 22, 2000. new pictures from nasa ' s mars global surveyor spacecraft reveal gullies on mars, possibly created by recent flash floods martian swiss cheese - - march 9, 2000. new pictures from nasa ' s mars global surveyor spacecraft show exotic terrain made of dry ice near the red planet ' s south pole. unearthing clues to martian fossils - - june 11, 1999. the hunt for signs of ancient life on mars is leading scientists to an otherworldly lake on earth. the red planet in 3d - - may 27, 1999. new data from mars global surveyor reveal the topography of mars better than many continental regions on earth. search for life on mars will start in siberia - - may 27, 1999. nasa funds permafrost study to support astrobiology research. join our growing list of subscribers - sign up for our express news delivery and you will receive a mail message every time we post a new story!!! | for lesson plans and educational activities related to breaking science news, please visit thursday ' s classroom | | hq press release 00 - 124 | production editor : dr. tony phillips curator : bryan walls media relations : steve roy responsible nasa official : john m. horack", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44914591247284064, "token_count": 311, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.665296"} {"text": "this blog post is sponsored by adt. there is a silent killer among us. according to the cdc, it is responsible for the deaths of about 400 americans every year. it \u2019 s also the reason why more than 20000 people visit the emergency room and 4000 of them are hospitalized every year. good reasons to find out more about this threat in order to prevent it from getting its mark. who. it goes by the name of carbon monoxide, better known as co. what. it \u2019 s a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that is slightly lighter than air. where. carbon monoxide is not readily found in the atmosphere. however, it is produced by animal metabolic activities in small quantities - needed for normal biological functions. when. carbon monoxide in larger quantities is formed when fuels like coal and gas are burned without enough oxygen. so, instead of carbon dioxide, we get co. the most common way of producing it is to use a stove in an enclosed space. why. well, what \u2019 s the fuss all about? inhaling carbon monoxide results in the body replacing much - needed oxygen with carbon monoxide in the blood. and this can induce headache, dizziness, weakness, nausea, vomiting, chest pain, and confusion. more importantly, this can cause tissue damage and in more severe cases, death. everyone is at risk for co poisoning, especially babies, seniors and people with respiratory problems. here are a few simple but effective ways to keep the killer at bay. cleanliness is next to safety. get your refrigerator, heating and plumbing, gas range and other such appliances checked and serviced by a qualified technician every year. no gas leaks, no co poisoning. keeping your chimney free from debris also helps prevent the buildup of co in your home. don \u2019 t settle for less. buying gas appliances certified by agencies like the american gas association means that these appliances have been tested and will not cause co poisoning. some things are best left outdoors. these include charcoal grills, generators and camp stoves. get an alarm but don \u2019 t get alarmed. install a carbon monoxide detector in your home and connect it to an alarm. this alarm will beep when the levels of carbon monoxide are dangerously high. and if the alarm does go off, don \u2019 t panic. call 911 and get to a hospital immediately. don \u2019 t get back home till emergency services indicate that it \u2019 s safe to return. so, don \u2019 t wait any longer! protect yourself from co poisoning and stay safe!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43606350225977364, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.668080"} {"text": "a word may have many senses and a good parser must choose the right one. which is the right one? this is often obvious from the context. when you see an ambiguous word alone ( e. g. cooks ), you can tell nothing about its meaning. but if you see it in context, you may start guessing its syntactic and / or semantic behavior ( our cooks have prepared the dinner vs. mary cooks fish ). surrounding words greatly help in determining the part of speech, and many disambiguation algorithms take advantage of that. but who on earth cares about the parts of speech? well, many do, for example, parsers, both statistical and declarative, employ this information for building all kinds of structures. but anyway, that ' s an intermediate thing used for the own convenience of those parsers. for the ultimate text analysis tasks parts of speech are not important at all. the meaning is what is important, not them. so why bother at all? i ' m currently trying to live without the intermediate part - of - speech level in my parser, and so far it works. how? consider cooks again. it can participate in the following constructions : - she cooks - cooks fish - cooks when something happens - cooks well - the cooks - sad cooks - cooks that came from germany - and so on let ' s now say there are no nouns, verbs and so on, there are only constructions. upon encountering cooks, the parser notes all the constructions possible with this word ( at least 1 - 7 from above ). it also marks some of them ( 1 - 4 ) as incompatible with others ( 5 - 7 ). then another word comes, for example, fish. it also generates tons of constructions, some of them also mutually incompatible ( fish can be a noun or a verb as well ). importantly, one of them is the familiar transitive ( number 2 in the list ). it ' s been suggested by both words, and it clearly wins over the others which were suggested only by one of the two words. now the constructions which are incompatible with this transitive can be pruned : both \" nominal \" for cooks and \" verbal \" for fish. and the transitive is promoted and may now contribute to the meaning of the entire text. ( e. g. cook. patient = fish ). disambiguation complete. positive side : it ' s very simple and i don ' t have to create boring data structures for different parts of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5039374359624078, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.672114"} {"text": "teach children planning and problem solving not programming when i first heard that children in secondary education ( 11 - 16 year olds ) here in the uk were to be taught programming i thought it was another example of a poorly thought through fad ruining our education system. schools already have enough trouble finding goos maths and science teachers, and the average school leavers knowledge of these subjects is not that great, now resources and time are being diverted to a specialist subject for which it is hard to find good teachers. after talking to a teacher about his experience teaching scratch to 11 - 13 year olds i realised he was not teaching programming but teaching how to think through problems, breaking them down into subcomponents and cover all possibilities ; a very worthwhile subject to teach. as i see it the \u2018 writing code \u2019 subject needs to be positioned as the teaching of planning and problem solving skills ( ppss, p2s2, a suitable acronym is needed ) rather than programming. based on a few short conversations with those involved in teaching, the following are a few points i would make : - stay with one language ( scratch looks excellent ). - the more practice students get with a language the more fluent they become, giving them more time to spend solving the problem rather than figuring out how to use the language. - switching to a more \u2018 serious \u2019 language because it is similar to what professional programmers use is a failure to understand the purpose of what is being taught and a misunderstanding of why professionals still use \u2018 text \u2019 based languages ( because computer input has historically been via a keyboard and not a touch sensitive screen ; i expect professional programmers will slowly migrate over to touch screen programming languages ). - give students large problems to solve ( large as in requiring lots of code ). small programs are easy to hold in your head, where the size of small depends on intellectual capacity ; the small program level of coding is all about logic. large programs cannot be held in the head and this level of coding is all about structure and narrative ( there are people who can hold very large programs in their head and never learn the importance of breaking things down so others can understand them ), logic does not really appear at this level. large problems can be revisited six months later ; there is no better way of teaching the importance of making things easy for others to understand than getting a student to modify one of their own programs a long time after they originally wrote it ( i \u2019 m sure many will start out denying ever having written the horrible code handed back to them ). - problems should", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45302705294326706, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.675562"} {"text": "biological contaminants include viable and non - viable microbiological matter such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, house dust mite and insect feces and pollens. their presence can result in infectious disease, toxics effects or allergic reaction. much is known about the occurrence and health effects of microbial growth associated with water damage but there has been little investigation on the impact of other microbial contaminants on indoor air quality. 1. 1 infectious contaminants while all types of microorganisms can cause problems indoors, bacteria and fungi are most commonly associated with indoor air quality complaints. in any indoor environment a variety of species will be present at different times and in different micro - environments. in order for airborne disease transmission to occur from microbes in buildings, there must be a source or reservoir for the microbes, some means for the microbes to multiply ( amplifiers ) and a mechanism for their release and dispersion into indoor air. the major indoor reservoir is stagnant water or moist interior surfaces. these can accumulate microbes that enter the building in outdoor air and act as amplifiers for bacteria. fungi can grow in relatively dry environments ( eg at relative humidities above 75 % ). airborne dispersion is relatively easy for microbes found in building ventilation systems ( eg fungal and bacterial spores ) or contaminated carpet. bioaerosols ( which include bacteria, fungi, dust mites and other biological particles ) are recognised as an important subgroup involved in building - related illness. microbes, particularly fungi, which can contain mycotoxins, and vocs, are now thought to be more involved as causative agents in mechanically ventilated indoor work environments. several studies suggest that indoor air microbials may have a more common role in the sick building syndrome than previously thought. several companies routinely screen buildings for airborne microbial levels ; standardised test methods, which provide reproducible test results, are now readily available. some caution is required when evaluating any one - off microbial test results, because airborne microorganisms are ubiquitous in the environment, with \u2018 typical \u2019 levels ranging from 50 to 1500 cfus per cubic metre in outside city air. an external sample taken on the day of test can provide a useful baseline figure for the evaluation of results. measurement of microorganisms in excess of about 1000 cfus per cubic metre of air indicates that the indoor environment may need to be investigated for microbiological contamination. however, the report also stated that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5008503818397556, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.811687"} {"text": "useful baseline figure for the evaluation of results. measurement of microorganisms in excess of about 1000 cfus per cubic metre of air indicates that the indoor environment may need to be investigated for microbiological contamination. however, the report also stated that exceeding this level does not mean the air is unsafe or hazardous. merely using a number to represent cfus per cubic metre is an unreliable indicator of the actual hazard posed by airborne micro - organisms. because of the universal presence of microorganisms, it is critically important to obtain an indication of the ratios of organism groups present. this information will be of greatest value with periodic testing to provide data for a trend analysis of the microbial groups in a particular site. by differentiating these groups of organisms, the likely source, the risk potential and the need for any action can be established. determining the groups of microorganisms present in a sample is significantly different from identifying all organisms present. the full identification of isolates from a sample would not generally provide any useful information and is certainly not cost - effective. a number of techniques have been recommended for sampling for microbial contamination in indoor environments. bacteria are ubiquitous in the air and general environment. they can cause adverse human health effects and deterioration of building materials when they proliferate in indoor environments. the health effects of bacterial exposure in indoor air will depend on the species and the route of exposure. the bacteria in building air can come from airborne sources from the wind \u2019 s action on soil and vegetation, compost, municipal landfills, sewage sludge, etc. they can also be a direct result of human activity, such as breathing, coughing and sneezing, or they may colonise the ductwork of the cooling systems, the water cooling towers ( eg legionella spp ) or interior building materials and furnishings such as wallboard, wallpaper, flooring and furnishings. in indoor environments, bacteria usually grow in areas with standing water such as water spray and condensation areas of air conditioning systems. dirty or poorly maintained air handling systems can become contaminated over time by bacterial populations that thrive on moisture - laden surfaces caused by water condensation. legionella is probably the most common group of bacteria mentioned in association with airconditioning systems ( see below ). viruses are important airborne organisms and a significant contributor to occupational absenteeism. examples of important viruses include the causative agent of the common cold ( rhinoviruses ) and the flu ( influenza viruses types a, b, c, etc ). the spread of these", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5463239540687185, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.817533"} {"text": "organisms and a significant contributor to occupational absenteeism. examples of important viruses include the causative agent of the common cold ( rhinoviruses ) and the flu ( influenza viruses types a, b, c, etc ). the spread of these illnesses can be aided by inadequate ventilation levels within a building. viruses cannot multiply outside the human host, but can survive and remain infective for extended periods in the warm recirculating airspace of the modern air - conditioned building. routine testing for airborne viruses is expensive and not generally recommended. however a useful correlation between the levels of some airborne bacteria, particularly the micrococcus group, and poor ventilation levels has been noted, and these can thus be used as an indicator of potential cross - infection problems. allergens are substances that cause an allergic reaction. many substances that are found indoors may act as allergens and have a significant impact on the health and quality of life of the 30 \u2013 40 % of individuals in our population who are atopic. domestic allergen exposures may represent significant risks for the development of asthma and of acute asthma attack. the prevalence of allergy and asthma has increased considerably in recent years. the emergence of allergies has been attributed to a number of factors, in particular, the changes in landscape from forest to pasture, and the trend for most people to lead an indoor, climate - controlled lifestyle. a wide range of trigger allergens have been identified, many of which are found in the indoor environment. findings suggest that house dust mite, cat and cockroach allergens may cause the onset of asthma while pollen and fungal allergens may exacerbate asthma or trigger episodes of asthma. the national academy of sciences of the united states has found sufficient evidence to conclude that there is a causal relationship between exposure to cat, cockroach and house dust mite allergens and exacerbations of asthma in sensitised individuals. it also found that there was evidence of a causal relationship between environmental tobacco smoke exposure and exacerbations of asthma in preschool - aged children. an association ( rather than causal relationship ) was found for exposure to allergens of dogs, fungi and high - level exposures to nitrogen dioxide and oxides of nitrogen ( at concentrations that may occur when gas appliances are used in poorly ventilated kitchens ). house dust mite allergen appears to have the widest public health impact, with insect allergens ( primarily cockroach ) also important. pets, particularly dogs", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5196451624630871, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.819166"} {"text": "may occur when gas appliances are used in poorly ventilated kitchens ). house dust mite allergen appears to have the widest public health impact, with insect allergens ( primarily cockroach ) also important. pets, particularly dogs and cats and to a lesser extent birds, impact on a smaller part of the community. bedding, soft furnishings and carpets have been shown to act as reservoirs for allergens and it has been suggested that strategies to reduce asthma risk should be targeted at these sources. house dust mites are microscopic organisms that live mainly in mattresses and carpets within the home, where they feed off human skin flakes and other products. these mites are a major source of allergens that can sensitise various organs, leading to inflammation at the next exposure. it is suggested that house dust mites were more likely to cause sensitisation than pollens or fungi since house dust mite exposure is perennial rather than seasonal and the level of allergen exposure can be 20 ng / hour for house dust mites compared to 1 mg / season for pollen and fungi. the sources of dust mites are well known and general health effects are understood, yet the risks of developing allergy to house dust mites is a more complicated issue relating to exposure and genetic predisposition. house dust mite faeces, which contain the allergen, may become airborne if disturbed and build up in carpets, sofas, cushions, bedding etc. allergic reaction in the lung leads to asthma ; in the nose, to hay fever or allergic rhinitis ; in the skin, to dermatitis or a form of eczema. most households have pets, but there is little information on pet allergens. allergen sources include animal dander, saliva, faeces and urine. a review found that the levels of pet allergens were high in homes with pets ( especially if the standard of cleaning was poor and ventilation inefficient ) and that they were greatest during seasons when heating was likely to be used. the potential for exposure to pet allergens can be seen from the estimates of households with pets ( 45 % dogs, 30 % cats, 20 % birds ). anecdotal evidence suggests that dogs with woolly coats and short - haired cats have less effect on sensitised individuals. dog and cat allergens are readily transported by air currents and attachment to objects like clothes which then are moved. allergens from pets, particularly dogs and cats,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48425812427735243, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.822626"} {"text": "also been found in schools. it has been found to be associated with particles greater in size than 10 \u00b5m and is found in the air only after vigorous disturbance. although the health risks are less than those associated with house dust mites, the allergen has a significant consequences for some individuals. pollen is the popular term for the microspores ( male spores ) of seed - producing plants. the symptoms associated with pollen allergy, hayfever and allergic rhinitis can be either acute or chronic. it is not unusual for 10 \u2013 20 % of a population to be pollen sensitised. as part of the ambient aerosol, pollens are readily transported into the indoor environment through windows, doors, air intakes and even humans. there has been little or no systematic investigation of indoor / outdoor pollen concentrations across the united states. the major source of pollen exposure is the outdoor environment, so exposure would be expected to be low in mechanically ventilated buildings with well maintained systems. indoor plants may produce allergenic pollen. carpets are a reservoir for particles but regular cleaning will reduce pollen load provided the equipment used captures the particles. humans release a variety of odorous gaseous bioeffluents ( eg body odours ) that influence the perceived acceptability of indoor air. carbon dioxide, which is odourless, is one of the gaseous human bioeffluents in exhaled air. humans are normally the main indoor source of carbon dioxide. the outdoor carbon dioxide concentration is approximately 350 ppm, whereas indoor concentrations are usually in the range of 500 ppm to a few thousand parts per million. at these concentrations, carbon dioxide is not thought to be a direct cause of adverse health effects ; however, carbon dioxide is an easily measured surrogate for other occupant - generated pollutants, such as body odours. human breath emissions may be a significant source of vocs. fenske and paulson ( 1999 ) used data from previous studies to calculate the proportion of vocs attributable to human emissions in places where people congregate indoors, such as schools and offices. they calculated that human emissions are likely to be the source of at least 10 \u2013 20 %, and sometimes more than 50 %, of vocs in these places.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5040927920430613, "token_count": 465, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.827573"} {"text": "they were educators frustrated by the lack of flexible, easily accessible tools for teaching robotics. so they created the multiplo robot building kit, an open source robot building system meant to help people \u201c learn by doing. \u201d and, based on the success of their kickstarter campaign, it looks as though the hackers are ready. they reached their original goal of $ 15, 000 in just two days and, by the campaign \u2019 s end, raised over $ 132, 000. the kit comes with everything you need to build your own robot. they say it takes only about 45 minutes to assemble a robot. no specialized knowledge or soldering required, as the pieces \u2013 servos, plates, arms, sensors, control unit \u2013 are made to fit easily together. the controller is called duinobot and is compatible with the arduino microcomputer that handles motor outputs and connects to sensors. and people with the knowhow can use arduino ide to give their robots more advanced functions. the robots are controlled with a tv remote. it also comes with simple graphics - based software \u2013 also the product of a successful kickstarter campaign \u2013 that beginners can use to program commands. a major priority in creating multiplo was its simple, open source hardware. to \u201c learn by doing, \u201d builders are encouraged to reproduce the parts and eventually start coming up with their own designs. the kickstarter campaign has ended and contributors start receiving their kits february 2013. initially the team that includes a teacher, two engineers and a robotics specialist wanted to prototype robots. they soon realized that the tools they were using could and should be shared with others. as mentioned in the video, \u201c there are some other options out there. big corporations with copyright protection ensures that learning robotics is only for the elite. \u201d so yes, they \u2019 ve obviously been frustrated diyers in search of simple, affordable, open source robotics. lucky for us, they decided to make it themselves.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44416384125856756, "token_count": 399, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.833909"} {"text": "today one of my colleagues sent a link to \u201c how one teacher uses twitter in the classroom, \u201d the story of university of texas at dallas history professor, monica rankin \u2019 s use of twitter. the included youtube video has a number of interviews with students describing why this is a such a useful tool. this is a great way to address the multiple modes of interacting with text and a quick way to compare texts. now, we just need something that figures out if those are synonyms that have been used so frequently! guess we \u2019 ll need teachers for a few months more! i \u2019 ve been asked to meet with a colleague to discuss what a smart classroom should look like in a school of education today. the jumping off question was \u201c what kind of smartboard should we get? \u201d that got me thinking about the way to think about the whole design. the first thing i \u2019 d want to think about is how to structure the classroom so that the teacher isn \u2019 t always the center of the classroom. but i know most higher ed classrooms and most k - 12 classrooms still look like the teacher talking and the students listening so how can we rework that model. recommendation 1 : install 2 projectors and 2 good projection spaces that will give us a place for presentations, display of data, and all the things we \u2019 d do in a one projector classroom. projector 2 gives us a chance for some joint exploration of the ideas of the class. two of the primary ways to accomplish this are using a google jockey and setting up live blogging. right now my favorite tool for accomplishing this is coveritlive. the client gives lots of options for setting up a live blog and managing the session, which can subsequently be posted on the web in the class blog or wiki. that leads to my next recommendation. recommendation 2 : share the knowledge collection tasks with students recommendation 3 : use web 2. 0 tools for collaborating and sharing the class information too often higher ed faculty want to protect their lectures and notes from others who might copy them. but this is exactly counter to the way we expect students to collaborate and develop 21st century skills. by default all of our work is copyrighted. an easy way to demonstrate that collaboration is important and valued is to simply add a creative commons license to everything that is posted. recommendation 4 : use k - 12 standard technologies to prepare future teachers back to purchases \u2026 there are a few tools that teachers will encounter as they move into the professional work place. smart boards. i know there are lots of competing interactive white", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48606390154467005, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.980597"} {"text": "is posted. recommendation 4 : use k - 12 standard technologies to prepare future teachers back to purchases \u2026 there are a few tools that teachers will encounter as they move into the professional work place. smart boards. i know there are lots of competing interactive whiteboard products, but smart boards have become the kleenex of this space. the rich community of educators and the depth of lesson suport from the company puts this one out achead of the others. inspiration and kidspiration. again, there are lots of competing products both free and commercial, but these two have emerged as leaders because of both the community and the company. probes and probeware. laptops. i \u2019 d rather see every student bring their own, but it may be necessary to offer at least a few in the classroom. recommendation 5 : an annual budget the day this classroom opens, it will no longer be state of the art. a year later it will be laughably embarrassing to call it cutting edge. if we have a commitment to leading with technology then it is essential to look at this as an ongoing investment in the quality of education and that takes a commitment every year. been having a good time this week really being a geek again! my project has been to make my own wii whiteboard as developed originally by johnny lee of carnegie mellon and featured at the 2008 ted conference. this let \u2019 s you use your $ 40 wiimote, a homemade < $ 10 ir lightpen, and any surface in place of a commercial $ 1000 + whiteboard system. you bring the computer and the projector and here \u2019 s the rest of the story. the basic idea here is to use the wiimote \u2019 s infrared camera to point at an infrared light source and relay that information back to the computer via bluetooth. as with so many other projects, the wiimote projects have had most of their development on the windows side and there are many variants of the software around the web. although there are fewer choices, the ones i found did the job just fine. so, what \u2019 s needed. first, you need to connect your wiimote to your computer via bluetooth. on the mac, that deed is done quite simply through the system preferences. fire up the blootooth control panel and add the wiimote by pressing both the 1 and 2 buttons simultaneously when it \u2019 s time to have the device discovered. second, let \u2019 s just try to use the wiimote as a remote mouse. for this task, the best software i found", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.48872122070143226, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.982868"} {"text": "wiimote by pressing both the 1 and 2 buttons simultaneously when it \u2019 s time to have the device discovered. second, let \u2019 s just try to use the wiimote as a remote mouse. for this task, the best software i found was darwiin remote. again, a few little tricks. although the directions tell you to press the software \u2019 s \u201c find remote \u201d button and then the wiimote \u2019 s 1 and 2 buttons simultaneously, i found it worked more reliably if you do it the other way around. so, press 1 and 2 and your 4 leds will be flashing. press the \u201c find remote \u201d button and you get confirmation that the wiimote is all hooked up. one more thing to take care of here. you \u2019 ll need to open the darwiin remote buttons and define the left click and right click. i used the a and b buttons since that felt most natural. you could stop right here and have a remote mouse and amaze your friends! but let \u2019 s get to the really interesting stuff! third, you \u2019 ll need an infrared lightpen to turn the whole setup into an interactive whiteboard. the complete directions can be found on johnny lee \u2019 s site but there are variations all over the place. the best directions i found were on youtube. this will give you a good grounding in the electronics, even if you are as much of a novice as me! this other youtube video gives a simpler version, but you need to find the right pen. i found it useful for the closeup of the diode. fourth, you need the software to turn that funky ir pen into a true interactive whiteboard tool. that \u2019 s the wiimote whiteboard software. in this case, the mac version. the simplest way to get this running is to press the 1 and 2 buttons on your wiimote and then launch the software. you \u2019 ll now be able to calibrate the pen and from there it can be used as a your whiteboard mouse complete with left and right mouse buttons. the biggest hurdles from here are tuning your setup of the projector, screen and wiimote considering all our options. for many years i have been a great fan of webquests. they were really the hot ticket in the wild west days of the web back in the \u2019 90 \u2032 s. however, i think the time has come to move on and here \u2019 s my reasoning. second, the benefits of webquests in the late \u2019 90 \u2032", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4111825795258814, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.985013"} {"text": "hot ticket in the wild west days of the web back in the \u2019 90 \u2032 s. however, i think the time has come to move on and here \u2019 s my reasoning. second, the benefits of webquests in the late \u2019 90 \u2032 s have largely been overcome in the wake of web improvements. webquests were a great way for teachers to organize resources, but we now have del. icio. us accounts which are far richer and offer tag clouds that encourage broader thinking. we also have wikipedia which predigests a lot of this for us and sends us off to great resources. webquests were a way for teachers and students to become more familiar with the web \u2026 \u2019 nuff said. webquests provide a framework for scaffolding higher - order thinking \u2026 uh oh. so now that we are in 2007, webquests no longer really do scaffold higher - order thinking. in most cases, the task is laid out for students right from the start so they are robbed of the higher - order thinking required to solve some problem set out for them and which the resources presented might support them in that thinking. to be fair, i looked at the webquest page and found these exemplars, which still have these problems. tom march, one of the co - creators, tried to move the concept forward with his bestwebquests. com and provides the 7 red flags : warning signs when sifting webquests. the rich resources and search tools available on the web now offer great opportunities for students collect, evaluate, and share resources. we \u2019 d be much better off helping students find resources that solve problems if the goal is to scaffold higher - order thinking. if any more convincing is needed, just take a look at instant webquests which encourages you to \" create a webquest in 15 minutes. \" so much for thoughtful curriculum development. but, i do believe ( and taught for many years ) that webquests were a great model for teaching with technology. i still believe that was true only now i think we \u2019 ve moved on by learning from these. thanks, bernie dodge and tom march! ( btw, both are still doing great work and a look at dodge \u2019 s blog gives a hint that he might be sharing my point of view \u2026 one trick pony! )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5153088340428624, "token_count": 475, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.986776"} {"text": "welcome to wednesday wanderings! last week, we ventured to arlington cour in devon, england and queen emma \u2019 s summer palace outside honolulu, hawaii. commenter sarah has won the tote bag with hawaiian treats! today the netherlands celebrates bevrijdingsdag, \u201c liberation day \u201d, commemorating when the allied troops freed the lowlands from nazi occupation. from 2002 - 2005, i lived in sittard, a hilly region that slips down between belgium and germany. the nederlanders continue to show their gratitude to the allied forces with liberation day celebrations. my research indicated that the liberating troops were mostly canadians. canadian historical romance author ann lethbridge, http : / / www. annlethbridge. com /, sent me a link to the canadian tulip festival. from its website, http : / / www. tulipfestival. ca /, \u201c the festival, now in its 58th year, preserves the local heritage of canada \u2019 s role in freeing the dutch people during world war ii and the gift in perpetuity of the tulip to the city of ottawa for providing a safe harbour for the dutch royal family at that time. the tulips have become an important symbol of international friendship and the beauty of spring. they also have special meaning to people of canada ' s capital region. during the war, the dutch royal family was hosted at government house in ottawa. princess margriet was born at the ottawa civic hospital ; her hospital room declared \" dutch soil \" and the flag of the netherlands flew on parliament ' s peace tower. \u201d in honor of liberation day, let \u2019 s visit some historic places in limburg : - kasteel hoensbroek ( castle hoesnbroek ) is a moated castle with a round tower, square tower, fortified manor, and renaissance interior, demonstrating how the castle adapted over 700 years of history. it became the largest stronghold between the meuse and rhine rivers to protect the trade routes. for more information about kasteel hoensbroek, log onto : http : / / www. castles. nl / ( which features many european castles ) ( belgium barb travels to many fabulous places in the benelux on her blog ) - nearby is the roman city of maastricht. it developed into an important medieval city, serving both flemish speaking and french speaking traders. in 1993, members of the european union signed the maastricht treaty, creating the euro monetary system. as an ancient city, it holds", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40609329236334, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.995464"} {"text": "##astricht. it developed into an important medieval city, serving both flemish speaking and french speaking traders. in 1993, members of the european union signed the maastricht treaty, creating the euro monetary system. as an ancient city, it holds many secrets, including the caves of st. pieter. from the website, http : / / www. maastrichtunderground. nl / en / index2. html \u201d over the centuries, the mining of marl in the caves of st. pieter has resulted in the formation of a labyrinth with over 20, 000 tunnels. the so - called block breakers as well as various artists have left their marks behind in the form of various texts on the walls, some of which are very old. the caves were not only a source of marl ; they also served as a place of refuge for residents of the city during the many sieges which maastricht has endured over the centuries as well as during world war ii. some of the facilities that were put in place for those who sought shelter here are still visible. \u201c i \u2019 ve toured the caves to see the unique carvings. i also attended a christmas eve service in honor of the american soldiers who also celebrated christmas in the caves before the battle of the bulge. hmm, i \u2019 m now hungry for a stroopwafel ( syrup waffle ) before we return to hawaii. we don \u2019 t have any castles in hawaii, but we do have the us \u2019 s only royal palace, \u2018 iolani palace. from its website, http : / / www. iolanipalace. org /, \u2018 iolani palace, the official residence of hawaii \u2019 s monarchy, is a marvel of opulence, innovation, and political intrigue. meticulously restored to its former grandeur, this national historic landmark in downtown honolulu tells of a time when their majesties, king kalakaua, who built it in 1882, and his sister and successor, queen lili \u2018 uokalani, walked its celebrated halls. i invite you to leave a comment about liberation day, the netherlands, or hawaii. one randomly selected commenter will a special treat from \u2018 iolani palace. dank u vel!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44371524544239294, "token_count": 454, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:42.996417"} {"text": "\u201c green \u201d is a terribly overused and poorly defined term. yet, consumers seem to know that \u201c green is good \u201d and some scrutinize where food and fiber comes from and how it is produced. arizona has made great advances in cotton insect pest management. bt cotton is the ultimate green technology which has permitted growers to forego most, if not all, lepidopteran chemical controls and more recently to functionally eradicate pink bollworm. along with bt, whitefly specific insect growth regulators ( courier and knack ) ushered in a new era of \u201c selective \u201d pest control beginning in 1996. selective means the target is controlled while most or all other non - target organisms are unaffected, including predators, parasitoids, and pollinators. in 2006, arizona gained access to carbine, a fully selective, lygus - specific feeding inhibitor. one way to stay \u201c green \u201d in cotton is to choose selective chemical controls when insecticides are needed for insect control. our guidelines emphasize efficacy and selectivity in chemical controls and are based on over a decade of field research in the arizona cotton system. selectivity can only be assured by this type of direct testing in the field where target and non - target organisms live. poor choices of chemical controls can have negative impacts on a whole range of species that are otherwise important in contributing to the control of primary and secondary insect pests. with lepidopteran pests diminished in importance in our system, whiteflies and lygus bugs remain as the key or primary pests. good management for these pests, including the use of selective controls when indicated by careful sampling and use of thresholds, helps protect against outbreaks of many other secondary pests, saves money, and saves the environment. or, if you prefer \u2026 it helps us keep our cotton system \u201c green. \u201d to view the related tables with this article, click on this link : http : / / ag. arizona. edu / crops / cotton / files / selectivechemicalcontrolsvf. pdf", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.514216347289939, "token_count": 414, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.000546"} {"text": "ngo dinh diem coup and assassination the regime ' s relations with the u. s. worsened during 1963, and a turning point came in may when a buddhist monk, thich quang \u0111uc, set himself on fire in the middle of a busy saigon intersection in protest at diem ' s policies, photos of which were transmitted around the world and for many people came to represent the failure of diem ' s government. a further number of monks publicly self - immolated themselves, and the u. s. grew increasingly frustrated with the unpopular leader ' s public image in both vietnam and the united states. diem and madame nhu claimed that the communists had infiltrated the buddhist groups, and that the crackdown was in accordance with the agreed - upon anti - communist policy. madame nhu infamously commented that she would \" clap hands at seeing another monk barbecue show. \" nhu often blamed the cia for infiltrating the buddisht groups and causing turmoil. on orders from u. s. president john f. kennedy, henry cabot lodge, the american ambassador to south vietnam, refused to meet with diem. upon hearing that a coup d ' etat was being designed by arvn generals led by general duong van minh, the united states gave secret assurances to the generals that the u. s. would not interfere. duong van minh and his fellow plotters overthrew the government and executed president diem and his younger brother, ngo \u0111inh nhu, on november 2, 1963. the united states publicly expressed shock and disappointment that diem had been killed. coincidentally, u. s. president john f. kennedy was assassinated just twenty days later. some vietnamese believed it was diem ' s ghost that went for revenge since president kennedy approved the coup. when madame nhu, visiting the united states at the time, learned of the coup d ' etat, she immediately identified the united states as the perpetrator. she later said, \" whoever has the americans as allies does not need enemies. \" madame nhu went on to predict a dark future for vietnam and that, by being involved in the coup, the troubles of the united states in vietnam were only beginning. bush delays speech on iraq until january by jim rutenberg published : december 12, 2006 washington, dec. 12 \u2014 president bush will wait until after the holidays to speak to the nation about a new strategy in iraq, a strategy he said today will be designed to establish a free and self - sufficient country that will", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43027081289946967, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.007987"} {"text": ": december 12, 2006 washington, dec. 12 \u2014 president bush will wait until after the holidays to speak to the nation about a new strategy in iraq, a strategy he said today will be designed to establish a free and self - sufficient country that will be an ally in the battle against extremists. \u201c our objective is to help the iraqi government deal with the extremists and killers, and support the vast majority of iraqis who are reasonable people who want peace, \u201d mr. bush said after an oval office meeting with the iraqi vice president, tariq al - hashemi, the leader of the most powerful sunni arab party in iraq. mr. hashemi, sitting next to mr. bush in the oval office, said he and mr. bush agreed on the overall goal. \u201c we have no other option in iraq but to achieve that success, \u201d mr. hashemi said. \u201c and with the cooperation of with our friends, mr. president and the american administration, we will join forces to achieve that success in the pursuit of peace. \u201d the iraqi leader acknowledged that his country is enduring great suffering but said, \u201c there is a light in the corridor. \u201d neither mr. bush nor mr. hashemi offered a hint on what the new strategy might be, or how deeply they had discussed it. neither man used the word \u201c victory \u201d in describing their aspirations, although mr. hashemi said he was confident of washington \u2019 s commitment to \u201c the unforgettable, the long - awaited success. \u201d mr. bush had been expected to speak to the american people about iraq before christmas. but a spokesman for the national security council said today that the talk will now take place after the new year. we can now call him president rashkalnikov now, a reckless, degenerate gambler. when we are clearly losing, not only does he want to send 40, 000 more troops to attack both the sadrists and in anbar province, but he wants to place people who would have no problem breaking up iraq in charge. does bush work for iran? i think the iranians have had their fill of hakim. going to meet bush for permission to overthrow maliki would have been the last straw for me. it ' s all about the best deal going for him. sadr has at least 60, 000 men under arms, and i would bet could raise far more than that if he needed to, including several army units. so what is the plan, go into sadr city and replay stalingrad", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4568583710737407, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.008886"} {"text": "for him. sadr has at least 60, 000 men under arms, and i would bet could raise far more than that if he needed to, including several army units. so what is the plan, go into sadr city and replay stalingrad? then fight off the sunnis in ramadi, who, will for no other reason than cussedness, attack our supply lines. so you will have the us trying to hunt down people in their homes, alleys they know like their hands, streets which have been presighted for years. and to add to this madness, they ' re gonna be looking for moqtada sadr. in his home, in the neighborhood named for his family. how much you wanna bet they fail? now, let ' s see, the average us brigade has about 5000 men, maybe one third combat effective so let ' s say we get a full division of americans, and maybe a brigade of kurdish peshmerga that ' s 20k, you may have 7. 000 actual grunts. and you can ' t clean out the base camps because sending pog ' s into sadr city should be called murder. so, in a confined space, with every move tracked by personally loyal servants to sadr, the us will start moving in sadr city. and start dying. because even a 15 year old can hide and kill from a building. and sadr ' s men will outnumber us on the ground, two or three to one, to start with. after a couple of weeks, when you have 100 dead americans, the iraqi army riddled with defections and desertions, the mahdi army will watch the us pull away, with the iraqi government booking flights for london. because sadr will have won a tremendous victory against the failed iraqi government and the us military. his enemies will be dead, discredited or in exile. even if they get the man, the movement wins. and i think he ' s got his hidie holes set. oh, and the resistance will become the official voice of the sunnis, and both will have every reason to make sure kurdistan fails, since it is a threat to them. so for sadr and the guerrillas, it ' s a win - win situation. for bush, it may force him from office. yes, the stakes are that high. maybe you ' re thinking : but what if this works. sadr has at least 58, 000 trigger pullers to start with. they don ' t have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41489929185732594, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.009719"} {"text": "for bush, it may force him from office. yes, the stakes are that high. maybe you ' re thinking : but what if this works. sadr has at least 58, 000 trigger pullers to start with. they don ' t have a long logistical tail in the mahdi army. now, even if every swinging dick in a us division fights, that ' s 15, 000 men. you can see where the numbers are going. now the military thinks sadr can be broken, that they can get partners they can deal with. in 1965, lyndon johnson offered the north vietnamese government a dam on the red river, if they would withdraw from vietnam. uncle ho ignored the order and sent more men down the trail. same kind of thinking in play. countries don ' t like leaders who cooperate with occupiers. they tend to kill or exile them. all this talk of shoving sadr aside, which has been around the green zone for months, is pure idiocy. people always think they can replace an authentic leader with one of their liking. iraqis already don ' t trust hakim, because of that little torture thing in the iranian pow camps, considering the vast majority were shia. and now he ' s conspiring with bush? who outside of his movement, and remember sadr city starts with 2m + people, would trust him? we shall see if they try this. posted by steve @ 1 : 54 : 00 am", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4481959112056546, "token_count": 296, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.010227"} {"text": "research suggests people who make vegetable juice part of a daily diet may be more likely to get recommended daily servings chicago, october 24, 2008 - making vegetable juice a daily habit could be a small step that can lead to big changes in meeting daily vegetable recommendations, according to a new study being presented by researchers from the university of california - davis this week at the american dietetic association annual conference1. with seven out of 10 adults falling short of the daily recommended vegetable intake as put forth by the u. s. dietary guidelines, researchers studied whether drinking vegetable juice could be a simple behavior change to help boost the intake of this critical food group2. and it was. the study looked at three groups of healthy men and women. all three groups received dietary counseling on ways to get more vegetables, but only two of the groups were instructed to consume at least one serving of vegetable juice, in the form of v8\u00ae 100 % vegetable juice each day. of those two groups, one drank one 8 - ounce glass of vegetable juice every day and the other drank two 8 - ounce glasses of vegetable juice every day as part of a balanced eating plan. the study found that those who received dietary counseling and consumed vegetable juice were far more likely to meet the daily vegetable recommendations, about two and a half cups ( five servings ), than those who received counseling alone. specifically, more than half of the participants who drank one serving of v8 100 % vegetable juice met the recommendations, as did all of those who drank two 8 - ounce glasses of v8 100 % vegetable juice each day. of those who did not drink any vegetable juice, less than a quarter got enough vegetables. researchers concluded that changing dietary behavior is much more effective when dietary advice is complemented with tangible, real, easy and convenient solutions. \" what we found in this study is that drinking vegetable juice seemed to address some of the key barriers to vegetable consumption such as convenience, portability and taste, so individuals were more likely to meet their daily recommendations, \" said carl keen, phd, study author and distinguished professor of nutrition & internal medicine at university of california, davis. \" furthermore, vegetable juice drinkers reported that they actually enjoyed drinking their vegetables, which is critical to adopting dietary practices for the long - term. \" in fact, after six weeks of the study, vegetable drinkers reported they felt \" more satisfied \" with the ease of getting vegetables into their diet, and that v8 100 % vegetable juice provided an important additional source of vitamins and minerals. a growing body of science indicates vegetables are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4729108883093087, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.013887"} {"text": "of the study, vegetable drinkers reported they felt \" more satisfied \" with the ease of getting vegetables into their diet, and that v8 100 % vegetable juice provided an important additional source of vitamins and minerals. a growing body of science indicates vegetables are important to promoting good health, including helping to reduce risk factors for heart disease, diabetes and achieving a healthy weight. according to produce for better health, all forms count. \" the best type of vegetable is one that you will actually consume, so it ' s important to provide people with a variety of great tasting options and ways to include them in their diet, \" said elizabeth pivonka, phd, rd, produce for better health foundation. \" that ' s why we encourage people to explore all types of vegetables, such as 100 % juice, fresh, frozen or canned, to get at least one serving of vegetables at each meal occasion throughout the day. \" v8 : delivering authentic vegetable nutrition for more than 75 years, the v8 brand has been committed to providing simple, innovative solutions to help consumers increase their daily vegetable intake. today the portfolio of great - tasting, convenient products includes v8 100 % vegetable juice and v8 v - fusion\u00ae 100 % juice, a blend of vegetables and fruit juices with a sweeter taste, which provides a full serving of vegetables and a full serving of fruit in every 8 - ounce glass. this year the brand also introduced new campbell ' s\u00ae v8\u00ae soups, which provide a full serving of vegetables in every bowl. for more information, visit www. v8juice. com. about campbell soup company campbell soup company is a global manufacturer and marketer of high - quality foods and simple meals, including soup, baked snacks, and healthy beverages. founded in 1869, the company has a portfolio of market - leading brands, including campbell ' s, pepperidge farm, arnott ' s, and v8. for more information on the company, visit campbell ' s website at www. campbellsoup. com juli mandel sloves campbell soup company", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47090490754289566, "token_count": 412, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.014651"} {"text": "architects have been talking for years about \u201c biophilic \u201d design, \u201c evidence based \u201d design, design informed by the work of psychologists. but last may, at the profession \u2019 s annual convention, john zeisel and fellow panelists were trying to explain neuroscience to a packed ballroom. the late - afternoon session pushed well past the end of the day ; questions just kept coming. it was a scene, zeisel marveled \u2014 all this interest in neuroscience \u2014 that would not have taken place just a few years earlier. zeisel is a sociologist and architect who has researched the design of facilities for alzheimer \u2019 s patients. architects, he explains, \u201c understand about aesthetics ; they know about psychology. the next depth to which they can go is understanding the brain and how it works and why do people feel more comfortable in one space than another? \u201d this is an admittedly abstract concept. to help explain, architects often tell this story : early in his career, when he was still struggling to find a cure for polio, jonas salk retreated to umbria, italy, to the monastery at the basilica of assisi. the 13th - century franciscan monastery rises out of the hillside in geometric white stone, with romanesque arches framing its quiet courtyards. salk would insist, for the rest of his life, that something about this place \u2014 the design and the environment in which he found himself \u2014 helped to clear his obstructed mind, inspiring the solution that led to his famous polio vaccine.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5293300191603088, "token_count": 304, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.016172"} {"text": "the basic shape of east dean church is unaltered from the time of its construction between the middle of the 12th century to the first part of the 13th. the cross shape with the tower at the middle is still there, with the impressive south door with its columns and multiple arches. a north aisle was added in the 14th century and later removed, leaving only the traces of an arch visible in the outside wall. a wooden spire came and went. the tower arches were beefed up with segmental curves at some point, and it is said the tops of the original medieval pointed arches are still visible above the plaster ceiling in the crossing. the basic plan even survived the victorians, who in 1870 brought in not one but two architects. the rector, who was responsible for the chancel, employed the nationally - known ewan christian, but the parishioners, who had to pay for the rest, got john marshall, a local builder who was presumably much cheaper. fortunately, although much of the stonework was replaced or sharpened up, they did not interfere too much. a pair of lovely 18th century gravestones in the churchyard nicely illustrate two contrasting approaches to memorialising death. one is covered with symbols of mortality \u2013 a skull, a funerary urn and what looks like a bell. the other has symbols of the afterlife \u2013 the rays of god ' s glory, two cherubs and bunches of grapes. it would be lovely to know if the first was erected to the gloomy old pessimist of the village, and the other to the local sunny optimist.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3950957105681566, "token_count": 320, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.017749"} {"text": "what is a delegate? delegates play an important role in utah \u2019 s political system. here are some commonly asked questions about delegates. what is a delegate? what does a delegate do? a delegate is someone from your precinct ( neighborhood ) whom you elect to represent your precinct at your party \u2019 s convention. delegates are important because they elect candidates for your political party \u2019 s primary ( and in some cases general ) election. what is a precinct caucus? a precinct caucus is a neighborhood meeting where you and your neighbors of the same party affiliation get together and elect delegates and precinct officers. these meetings happen once every two years on even - numbered years. this year, precinct caucuses will be held on tuesday, march 13, at 7 p. m. for democrats and thursday, march 15, at 7 p. m. for republicans. why become a delegate? in utah, delegates have a lot of sway politically. as a delegate you are one of 4, 000 or fewer people ( in some races as few as 80 ) who decide who will be your party \u2019 s nominee in this year \u2019 s elections. if a candidate gets 60 percent or more of the delegate vote at convention, he or she is the party \u2019 s nominee in the general election. if no one receives 60 percent of the vote, the two candidates with the highest number of votes go on to a primary election. who can be a delegate? in order to be a delegate you must - be a u. s. citizen - be 18 years old or older by the date of the general election ( nov. 6 for this year ) - live in the precinct you represent if you are running for a republican delegate position, you must be a registered republican. if you have not already registered as a party member, you can do so at the precinct caucus. what \u2019 s the difference between a state and a county delegate? there are two kinds of delegates : county delegates and state delegates. county delegates select nominees for county offices and also for legislative offices in districts that are entirely contained within that county. they also attend to county party business. state delegates select nominees for federal and statewide offices and for legislative seats whose districts are in multiple counties. they also attend to state party business. if i \u2019 m elected a delegate, what will i have to do? delegates serve two - year terms. each year you are asked to attend one convention ( your party \u2019 s county convention if you are a county delegate, or your party \u2019 s state convention if you are a state delegate ). in the first", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4860623437361766, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.020558"} {"text": "digital audio networking demystified the osi model helps bring order to the chaos of various digital audio network options. credit : randall fung / corbis networking has been a source of frustration and confusion for pro av professionals for decades. fortunately, the international organization of standardization, more commonly referred to as iso, created a framework in the early 1980s called the open systems interconnection ( osi ) reference model, a seven - layer framework that defines network functions, to help simplify matters. providing a common understanding of how to communicate to each layer, the osi model ( fig. 1 ) is basically the foundation of what makes data networking work. although it ' s not important for av professionals to know the intricate details of each layer, it is vital to at least have a grasp of the purpose of each layer as well as general knowledge of the common protocols in each one. let ' s take a look at the some key points. the seven layers starting from the bottom up, the seven layers of the osi reference model are physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application. the physical layer is just that \u2014 the hardware ' s physical connection that describes its electrical characteristics. the data link layer is the logic connection, defining the type of network. for example, the data link layer defines whether or not it is an ethernet or asynchronous transfer mode ( atm ) network. there is also more than one data network transport protocol. the data link layer is divided into two sub - layers : the media access control ( mac ) and the logical link control ( above the mac as you move up the osi reference model ). the seven layers of the open systems interconnection ( osi ) reference model for network functions. here is one concrete example of how the osi model helps us understand networking technologies. some people assume that any device with a cat - 5 cable connected to it is an ethernet device. but it is ethernet ' s physical layer that defines an electrical specification and physical connection \u2014 cat - 5 terminated with an rj - 45 connector just happens to be one of them. for a technology to fully qualify as an ethernet standard, it requires full implementation of both the physical and data link layers. the network layer \u2014 the layer at which network routers operate \u2014 \u201c packetizes \u201d the data and provides routing information. the common protocol for this layer is the internet protocol ( ip ). layer four is the transport layer. keep in mind that this layer has a different meaning in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5539771624542899, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.035229"} {"text": "at which network routers operate \u2014 \u201c packetizes \u201d the data and provides routing information. the common protocol for this layer is the internet protocol ( ip ). layer four is the transport layer. keep in mind that this layer has a different meaning in the osi reference model compared to how we use the term \u201c transport \u201d for moving audio around. the transport layer provides protocols to determine the delivery method. the most popular layer four protocol is transmission control protocol ( tcp ). many discuss tcp / ip as one protocol, but actually they are two separate protocols on two different layers. tcp / ip is usually used as the data transport for file transfers or audio control applications. comparison of four digital audio technologies using the osi model as a framework. tcp provides a scheme where it sends an acknowledge message for each packet received by a sending device. if it senses that it is missing a packet of information, it will send a message back to the sender to resend. this feature is great for applications that are not time - dependent, but is not useful in real - time applications like audio and video. streaming media technologies most common on the web use another method called user datagram protocol ( udp ), which simply streams the packets. the sender never knows if it actually arrives or not. professional audio applications have not used udp because they are typically physical layer or data link layer technologies \u2014 not transport layer. however, a newcomer to professional audio networking, australia - based audinate, has recently become the first professional audio networking technology to use udp / ip technology over ethernet with its product called dante. the session and presentation layers are not commonly used in professional audio networks ; therefore, they will not be covered in this article. because these layers can be important to some integration projects, you may want to research the osi model further to complete your understanding of this useful tool. the purpose of the application layer is to provide the interface tools that make networking useful. it is not used to move audio around the network. it controls, manages, and monitors audio devices on a network. popular protocols are file transfer protocol ( ftp ), telnet, hypertext transfer protocol ( http ), domain name system ( dns ), and virtual private network ( vpn ), to name just a few. now that you have a basic familiarity with the seven layers that make up the osi model, let ' s dig a little deeper into the inner workings of a digital audio network. breaking down audio networks audio networking can be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5487349562655172, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.036276"} {"text": "to name just a few. now that you have a basic familiarity with the seven layers that make up the osi model, let ' s dig a little deeper into the inner workings of a digital audio network. breaking down audio networks audio networking can be broken into in two main concepts : control and transport. configuring, monitoring, and actual device control all fall into the control category and use several standard communication protocols. intuitively, getting digital audio from here to there is the role of transport. control applications can be found in standard protocols of the application layer. application layer protocols that are found in audio are telnet, http, and simple network management protocol ( snmp ). telnet is short for teletype network and was one of the first internet protocols. telnet provides command - line style communication to a machine. one example of telnet usage in audio is the peavey mediamatrix, which uses this technology, known as ratc, as a way to control mediamatrix devices remotely. snmp is a protocol for monitoring devices on a network. there are several professional audio and video manufacturers that support this protocol, which provides a method for managing the status or health of devices on a network. snmp is a key technology in network operation center ( noc ) monitoring. it is an application layer protocol that communicates to devices on the network through udp / ip protocols, which can be communicated over a variety of data transport technologies. control systems can be manufacturer - specific, such as harman pro ' s hiqnet, qsc audio ' s qscontrol, or third party such as crestron ' s cresnet, where the control software communicates to audio devices through tcp / ip. in many cases, tcp / ip - based control can run on the same network as the audio signal transport, and some technologies ( such as cobranet and dante ) are designed to allow data traffic to coexist with audio traffic. the organizing and managing of audio bits is the job of the audio transport. this is usually done by the audio protocol. aviom, cobranet, and ethersound are protocols that organize bits for transport on the network. the transport can be divided into two categories : logical and physical. purely physical layer technologies, such as aviom, use hardware to organize and move digital bits. more often than not, a proprietary chip is used to organize and manage them. ethernet - based technologies packetize the audio and send it to the data link and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5454778067870474, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.038286"} {"text": "physical layer technologies, such as aviom, use hardware to organize and move digital bits. more often than not, a proprietary chip is used to organize and manage them. ethernet - based technologies packetize the audio and send it to the data link and physical layers to be transported on ethernet devices. ethernet is both a logical and physical technology that packetizes or \u201c frames \u201d the audio in the data link layer and sends it to the physical layer to be moved to another device on the network. ethernet ' s physical layer also has a physical layer chip, referred to as the phy chip, which can be purchased from several manufacturers. comparing digital audio systems the more familiar you are with the osi model, the easier it will be to understand the similarities and differences of the various digital audio systems. for many people, there is a tendency to gloss over the osi model and just talk about networking - branded protocols. however, understanding the osi model will bring clarity to your understanding of digital audio networking ( fig. 2 ). due to the integration of pro av systems, true networking schemes are vitally important. a distinction must be made between audio networking and digital audio transports. audio networks are defined as those meeting the commonly used standard protocols, where at least the physical and data link layer technologies and standard network appliances ( such as hubs and switches ) can be used. there are several technologies that meet this requirement using ieee 1394 ( firewire ), ethernet, and atm technologies, to name a few. however, because ethernet is widely deployed in applications ranging from large enterprises to the home, this will be the technology of focus. all other technologies that do not meet this definition will be considered digital audio transport systems, and not a digital audio network. there are at least 15 schemes for digital audio transport systems and audio networking. three of the four technologies presented here have been selected because of their wide acceptance in the industry based on the number of manufacturers that support it. let ' s compare four cat - 5 / ethernet technologies : aviom, ethersound, cobranet, and dante. this is not to be considered a \u201c shoot - out \u201d between technologies but rather a discussion to gain understanding of some of the many digital system options available to the av professional. as previously noted, aviom is a physical layer \u2013 only technology based on the classifications outlined above. it does use an ethernet phy chip, but doesn ' t meet the electrical characteristics of ethernet. therefore, it cannot be connected to standard ethernet hubs or switches. aviom uses", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5745263707965536, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.039452"} {"text": "a physical layer \u2013 only technology based on the classifications outlined above. it does use an ethernet phy chip, but doesn ' t meet the electrical characteristics of ethernet. therefore, it cannot be connected to standard ethernet hubs or switches. aviom uses a proprietary chip to organize multiple channels of audio bits to be transported throughout a system, and it falls in the classification of a digital audio transport system. ethersound and cobranet are both 802. 3 ethernet \u2013 compliant technologies that can be used on standard data ethernet switches. there is some debate as to whether ethersound technology can be considered a true ethernet technology because it requires a dedicated network. ethersound uses a proprietary scheme for network control, and cobranet uses standard data networking methods. the key difference for both the av and data professional is that ethersound uses a dedicated network, and cobranet does not. there are other differences that may be considered before choosing between cobranet and ethersound, but both are considered to be layer two ( data link ) technologies. dante uses ethernet, but it is considered a layer four technology ( transport ). it uses udp for audio transport and ip for audio routing on an ethernet transport, commonly referred to as udp / ip over ethernet. at this point you may be asking yourself why does the audio industry have so many technologies? why can ' t there be one standard like there is in the data industry? the answer to the first question relates to time. audio requires synchronous delivery of bits. early ethernet networks weren ' t much concerned with time. ethernet is asynchronous, meaning there isn ' t a concern when and how data arrives as long as it gets there. therefore, to put digital audio on a data network requires a way to add a timing mechanism. time is an issue in another sense, in that your options depend on technology or market knowledge available at the time when you develop your solution. when and how you develop your solution leads to the question of a single industry standard. many people don ' t realize that the data industry does in fact have more than one standard : ethernet, atm, fiberchannel, and sonet. each layer of the osi model has numerous protocols for different purposes. the key is that developers follow the osi model as a framework for network functions and rules for communicating between them. if the developer wants to use ethernet, he or she is required to have this technology follow the rules for communicating to the data link layer, as required by the ethernet standard. because one", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5435441142535828, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.040441"} {"text": "as a framework for network functions and rules for communicating between them. if the developer wants to use ethernet, he or she is required to have this technology follow the rules for communicating to the data link layer, as required by the ethernet standard. because one of the key issues for audio involves time, it ' s important to use it wisely. there are two types of time that we need to be concerned with in networking : clock time and latency. clock time in this context is a timing mechanism that is broken down into measurable units, such as milliseconds. in digital audio systems, latency is the time duration between when audio or a bit of audio goes into a system until the bit comes out the other side. latency has many causes, but arguably the root cause in audio networks is the design of its timing mechanism. in addition, there is a tradeoff between the timing method and bandwidth. a general rule of thumb is that as the resolution of the timing mechanism increases, the more bandwidth that ' s required from the network. ethernet, being an asynchronous technology, requires a timing method to be added to support the synchronous nature of audio. the concepts and methodology of clocking networks for audio are key differences among the various technologies. cobranet uses a time mechanism called a beat packet. this packet is sent out in 1. 33 millisecond intervals and communicates with cobranet devices. therefore, the latency of a cobranet audio network can ' t be less than 1. 33 milliseconds. cobranet was introduced in 1995 when large - scale dsp - based digital systems started replacing analog designs in the market. because the \u201c sound system in a box \u201d was new, there was great scrutiny of these systems. a delay or latency in some time - critical applications was noticed, considered to be a challenge of using digital systems. however, many believe that latency is an overly exaggerated issue in most applications where digital audio systems are deployed. in fact, this topic could be an article unto itself. a little history of digital systems and networking will provide some insight on the reason why there are several networking technologies available today. in the late ' 90s, there were two \u201c critical \u201d concerns in the digital audio industry : year of 2000 compliance ( y2k ) and latency. to many audio pros, using audio networks like cobranet seemed impossible because of the delay \u2014 at that time, approximately 5 milliseconds, or in video terms, less time", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5221297532816085, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.041475"} {"text": "year of 2000 compliance ( y2k ) and latency. to many audio pros, using audio networks like cobranet seemed impossible because of the delay \u2014 at that time, approximately 5 milliseconds, or in video terms, less time than a frame of video. enter ethersound, introduced in 2001, which addressed the issue of latency by providing an ethernet networking scheme with low latency and better bit - depth and higher sampling rate than cobranet. the market timing and concern over latency gave ethersound an excellent entry point. but since reducing latency down to 124 microseconds limits available bandwidth for data traffic, a dedicated network is required for a 100 - mb ethersound network. later, to meet the market demands of lower latency requirements, cobranet introduced variable latency, with 1. 33 milliseconds being the minimum. with the ethernet technologies discussion thus far, there is a relationship between the bit - depth and sample rate to the clocking system. audio is not the only industry with a need for real - time clocking schemes. communications, military, and industrial applications also require multiple devices to be connected together on a network and function in real - time. a group was formed from these markets, and they took on the issue of real - time clocking while leveraging the widely deployed ethernet technology. the outcome was the ieee 1588 standard for a real - time clocking system for ethernet networks in 2002. as a late entry to the networking party, audinate ' s dante comes to the market with the advantage of using new technologies like ieee 1588 to solve many of the current challenges in networking audio. using this clocking technology in ethernet allows dante to provide sample accurate timing and synchronization while achieving latency as low as 34 microseconds. coming to the market later also has the benefit of gigabit networking being widely supported, which provides the increased bandwidth requirement of ultra - low latency. it should be noted here that ethersound does have a gigabit version, and cobranet does work on gigabit infrastructure with added benefits but it is currently a fast ethernet technology. dante provides a flexible solution to many of the current tradeoffs that require one system on another due to design requirements of latency verses bandwidth, because dante can support different latency, bit depth, and sample rates in the same system. for example, this allows a user to provide a low - latency, higher bandwidth assignment to in - ear monitoring while at the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4877497334632691, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.042539"} {"text": "latency verses bandwidth, because dante can support different latency, bit depth, and sample rates in the same system. for example, this allows a user to provide a low - latency, higher bandwidth assignment to in - ear monitoring while at the same time use a higher latency assignment in areas where latency is less of a concern ( such as front of house ), thereby reducing the overall network bandwidth requirement. the developers of cobranet and dante are both working toward advancing software so that av professionals and end - users can configure, route audio, and manage audio devices on a network. the goal is to make audio networks \u201c plug - and - play \u201d for those that don ' t want to know anything about networking technologies. one of the advances to note is called \u201c device discovery, \u201d where the software finds all of the audio devices on the network so you don ' t have to configure them in advance. the software also has advance features for those who want to dive into the details of their audio system. advances in digital audio systems and networking technologies will continue to change to meet market applications and their specific requirements. aviom ' s initial focus was to create a personal monitoring system, and it developed a digital audio transport to better serve this application. aviom ' s low - latency transport provided a solution to the market that made it the perfect transport for many live applications. cobranet provides the av professional with a solution to integrate audio, video, and data systems on an enterprise switched network. ethersound came to the market by providing a low - latency audio transport using standard ethernet 802. 3 technology. dante comes to the market after significant change and growth and gigabit networking and new technologies like ieee 1588 to solve many of challenges of using ethernet in real - time systems. networking audio and video can seem chaotic, but gaining an understanding of the osi model helps bring order to the chaos. it not only provides an understanding of the various types of technology, but it also provides a common language to communicate for both av and data professionals. keeping it simple by using the osi model as the foundation and breaking audio networking down into two functional parts ( control and transport ) will help you determine which networking technology will best suit your particular application. brent harshbarger is the founder of m3tools located in atlanta. he can be reached at email @ example. com.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47332071641487194, "token_count": 487, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.043515"} {"text": "mythical creatures series is it a myth? legend? hairless coyote? this creature comes out at night and has a particular interest in blood, so keep your animals inside, especially if you live in puerto rico. what is it? the chupacabra is a legendary cryptid ( a creature or plant whose existence has been suggested but is unrecognized by scientific consensus and often regarded as highly unlikely ) rumored to inhabit parts of the americas. the name comes from the animal \u2019 s reported habit of attacking and drinking the blood of livestock, especially goats. the majority of alleged sightings take place in puerto rico, mexico, and the united states, especially in the latter \u2019 s latin american communities. the first reported attacks occurred in march 1995 in puerto rico \u2013 8 dead sheep with puncture wounds in the chest and completely drained of blood. there are many theories about where the chupacabra has come from, including outer space, military experiments on coyotes or a coverup for vampire cults. it is supposedly a heavy creature, the size of a small bear, with a row of spines reaching from the neck to the base of the tail, but the physical description seems to vary depending where you read it. sometimes it is described as a winged monkey, six to eight feet tall, with long, clawed arms and hideous fangs. some eyewitnesses state the creature is a flying rodent or a species of kangaroo. others says it has a dog or panther - like nose and face, a forked tongue, and large fangs. it is said to hiss and screech when alarmed, as well as leave behind a sulfuric stench. appearances in culture ( there is a lot out there ) - scooby - doo and the monster of mexico - x files : season 4, episode 11 \u2013 el mundo gira - dexter \u2019 s laboratory is for the chupacabras in the episode called \u201c got your goat \u201d from the season 2 - a chupacabras appears as a legendary creature in the video game red dead redemption : undead nightmare, where it takes the appearance of a cross between a hyena and a boar - it has been portrayed various times in the anime series negima - the walking dead tv series references the chupacabra in the episode chupacabra when daryl dixon claims to have seen one whilst squirrel hunting, however later in the episode it is revealed that he had eaten magic mushroom - in an episode of jackie chan adventures, the chupacabras only came out at night, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44249531285762406, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.046291"} {"text": "- 29 new content chapters plus 7 review reading chapters to equal 36 weekly chapters - pronunciation guides - weekly vocabulary introduction - thorough grammar explanations - us state seals and their latin mottos - study of latin derivatives of english words - latin reading and translation exercises - lessons and stories of roman myths, culture, and history - exercises and questions to prepare for nle and advanced placement exam - historic contributions from christopher schlect, historian and academic dean of new saint andrews college if you are a homeschool parent who is interested in teaching your child latin but you were either too intimidated to try it or just did not feel qualified enough, you will love this program! the program is very easy to teach because it is done for you. the dvd lessons are just like having a latin teacher in your home with you. the teacher is very easy to understand and follow along with. you can take the lessons at your own pace and can always pause or back up the dvd to repeat something you didn ' t understand. the teacher ' s guide gives you all of the answers and there are several free resources and teacher helps available on the website. if you have something you don ' t understand you are encouraged to contact calssical academic press and they will help you in solving your problem. there are a few errors in the textbook, but there is this document available on the website under free resources correcting the errors for you. i you are a homeschooled child whose parents want you to learn latin but you think it is going to be boring, you will love this program! the teacher on the dvd is very interesting to listen to and also pretty funny at times. the lessons offer plenty of practice and review to keep reminding you what you have already learned. there are plenty of examples of why latin is important to learn and how it is still alive today mixed with fun and interesting information about roman history and culture. my 14 year old daughter said, \" wow, latin is a lot more interesting and fun than i thought it would be! \" to see what other crew members had to say click here. i received a complimentary copy of latin alive! book one bundle for the purpose of writing a fair and honest review. i received no other compensation.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42093420300029866, "token_count": 449, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.048529"} {"text": "the preliminary review by the nuclear regulatory commission, ongoing for six years but which became a priority following japan \u2019 s massive earthquake in march that led to a disaster at the fukushima nuclear plant, found that the reactors are vulnerable to larger earthquakes than previously assumed and need upgrades to withstand the potential tremors. and the regulators suggested that the operators at all 104 commercial reactors review their facilities \u2019 vulnerabilities to earthquake damage. the industry and regulators say the reactors are safe as is for now, but an associated press report showed that nrc experts were still concerned : after the march earthquake in japan that caused the biggest nuclear crisis since chernobyl, nrc staffers fretted in emails that the agency \u2019 s understanding of earthquake risk for existing reactors was out of date. in a march 15 email, for example, an nrc earthquake expert questioned releasing data to the public showing how strong an earthquake each plant was designed to withstand. the seismologist, annie kammerer, acknowledged that recent science showed stronger quakes could happen. \u201c frankly, it is not a good story for us, \u201d she wrote to agency colleagues. the upgrades needed for the north anna plant and others like it are unclear, but the nuclear regulatory commission will need to take action to ensure the reactors highlighted in the review are protected. or, as peter sinclair wrote after the virginia earthquake, the u. s. could turn its attention to other forms of energy because, \u201c as of now, no reports of shutdowns, oil spills, or radioactive leaks at any wind turbines. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4520004888770188, "token_count": 315, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.050229"} {"text": "when we speak about russia, one of the first associations that are springing up in our minds, is the impressive kremlin and especially also the emblematic of the russian capital moscow - red square. with its grandiosity these two landmarks in the former colossus of the soviet power embody the rich history of the country. kremlin is the name of the vast complex of stately buildings in the center of moscow. on its territory there are a number of important bodies of state power : the presidency, government and other bodies. the most common before the time of kremlin were the old fortified russian cities and the fortified interior, surrounded by defensive walls with towers. kremlin in moscow has a shape resembling a triangle. about 7 centuries ago exactly there was the russian orthodox church headquarters. undoubtedly the most remarkable is the church of the annunciation. most of its visitors go there to see the most beautiful iconostasis, which is in the country. the interior of the kremlin impresses with its beautiful religious paintings, especially with several stunning, masterfully painted icons. the following is the temple of the three \" assumption \", which boasts that it has the largest bell in the territory of the kremlin. the third church is distinguished by its two golden domes and named, ivan the great. furthermore the orthodox cathedrals, is situated near the palace and was in place in which time lived stalin. attractive to tourists is the armament office of which is riched with royal attributes. east of the huge complex is the emblematic red square. the common view there includes the contrasting pictures of the beautiful churches, palaces and the impressive kremlin wall. the size of the square is impressive as it is of about 700 meters, but as the greatest attraction there is the famous temple fair vasilevski. there is no way to confuse its colorful and exquisite colorful domes and shaped bulbs. particularly impressive are its skillful sharp peaks. the main tower of the cathedral, which is something like a thumbnail of the russian church, has an incredible beautiful golden dome. - related searches", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4677207954208313, "token_count": 423, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.052216"} {"text": "study : better tv might improve kids \u2019 behavior by the associated press published : monday, february 18, 2013, 7 : 24 a. m. updated : monday, february 18, 2013 seattle \u2014 teaching parents to switch channels from violent shows to educational tv can improve preschoolers ' behavior, even without getting them to watch less, a study found. the results were modest and faded over time, but may hold promise for finding ways to help young children avoid aggressive, violent behavior, the study authors and other doctors said. \u201c it ' s not just about turning off the television. it ' s about changing the channel. what children watch is as important as how much they watch, \u201d said lead author dr. dimitri christakis, a pediatrician and researcher at seattle children ' s research institute. the research was to be published online monday by the journal pediatrics. the study involved 565 seattle parents, who periodically filled out tv - watching diaries and questionnaires measuring their child ' s behavior. half were coached for six months on getting their 3 - to - 5 - year - old kids to watch shows like \u201c sesame street \u201d and \u201c dora the explorer \u201d rather than more violent programs like \u201c power rangers. \u201d the results were compared with kids whose parents who got advice on healthy eating instead. at six months, children in both groups showed improved behavior, but there was a little bit more improvement in the group that was coached on their tv watching. by one year, there was no meaningful difference between the two groups overall. low - income boys appeared to get the most short - term benefit. \u201c that ' s important because they are at the greatest risk, both for being perpetrators of aggression in real life, but also being victims of aggression, \u201d christakis said. the study has some flaws. the parents weren ' t told the purpose of the study, but the authors concede they probably figured it out and that might have affected the results. before the study, the children averaged about 1 1 / 2 hours of tv, video and computer game watching a day, with violent content making up about a quarter of that time. by the end of the study, that increased by up to 10 minutes. those in the tv coaching group increased their time with positive shows ; the healthy eating group watched more violent tv. nancy jensen, who took part with her now 6 - year - old daughter, said the study was a wake - up call. \u201c i didn ' t realize how much elizabeth was watching and how much she was watching on her own,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4214217325520351, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.056632"} {"text": "violent tv. nancy jensen, who took part with her now 6 - year - old daughter, said the study was a wake - up call. \u201c i didn ' t realize how much elizabeth was watching and how much she was watching on her own, \u201d she said. jensen said her daughter ' s behavior improved after making changes, and she continues to control what elizabeth and her 2 - year - old brother, joe, watch. she also decided to replace most of elizabeth ' s tv time with games, art and outdoor fun. during a recent visit to their seattle home, the children seemed more interested in playing with blocks and running around outside than watching tv. another researcher who was not involved in this study but also focuses his work on kids and television commended christakis for taking a look at the influence of positive tv programs, instead of focusing on the impact of violent tv. \u201c i think it ' s fabulous that people are looking on the positive side. because no one ' s going to stop watching tv, we have to have viable alternatives for kids, \u201d said dr. michael rich, director of the center on media and child health at children ' s hospital boston. - kovacevic : it \u2019 s about time for these penguins - steelers veteran outside linebacker woodley : \u2018 i \u2019 m good to go \u2019 - penguins turn game 4 into a blowout victory over the senators - steelers notebook : slimmed - down redman optimistic for 2013 - senators on cusp of ouster against penguins - steelers \u2019 miller watches, waits while teammates practice - neal, iginla get back on track to lead penguins - pirates outfielder snider certainly proving to be ( big ) hit - pirates notebook : morton could be back in early june - starter liriano impressive again as pirates blank cubs - penguins notebook : morrow sits ; bylsma changes lineup you must be signed in to add comments to comment, click the sign in or sign up at the very top of this page. subscribe today! click here for our subscription offers.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.426616416214225, "token_count": 408, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.057406"} {"text": "so one of our irc buddies @ johns _ az generously sent out fm transmitter bugs to a whole bunch of us - as a fun group project thing. @ makerdino \u2019 s already gotten a hackaweek ( and even hackaday ) up about it and i thought i \u2019 d look into it a bit more ; do some research on the components! here is the schematic provided by @ makerdino, but directly off of the paper that comes with the fm transmitter bug. and based off of tests he \u2019 s done, it \u2019 s able to transmit about 30m to his radio, though the paper claims 300m. let \u2019 s go ahead and start left to right : the electret microphone electret comes from electricity / electron / electrostatic and magnet and is a dielectric material that holds a quasi - permanent electric charge / polarization. - upon finding this out, i asked, aren \u2019 t dielectrics usually insulators? how can they hold charge? well even though the material as a whole is not a good conductor of electricity, its atoms still respond to electric manipulation. so if you were to put a dielectric in an electric field, electrons would not go through the dielectric, but the atoms would shift away from their normal configurations into ones that worked with the electric field. this is known as dielectric polarization and this polarization creates a subtle, but present, electric field that holds some electric potential. and in fact, dielectric materials are those with high polarizability! a nice example that helped me understand it is how when you place a magnet down in a field of iron filings, the iron filings naturally reorient in a pattern that works best for the magnetic field. so too atoms and their accoutrements. - alright so an electret has this permanently embedded static electric charge. how does it get it? back in the good old days \u2026 like 1885 good old days, they would take a polymer or wax that contained polar molecules, melt it, then allow it to resolidify in a powerful electrostatic field. the polar molecules of the dielectric would align accordingly and producing a dipole electret with a permanent electrostatic \u2018 bias \u2019. these days, they use electron beams to botox - style - inject highly insulating dielectric materials so that they keep the electrons in - either on their surface or in their volume. back to the microphone! so the electret microphone is a condense", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5287406362115608, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.060709"} {"text": "they use electron beams to botox - style - inject highly insulating dielectric materials so that they keep the electrons in - either on their surface or in their volume. back to the microphone! so the electret microphone is a condenser microphone. because of its electret material, it does not require a polarizing power supply. you might ask why it would require a polarizing power supply if it did not have electret material. this requires a bit of knowledge of how condenser microphones work. firstly, most condenser mics have two plates : a diaphragm and a fixed metal plate. the diaphragm vibrates when struck by sound waves and this changes the distance between the diaphragm and fixed plate. depending on the changes, current changes and the soundwaves translate into their electric counterparts. however, unwanted harmonics may occur as a result of unusually loud signals that cause the diaphragm to hit against a plate. this set up requires a power source that can create the electrical field that these two plates work with. however, with electret microphones, the electret dielectric can replace a plate - whether the diaphragm or the fixed back plate. this allows us to skip having the polarizing power supply as the polar charges on the electret can act as the current inducer. sweet. so what powers the silly thing? well. it actually doesn \u2019 t require power, but most electret microphones come with a preamplifier circuit which does require power - could be phantom power or even something as small as a 1. 5v cell! and that \u2019 s the first component hah - more tomorrow! the original patent for electret microphones from 1964!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49577421871588123, "token_count": 359, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.061358"} {"text": "one of the outstanding achievements of 20th century science was the realisation that the great diversity of nature is based on a handful of elementary particles acting under the influence of only a few fundamental forces. this talk aims to give an overview of the natural forces that shape everything around us and outlines current research and what we believe remains to be discovered. prof. peter kalmus is emeritus professor at queen mary, university of london. at various times he has been president of the physics section of the british association, vice president of the institute of physics, and vice president of the royal institution. a distinguished career has seen him awarded the rutherford medal for his outstanding role in the discovery of the w and z particles, an obe for his contributions to physics and only last week the kelvin medal for his role in the public understanding of physics. dramatic advances in the study of stem cells - the precursor cells of blood, skin, bone and nerve cells - could be used one day to help sufferers from parkinson ' s disease, hepatitis, leukaemia, diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis. stem cells hold the key to the ability to grow a patient ' s own tissue for repair, and are central to the cloning debate. potentially they could be used to create unlimited supplies of replacement tissue, including nerve, bone, skin and heart muscle, for repairing injuries and for treating disease - potentially saving millions of lives. cloning offers a way to grow a patient ' s own stem cells but, by perfecting such technology, scientists could accelerate efforts to conduct so - called reproductive cloning. professor richard gardner, who is chairing the royal society ' s working group on stem cells and therapeutic cloning provides a rich overview into the how and why of cloning. professor wolpert ' s thesis is that science is not common sense. common sense is misleading - it can make you accept that a seashell on the top of a mountain is proof of a global flood. in this talk professor wolpert gives one scientist ' s view of the culture of science and why the public ' s understanding of that culture is so much in error. his thoughtful analysis concludes that scientific thought is unnatural. as well as a cbe, professor wolpert is a fellow of the royal society and former chairman of the committee for the public understanding of science. in may he was awarded the royal institution ' s michael faraday award for services to the public understanding of science. the common flu of 1918 spread faster than any disease in history, before orsince, and killed more people", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6282615009140926, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.065152"} {"text": "public understanding of science. in may he was awarded the royal institution ' s michael faraday award for services to the public understanding of science. the common flu of 1918 spread faster than any disease in history, before orsince, and killed more people in less time than all of the great plagues ofhistory, doing so in the presence of relatively ' modern ' medical science. even last year, approximately 20, 000 people in the uk died from what werethought to be flu - related illnesses. yet even this was not an epidemic - the spanish flu pandemic at the close of the first world war is believed tohave accounted for the deaths of well over 20m people worldwide, including280, 000 in the uk. the last official flu epidemic was 11 years ago, butthe fact that there is no way of guessing when the next one might be is avery serious concern. dr elspeth garman will go through at what we know ofthe different strains of flu virus and outline the progress made in thedevelopment of a cure. ref : ` the origin and control of flu pandemics ' laver and garman, science sep 7, 2001, 1776 - 1777. cryptography, the science of encrypting and decrypting information, dates as far back as 1900 bc when a scribe in egypt first used a derivation of the standard hieroglyphics of the day to communicate today cryptography provides the locks and keys to the information age. it is the technology that enables private emails to be sent and secure business transactions to take place over the internet. simon singh, author of fermat ' s last theorem and the code book, will give a brief history of cryptography and then discuss its impact in the 21st century. he will also bring with him a genuine enigma cipher machine. simon singh completed his phd in particle physics at cambridge. in 1991 he joined the bbc science department and worked as a producer and director with ' tomorrow ' s world ' and ' horizon '. he is also the author of ' fermat ' s last theorem ' and ' the code book ', the latter forming the basis for the popular channel 4 series ' the science of secrecy '. this talk is run in conjunction with blackwellscafe scientifique.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.6112649258765126, "token_count": 466, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.065970"} {"text": "diablo canyon power plant / ap this photo provided by the diablo canyon power plant on friday shows salp, a gelatinous sea creature, at a nuclear reactor intake structure. in japan, it was a monstrous earthquake and tsunami that brought down the fukushima nuclear plant. in california, it \u2019 s a tiny, jellyfish - like sea creature called salp that \u2019 s causing problems at the diablo canyon atomic plant. an invasion of salp has prompted pacific gas and electric co. to temporarily shut down a nuclear reactor at diablo canyon, in avila beach, san luisa obispo county, on the central california coast. a giant swarm of the transluscent barrel - shaped organisms this week clogged intake screens that are used to keep marine life out of the seawater that is used as a coolant for the nuclear plant. on wednesday, pg & e officials reduced power output at the unit 2 reactor, then decided to shut it down altogether \u201c until conditions improve at the intake structure. \u201d the plant \u2019 s other reactor, unit 1, had already been shut down earlier in the week for a planned refueling and maintenance outage. \u201c safety being the number one priority, there was such an influx of salp and you need ocean water to cool the reactors, \u201d pg & e spokesman tom cuddy told msnbc. com on friday. \u201c at that point we made a conservative decision to safely shut down the unit. \u201d pg & e owns and operates the diablo canyon power plant, whose two reactors together produce approximately 2, 300 net megawatts of electricity \u2013 enough to serve nearly 3 million northern and central california homes. cuddy said he wasn \u2019 t sure when the unit 1 reactor would come back online. \u201c we \u2019 ll turn the unit on to full power when it \u2019 s safe to do so \u2013 when the salps leave, \u201d he said. \u201c the bottom line is we \u2019 re taking a methodical and conservative approach. \u201d lara uselding, a spokeswoman for the nuclear regulatory commission, the federal agency that oversees reactor safety and security, said the plant is not in any danger. \u201c it \u2019 s not a normal operation condition, but the plant is safe and all the systems operated as designed, \u201d she said. watch us news videos on msnbc. com salps are tiny, gelatinous organisms that move by contracting, thus pumping water throughout their bodies. they can reproduce and multiply quickly. though salps look a bit like jellyfish, they are actually more closely related to organisms that have backbone", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4894391200403674, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.069887"} {"text": "salps are tiny, gelatinous organisms that move by contracting, thus pumping water throughout their bodies. they can reproduce and multiply quickly. though salps look a bit like jellyfish, they are actually more closely related to organisms that have backbones. they typically grow to 1 or 2 inches long and usually do not appear at the coast, says larry madin, a salp expert and research director at woods hole oceanographic institution in massachusetts. \u201c they \u2019 re typically more of an offshore living organism, \" madin says. he surmises that the swarm at diablo may have been carried in on currents blown by wind. but steve haddock, a scientist with the monterey bay aquarium research institute in moss landing, calif., said salps have been blooming in high numbers along the california coast since at least december. several sightings have been reported to jellywatch, a website haddock runs to track sightings of jellyfish and other marine organisms. other than clogging the cooling system filters of a nuclear plant, the organisms pose no danger, says bruce robison, senior scientist at the monterey bay aquarium research institute. they don \u2019 t sting, they don \u2019 t have teeth and they \u2019 re not poisonous. salps passively feed off tiny organic particles in the water and can reproduce sexually or asexually. \u201c they can have their population size expand tremendously within a short period of time, which makes them very abundant. in a small space, they can take up all the space, \u201d robison says. madin said the slimy swarm at diablo would probably go away in a few days, carried off by currents. or, says robison, they \u2019 ll quickly die off when their food supply runs out. so the best bet, experts say, is for nuclear officials to just wait it out in the short term. \" long term, perhaps if their intakes were a bit deeper, it would not be a problem, \" haddock said. despite the reactor outage, california is not expected to experience any electricity shortages because it has ample reserves, said stephanie mccorkle, spokeswoman california iso, which operates the state ' s power grid and wholesale markets. it \u2019 s not the first time that sea creatures have interfered with nuclear plant activity. in 2008, a swarm of jellyfish led to a sharp decrease in power generation at diablo canyon, according to the los angeles times. similar jellyfish problems have cropped up at nuclear plants in the u. s., japan, israel", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47778842702618135, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.071973"} {"text": "political fundamentalism can have great appeal. as the morals of our culture deteriorate ; as our economy falters with sustained high unemployment ; as even science becomes politicized ; as political stalemate paralyzes our federal government ; as the obama administration fights with the catholic church over practices repugnant to its core doctrines, unheedful of the constitution ' s bedrock guarantee of freedom of religion ; as the sweeping ppaca legislation was passed on purely partisan lines in a hurried and unseemly fashion ; as federal spending has become unsustainable, people understandably search for answers, for a way out of the mess we ' re in. many yearn for absolutes in politics. although absolutes may be appealing and politically expedient, in reality, answers to complex problems are rarely simple. that is the danger of political fundamentalism gone too far : it can lead to extremism and inflexibility. good politics cannot operate in a highly polarized environment like we see all too often now. when people become extreme, they become intolerant of conflicting points of view. when people become zealots, political absolutism replaces civil dialogue and mutual respect. political opinions become quasi - religious doctrine. while moral and religious principles often deal in absolutes, our democratic system requires compromise. the rightfully revered participants at the constitutional convention in philadelphia were great examples of this principle. this amazing collection of strong - willed men represented states with very different interests. and yet through debate, persuasion, listening, and negotiation, these men were willing to compromise. this same ability to listen and to compromise without sacrificing principle is needed today. sometimes it takes an upwelling of popular opinion to right the ship of state which has listed too far to one side. unlike germany, russia, and other nations, and excepting the american civil war, the united states has avoided violent political upheaval. however, if too many people feel disenfranchised and ignored, and become pessimistic about their own and their country ' s prospects, they will become potential allies for some charming or beguiling demagogue. to avoid the frustrations which can turn into extreme movements, government leaders of all parties must work together to address the huge and difficult issues many nations face today. they must give their citizens an honest appraisal of their national challenges and educate and listen to them. out of this political success will grow continued political and economic stability. recent events have shown wise observers that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5491927224506805, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.074712"} {"text": "room to deny ourselves ; a road to bring us, daily, nearer god \u2014 from \" morning, \" john keble ( 1827 ) edward pusey, like the other major figures of the oxford or tractarian movement ( john henry newman and john keble ), had for some time nurtured a wish to establish religious communities within the church of england. in 1841, marian rebecca hughes took vows in front of him, dedicating herself to the service of god. she went on to found the society of the holy and undivided trinity in oxford, in the building now occupied by st antony ' s college ; but that was not until 1848. by then, newman had formed a religious community in littlemore, in the south - eastern part of oxford, where he was eventually received into the roman catholic church ; and the first religious sisterhood in the church of england since the reformation had also been founded, this time by a committee including gladstone and pusey. from these seeds grew a movement which would have a huge influence not just on the spiritual climate of the age, but on its social history and its culture as well. from the park village sisterhood to the work of lydia sellon plaque on no. 17, park village west. the first sisterhood was in london, as proclaimed on the blue plaque outside no. 17, park village west, near regent ' s park. on march 26th 1845, two young women arrived to take up residence there : a miss jane ellacombe, who became known as sister anne, and a miss mary bruce, who became sister mary. they were soon joined by others, including an older woman, all of them observing a strict routine of worship in nearby christ church, albany street. they aroused great curiosity in the neighbourhood, until a visit from \" the notorious dr pusey \" confirmed that this \" innocent - looking villa was nothing else but a ' puseyite nunnery ' \" ( see \" ascot priory \" ). the sisters were visited there not only by pusey himself, but also by the devoutly religious ( priscilla ) lydia sellon. when the park village sisterhood merged with sellon ' s own devonport sisters of mercy in 1856, the new foundation then became the society of the sisters of mercy of the most holy trinity, with sellon as its mother or lady superior ( see cobb ). 17, park village west \u2014 the home of the park village sisterhood. [ click on thumbnail for larger inage. ] although marian hughes and the band of women at park village", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4340539931238715, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.082890"} {"text": "sellon as its mother or lady superior ( see cobb ). 17, park village west \u2014 the home of the park village sisterhood. [ click on thumbnail for larger inage. ] although marian hughes and the band of women at park village west had dedicated themselves before her, sellon ( 1821 - 1876 ) is generally considered the \" true foundress of the women ' s orders which now grace and serve our church \" ( \" priscilla lydia sellon \" ) \u2014 perhaps because it had proved difficult to find the right person to lead the park village flock. the daughter of a naval commander who actively supported her endeavours, sellon first committed herself to the life of service in 1848 when she responded to an appeal by the bishop of exeter to help the poor in plymouth and devonport. she became deeply involved in the education of needy children, and her work soon spread into other fields. blessed with good organisational abilities and a great deal of stamina, and guided by pusey, she set up a whole range of institutions. these included a girls ' domestic training school, a boys ' night school, facilities for the starving ( in other words, a soup kitchen ) and a home for the sailors ' orphans. she also worked to improve the lot of female emigrants. almshouses and other such charitable homes followed, and the sisters ' charitable efforts reached beyond plymouth into other towns like manchester and bristol. naturally, sellon ' s fame spread too, drawing the attention of other like - minded women besides those in park village west. all this was a major factor in encouraging the growth of religious orders of both women and men in the nineteenth century ( see kollar, \" religious orders \" 666 ). sellon ' s ministrations were much in demand, especially during the cholera epidemic of 1849. she also put together a contingent of nursing sisters who went out to the crimea with florence nightingale. in 1864 a mission was established in the pacific, with a school being founded in the sandwich islands ( modern hawaii ). the headquarters of the mission were in honolulu, and sellon, despite increasing health problems, made the long voyage to visit it in person. \" it was the first time any anglican sisterhood had ventured into work overseas, \" writes peter cobb. nearer home, she responded to the cholera epidemic of 1866 in london ' s east end by setting up a hospital in an empty warehouse. when smallpox swept the same area in 1870, she sent her sisters to help at ascot priory, where they had to erect tents in the grounds", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3844325244192661, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.084164"} {"text": "to the cholera epidemic of 1866 in london ' s east end by setting up a hospital in an empty warehouse. when smallpox swept the same area in 1870, she sent her sisters to help at ascot priory, where they had to erect tents in the grounds to care for the huge influx of cases. many of those treated there survived. nevertheless, this forceful and energetic catholic revivalist was not without her detractors. anglicans were wary of the sisters ' black garb and the rituals of their worship. at one point there was a regular \" campaign to discredit \" her ( kollar, \" flowers, pictures, and crosses \" ), which even included \" scandalous though ludicrous suggestions \" about her relationship with pusey ( \" priscilla lydia sellon \" ). pusey himself spoke out loudly in defence of the controversial sisterhood : \" the works of mercy opened at devonport embrace the whole range of which our blessed lord speaks relatively to the day of judgment, \" he insisted ( qtd. in \" priscilla lydia sellon \" ). there was nothing specifically roman catholic about it. sellon too protested her allegiance to the church of england. sellon, who had already suffered two strokes, suffered a third while visiting osborne house, west malvern in worcestershire, and died there in late 1876 aged fifty - five. the times obituary recalled the attacks made on \" [ t ] his novel experiment of a community of english sisters \" ( qtd. in \" priscilla lydia sellon \" ) ; but she had had a huge influence : there were over fifty women ' s religious orders within the church of england before the reign was out, supplying \" vocations for women which combined spirituality and social utility, \" and also providing \" a measure of independence from constricting victorian ideologies of womanhood \" ( hapke 725 ). this last point is significant, for it suggests that becoming a nun often enlarged rather than narrowed the horizons of these women. as a result perhaps, according to susan mumm, \" more than 10, 000 had tried the life by the end of the century \" ( xii ). brotherhoods too had multiplied. the work that sellon herself had set in motion continued for many years. in fact, the last two sisters at the ascot priory, which became the sisterhood ' s home, only died in 2004 ( see mosley ). cobb, peter g. \" sellon, ( priscilla ) lydia ( 1821 - 1876 ). \" oxford dictionary of national biography. online ed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4010582362454411, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.085078"} {"text": "ascot priory, which became the sisterhood ' s home, only died in 2004 ( see mosley ). cobb, peter g. \" sellon, ( priscilla ) lydia ( 1821 - 1876 ). \" oxford dictionary of national biography. online ed. viewed 2 may 2009. gladstone, w. e. \" ' robert elsmere ' : the battle of belief. \" reprinted in the spirit of the age : victorian essays, ed. gertrude himmelfarb. new haven & london : yale university press, 2007. 260 - 279. hapke, laura. \" sisterhoods. \" victorian britain : an encyclopedia. ed. sally mitchell. new york & london : garland, 1988. 725. kollar, rene. \" flowers, pictures and crosses : criticisms of priscilla lydia sellon ' s care of young girls. \" anglican theological review, summer 2004. viewed 2 may 2009. \u2014 \u2014 \u2014 \u2014 \" religious orders. \" victorian britain : an encyclopedia. ed. sally mitchell. new york & london : garland, 1988. 666 - 7. mosley, brian, \" prominent citizens : miss priscilla lydia sellon. \" the encyclopaedia of plymouth history. viewed 2 may 2009. mumm, susan. all saints sisters of the poor : an anglican sisterhood in the nineteenth century. woodbridge, suffolk : boydell, 2001. \" priscilla lydia sellon \" on project canterbury. viewed 2 may 2009. anson, peter. the call of the cloister : religious communities and kindred bodies in the anglican communion. london : spck, 1964. yates, nigel. anglican ritualism in victorian britain, 1830 - 1910. oxford : clarendon, 2000. last modified 2 may 2009", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3793127247108591, "token_count": 352, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.085658"} {"text": "the word penitentiary was first used to mean \u201c house of correction \u201d in 1806. so when the lieutenant governor of tasmania ( known at the time as van diemen \u2019 s land ) decided to consolidate the colony \u2019 s penal settlements into one location, the inclusion of a penitentiary was fairly novel. in fact, the rise of the penitentiary was part of the reform movements of the era, when reform societies were working to change and improve the lots of people trapped in lives of poverty or crime. the word was originally used to describe an asylum for prostitutes, where the women were not prisoners, but were actually given a safe haven, where they could be educated and reformed, so they could return to society. many of the penitentiaries of this era were tremendously successful. ( the word penitentiary came from the idea of rescuing penitents, those who regretted their lifestyles and wished to change. ) soon, the idea grew from rescuing prostitutes to rescuing anyone who wanted to escape a life on the streets. it is because of this different concept of penitentiary that port arthur had both a penitentiary and a prison \u2014 they were not the same thing. it was with the idea of making useful citizens of transported convicts that the penitentiary was created. it was so good at this that charles darwin, when he visited, wrote with admiration of its unparalleled success in creating \u201c active citizens \u201d of a \u201c new and splendid country. \u201d in the photo of the port arthur settlement below, the penitentiary is the massive building that dominates the scene.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4707056415700902, "token_count": 306, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.087164"} {"text": "this interview was originally broadcast on may 18, 2011. imagine picking up a nice juicy burger and taking a bite, only to find out that the meaty burger you ' re biting into didn ' t come from an animal \u2014 it was grown in a lab. sound far - fetched? the reality of test - tube burgers in supermarkets may be close to becoming a reality. scientists at laboratories around the world are currently working to make meat in labs that will eventually look and taste like the real thing, without any animal parts. science writer michael specter recently traveled to laboratories in the netherlands and north carolina to examine the progress scientists have made in developing in vitro meat. he writes about his trip, and the arguments in favor of lab - made steaks, in the may 23 issue of the new yorker. motivation for lab meat specter explains that part of the motivation for growing meat in laboratories is animal welfare : billions of cows, chickens and pigs would no longer spend their lives force - fed grain and antibiotics or cooped up in factory farms. \" there is something inherently creepy about [ growing meat in labs ], \" specter tells fresh air ' s terry gross. \" but there is something more inherently creepy about the way we deal with the animals that we eat.... they live a horrible life, and they often die quite cruelly. so the idea of being able to eliminate some of that is extremely exciting for a lot of people. \" another motivation, specter says, is the positive environmental impact test - tube meat could have on the planet. according to the food and agricultural organization of the united nations, global livestock is responsible for nearly 20 percent of all greenhouse - gas emissions. and as the population grows, he says, more resources will be needed to sustain the agricultural industry. \" we have 7 billion people on the planet, and there will be 9 billion [ people ] by 2050, \" he says. \" those people need food. they need protein \u2014 and they tend to eat better as they get wealthier. and better, unfortunately, means eating more like americans \u2014 a lot of meat. and a lot of meat means a lot of water, a lot of grain, a lot of grass. and we don ' t have that much room for any of it. \" how it works currently tissue scientists are taking stem cells from pigs and putting them in nutrient broth - filled petri dishes, where they rapidly grow. the biggest slab of meat grown so far is about the size of a contact lens and contains millions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4597559856274348, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.092683"} {"text": "\" how it works currently tissue scientists are taking stem cells from pigs and putting them in nutrient broth - filled petri dishes, where they rapidly grow. the biggest slab of meat grown so far is about the size of a contact lens and contains millions of cells. the next step, specter says, is trying to take these cells and turn them into muscle tissue, using biodegradable scaffolding platforms. \" the idea is you grow these cells into muscle tissue, and you eventually have the same sort of meat that you would take from the flesh of an animal, \" he says. but muscle cells or tissue cannot just be placed on a platform and left alone. muscles require stimulation and exercise or they will atrophy and die. scientists currently use electrical impulses to stimulate the muscle cells grown in the laboratory, but haven ' t yet figured out how to do it on a mass - factory scale. \" if you ' re growing it in a factory, [ there ' s a mass ] quantity of meat, \" specter says. \" it ' s difficult to see our way to zapping tons of electricity into muscle cells, because it will just be, if nothing else, extremely costly. so while that works in a lab and it works well, they are looking at other ways of doing it. \" in addition to the technical complexities of making test - tube meat, there ' s also the issue of taste. specter says scientists assured him that there will be no taste differential between animal meat and test - tube meat. \" i talked to one scientist and i mentioned this as ' synthetic meat, ' and she got annoyed, \" he says. \" she said, ' this isn ' t synthetic. it ' s organic. it ' s meat. it ' s two meat cells growing to become more meat cells. ' and depending on what your definition of any sort of life is, this is as fundamental as any animal is. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4479120420242967, "token_count": 394, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.093451"} {"text": "topic category : other / general free range chickens and ducks dangerous to humanity the evidence is now clear : free - range chickens and ducks are a major, direct threat to humans worldwide. fortunately, we can prevent a massive, global replay of the spanish flu epidemic that killed perhaps 25 million people in 1918 \u2013 19 simply by putting the world \u2019 s poultry into confinement houses. despite the protests of the \u201c natural and organic \u201d movement, letting our chickens outdoors encourages the bird flu virus to evolve. that could trigger millions of human deaths if the new h5n1 bird flu virus morphs again into an airborne form that can be transmitted directly between people. half of the recent asian victims of h5n1 have died. free - range chicken enthusiasts claim \u2014 loudly and without evidence \u2014 that \u201c factory chicken farms \u201d produced the new bird flu virus. in thailand, however, officials found that none of its modern, indoor chicken flocks had bird flu. in dramatic contrast, 56 percent of the backyard chickens and 47 percent of the backyard and free - range ducks had the disease. historically, modern flu epidemics have come from asia, apparently for two reasons : first, asia still has millions of chickens and ducks raised outdoors, in backyards and village streets where they interact with wild birds and people. that lets the virus pass back and forth among birds, humans \u2014 and even among pigs and cats. second, asia has a huge population of free - range ducks that graze in its rice paddies. thai officials have recently discovered that ducks can transmit the virus without showing symptoms themselves. thai officials initially culled all sick birds, and banned outdoor duck grazing. that produced a one - year lull in the epidemic. unfortunately, several thousand ducks illegally grazing in rice fields quickly produced a surge of dying chickens across a whole region. even without any known contact between the ducks and chicken flocks. one person died who worked directly with the chickens. the flu was first discovered in chinese geese. wild birds, especially waterfowl, have now spread the bird flu virus from china, thailand, and vietnam to russia, turkey, india, and europe. it \u2019 s likely to spread worldwide. the solution to the bird flu danger? we must put our poultry flocks indoors, where the birds are more comfortable, commit less cannibalism, and have less interaction with people and wild birds. this obvious precaution has drawn screeches of protest from free range poultry advocates. in germany, officials rescinded a ban on letting chickens outdoors after such protests \u2014", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.43655936087172204, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.097128"} {"text": "cannibalism, and have less interaction with people and wild birds. this obvious precaution has drawn screeches of protest from free range poultry advocates. in germany, officials rescinded a ban on letting chickens outdoors after such protests \u2014 if the birds were covered by a net. what a strange ruling. nets characteristically have holes. what if droppings from wild birds fall through the net? in thailand, a quarter of the chicken flocks in net - walled open houses were infected. what possible benefits can outdoor poultry offer that would override the risk of another 25 million human deaths from spanish flu? there a absolutely no nutritional differences. free - range birds have also been found to carry more illness - causing bacteria, such as campylobacter and salmonella. spread to our kitchen counters, these bacteria are themselves potentially deadly to our kids. oddly, many of the advocates who demand that their chicken be raised outdoors spend the vast majority of their own hours inside air - conditioned homes, offices, schools, and cars. it \u2019 s time to step around the free - range chicken cult and eliminate the pandemic threat of bird flu. it \u2019 s time to put the world \u2019 s poultry flocks indoors. dennis t. avery center for global food issues ( director ) biography - dennis t. avery dennis t. avery is a senior fellow for hudson institute in washington, dc and the director for global food issues. he was formerly a senior analyst for the department of state. readers may write him at post office box 202, churchville, va 24421.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4487566557120605, "token_count": 318, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.097761"} {"text": "oatmeal is one of those foods we all sort of know is good for us even if we don \u2019 t really know why. it \u2019 s generally eaten at breakfast time, and without trying to state the obvious, it \u2019 s ( or at least should be ) just oats added to boiling water and / or milk. the oats can be prepared in a variety of ways, rolled oats ( where the oats have been rolled into flat flakes then steamed and toasted ) being the most common, but steel - cut oats ( where the whole inner portion of the oat kernel is cut into pieces ) are also regularly seen and are sometimes considered to be healthier. most of the oats we buy have been at least partially cooked since raw oats could take up to an hour to cook. the health benefits of oatmeal other than its vitamin and mineral content, oatmeal is reported to reduce the risk of a couple of serious health problems : heart disease and type 2 diabetes. many studies ( 1, 2 ) have looked into oatmeal \u2019 s effect on cholesterol, and the findings show that eating oatmeal on a daily basis can help reduce bad cholesterol, ldl, while leaving good cholesterol, hdl, unchanged. it does this by binding to the bad cholesterol and removing it from the system. this has a knock - out effect on the risk of heart disease as it can reduce the risk of clogged arteries. as a result of these studies \u2019 findings, the american food and drug administration permits oatmeal packaging to state that it can help reduce risk of heart disease. reducing bad cholesterol whilst maintaining high levels of good cholesterol also has an effect on the development of type - 2 diabetes ( 3 ), as many people who develop diabetes show the reverse pattern : low levels of good cholesterol with concurrent high levels of bad cholesterol. so, whether you are considered \u2018 at risk \u2019 of developing diabetes or not, daily oatmeal can help prevent or delay its development. portion size and serving suggestions the recommended portion size for rolled oats is between \u00bd \u2013 \u00be cups, and less for steel - cut oats. these can be cooked on the stove or in the microwave, or baked in the oven, and it generally takes under 10 minutes. this is as most oats have been partially cooked before packaging, as said before, raw oats will take up to an hour to cook", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45066727597883516, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.102364"} {"text": "on the stove or in the microwave, or baked in the oven, and it generally takes under 10 minutes. this is as most oats have been partially cooked before packaging, as said before, raw oats will take up to an hour to cook. many people aren \u2019 t particularly keen on the taste of oatmeal, and this may prevent them making this healthy breakfast part of their daily routine. luckily there are plenty of ways to spice up oatmeal, some healthier than others. adding fruit is an obvious option, bananas or berries are excellent choices, as are dried fruits and coconut. adding chopped nuts is another healthy addition to oatmeal, or try a couple of spoons of granola or dried cereal. for soft or sweet options you could try jam, maple syrup, cinnamon, stevia or yogurt. remember though that this is supposed to be a healthy meal, don \u2019 t undo your good work! the same goes for those who prefer to add milk to their oatmeal rather than water, try using low fat milk or cook it with water than add a bit of milk at the end for taste. is instant oatmeal good for you? nowadays plenty of companies sell instant oatmeal, the benefit of it being that it has a cooking time of 1 - 2 minutes. but, what are the other differences, and is it still good for you? while, instant oatmeal is very similar to rolled oats, the pieces have been more thinly rolled and cut into smaller pieces before steaming. the problems with instant oatmeal is that many of the products commercially available contain artificial flavourings and preservatives, as well as salt and sugar. it may take some detective work to find a variety that \u2019 s free of these, look for \u2018 regular \u2019 flavour oatmeal as a starting point. some instant oatmeal varieties may actually have added health benefits when compared to regular oatmeal. for example, oat flour is sometimes added, and this increases protein and fiber levels. calcium carbonate can also be added too, giving instant oatmeal a higher calcium content, and sometimes vitamins are also artificially added. some people won \u2019 t like this sounds of this because it \u2019 s not natural, only you can decide what \u2019 s best for you, but remember that almost all oats you buy will have been pre - cooked to some level as otherwise the home cooking time becomes ridiculously long. for me", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3649284893952492, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.103300"} {"text": "this because it \u2019 s not natural, only you can decide what \u2019 s best for you, but remember that almost all oats you buy will have been pre - cooked to some level as otherwise the home cooking time becomes ridiculously long. for me, the main difference is in taste and texture ; regular oatmeal is definitely a more satisfying breakfast, and if you don \u2019 t have time to prepare it each morning, try cooking a batch one day then covering and storing in the refrigerator, it can last up to four days like this. word of warning it seems then that eating oatmeal every day can support weight loss by helping one to stave off hunger. however, one study ( 4 ) found that people eating oatmeal each morning put on weight. further investigation found that the participants were adding sugar to their oatmeal, eating large portions and having mid - morning snacks. indeed, many people suggest 1 \u00bd cups of oatmeal as a portion, which is well above what \u2019 s recommended. ( 1 ) jenkins, d. american journal of clinical nutrition, february 2005 ; vol 81 : pp 380 - 87 ( 2 ) american journal of clinical nutrition, august 2002 ; 76 ( 2 ) : 351 - 8 ( 3 ) experimental and clinical endocrinology & diabetes, february 2008 ; 116 ( 2 ) : 132 - 4 ( photo : nate steiner. via flickr / cc attribution )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4114889086499233, "token_count": 292, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.104196"} {"text": "with its strategic location on the bosphorus peninsula between the balkans and anatolia, the black sea and the mediterranean, istanbul has been associated with major political, religious and artistic events for more than 2, 000 years. its masterpieces include the ancient hippodrome of constantine, the 6th - century hagia sophia and the 16th - century suleymaniye mosque, all now under threat from population pressure, industrial pollution and uncontrolled urbanization. hagia sophia interior \u00a9 unesco / f. bandarin outstanding universal value strategically located on the bosphorus peninsula between the balkans and anatolia, the black sea and the mediterranean, istanbul was successively the capital of the eastern roman empire, and the ottoman empire and has been associated with major events in political history, religious history and art history for more than 2, 000 years. the city is situated on a peninsula which is surrounded by the golden horn ( halic ), a natural harbor on the north, the bosphorus on the east and the marmara sea on the south. the historic peninsula, on which the former byzantium and constantinople developed, was surrounded by ancient walls, built initially by theodosius in the early fifth century. the outstanding universal value of istanbul resides in its unique integration of architectural masterpieces that reflect the meeting of europe and asia over many centuries, and in its incomparable skyline formed by the creative genius of byzantine and ottoman architects. the distinctive and characteristic skyline of istanbul was built up over many centuries and encompasses the hagia sophia whose vast dome reflects the architectural and decorative expertise of the 6th century, the 15th century fatih complex and topkapi palace - that was continually extended until the 19th century, the suleymaniye mosque complex and sehzade mosque complex, works of the chief architect sinan, reflecting the climax of ottoman architecture in the 16th century, the 17th century blue mosque and the slender minarets of the new mosque near the port completed in 1664. the four areas of the property are the archaeological park, at the tip of the historic peninsula ; the suleymaniye quarter with suleymaniye mosque complex, bazaars and vernacular settlement around it ; the zeyrek area of settlement around the zeyrek mosque ( the former church of the pantocrator ), and the area along both sides of the theodosian land walls including remains of the former blachernae palace. these areas display architectural achievements of successive imperial periods also including the 17th century blue mosque, the sokollu me", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4256009961809512, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.119193"} {"text": ": the city is an outstanding set of monuments, architectural and technical ensembles that illustrate very distinguished phases of human history. in particular, the palace of topkapi and the suleymaniye mosque complex with its caravanserai, madrasa, medical school, library, bath building, hospice and imperial tombs, provide supreme examples of ensembles of palaces and religious complexes of the ottoman period. the historic areas of istanbul include the key attributes that convey the outstanding universal value of istanbul as the parts of the city that had escaped major changes and deterioration in the 19th and 20th centuries and were already protected by national legislation at the time of inscription. vernacular timber housing in the suleymaniye and zeyrek quarters, was recognized as vulnerable at the time of inscription. despite the threat of pressure for change, many efforts have been executed in order to conserve and strengthen the timber structures within the site since then. changes in the social structure within the area have also affected the use of those structures. the urban fabric is threatened by lack of maintenance and pressure for change. the metropolitan municipality is attempting to rehabilitate the area to revive its degraded parts. the revival of the suleymaniye and zeyrek quarters is a long project which demands a long and careful process of cleaning, conservation and restoration. the suleymaniye complex has retained its structural and architectural integrity, except some minor changes in the commercial part of the compound. zeyrek mosque, originally the church of pantocrator, has suffered from several earthquakes. the integrity of the major monuments and archaeological remains within the four historic areas are largely intact but they are vulnerable due to the lack of a management plan. with the management plan, which is under approval process by related authority, it is aimed to address all the issues and solve the problems within the site gradually. the setting of the historic areas of istanbul and the outstanding silhouette of the city are vulnerable to development. the ability of the monuments and vernacular housing to express truthfully the outstanding universal value of the historic areas of istanbul has been compromised to some extent since inscription in terms of their design and materials. the conservation and restoration works in the setting of the historic peninsula are being led and followed by the central and local authorities as well as newly established institutions with the financial funds provided by the legal amendments. the setting and distinctive skyline of the historic peninsula continues to express the outstanding universal value of the property. however the ongoing ability of the wider maritime setting to do this depends on ensuring that development does not compromise views of the skyline. protection and management requirements (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48772781896321105, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.122936"} {"text": "the setting and distinctive skyline of the historic peninsula continues to express the outstanding universal value of the property. however the ongoing ability of the wider maritime setting to do this depends on ensuring that development does not compromise views of the skyline. protection and management requirements ( 2011 ) the historic areas of istanbul is legally protected through national conservation legislation. there is no specific planning legislation to protect world heritage sites. the management structure for the protection and conservation of the properties includes the shared responsibilities of national government ( the ministry of culture and tourism general directorate of cultural assets and museums, general directorate of pious foundation ) local administration and several state institutions. the approval of the conservation council has to be obtained for physical interventions and functional changes in registered buildings and conservation sites. the site management directorate for cultural and natural sites of istanbul was established within the istanbul metropolitan municipality in 2006 to coordinate management planning processes for world heritage sites of istanbul. the work of the directorate is supported by an advisory board and a coordination and supervising board. a site manager has also been appointed. a department was also structured under the ministry of culture and tourism to coordinate the management issues of the world heritage sites in turkey and to collaborate with relevant authorities for the implementation of the world heritage convention and the operational guidelines. the first conservation plans for zeyrek, suleymaniye and the land walls were prepared and approved in 1979 and 1981. a new conservation plan including world heritage sites was endorsed by the council of istanbul metropolitan municipality and submitted to the conservation council for approval. the impressive skyline of the historic peninsula with the topkap\u0131 palace, hagia sophia and suleymaniye is preserved by planning measures. the legal protection and the management structures are adequate for ensuring the proper conservation of the properties. the national government has allocated a large amount of funding for restoration and conservation projects within the site as part of the european capital of culture campaign, in addition to the ministry of culture and tourism ' s, the istanbul special provincial administration ' s, general directorate of pious foundation ' s and the local administration ' s annual budgets. finding a balance between change and preservation is a delicate issue in the historic areas. the management plan, which is currently being prepared in collaboration with all stakeholders in conformity with the related legislation, will address this issue. it will address the traffic and transport plan for the city, the urban regeneration strategy and tourism management, and will provide a proper framework to ensure that construction and infrastructure projects respect the outstanding universal value of the property. it will also include policies for conservation, standards for restoration and rehabilitation, management responsibilities,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4846196458425087, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.124085"} {"text": "the city, the urban regeneration strategy and tourism management, and will provide a proper framework to ensure that construction and infrastructure projects respect the outstanding universal value of the property. it will also include policies for conservation, standards for restoration and rehabilitation, management responsibilities, accessibility, visitor management, policies for increasing the perception of the site, increasing the quality of daily life, risk management, awareness raising and training. istanbul bears unique testimony to the byzantine and ottoman civilizations. throughout history, the monuments in the centre of the city have exerted considerable influence on the development of architecture, monumental arts and the organization of space, in both europe and asia. thus, the 6, 650 m terrestrial wall of theodosius ii with its second line of defences, created in ad 447, was one of the leading references for military architecture even before st sophia became a model for an entire family of churches and later mosques and before the mosaics of the palaces and churches of constantinople influenced eastern and western christian art. istanbul was built at the crossroads of two continents ; it was successively the capital of the eastern roman empire, the byzantine empire and the ottoman empire, and it has constantly been associated with major events in political history, religious history and art history in europe and asia for some 20 centuries. at the same time, however, istanbul is a large metropolis. with its population of some 3 million inhabitants, this historic city has undergone population growth in the past 30 years, which has profoundly changed its conservation conditions. the threat of pollution arising from industrialization and rapid and initially uncontrolled urbanization have jeopardized the historical and cultural heritage of the old town. the world heritage site covers four zones, illustrating the major phases of the city ' s history using its most prestigious monuments : - the archaeological park, which in 1953 and 1956 was defined at the tip of the peninsula ; - the suleymaniye quarter, protected in 1980 and 1981 ; - the zeyrek quarter, protected in 1979 ; - the zone of the ramparts, protected in 1981. the ancient city and the capital of the eastern roman empire are both represented : by the hippodrome of constantine ( 324 ) in the archaeological park, by the aqueduct of valens ( 378 ) in the suleymaniye quarter, and by the ramparts built starting in 413 upon the order of theodosius ii, located in the last of the four zones. the capital of the byzantine empire is highlighted by several major monuments. in the archaeological park there are the churches of st sophia and st", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46656489169986765, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.125061"} {"text": "##arts built starting in 413 upon the order of theodosius ii, located in the last of the four zones. the capital of the byzantine empire is highlighted by several major monuments. in the archaeological park there are the churches of st sophia and st irene, which were built in the reign of justinian ( 527 - 65 ) ; in the zeyrek quarter there is the ancient pantocrator monastery which was founded under john ii comnenus ( 1118 - 43 ) by the empress irene ; in the zone of the ramparts there is the old church of the holy saviour in chora ( now the kariye camii ) with its marvellous mosaics and paintings from the 14th and 15th centuries. moreover, the current layout of the walls results from modifications performed in the 7th and 12th centuries to include the quarter and the palace of the blachernes. the capital of the ottoman empire is represented by its most important monuments : topkap\u0131 saray and the blue mosque in the archaeological zone ; the sehzade and suleymaniye mosques, which are two of the architect koca sinan ' s major works, constructed under suleyman the magnificent ( 1520 - 66 ) in the suleymaniye quarter ; and the vernacular settlement vestiges of this quarter ( 525 wooden houses which are listed and protected ). source : unesco / clt / whc", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3891829532478154, "token_count": 288, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.125572"} {"text": "other destinations galicia was one of the central points for western european megalithic culture ( 8000 - 2000 bc ), and physical remains are still visible today. nonetheless, galicians trace their cultural ancestry back to celtic tribes which began to settle around 1000 bc. celtic civilization in galicia had its heyday between 600 and 25 bc, up to when galicia fell under the power of the roman empire. still, a weak romanization meant the consolidation of a hybrid culture, bearing strong celtic traits. galicia is considered \" the first country in europe \", following the establishment of the swabian kingdom in 411 ad. the swabian dynasty lasted until 585, when it was replaced by the visigoth dynasty. with the muslim occupation of southern iberia from 711 and the subsequent dismantlement of the visigoth empire, galicia began to consolidate itself as one of the main christian kingdoms in medieval iberia, namely thanks to the pilgrimage route to santiago de compostela. galicia was annexed to castile ( spain ) in 1486 ; this was the beginning of the so - called \" dark centuries \" ( seculos escuros ). since then, galicia has attempted to regain its independence or achieve greater autonomy up to this day. galicia only lost its formal denomination of \" kingdom \" in 1833. there was a failed attempt to proclaim a galician republic in 1931. since 1981, the ' galician statute of autonomy ' grants galicia extended autonomy within the framework of the spanish state. galicia has its own national parliament, president and symbols, although it is curtailed from international representation. many galicians claim for a greater autonomy or even independence ; others are happy with the current arrangements. galicians take great pride in their cultural heritage and architecture. you will find plenty of good examples of this by just ' getting lost ' in any galician city, town or village. santiago de compostela is a must, but it is also a good idea to wonder off the tourist track, as this is safe, unexpensive and highly rewarding. furthermore, galicia is well - known for its splendid landscapes, ranging from spectacular sea views to mountain areas. the local language is galician, a romance language sometimes referred as dialect of portuguese influenced by spanish orthography and the differences between the spoken languages are often blurry for outsiders. galician has a somewhat different accent from that of standard portuguese and has contains unique colloquialisms and traces of former cultures, using a number of pre - indo - european, celtic and germanic words not found in standard portuguese", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.37579203222379076, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.135832"} {"text": "blurry for outsiders. galician has a somewhat different accent from that of standard portuguese and has contains unique colloquialisms and traces of former cultures, using a number of pre - indo - european, celtic and germanic words not found in standard portuguese. galician ( or galego ) is galicia ' s own language. both galician and spanish are official in galicia, as recognized by the spanish constitution and the galician statute of autonomy. galician is understood by the vast majority of the population, and spanish can be spoken by virtually everyone ( although it is heavily influenced by the galician accent and vocabulary ). travellers should have no problems communicating in spanish or in standard portuguese. after the arrival of the castilian nobility towards the end of the middle ages, galician disappeared from the public eye and was preserved only privately. it was only in the 19th century that galician started to be reclaimed in all areas of everyday life. today, children are taught both spanish and galician in school, and the majority of the population speaks galician normally, although thatvaries very much depending on the location. young people study english at school, so they should have at least some basic knowledge of that language. the odd person may speak some french or even german ( expatriates especially ). the territorial organization of galicia is quite complex, and, as a visitor, you will not need to know it in detail, but bear in mind that galicians have an unique spatial perception regarding their surroundings and settlement pattern. for example, there some 317 municipalities in galicia ( concellos or concelhos ), and 53 small regions called comarcas or bisbarras. furthermore, the 317 concellos are also subdivided into a number of parishes ( parroquias ), and parishes may contain a number of lugares ( settlements ). galicians may refer to these jurisdictions when mentioning their locality, especially in rural areas. yet, galicia is also divided into four bigger provinces. these are : get in by plane probably the best option if coming from abroad. galicia has three international airports ( a coruna, vigo and santiago de compostela ), of which the main one is at the capital, santiago de compostela. this airport ( called lavacolla ) connects galicia with a number of european cities, such as london, dublin, frankfurt, liverpool, and rome. there also are flights between vigo and paris and brussels, and a coruna and lisbon and london. there are plenty of flights to a number of spanish cities and the odd charter flight to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40586012281695205, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.136871"} {"text": "as london, dublin, frankfurt, liverpool, and rome. there also are flights between vigo and paris and brussels, and a coruna and lisbon and london. there are plenty of flights to a number of spanish cities and the odd charter flight to south america. by car road communications from and to galicia are quite good, with plenty of motorways connecting galicia with spain and portugal. by train there are routes from portugal and cities in spain ( best one is probably from madrid ), although the service is slow and the choice of times is not the best. the introduction of a high - speed train due in ( approx. ) 2018 will come to drastically ease train access : there will be fast connections from and to madrid and, later on, lisbon and porto. there ' s a narrow gauge link between ferrol and asturias, operated by feve. by ferry although you cannot travel directly from the uk to galicia by ferry, you can get pretty close by taking the ferry from plymouth to santander ( brittany ferries ) or portsmouth to bilbao ( p & o ferries ). santander is in the region of cantabria on spain ' s northern coast. it lies between galicia ' s neighbour asturias and the basque country. bilbao is a bit more faraway but still worth the trip following all the coastline from the basque country to galicia. get around renfe runs trains in and out of santiago de compostela to all major cities in spain and portugal. the renfe website provides all travel times. expect long trips and not a great choice of times. for internal trips in galicia, only the a coruna - vigo line ( north to south along the atlantic coast ) can be considered as really effective, and the new high speed link ( avant ) connecting ourense, santiago and a coruna. feve ' s narrow gauge line covers the north coast from ferrol to the border with asturias. there are a number of bus companies that will take you to virtually anywhere in galicia, and indeed in and out of galicia. you will have to get yourself acquainted with these at the local bus station ( there is one in each city and town ), as they is a large number of possible routes and combinations. to the uninitiated, this can be confusing in the beginning. renting a car is always a good option, since it is not that common in galicia hence this keeps the price of renting relatively low. roads are good in general and driving might be fast but not vicious. indications in local areas may be scarce and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3538040009033508, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.139807"} {"text": ". observe the usual caution in larger towns and cities. of all larger cities, lugo, pontevedra and the capital - santiago de compostela - are probably the safest. having said that, you will be perfectly ok in any galician city just by using your common sense, and you will probably feel safer than in most western european cities. drug trafficking and drug - related activities and crime are not uncommon. however, this seldom transpires beyond some areas and rarely affects the occasional tourist. for all emergencies ( ambulance, fire brigade and police ) dial 112. galician people are normally welcoming and like to have the occasional chat with visitors but, paradoxically, they also have a reputation for being reserved people. indeed, their confidence may be hard to earn in the beginning, but if that is achieved, they will be open and honest with you. address people politely, even in a formal way if necessary, as this will always cause a first good impression and will open many doors. also, remember that your word is your reputation ( especially in rural areas ). do not promise anything or do not ' give your word ' if you are not intending to fulfill it. spoken agreements may be as binding as written ones for everyday issues to the eyes of a galician ( namely, in rural areas ). galicians often like to exchange stories, where you may find yourself doing most of the talking. yet, locals will indeed enjoy that with some amusement. do not expect to master the galician conversational code in just a few days. there is an intricate combination of idioms, gestures, and silences, too. the fact that you don \u2019 t know it, or that you use a different one, is what galicians often find interesting in visitors. if offered a gift of similar, you are not to accept it straight away. a polite refusal is expected. take it, eventually, if insisted upon ; you are not necessarily expected to give anything back. do not decline invitations for food or drink after a first of second polite refusal, especially in rural areas, as this may be considered rude. if you absolutely do not wish to eat or drink what you are offered state medical reasons ( a white lie ), as that will indeed be respected by your galician host. if you produce a gift do not expect something in exchange immediately ; the ' favour / gift - trade ' in galicia also has its own code and you may be retributed in time, or if you ever go back. do not openly discuss financial issues in public gatherings as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4191763170099485, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.142061"} {"text": "habitat manipulations and interactions one approach to controlling the whirling disease parasite is to try to minimize habitats that are especially prone to harbor populations of the tubifex worm that acts as the necessary alternate host of the parasite. several capital construction projects in streams have been attempted to reduce or isolate such habitats ( see slide 1 below ). the last of five such projects was completed in november 2004, and monitoring of these habitat projects will continue for several years. early indications are that isolating or removing significant, but isolated, patches of worm habitat will not always have the effect of reducing parasite activity in the entire area of the project. sometimes, there appear to be enough small habitat areas that they cumulatively have the same effect as the large area that was removed or isolated. in at least one stream ( beaver creek, south fork rio grande, the first one completed, october 2001 ) such a small project appears to have benefited the stream. fewer tams are observed there today, and for the last two years increased numbers of juvenile rainbow trout have been captured in annual population surveys. other research addresses the impacts that off - channel sites such as hatchery effluents and private ponds may have on stream fisheries. because these off - channel pond habitats can be conducive to dense tubifex populations, research has focused on two concepts : minimizing the number of worm - infective spores that might be introduced to such ponds, and preventing tams produced in these ponds from reaching the stream. for the first research concept, fish management plays a key role. at some hatchery sites, settling ponds are kept free of escaped fish, and this has had a positive effect in reducing the numbers of tams produced. at others we have conducted research on the number of catchable rainbow trout ( unexposed to m. cerebralis ) that can be safely stocked. nearly all of the fish are removed by anglers during the fishing season, leaving few stocked fish at large that might subsequently develop high concentrations of spores. the overall objective at cpw hatchery settling ponds that will likely never be free of the parasite is to allow no higher a density of tams in pond effluents than is found in the receiving water. at one off - channel site, a sand filter was constructed to determine whether this would be an effective way to trap tams ( see slide 2 below ). this filter has proven effective in removing tams, but it has lost much of its capacity in the two seasons it has been in use and no longer can", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48315470859795245, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.145828"} {"text": "determine whether this would be an effective way to trap tams ( see slide 2 below ). this filter has proven effective in removing tams, but it has lost much of its capacity in the two seasons it has been in use and no longer can handle the entire pond effluent. the backflush system that was installed has had only limited positive effect in restoring flow capacity. researchers have used a technique called \u201c flat screen \u201d filtration since 1998 to monitor tam densities in the wild. this method involved screening 500 gallons of water through a very small mesh and examining portions of the filtrate by microscope. although it was invaluable in discerning seasonal patterns of parasite presence and describing rough trends over the years, it was also regarded as imprecise. in 2004, a filtration device incorporating \u201c packed bed \u201d technology was constructed, based on a unit previously built by researchers in montana. using a mere 30 gallons per sample, this device ( see slide 3 below ) has the ability to detect tams at lower densities than the flat screen method, but is also labor intensive and not portable to remote locations. a series of tests during 2004 revealed that using the same 30 - gallon quantities in the flat screen technique could provide similar results as the packed bed technology ( see slide 4 below ). filtrates are larger from the flat screen technique, so fewer tams are actually seen, which results in less precision in the point estimate, but has the advantage of being more portable, taking less time, and remaining operational in freezing weather. currently, both methods are being used for monitoring, but the 500 - gallon quantities are no longer used in the flat screen method.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.48504335784719743, "token_count": 343, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.147508"} {"text": "the simplest model of change \u2013 lewin \u2019 s freeze phases in the early 20th century, psychologist kurt lewin identified three stages of change that are still the basis of many approaches today. people like to feel safe, and in control, and their sense of identity is tied into their present environment ; particularly if it has been relatively stable for a while! this creates a feeling of comfort and any challenges to it, even those which may offer significant benefit, can cause discomfort. see why change hurts! talking about the future is rarely enough to move them from this \u2018 frozen \u2019 state and significant work is usually required to \u2018 unfreeze \u2019 them and get them moving. in frustration some managers start using a push method to get them moving \u2013 coercing them into a change. this can create a lot of unhappiness and frustration. the pull method of leadership, persuasion and modeling behavior takes longer but has a better long - term effect. the term \u2018 change ready \u2019 is often used to describe people who are \u201c unfrozen \u201d and ready to take the next step. some people become ready for change fairly easily, whilst others take a long time to let go of their comfortable current realities. for lewin change is a journey. this journey may not be that simple and the person may need to go through several stages of misunderstanding before they get to the other side. a classic trap in change is for the leaders to spend months on their own personal journeys and then expect everyone else to cross the chasm in a single bound. transition takes time and needs leadership and support! but sometimes transition can also be a pleasant trap \u2013 it may feel better to travel hopefully than to arrive \u2013 particularly for the team leading the change. at the other end of the journey, the final goal is to \u2018 refreeze \u2019, putting down roots again and establishing the new place of stability \u2013 embedding new processes and developing a new culture. in practice, refreezing may be a slow process as transitions seldom stop cleanly, but go more in fits and starts with a long tail of bits and pieces. there are good and bad things about this. in modern organizations, this stage is often rather tentative as the next change may well be around the next corner. what is often encouraged, then, is more of a state of \u2018 slushiness \u2019 where freezing is never really achieved ( theoretically making the next unfreezing easier ). the danger with this that many organizations have found is that people fall into a state of change shock, where they work at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5441331332302095, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.150638"} {"text": "march 24 was world tuberculosis day, so worldfocus decided to take a deeper look at a disease that has long been a deadly threat. tonight ' s worldfocus special edition includes a piece by debra daugherty about how one south african community has combated the disease. read more about this public health campaign in cape town. worldwide, 200 million children under the age of five are deprived of basic health care. in the united states, more than 40 million people lack health insurance. as the u. s. wrestles with its own health care system, worldfocus explores success stories - - and cautionary tales - - of different health systems around the world. singapore has one of the best health care systems in the world, according to the world health organization, and the price tag is a mere 4 percent of the country ' s gdp ( compared to 17 percent in the u. s. ). in canada, the government guarantees all citizens basic medical services, and there is little paperwork, but long lines have sent some canadians to private clinics. in brazil, rich and poor alike benefit from free health care - - but offering so much has put a strain on the health system and conditions are substandard. our partners around the world also explore health care in britain, china, argentina and beyond. \" health of nations \" is a collection of signature videos, interviews, reporter observations and analysis from the field and blogger perspectives. health of nations worldfocus partner globalpost brings us a revealing story from egypt that shows a variation on the pillar of western - style marketing - - sex sells. but, as john jensen reports, sex is being used to promote better health, and in the process, these advertisements are also breaking some taboos. daljit dhaliwal speaks to dr. neil schluger, chief scientific officer of world lung foundation, for more about tobacco use among the estimated 1. 1 billion smokers in the world. he points out that getting rid of cigarettes would increase the health of the planet more than curing tuberculosis, aids or malaria. according to the world health organization, while cigarette consumption is declining in some countries, the number of smokers worldwide is on the upswing. those smokers also consume more cigarettes than ever. explore our maps of smoking rates around the globe. worldfocus spoke to margaret aguirre of the international medical corps, who is on the ground in haiti, about the organization ' s work there. aid workers are struggling to provide healthcare and safeguard against crippling disease as the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42471437540273815, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.156886"} {"text": "the globe. worldfocus spoke to margaret aguirre of the international medical corps, who is on the ground in haiti, about the organization ' s work there. aid workers are struggling to provide healthcare and safeguard against crippling disease as the aftermath of the disaster drags into its second week. the island of hispaniola is the last place in the caribbean where malaria still exists. producer gary strieker reports on how a new cooperative effort between the dominican republic, haiti and former u. s. president jimmy carter is trying to eradicate the disease. according to the world health organization, the h1n1 virus has peaked in much of the northern hemisphere, with substantial declines in the u. s. and canada. while the disease is still active in the u. s., increases are occurring in central and eastern europe, and in parts of west, central and south asia. for more, daljit dhaliwal interviews martin blaser. worldfocus special correspondent edie magnus traveled to chile, a country with universal health care coverage. however, treatment actually depends on what disease you have and how likely you are to be cured. victor rodwin discusses the intricacies of the health care system in chile and how it compares to the united states. he is a professor of health policy and management at the wagner school of public service at new york university. worldfocus contributing blogger ayo johnson writes about the high rates of hiv infection among women in sub - saharan africa, who make up an estimated 61 percent of those living with the virus. he argues that widespread gender inequality increases women ' s vulnerability to hiv.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4205010073689004, "token_count": 331, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.157509"} {"text": "\" in case one desires to locate north and has no compass, a watch may be used. point the hour hand to the sun. in the morning, halfway between the outside end of the hour hand and noon is due south ; in the afternoon, one must reckon halfway backward ; for instance, at 8 a. m., point the hour hand to the sun and find the place halfway to noon. it will be at 10, which is due south. at 4 o ' clock, point the hour hand at the sun and reckon halfway, and the south will be found at 2 o ' clock, \" wrote ernest thompson seton, artist, writer, and founder of the woodcraft indians youth program ( which inspired the boy scouts ) in his book the birch bark rule, which i found online at http : / / www. inquiry. net / outdoor / skills / seton / watch _ compass. htm. this rule for finding south using a watch is commonly reproduced and can be found on many websites, for example http : / / www. ehow. com / how _ 2043433 _ use - watch - as - compass. html or http : / / www. youtube. com / watch? v = - udurzmslpo. ( in honor of seton, i ' ll call it seton ' s rule. ) however, in general, it doesn ' t give the correct direction of south. if an observer ' s watch isn ' t set to local apparent time, seton ' s rule obviously doesn ' t give the right results : see chapter 2 of \" sundials : their theory and construction \" by albert waugh for an explanation. this isn ' t the only problem : suppose an observer ' s latitude is equal to the declination of the sun, so that in the morning the sun rises straight up from the east. then the sun ' s azimuth, measured east of north, takes only the value of 90 degrees ; but since the hour hand is constantly changing position, south from seton ' s rule must too be constantly changing position ( never even getting close to the correct direction ). in this brief page, i ' m going to explain why seton ' s rule fails and calculate the magnitude of its failure at two latitudes. what exactly does seton ' s rule predict? let ' s work the rule in reverse : suppose we know the direction of south and the hour ( assume local apparent time ), and we want to find the azimuth of the sun, measured east of north.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4611911507639973, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.163011"} {"text": "seton ' s rule predict? let ' s work the rule in reverse : suppose we know the direction of south and the hour ( assume local apparent time ), and we want to find the azimuth of the sun, measured east of north. we point the line bisecting the angle between the hour hand and the 12 due south. the hour hand now effectively gives the azimuth of the sun. starting from midnight, each hour the angle between the hour hand and the 12 increases by 30 degrees, or the angle between true south and the hour hand increases by 15 degrees, so each hour the azimuth of the sun increases 15 degrees, southing at noon ( 12 hours past midnight ). the awkward bisection comes from our twelve - hour watches, as seton rightly points out, \" if our timepieces were rational and had a face showing 24 hours, the hour hand pointed to the sun would make 12 o ' clock, noon, always south. \" seton ' s rule predicts that the sun ' s azimuth increases linearly over the whole day. but this is usually not how the sun behaves. consider the sun at middle latitudes : when it rises, it moves only a little in azimuth, but a lot in altitude ; when it souths, it moves a lot in azimuth, but very little in altitude. this is why hour lines in horizontal or vertical sundials designed for middle latitudes don ' t subtend equal angles from the dial center. spherical trigonometry gives an equation for the azimuth of the sun as a function of hour angle, latitude, and solar declination : azimuth, z = arctan [ sin ( hour angle ) / ( sin ( latitude ) cos ( hour angle ) - cos ( latitude ) tan ( solar declination ) ) ]. intuitively, the difference between real solar azimuth and azimuth as predicted by seton ' s rule is greatest when the sun rises highest in the sky, since the sun must waste a lot of time rising and so vary in azimuth extremely quickly ( like the latitude = declination example i gave where the azimuth changes between the values 90 and 270 degrees instantly ). i calculated the difference between real solar azimuth and azimuth as predicted by seton ' s rule for a latitude of 40 degrees north and a solar declination of - 23. 5 degrees ( northern hemisphere summer solstice ). you should", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4924551921251319, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.165877"} {"text": "wwf ' s work in peru in 1997, wwf established a comprehensive country conservation programme. since then, the wwf peru programme office ( ppo ) has gone on to achieve a number of conservation goals. today, wwf concentrates its efforts primarily in 6 of peru ' s 14 priority ecoregions : * southwestern amazon moist forests * amazon river and flooded forests * humboldt current * napo moist forests * central andean yungas * northern andean montane forests. wwf peru programme office main goals are : * to protect peru ' s numerous endangered and / or endemic fauna and flora species, such as the marine turtle species, spectacled bear ( tremarctos ornatus ), giant river otter ( pteronura brasiliensis ), mountain tapir ( tapirus pinchaque ) ; and among the flora species the aguaje palm ( mauritia flexuosa ) and, the big - leafed mahogany ( swietenia macrophylla ). * to support the creation and effective management of natural protected areas through political advocacy and the design of conservation master plans, capacity building efforts, and supervision and control. * to strengthen the framework of peru ' s national protected areas system ( sinanpe ). specifically, with financial support from usaid - peru, the peru programme office recently helped to develop a national scorecard matrix to evaluate management capacity in natural protected areas, which has already been run twice in 28 natural protected areas. the ppo also prepared a draft biological monitoring tool and overall monitoring system for natural protected areas. to achieve these goals, wwf peru programme office works in the following areas :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3905111551601974, "token_count": 325, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.168605"} {"text": "webmd medical news laura j. martin, md nov. 21, 2011 - - texting among u. s. children is increasing in popularity, and as a result, more kids may be harassed or bullied via text messages, a new study finds. the study included 1, 588 young people aged 10 to 15 who answered questions online in 2006, 2007, and 2008 as part of the growing up with media survey. while there was not an increase in exposure to violent material, harassment, bullying, or unwanted sexual encounters on the internet during this time frame, there was an uptick in texting - related bullying or harassment. the study is published in pediatrics. rates of text messaging among adolescents increased from 59 % in 2008 to 72 % in 2009, while rates of internet use remained stable at 93 % from 2006 to 2008. it is too early to say why harassment and unwanted sexual communication is increasing among adolescent texters, but not internet users. \" it may be because aggressive behavior is shifting from online to text messaging or it may be because text messaging is relatively new and we ' re all figuring out how to communicate well using it ; in this case, rates should stabilize as we become more familiar with it, \" says study researcher michele ybarra mph, phd, of internet solutions for kids, inc. in san clemente, calif. parents can also use filtering software to prevent children from accessing inappropriate web sites, but no such technology is available for cell phone texting yet, she says. in the study, children were asked if or how often they visited violent sites, such as one showing images of war, death, or terrorism. they were also asked if they had been cyberbullied online or via text. those who said they had been targeted were asked how they felt after their worst experience. the online world may be becoming safer for children, ybarra says. \" rates of violent exposures and experiences online do not seem to be increasing ; nor do rates of distress. \" the majority of young people are not harassed, bullied, or targets of unwanted sexual communication online or via text messaging, and most of those who are do not report extreme distress even by their most serious experience. \" for most young people, navigating technology - infused relationships is generally ok, \" ybarra says. still one in four children who are harassed or bullied online or via text are \" strongly and negatively \" affected by the experience. \" we need to do a better job of identifying these kids, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43516140839928114, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.181103"} {"text": "is generally ok, \" ybarra says. still one in four children who are harassed or bullied online or via text are \" strongly and negatively \" affected by the experience. \" we need to do a better job of identifying these kids, and getting them the support and help that they need, \" ybarra says. some of the onus falls on parents. \" talk to your kids about your values and how you want and expect them to treat others, \" ybarra says. \" give concrete examples across modes. \" at core, these are relationship and communication issues. \" parents can help their children by talking to them about healthy relationships, how to communicate assertively but healthfully when their children are unhappy with others, \" she says. \" view technology as an additional space that you can help your child learn to navigate safely and independently, \" ybarra says via email. \" work with your children to go online and use text messaging safely. \" victor strasburger, md, says the most important step parents can take is to take control of their children ' s media exposure. \" that means setting limits, leaving the cell phone in a basket in the kitchen at bedtime and reporting hostile texts, \" says strasburger, professor of pediatrics at the university of new mexico. \" any technology in the bedroom means that parents will be absolutely unable to control what their children are exposed to. \" sources : michele ybarra, mph, phd, internet solutions for kids, inc., san clemente, calif. ybarra, m. l. pediatrics, 2011. victor strasburger, md, professor of pediatrics, university of new mexico. the health news section does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. see additional information.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.452921431357693, "token_count": 363, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.182637"} {"text": "every now and then you read a book that richly echoes your own experience. the book that did that for me in 2010 was isabel wilkerson ' s the warmth of other suns : the epic story of america \u2019 s great migration, which recounts how more than 5. 5 million black americans abandoned the south in the half - century between world war i and 1970, radically transforming the black american population from primarily rural to primarily urban. i was born in washington, d. c. in 1943, then spent my middle and high school years in springfield, mass. so while much of this story unfolded before my time, as an african american who grew up in new england i am a child of the mass movement wilkerson retraces here. my mother, also born in d. c., was the daughter of mississippi migrants ; her father, swan, had made his way to the nation ' s capital in 1909, and he sent for his wife, ruby, within a few years. as for my father, he had been packed off to d. c. from durham, n. c., by his mother around 1930, joining an older brother who already lived there. in washington, she expected, he would be able to shape a life better than anything possible in durham. my mother and father met in 1940 in baltimore, where she was teaching school ; by then, they had both graduated from historically black howard university ( and my father had gone on to divinity studies there ). my parents ' stories are emblematic of the millions who would flee the south later in the 20th century. so too are the biographies of the three black migrants that wilkerson has chosen to focus on in the warmth of other suns. through them, her vivid, compelling prose and insights advance our understanding of the outsize social impact of this exodus \u2014 not just on black life in particular, but on american life in general. by taking us into the gritty lives these three lived in the south, wilkerson makes us feel the raw, restrictive racism that they and other black migrants traveled north and west to escape : - george swanson starling had attempted to organize black fruit pickers to demand better pay in florida ; he fled the state on the verge of becoming a victim of white mob violence. - mississippi sharecropper ida mae brandon gladney felt her life being crushed by the \" invisible hand [ that ] determined white people were in charge and colored people were under them. \" - and dr. robert joseph pershing foster, his medical credentials notwithstanding", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42740077726209985, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.193698"} {"text": "sharecropper ida mae brandon gladney felt her life being crushed by the \" invisible hand [ that ] determined white people were in charge and colored people were under them. \" - and dr. robert joseph pershing foster, his medical credentials notwithstanding, was bumping up against the vexatiously low ceiling on black professional opportunity in his native louisiana. upon moving to \" the promised land, \" however, all three ( and, by extension, millions like them ) found it delivered far less than it had promised from afar. walking into a bar near new york city ' s penn station, for example, starling and a friend were served the drinks they ordered. but no sooner had they finished and paid their tab than the bartender picked up their glasses and smashed them under the counter. there were no \" colored \" or \" white \" signs in the city, notes starling, yet he found it \" tricky \" making his way through a place that \" looked free \" but was not always so for blacks. starling would ply even more treacherous waters on his travels throughout the deep south as a pullman porter. as a member of a loose network of activists, he covertly helped spread ideas and news of \" freedom \" by smuggling black newspapers such as the chicago defender into a southland that violently resisted the propagation of such radical notions.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4332663161905416, "token_count": 270, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.196111"} {"text": "blueberries are often touted for their nutritional benefits. some of those benefits are well known, while others are more obscure.? blueberries have the highest antioxidant capacity of all fresh fruit. anti - oxidants are responsible for neutralizing free radicals in the body, which can affect aging and contraction of diseases.? native americans once called blueberries \" star berries \" because the blossoms make a star shape.? blueberry juice may help alleviate persistent coughs.? blueberries can help ease digestive issues and prevent constipation.? many people equate cranberries with urinary tract health, but blueberries are also good at reducing bacteria growth that causes urinary issues.? some believe that blueberries can help reduce belly fat.? blueberries contain 14 mg of vitamin c and 0. 8 mg vitamin e per cup of blueberries.? blueberries were once used to make dyes and paints.? america ' s favourite muffin is the blueberry muffin.? maine harvests almost all of the blueberries in the united states.? blueberries may help prevent damage caused by heart disease, cancer and alzheimer ' s disease.? blueberries are the official berries of nova scotia, canada.? the anthocyanin found in blueberries can help improve eyesight.? blueberries are one of the only foods that are naturally blue in color.? the annual harvest of north american blueberries would cover a four - lane highway from chicago to new york if spread out in a single layer.? blueberries grow on a shrub that belongs to the heath family.? there are approximately 30 different species of blueberries.? blueberries were not cultivated until the beginning of the 20th century, becoming commercially available in 1916.? the white, powdery substance on blueberries is called \" bloom. \" bloom indicates fresh berries.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47181936895190657, "token_count": 381, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.200115"} {"text": "lunar surface still active : study active moon a new study indicates the moon may not be as geologically dead as previously thought, showing signs that it is simultaneously stretching and shrinking. new high - resolution images from nasa ' s lunar reconnaissance orbiter, show parts of the moon ' s surface are being pulled apart by expansion, forming small narrow trenches or rift valleys in the mare basalts and the highlands of the lunar far side. the finding, which appears in the online edition of nature geoscience, contradicts the notion that the moon is a cold, dead world with a surface that ' s slowly shrinking as its interior cools. these linear valleys called graben, form when the crust stretches, breaks and drops down along two bounding faults. scientists estimate the graben formed less than 50 million years ago, which is recent by geologic time scales. study lead author dr thomas watters from the centre for earth and planetary studies at the smithsonian ' s national air and space museum in washington dc says, \" the graben tell us forces acting to shrink the moon were overcome in places by forces acting to pull it apart \". earlier images taken by the lunar reconnaissance orbiter in 2010 show rounded cliffs called lobate scarps distributed across the moon ' s surface, evidence the moon shrank in recent geologic time and might still be shrinking today. the researchers believe tectonic movements associated with both the graben and lobate scarps may be a possible source of some of the shallow moonquakes still being recorded. planetary scientist dr michael brown from monash university in melbourne says the findings will force scientists to rethink lunar geology. \" it ' s certainly come as a surprise, \" says brown. \" it means the geologic behaviour of the moon is more complex than originally thought. \" the moon ' s lack of a global magnetic field had led scientists to conclude the lunar interior was mostly solid. \" now there ' s a suggestion the lunar outer core is fluid and surrounded by a partially molten layer, \" says brown. as to whether it ' s time to go back to the moon for a closer hands on look, brown says, \" we want to understand the moon in greater detail, but it ' s a difficult political question \". \" the moon has a lot of variation and was barely explored by the apollo landings. certainly it would be fascinating to send a robot probe to do some of the work, \" says brown. \" the only time they sent an actual geologist to the moon was on the very last mission. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5066718002497533, "token_count": 509, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.210234"} {"text": "- get involved - education & events - publications & research - about aca food for thought! putting environmental education theory into practice giving kids a natural world of good \u2014 sixth in a series of six articles a child sits on the edge of her bench with rapt attention, waiting for the announcement. looking around, she realizes the chatter has subsided. one hundred and forty other warm bodies are perched on the edge of their benches too, waiting. \" food waste update!!! \" an energetic young woman bellows out over the crowd. the dining hall erupts into a raucous din. the children pound out a drum roll on the wooden tables. their eyes dance with excitement. with a huge grin, the instructor throws her hands in the air and every child follows suit. an expectant pause follows. \" three pounds! \" the woman announces, and the children burst into cheers and high fives. at every meal, she had weighed the food that was left over on the campers ' plates. she graphed the amount on a chart, and the weight had decreased at every meal. \" what a great job you all have done! now, remind me again why we are making such a big deal about all of this? \" a boy waves his hand in the air, \" food comes from the earth and that it takes things like gas, water, and electricity to get it to our plate. \" another boy interrupts, \" yeah, and it takes land to grow the food \u2014 land that could be homes for animals if we didn ' t use it for crops. and they need their homes! \" a girl chimes in, \" if we waste less food, we can save those things, and do the earth a favor. \" the woman looks impressed, \" so that ' s what this conservation is all about? your choices? \" \" yeah, \" the boy answered. \" our choices matter and that rocks! \" the vision for the camp mcdowell environmental center ( cmec ) is to connect people to the environment and their community by instilling the ideals of conservation and respect. at cmec, class topics include water ecology, geology, group problem solving, forest ecology, etc. each class is educational, fun \u2014 and makes an impact on the camper ' s life. interestingly, parents tell us that one of the most influential components of the program happens in the dining hall, through a program called food for thought ( fft ). although the food for thought program includes lots of hype, grown -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5161032164072432, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.239225"} {"text": "life. interestingly, parents tell us that one of the most influential components of the program happens in the dining hall, through a program called food for thought ( fft ). although the food for thought program includes lots of hype, grown - ups in crazy costumes, and full - scale cheering, there is a lot more to this experience than a carnival atmosphere or a camp competition. fft is an intentionally planned educational experience. it results in each camper developing a greater sense of responsibility for the natural world. the theory behind the practice so, you ask, how do you go from 120 fifth grade campers who don ' t eat their pizza crust to 120 thoughtful citizens? at cmec, we use a framework of environmental education to guide our activity selection according to the national project for excellence in environmental education, \" environmental education is a process that aims to develop an environmentally literate citizenry that... has the skills, knowledge, and inclinations to make well - informed choice [ s ] ( naaee 2005 ). \" at cmec, we see it as building a sense of responsibility for the environment. once you feel responsible for the environment, you have the inclination to make well - informed choices and will then take appropriate actions. to build this sense of responsibility, we use these four steps. the first step, appreciation, involves attitudes, emotions, and awareness toward a resource. to help create this appreciation, educators can use a number of different tools, such as, visiting a special place, sharing their own attitudes about the resource, and sensory awareness activities. at cmec, we might hike through a beautiful forest, canoe up a canyon, or wade in a pristine stream. each of these activities encourages an awareness of the resource and provides numerous \" teachable - moment \" opportunities to increase appreciation. the second step, knowledge, focuses on facts. the learner gains knowledge by accumulating factual information about the topic. most people are familiar with this type of learning because it is commonly used in public schools. we often learn facts through research, lectures, or reading. at camp, we accomplish factual knowledge through hands - on exploration, direct observation, and discovery. the third step, understanding, in - volves concepts. comprehension of concepts can be difficult. it often involves making connections between the facts that have been previously learned. educators find that models, experiments, diagrams ( like diagram 1 ), and visual aids can help the learner \" get it. \" in the outdoor setting, we conduct experiments with real materials,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.529781895440024, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.240563"} {"text": "making connections between the facts that have been previously learned. educators find that models, experiments, diagrams ( like diagram 1 ), and visual aids can help the learner \" get it. \" in the outdoor setting, we conduct experiments with real materials, handle the actual objects, and watch natural processes occur. the fourth step, responsibility, is demonstrated through action. the \" sense \" of responsibility is internal, but it guides choices and actions. to help children develop this sense, we need to guide them in the process of clarifying their own values. the adults at cmec act as role models, facilitate debates, lead service projects, and provide opportunities for children to act. although each of these steps is not required to develop a sense of responsibility for the environment, these steps guide the process well. it is a natural process with each step leading the learner on to the next step. putting the theory into practice at cmec, we use this framework to structure all of our programs. with the food for thought program, we focus on food as the resource. we have developed specific activities to lead the campers through each step of their development. the week begins with the staff displaying their excitement about this idea of food waste. they show the campers just how much was wasted at a meal, they dress up in funny costumes, they pop up in the middle of announcements to present amazing facts, etc. students are intrigued, their curiosity engaged, and the first step, that of appreciation, has begun. next, we feed them facts about food at every meal ( see the side bar on page 48 ). after eating hamburgers for dinner, campers put on a skit about bessie, the cow. the skit depicts the steps it took to get their hamburger to their plate ( growing, feeding, processing, transporting, preparing, and cooking the meat ). at breakfast, with an ingredient list in hand, a staff member traces each ingredient ' s journey to camp. they mark the journey on a map of the world, showing just how far the food has traveled to be a part of our breakfast. at lunch, we sing silly songs like \" dirt made my lunch \" ( banana slug string band 1997 ). from the song, the students learn about the natural resources ( soil, water, sunlight, etc. ) that were required to make their food. through these activities, the campers accumulate knowledge. to help the students grasp the more difficult concepts, staff use models, diagrams, and examples. students study species cards that explain how some", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5737432315810074, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.241533"} {"text": "sunlight, etc. ) that were required to make their food. through these activities, the campers accumulate knowledge. to help the students grasp the more difficult concepts, staff use models, diagrams, and examples. students study species cards that explain how some plant and animal species are in decline because of loss of habitat \u2014 habitat that was converted to cropland. they dance to a camp song. one person starts singing and dancing. on the second verse, the singer invites friends to join the song and dance. with each new verse, all of the singers invite others to join in, until soon, the entire camp is up and dancing. this provides a visible lesson that each person ' s actions can make a difference. as the campers understand the connections, they begin to take action. their action is in the form of a personal choice \u2014 how much food do i need to put on my plate? each camper decides for him / herself. the staff model responsible and sanitary choices. if you are not sure that you will like the green beans, take a small amount at first. when you want more lemonade, pour half a glass at a time. pretty soon, the campers are coming up with their own solutions \u2014 such as cleanly cutting off their pizza crusts and offering them to a friend who likes to eat them like bread sticks. after each meal, they anxiously wait for the announcement of the food waste weight, eager to see evidence of the informed choices they have made. the campers celebrate as they see the charted weight drop as everyone works toward a common goal. these campers are thinking before they grab for the food platter, and they are making tangible contributions towards conservation. most importantly, they are learning that their actions make a difference. what better life lesson could we hope for at camp? using this approach at your camp this approach works well for the camp mcdowell environmental center whose primary goal is education. but our approach works just as well with more recreational summer camp programs. think of the added value to your program \u2014 fun and dynamic activities that dramatically impact children ' s lives. additionally, your kitchen staff will thank you, and your budget will reflect the savings! additionally, this educational approach can be utilized with any resource. let ' s look at an example. think of a natural resource that you would like your campers to protect. it may be a special waterfall, a particular animal species, or a unique grove of trees. provide activities that address each of the four steps in the framework. appreciation what could you do to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5028895282329789, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.242694"} {"text": "natural resource that you would like your campers to protect. it may be a special waterfall, a particular animal species, or a unique grove of trees. provide activities that address each of the four steps in the framework. appreciation what could you do to help them appreciate the resource? you can let them play there and learn to enjoy it. you can tell stories about it, sing songs about it and get them out there touching and feeling it. naturally, they will develop an emotional attachment to it, a sense of awe, and a feeling of wonder. knowledge this appreciation will lead them to seek knowledge about the resource. they will want to find out where the water comes from, how that animal survives in the wild or what lives in that grove of trees. allow them to explore these topics ; provide the resource books, time and tools to investigate, or an adult who can answer their questions. understanding as they gain knowledge, you will want to guide the campers into a deeper understanding of the resource. discuss with them the role the resource plays in the larger ecosystem. help them comprehend how the water from that waterfall came from the grove of trees above ; how the animal depends on that stream for its water ; how trees ' roots hold the soil ; and, how the soil filters the water that enters the stream. help them make the connections. responsibility now that they have appreciation, knowledge, and an understanding about the resource, when you provide them with an imaginary scenario, they can grasp that a pollutant added to the system impacts the waterfall, the animal, and the grove of trees. now, they don ' t want that to happen. they care and feel a responsibility for those resources. they will show that through their own actions. they pick up the litter they find in the stream, they don ' t tear off the branches of the tree, and they are careful not to disturb the animal ' s den. they are proud of their actions and know that they are making a difference! and you, too, can be proud of the difference you have made in their lives. tips for fft program - start out small. begin by just talking with your staff and campers about these ideas. - if you serve cafeteria style, work with your kitchen staff to allow the campers to request small, medium, or large portions. - beware of the competition factor! if you weigh the waste, campers will treat this as a competition between tables, sessions, etc. competitions can lead to unsanitary situations ( one camper eating", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47078929868189057, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.243738"} {"text": ", medium, or large portions. - beware of the competition factor! if you weigh the waste, campers will treat this as a competition between tables, sessions, etc. competitions can lead to unsanitary situations ( one camper eating another camper \u2019 s left - overs ) and unhealthy situations ( a camper being forced to eat more than they should ). to counter this, regularly remind campers that the personal choices you make at the beginning of the meal are what determine how much you waste. - stress to the campers that the \" why \" of this program is much more important than the \" how much. \" | a few food facts | | daily, americans eat seventy - five acres of pizzas. an acre is about as big as a football field ( adai 1998 ). | | to produce the food and clothing each american uses in a year, it requires approximately four acres ( adai 1998 ). | | in one day, americans typically consume 815 million calories. that \u2019 s 200 million more than needed ( adai 1998 ). | | to reach our plate our food travels an average of twelve hundred miles. that \u2019 s as far as from birmingham, alabama, to new york city ( earthworks group 1989 ). | | on average, to produce one pound of ground beef, it takes sixteen pounds of grain and soy beans, twenty - five hundred gallons of water, and the energy equivalent to one half a gallon of gasoline ( earthwork group 1989 ). | | since 1947, camp mcdowell has been the camp and conference center for the episcopal diocese of alabama. the camp is located adjacent to the bankhead national forest in northwestern alabama. the camp mcdowell environmental center is a residential, nonprofit educational program that serves school groups, grades one through ten. the center serves thousands of students every year from a four - state area. | | banana slug string band. ( 1997 ). dirt made my lunch. songs from the earth. | | north american association for environmental education. the national project for excellence in environmental education. available at : www. naaee. org / npeee /. accessed 2 / 18 / 2005. | | alabama department of agriculture and industries ( adai ). ( 1998 ) alabama ag in the classroom. alabama agriculture classnotes. | | earthworks group ( 1989 ). 50 simple things you can do to save the earth. earthworks press p. 90. | heather montgomery, m. s., is the education coordinator for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43643672020083885, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.244870"} {"text": "august 22 marked the tenth anniversary of welfare reform. the 1996 legislation made radical changes to the process of receiving unearned government cash. the results have been massive reductions in child poverty, increases in employment, and a subsequent increase in the freedom of the poor from government control. in the mid - 1990s many attempted to incite fear to kill the reforms. senator daniel patrick moynihan ( d - ny ) proclaimed the 1996 law to be \u201c the most brutal act of social policy since reconstruction. \u201d he ridiculously predicted, \u201c those involved will take this disgrace to their graves. \u201d marian wright edelman, president of the children ' s defense fund, declared the new reform law an \u201c outrage... that will hurt and impoverish millions of american children. \u201d as expected, these projections were dead wrong. robert rector, senior research fellow at the heritage foundation, using government data, summarized welfare reform ' s success before congress. the facts tell a powerful story : when the poor are invited to live as people with dignity, within structures of liberty, they will usually do so. since the 1996 reforms child poverty has plummeted. some 1. 6 million fewer children live in poverty today than in 1995. poor black children have enjoyed the greatest decreases in poverty. after the early 1970s, reductions in black child poverty had stagnated. since 1995, however, the poverty rate among black children has fallen at an unprecedented rate - - from 41. 5 percent to 32. 9 percent in 2004. by 2001, black child poverty had fallen to 30 percent, the lowest point in american history. over a six - year period after welfare reform, 1. 2 million black children were liberated from poverty. although recent economic corrections have slightly increased black child poverty, the rate remains about one - fifth lower than in the period prior to reform. unprecedented declines in poverty also occurred among children of single mothers. after 1996, the poverty rate for children of single mothers fell dramatically from 50. 3 percent in 1995 to 41. 9 percent in 2004. since 1996, the employment rate of the most disadvantaged single mothers increased from 50 percent to 100 percent. employment of single mothers who are high school dropouts rose by two - thirds, and employment of young single mothers ( ages 18 to 24 ) nearly doubled. as mothers found employment, child poverty decreased. additionally, welfare caseloads have been cut in half, dropping from 4. 3 million families in 1996 to 1. 89 million today. the explosive growth of out - of - wedlock births has nearly halted", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44229990855782186, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.250239"} {"text": "mothers found employment, child poverty decreased. additionally, welfare caseloads have been cut in half, dropping from 4. 3 million families in 1996 to 1. 89 million today. the explosive growth of out - of - wedlock births has nearly halted. as the policies of the \u201c war on poverty \u201d discouraged fatherhood, the out - of - wedlock birthrate went from 7. 7 percent in 1965 to 32. 2 percent 1995. however since 1996 ( and for several reasons besides welfare reform ), the long - term rapid growth in the out - of - wedlock birth rate faltered. having a good economy alone did not produce these results. remember, critics objected that the changes would hurt the poor during the good economy of the late 1990s. however, when the government finally began to recognize the poor people are not \u201c white trash \u201d or any other form of \u201c it \u201d but are real people capable of independent thinking, caring for their own families, making decisions formed by what is best, and given a chance to succeed, these results were inevitable. when our society provides incentives encouraging work, marriage, family, and accountability - - which are central to human dignity - - we see people thought to be helpless rise to the occasion. however, after a decade of good results, there is still more work to be done. there is still the wrong assumption that poor people need to be controlled by the surrogate decisions of government bureaucrats. poor parents should have the freedom to put their kids in good schools ; states should not be allowed to economically enable those who refuse to work, which creates poverty cycles ; fatherhood and marriage should be encouraged structurally ; and as a nation we must commit ourselves to helping the poor of all races build wealth. the principles of entrepreneurship, homeownership, family, saving and investing, and commitment to community will not only lift families out of poverty but empower them to enjoy lives of dignity for generations to come. purchase a subscription to the journal of markets & morality to get access to the most recent issues. read our free quarterly publication that has interviews with important religious figures and articles bettering the free and virtuous society. visit r & l today. phone : ( 616 ) 454 - 3080 fax : ( 616 ) 454 - 9454", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4830386287335599, "token_count": 463, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.251744"} {"text": "key literacy component : text comprehension text comprehension allows readers to extract or construct meaning from the written word. students who misread words or misinterpret their meanings are at a disadvantage. proper instruction can boost students \u2019 skills in this key area. in this article : comprehension is the process of extracting or constructing meaning ( building new meanings and integrating new with old information ) from words once they have been identified. many struggling adolescent readers do not have difficulty reading words accurately ; they have difficulty making sense of the information and ideas conveyed by the text [ 2, 3 ]. comprehension varies depending on the text being read. even proficient readers may have difficulty comprehending particular texts from time to time. difficulties with comprehension may result from a reader ' s unfamiliarity with the content, style, or syntactic structures of the text [ 1, 4 ]. even as adults, many people struggle when reading shakespeare or the manual for installing a new computer program. what do good readers do? good adolescent readers are purposeful, strategic, and critical readers who understand the content presented in various types of texts. good readers set a purpose for reading successful readers establish different purposes for reading different kinds of text. they read computer manuals to figure out how to use a new computer or software program. they read the newspaper to find out what is happening in the community. they read mystery novels for enjoyment. good readers know that there are many purposes for reading, and they vary the ways in which they read depending on their purposes and the texts [ 1, 4 ]. good readers are strategic readers successful readers are mentally active readers. they make sense of what they read by drawing on knowledge and experiences that are relevant to the information and ideas in the text. good readers use knowledge of vocabulary, language structures, and genre to understand the text. they have a repertoire of reading strategies that is used before, during, and after reading to build meaning from the text [ 7, 1 ]. for example, before beginning a new mystery novel, good readers may consider the author ; the book ' s tone, organization, literary elements ; and other books written by the author. while reading a mystery novel, for example, successful readers constantly try to predict what will happen next. they also make text - to - text connections ; that is, they use information from previous mysteries that they have read to help understand the new mystery. good readers monitor their comprehension while reading by periodically checking their level of understanding of the text. if problems occur with comprehension while reading, good readers possess knowledge of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5324188709777404, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.275653"} {"text": "is, they use information from previous mysteries that they have read to help understand the new mystery. good readers monitor their comprehension while reading by periodically checking their level of understanding of the text. if problems occur with comprehension while reading, good readers possess knowledge of useful \" fix - up \" strategies and implement them to gain a better understanding of what is being read [ 7, 1 ]. successful adolescent readers use post - reading strategies, such as summarizing, to help remember what they have read and to clarify misunderstandings. when good readers read a chapter in a history text, they know that, at the end of each section, it is helpful to stop and summarize what has been learned so as to better understand and retain new information. good readers also know and are able to apply a variety of reading strategies to help them comprehend what they read [ 5, 1 ]. good readers are critical readers comprehension is necessary but not sufficient for developing adolescents ' critical awareness of all texts. critical readers analyze how writers, illustrators, and others involved represent people and their ideas. to be fully literate, adolescents must develop a critical awareness of how all texts position them as readers and must consider such factors as how authors ' backgrounds and cultures influence their writing [ 4, 6, 7 ]. good readers apply critical thinking skills to texts found in printed and electronic media to consider how authors manipulate electronic and print information in different ways and for varying purposes. what challenges do adolescent readers face with text comprehension? adolescents struggle with text comprehension for different reasons. some adolescents simply lack sufficient fluency to achieve comprehension. some fluent students lack comprehension strategies, such as generating questions, summarizing, and clarifying misunderstandings. others have learned strategies only in the context of reading narrative texts, such as stories. some students learn on their own how to transfer strategies used in one domain, such as literature, to other domains, such as history and science. other students do not learn how to transfer these strategies on their own and are never taught how to apply them to the expository text found in science, history, math, and other content areas. still other students have limited background knowledge in these domains [ 8, 9 ]. the structure of middle and high school texts also presents challenges for struggling readers. expository text is the most prevalent text structure in most middle and high school texts. in contrast with narrative text, students have had less exposure to expository text and, more important, have not been taught comprehension strategies within the context of expository text.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4962707714855022, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.276832"} {"text": "is the most prevalent text structure in most middle and high school texts. in contrast with narrative text, students have had less exposure to expository text and, more important, have not been taught comprehension strategies within the context of expository text. common categories of expository text are cause / effect, problem / solution, comparison / contrast, chronological order or sequence, concept idea with examples, and proposition with support. students encounter expository text across their content - area courses. expository text is found in newspaper and magazine articles, science and social studies texts, research articles, and primary source documents. the prevalence of expository text categories varies by discipline. for example, chronological order and cause / effect are common in history texts. geography texts make frequent use of description and comparison / contrast. social studies texts use analysis and evaluation of perspectives, arguments, and interpretations using proposition - support structures. if students are not familiar with the various types of texts used in middle and high school, they may encounter challenges in comprehending what they read. how can instruction help adolescent students with text comprehension? although many struggling adolescent readers need more specific and intense instruction in reading from reading specialists, all teachers can assume responsibility for helping students comprehend texts that are used in their classrooms. the goal of text comprehension instruction is to help students become active, purposeful, and independent readers of science, history, literary, and mathematics texts. key findings from research show that learning how to use comprehension strategies can improve adolescent readers ' text comprehension [ 11, 12, 8, 3 ]. the following sections describe the comprehension strategies teachers can incorporate into their content - area instruction and suggestions for teaching these strategies so that students can use them independently. integrate text comprehension strategies into instruction some comprehension strategies are general and can be used across different kinds of text. the following strategies can be adapted for use with most types of text. - read aloud passages from subject - matter text ; - as you read, stop now and then to model the kinds of questions successful readers ask themselves as they read. for example, \" why does the author tell me this? \" \" did i understand this correctly? \" \" what seems to be the most important point or idea? \" ; - repeat this modeling several times with different texts ; and - guide students in generating their own questions with content - area texts [ 11, 12, 14 ]. - explicit information in the text, that is, the answer is evident in the text and can often can be copied or repeated ( sometimes referred to as a \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5333616055700466, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.278224"} {"text": "in generating their own questions with content - area texts [ 11, 12, 14 ]. - explicit information in the text, that is, the answer is evident in the text and can often can be copied or repeated ( sometimes referred to as a \" right there \" response ) ; - implicit information found in several different places in the text ; that is, the answer is in the text, but the reader has to pull it together from different parts of the text ( sometimes referred to as a \" pulling it together \" response ) ; - implicit information found in the text and the reader ' s own prior knowledge and experiences, that is, the answer must be generated from a synthesis of information from the text and the reader ' s prior knowledge and experiences ( sometimes referred to as a \" text - and me \" response ) ; and - students ' prior knowledge and experiences alone ; that is, the student does not have to read the text to answer the question, but reading the text will inform the answer ( sometimes referred to as an \" on my own \" response ) [ 11, 12, 14 ]. margie went into the schoolroom. it was right next to her bedroom, and the mechanical teacher was on, waiting for her. it was always on at the same time everyday except saturday and sunday because her mother said little girls learned better if they learned at regular hours. the screen was lit up, and it said, \" today ' s arithmetic lesson is on the addition of proper fractions. please insert yesterday ' s homework in the proper slot. \" margie put her homework in the slot with a sigh. she was thinking about the old schools they had when her grandfather ' s grandfather was a little boy. all the kids from the whole neighborhood came laughing and shouting into the schoolyard, sitting together in the same schoolroom, going home together at the end of the day. they learned the same things, so they could help one another on the homework and talk about it. and the teachers were people... the mechanical teacher flashed on the screen : \" when we add the fractions 1 / 2 and 1 / 4 \" margie was thinking about how the kids must have loved it in the old days. she was thinking about the fun they had. excerpted from the fun they had by isaac asimov - who was the author of this story? ( \" right there \" question ) - what does margie like about the \" old schools \"? ( \" pulling it together \" question ) - when does this story take place? (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4973028764619871, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.279639"} {"text": "by isaac asimov - who was the author of this story? ( \" right there \" question ) - what does margie like about the \" old schools \"? ( \" pulling it together \" question ) - when does this story take place? ( \" text and me \" question ) - should we have \" mechanical \" teachers? ( \" on my own \" question ) expert readers monitor their comprehension as they read by continuously identifying when they do and when they do not comprehend the information, ideas, and other messages contained in the text. when comprehension breaks down, expert readers are able to use comprehension monitoring or other problem solving strategies to help them comprehend. many struggling readers do not use monitoring strategies or use them inappropriately [ 11, 12, 14 ]. - read aloud selected text passages. - stop at various points to \" think aloud \" about what may or may not be understood. questioning, prediction, and summarizing are used as monitoring strategies. - provide examples of other problem - solving strategies and how they are used in response to comprehension difficulties. examples of problem - solving strategies include re - reading the text, asking oneself questions about the text, and reading before or after the portion of text where comprehension difficulties occurred [ 11, 12, 14 ]. the teacher reads aloud the title of a newspaper article. \" ' do or die time for the kiwi. ' i ' m confused. i thought kiwi was a kind of fruit. how can a kiwi fruit have \u2018 do or die time '? maybe farmers are having problems growing kiwi fruit? i need to read more to find out if i ' m right. \" the teacher reads aloud the next sentence from the article. \" ' although they ' re 0 - 4, the kiwi curlers may still have winnable games against germany and italy. ' oh i get it, curling must be some kind of sport because it talks about \" winnable games \" and a score of 0 - 4. i don ' t really know anything about curling, but i do know that this article is about sports and kiwi is the name of one of the teams. the article must have something to do with the olympics because i know the olympics are going on now and it says that the kiwi team is playing against other countries \u2014 germany and italy. \" - identify and / or formulate main ideas, - connect the main ideas, - identify and delete redundancies, and - restate the main ideas and connections using different words and phrasings. use text structure as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5445077274122441, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.280605"} {"text": "and italy. \" - identify and / or formulate main ideas, - connect the main ideas, - identify and delete redundancies, and - restate the main ideas and connections using different words and phrasings. use text structure as adolescents build their knowledge of science, social studies, mathematics, and literature, learning to use knowledge of the structure of the particular text helps them comprehend the more complex texts that they encounter in these disciplines [ 16, 17 ]. selecting strategies that are useful for comprehending text structures involves examining the content, language, and structure of text with which students may have difficulty and then identifying specific strategies that will help students use these patterns and structures to aid in comprehension [ 16, 17 ]. teaching students to use graphic and semantic organizers that differ based on the category of expository text the organizer represents is one way to help students understand and use text structure to comprehend complex texts. a graphic organizer that lends itself to chronological order differs from an organizer that is useful for cause and effect. teachers can model the use of graphic organizers to show the different categories of expository text and then encourage students to use the various organizers to record and organize important information and concepts from the texts they are reading [ 2, 10 ]. - placing text passages on the overhead projector, - reading the passages aloud, - underlining key signal or transition words, and - explaining how these words provide clues for using text structure to aid comprehension. for example, explain that when students encounter the word consequently, it serves as a signal for the direction that the text will take next, in this case that a result of some action or event is about to be described or discussed. teachers can model and emphasize the use of signal or transition words orally as they discuss content and ask questions that require students to use these words in their responses [ 16, 17 ]. use graphic and semantic organizers teach students how to use graphic and semantic organizers to help them organize ideas and concepts during and after reading. graphic organizers are diagrams or other visuals that help students identify and see the relationships among concepts, ideas, and facts in a text. these organizers can be used with either narrative or expository text and in fact can be used to illustrate or represent the text structure itself. a semantic organizer, sometimes called a semantic map or web, is a type of graphic organizer that uses lines to connect a central concept or main idea with related or supporting facts or ideas [ 11, 5, 12, 14, 18 ]. teaching students to use graphic and semantic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5077906844142834, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.281710"} {"text": "called a semantic map or web, is a type of graphic organizer that uses lines to connect a central concept or main idea with related or supporting facts or ideas [ 11, 5, 12, 14, 18 ]. teaching students to use graphic and semantic organizers that differ depending on the category of expository text is one way to help students understand and use text structure to comprehend complex texts. a graphic organizer that lends itself to chronological order differs from an organizer that is useful for cause and effect. teachers can model the use of graphic organizers to show the different categories of expository text and then encourage students to use the various organizers to record and organize important information and concepts from their texts [ 2, 10 ]. develop critical analysis and reasoning skills to be fully literate students must be able to analyze critically the ideas and information they obtain from texts. the use of graphic organizers can contribute to the development of critical analysis and reasoning skills. - plan a topic and set of questions that can be answered in multiple texts. for example, a set of questions could be developed around the effect of the westward expansion of european americans on the native americans of the great plains. - identify several resources that address this issue from different perspectives. - construct a chart or graphic organizer that has one column for each question, a row for students ' prior knowledge relevant to the questions, additional rows equal to the number of sources used, and a final row for pulling together key ideas from prior knowledge and the various sources. - probe students to use their prior knowledge to answer the questions before reading the various text sources. summaries of students ' responses based on their prior knowledge are recorded in the first row. - help students during reading to attend to sections of each text that respond to the questions, to summarize this information, and to record it in the chart. - help students to examine the summaries of each text across the various rows to determine similarities and differences in how the texts address each of the central questions. - help students pull together the ideas from the different sources ( i. e., their prior knowledge and the information found in the various texts ) and resolve competing ideas from the separate sources. strategies such as the use of \" i \" charts help students understand how to integrate information by attending to the connections, biases, and contexts across different texts. use direct, explicit, and systematic instruction to teach students to use text comprehension strategies - explicit training and teacher modeling, - guided practice, and - independent practice [ 11, 5, 12, 14,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5299369890497668, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.283444"} {"text": ", biases, and contexts across different texts. use direct, explicit, and systematic instruction to teach students to use text comprehension strategies - explicit training and teacher modeling, - guided practice, and - independent practice [ 11, 5, 12, 14, 18 ]. phase 1 : explicit training and teacher modeling - the name of the strategy, - how to use the strategy, - explicit modeling of the strategy, - examples of when to use the strategy, - possible adjustments to the strategy for different tasks, and - the usefulness of the strategy [ 12, 18 ]. explicit modeling should be performed only after giving a thorough explanation of the strategy. the purpose of teacher modeling is to demonstrate the mental processes used by expert readers. teachers can do this by pausing and \" thinking aloud \" as they read. students observe as teachers verbalize their decision - making about which strategies to use and how they use them [ 12, 18 ]. phase 2 : guided practice - breaking the strategy into simplified steps, - giving cue cards or checklists for strategy steps, - reverting to explicit instruction and modeling as necessary, and - allowing students to work in small groups to practice a strategy together. supporting students in collaborative work to learn new strategies is a critical part of guided practice. phase 3 : independent practice and debriefing teachers can incorporate independent practice into instruction by providing opportunities for students to use strategies on their own. these opportunities may include reading assignments as homework or in - class individual reading. debriefing after independent practice is important. during debriefing, teachers ask about the strategies students used while doing their independent reading assignments, how they used those strategies, and how well the strategies worked for them. teach students to use multiple strategies good readers use strategies in clusters. for example, during reading, good readers question and clarify misunderstandings ; and after reading, they summarize and predict what will happen in the next part of the text. students need to learn and practice individual strategies, but they also need to learn how to use clusters of strategies to aid comprehension [ 11, 12, 14 ]. as with individual strategy instruction, use direct, explicit, systematic instruction to teach clusters of strategies that work together. instructional strategy packets such as reciprocal teaching encourage students to move toward higher levels of thinking and comprehension by utilizing clusters of strategies [ 19 - 22 ]. what do we still need to know? to increase understanding of how best to develop adolescent readers ' text comprehension, research should focus on investigating the effectiveness of interventions for improving comprehension of specific kinds", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.504891397484253, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.284498"} {"text": "and comprehension by utilizing clusters of strategies [ 19 - 22 ]. what do we still need to know? to increase understanding of how best to develop adolescent readers ' text comprehension, research should focus on investigating the effectiveness of interventions for improving comprehension of specific kinds of text ( e. g., expository text using cause and effect structures ). for example, although there is evidence of the importance of having sufficient prior knowledge of the domain or topic of an academic text, it is not yet clear how best to instruct students to access this prior knowledge. research on whether certain interventions are more or less effective with specific populations of adolescent students ( e. g., english language learners with limited native language literacy ) is also needed. finally, explorations of the kinds of supplemental materials useful in enhancing content - area instruction in text comprehension would provide teachers with guidance in selecting such materials [ 2, 8 ]. more key literacy components click the \" references \" link above to hide these references. - snow, c. and g. biancarosa, adolescent literacy and the achievement gap : what do we know and where do we go from here? 2003, carnegie corporation of new york : new york. - kamil, m., adolescents and literacy : reading for the 21st century. 2003, washington, dc : alliance for excellent education. - underwood, t. and p. d. pearson, teaching struggling adolescent readers to comprehend what they read, in adolescent literacy research and practice, t. l. jetton and j. a. dole, editors. 2004, the guilford press : new york. p. 135 - 161. - alvermann, d. e. and a. j. eakle, comprehension instruction : adolescents and their multiple literacies, in rethinking reading comprehension, a. p. sweet and c. e. snow, editors. 2003, the guilford press : new york. p. 12 - 29. - ehren, b., k. lenz, and d. deshler, enhancing literacy proficiency with adolescents and young adult, in handbook of language and literacy, c. stone, et al., editors. 2004, guilford press : new york. - moje, e. b. and k. hinchman, culturally responsive practices for youth literacy learning, in adolescent literacy research and practice, t. l. jetton and j. a. dole, editors. 2004 : new york. p. 321 - 350. - stahl, s. a. and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49801465891194163, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.285703"} {"text": "responsive practices for youth literacy learning, in adolescent literacy research and practice, t. l. jetton and j. a. dole, editors. 2004 : new york. p. 321 - 350. - stahl, s. a. and c. shanahan, learning to think like a historian : disciplinary knowledge through critical analysis of multiple documents, in adolescent literacy research and practice, t. l. jetton and j. a. dole, editors. 2004, the guilford press : new york. p. 94115. - rand, reading for understanding : toward an r & d program in reading comprehension. 2002, rand : santa monica, ca. - snow, c. and g. biancarosa, reading next : a vision for action and research in middle and high school literacy. 2004, carnegie corporation of new york : new york. - santa, c. m., project criss : reading, writing, and learning in the content subjects, in bridging the literacy achievement gap, grades 4 - 12, d. s. strickland and d. e. alvermann, editors. 2004, teachers college press : new york. p. 183 - 199. - national institute of child health and human development, report of the national reading panel. teaching children to read : an evidence - based assessment of the scientific research literature on reading and its implications for reading instruction. 2004, government printing office : washington, dc. http : / / www. nationalreadingpanel. org. - nokes, j. d. and j. a. dole, helping adolescent readers through explicit strategy instruction, in adolescent literacy research and practice, t. l. jetton and j. a. dole, editors. 2004, the guilford press : new york. p. 162 - 182. - jetton, t. and p. a. alexander, domains, teaching, and literacy, in adolescent literacy research and practice, t. l. jetton and j. a. dole, editors. 2004, the guilford press : new york. p. 15 - 39. - partnership for reading, put reading first : the research building blocks of reading instruction ( 2nd ed ). 2003, retrieved may 1, 2005, from http : / / www. nifl. gov / partnershipforreading / publications / pfrbooklet. pdf. - asimov, i., the fun they had, in earth is room enough. 1957, grafton : los angeles", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46775555262819657, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.286553"} {"text": "from http : / / www. nifl. gov / partnershipforreading / publications / pfrbooklet. pdf. - asimov, i., the fun they had, in earth is room enough. 1957, grafton : los angeles. - meyer, m. s. and r. h. felton, repeated reading to enhance fluency : old approaches and new directions. annals of dyslexia, 1999. 49 : p. 283 - 306. - graves, m., theories and constructs that have made a significant difference in adolescent literacy - but have the potential to produce still more positive benefits, in adolescent literacy research and practice, t. jetton and j. dole, editors. 2004, the guilford press : new york. p. 433 - 452. - deshler, d. d. and j. b. schumaker, an instructional model for teaching students how to learn, in alternative educational delivery systems : enhancing instructional options for all students, j. l. graden, j. e. ains, and m. j. curtis, editors. 1988, national association of school psychologists : washington, d. c. - palincsar, a. s., reciprocal teaching, in teaching reading as thinking. 1986, north central regional educational laboratory : oak brook, il. - palincsar, a. s. and a. brown, reciprocal teaching of comprehension : fostering and comprehension monitoring activities. cognition and instruction, 1984. 1 ( 2 ) : p. 117 - 175. - palincsar, a. s. and a. l. brown, reciprocal teaching : activities to promote read ( ing ) with your mind., in reading, thinking and concept development : strategies for the classroom, t. l. h. e. j. cooper, editor. 1985, the college board : new york. - palincsar, a. s. and l. j. klenk, dialogues promoting reading comprehension, in teaching advanced skills to at - risk students, c. c. b. means, and m. s. knapp, editor. 1991, jossey - bass : san francisco. national institute for literacy. ( 2007 ). adapted from what content - area teachers should know about adolescent literacy. retrieved from http : / / www. nifl. gov / nifl / publications / adolescent _ literacy07. pdf comments and recommendations", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5164467132011843, "token_count": 495, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.288101"} {"text": "pros and cons about improvements to locks and dams some in congress ; much of the general public outside the mississippi river basin, and even some university ecologists and other professors aren \u2019 t convinced it is a wise idea to invest heavily in upgrading the locks and dams system of the mississippi river. earlier this month, robert criss, a professor of earth and planetary sciences at washington university, st. louis, wrote a commentary for the st. louis post - dispatch newspaper in which he argued against an \u201c infusion of federal funds for river engineering and maintenance projects \u201d for the mississippi river and missouri river. to condense and paraphrase, criss had six points of complaints : - river structures impede flow and destroy wetlands or isolate the channel from floodplains. - loss of shallow water and island habitat decrease fish, fowl and mussel type animal reproduction and volume. - river structures provide opportunities for invasive river species to spread such as asian carp. - barge traffic is not economical and requires constant taxpayer money to build and maintain locks and dams because barge companies don \u2019 t pay expense other than a fuel tax. - barge traffic is problematic because of river structures such as locks and dams and bridges can be easily damaged by barges. - weather instability is projected to cause high differences of water level from year to year. criss suggested rules to reducing the length and draft of barge tows on the upper mississippi river, make barge companies pay more costs and \u201c de - authorize \u201d barge navigation of the missouri river. what initiated the commentary from criss was a bipartisan group of senators sending a letter to the leaders of the senate environment and public works committee. the senators asked the committee to include funding and strong language for establishing a long - term strategy to expedite construction and operation of lock and dam projects along the mississippi river, with a long - term strategy in a new water resources development act ( wrda ). u. s. sens. dick durbin ( d - ill. ), mark kirk ( r - ill. ), claire mccaskill ( d - mo. ), roy blunt ( r - mo. ), tom harkin ( d - iowa ) and chuck grassley ( r - iowa ) sent the letter. \" the system of locks and dams along the upper mississippi is in desperate need of modernization. the current system was built 70 years ago and updates are needed to fit the requirements of modern barge technology. many of the older locks are only 600 feet in length, while most current barge tows", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4096764069676131, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.292130"} {"text": "along the upper mississippi is in desperate need of modernization. the current system was built 70 years ago and updates are needed to fit the requirements of modern barge technology. many of the older locks are only 600 feet in length, while most current barge tows using the waterway are twice as long. that means these goods take twice as long to get down river and into the marketplace, \" wrote the senators. the senators contend the overall reliability and timeliness of using the inland waterways system is of significant national interest. use of the river is an economic trafficway of major importance to the nation, it was noted. after criss \u2019 letter, dean campbell of coulterville, ill., an american soybean association board member, \u201c defended the investments, highlighting the importance of the inland waterways system to the soybean industry and the contributions of the industry to the local and national economy, \u201d through an association news release. \" dr. criss \u2019 presumption that locks only benefit the operators on the rivers ignores the importance of soybean exports to global markets, and the positive impact those exports have on our economy, \" wrote campbell. citing increased efficiency and reduced impact, campbell added, \" dr. criss suggests that we should instead use rail cars or trucks, ignoring the fact that more than 1, 000 trucks \u2014 or 216 rail cars pulled by 16 locomotives \u2014 are needed to move the same soybeans as just one typical barge tow. we rely on our inland waterways to move our product efficiently and effectively to market, while helping to sustain vital local economies. \u201d the published commentary by criss can be read by clicking here. the letter from the senators can be read by clicking here.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.39915548399451506, "token_count": 341, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.292884"} {"text": "we ' re not the only ones who have emotions by marc bekoff - april 2007 as a scientist who ' s studied animal emotions for more than 30 years, i consider myself very fortunate. i love what i do. i love learning about animals, and i love sharing what my colleagues and i discover with others. whenever i observe or work with animals, i get to contribute to \" science \" and develop social relationships at the same time, and to me, there ' s no conflict between those activities. while stories about animal emotions abound, there are many lines of scientific support ( what i call \" science sense \" ) about the nature of animal emotions that are rapidly accumulating from behavioral and neurobiological studies ( from the emerging field called social neuroscience using fmris and pet scans ). common sense and intuition also feed into and support science sense, and the obvious conclusion is that at least mammals experience rich and deep emotional lives, feeling passions ranging from pure and contagious joy shared so widely among others during play that it is almost epidemic, to deep grief and pain. there also are recent data that show that birds and fish also are sentient and experience pain and suffering. emotions have evolved as adaptations in numerous species and they serve as a social glue to bond animals with one another. emotions also catalyze and regulate a wide variety of social encounters among friends and competitors and permit animals to protect themselves adaptively and flexibly using various behavior patterns in a wide variety of venues. in scientific research there are always surprises. just when we think we ' ve seen it all, new scientific data appear that force us to rethink what we know and to revise our stereotypes. for example, spindle cells, which were long thought to exist only in humans and other great apes, have recently been discovered in humpback whales, fin whales, killer whales and sperm whales in the same area of their brains as spindle cells in human brains. this brain region is linked with social organization, empathy, and intuition about the feelings of others, as well as rapid gut reactions. spindle cells are important in processing emotions. it ' s likely that if we seek the presence of spindle cells in other animals we will find them. neuroscientific research has also shown, using functional magnetic resonance imaging, that elephants have a huge hippocampus, a brain structure in the limbic system that ' s important in processing emotions. we now know that elephants suffer from psychological flashbacks and likely experience the equivalent of post - traumatic stress", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5084311692387634, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.297930"} {"text": "functional magnetic resonance imaging, that elephants have a huge hippocampus, a brain structure in the limbic system that ' s important in processing emotions. we now know that elephants suffer from psychological flashbacks and likely experience the equivalent of post - traumatic stress disorder. furthermore, all mammals ( including humans ) share neuroanatomical structures ( for example, the amygdala and hippocampus ) and neurochemical pathways in the limbic system that are important for feelings. along these lines, who would have thought that laboratory mice actually are empathic rodents? but now we know they are. research has shown that mice react more strongly to painful stimuli after they observed other mice in pain, and it turns out that they are fun - loving as well. interestingly, mice, used in the millions in education and research, are not considered to be an \" animal \" under the federal animal welfare act in the united states, and aren ' t protected from harmful research. a quote from the u. s. federal register, volume 69, number 108, friday june 4, 2004 states : \" we are amending the animal welfare act regulations to reflect an amendment to the act ' s definition of the term animal. \" the farm security and rural investment act of 2002 amended the definition of animal to specifically exclude birds, rats of the genus rattus, and mice of the genus mus, bred for use in research. we know more about animal passions then we often admit, and we can no longer ignore the pain and suffering of other beings. many people are faced with difficult, challenging, and frustrating questions about the use of animals in their classrooms and research laboratories, and today we must accept that there are compelling reasons stemming from scientific research to limit, and perhaps stop using, animals in lieu of the numerous highly effective non - animal alternatives that are readily available. i often begin my lectures with the question : \" is there anyone in this audience who thinks that dogs don ' t have feelings \u2014 that they don ' t experience joy and sadness? \" i ' ve never had an enthusiastic response to this question, even in scientific gatherings, although on occasion a hand or two goes up slowly, usually halfway, as the person glances around to see if anyone is watching. but if i ask, \" how many of you believe that dogs have feelings?, \" then almost every hand waves wildly, and people smile and nod in vigorous agreement. using behavior as our guide, by analogy, we map the feelings of other beings onto our own emotional templates,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5204110421156627, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.298973"} {"text": "many of you believe that dogs have feelings?, \" then almost every hand waves wildly, and people smile and nod in vigorous agreement. using behavior as our guide, by analogy, we map the feelings of other beings onto our own emotional templates, and we do it very reliably. recognizing that animals have emotions is important, because animals ' feelings matter. animals are sentient beings who experience the ups and downs of daily life, and we must respect this when we interact with them. while we obviously have much more to learn, what we already know should be enough to inspire changes in the way we treat other animals. we must not simply continue with the status quo because that is what we ' ve always done and it ' s convenient to do so. what we know has changed, and so should our relationships with animals. quite often, what we accept as \" good welfare \" isn ' t \" good enough. \" our relationship with other animals is a complex, ambiguous, challenging, and frustrating affair, and we must continually reassess how we should interact with our non - human kin. humans have enormous power to affect the world any way we choose. daily, we silence sentience in innumerable animals in a wide variety of venues. there ' s no doubt whatsoever that, when it comes to what we can and cannot do to other animals, it is their emotions that should inform our discussions and our actions on their behalf. emotions are the gifts of our ancestors. we have them, and so do other animals. we must never forget that. marc bekoff is professor emeritus at the university of colorado. some of this essay is excerpted from his book \" the emotional lives of animal : a leading scientist explores animal joy, sorrow, and empathy and why they matter \" ( 2007, new world library ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4937479943844401, "token_count": 367, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.299686"} {"text": "water saving tips : for residential water use, indoors and out click here to download a graphically designed pdf of the following residential water saving tips. replace toilets installed before 1994 ( 1992 in tx & ca ) with high - efficiency toilets ( hets ). - replacing an older toilet that uses 3. 5 gallons per flush ( gpf ) with a het that uses 1. 28 gpf will save 2. 22 gpf. the epa watersense program labels efficient toilets that use a maximum 1. 28 gpf. - if the toilet is flushed an average of six times each day it will save about 13 gallons per day or 4, 745 gallons per year. some older toilets use as much as 7 gallons per flush. - for more information and resources : see awe toilet fixtures introduction page and watersense labeled toilets page check toilets to verify they are working properly. - make sure the water level is not too high, the fill valve is working properly, and the flapper is not leaking. a running toilet can waste hundreds of gallons of water per day. - for more information on checking a toilet : see water saver home toilet page when it ' s time to replace the clothes washer, choose a high - efficiency washer with a low water factor. - the smaller the water factor the more efficient the clothes washer. - energy star models currently have a maximum of 6. 0, although many well - performing machines are available with lower water factors. look for the lowest water factor available to achieve the highest water savings. - for more information and resources : see awe residential clothes washer introduction when doing laundry, always wash full loads. - conventional washers built before 2011 typically use about 40 gallons per load ; resource - efficient washers may use as little as 15 gallons per load. - adjust the water level in the washer to the amount needed for the load. some of the new efficient washers will do this automatically. install efficient faucets and / or faucet aerators. - the u. s. epa ' s watersense program labels efficient faucets and aerators that use a maximum of 1. 5 gallons per minute. - look for the watersense label when selecting new faucets or aerators. find and fix any leaky faucets. - a faucet leaking 60 drops per minute will waste 192 gallons per month. that ' s 2, 304 gallons per year. turn off the faucet. - when lathering hands, shaving, or brushing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45619129816941906, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.306714"} {"text": "faucets. - a faucet leaking 60 drops per minute will waste 192 gallons per month. that ' s 2, 304 gallons per year. turn off the faucet. - when lathering hands, shaving, or brushing teeth. replace showerheads that have a flow rate greater than 2. 5 gallons per minute - - the current national energy policy act standard. - if the showerhead is not labeled, the flow rate can be checked by catching the water in a 1 - gallon bucket. if it takes less than 24 seconds to fill up, the showerhead flow rate is more than 2. 5 gallons per minute. the epa watersense program labels efficient showerheads that use a maximum 2. 0 gallons per minute. - for more information and resources : see awe residential shower introduction page and watersense labeled showerheads page take shorter showers. - reducing a 10 - minute shower to 5 minutes saves 12. 5 gallons of water if the showerhead has a flow rate of 2. 5 gallons per minute - - even more if the showerhead has a higher flow rate. if it takes a long time for the hot water to reach the shower, use it as an opportunity to collect water for other uses, e. g. watering houseplants. install an efficient dishwasher. - technological advances in dishwashers make it possible to use less water to achieve the same goal. a new dishwasher that uses less water per cycle will reduce household water use. - dishwashers use less water than handwashing, particularly if you limit pre - rinsing. - for examples of dishwasher models and their water use : see energy star qualifying residential dishwasher list only wash full loads of dishes in the dishwasher. if washing dishes by hand, fill the sink with water rather than continually running the tap. avoid using running water to thaw frozen foods. - instead, defrost in the refrigerator overnight. composting food waste saves water. - it reduces the water needed to run a garbage disposal. check water bills for any instances of high water use - - this may be an indication of a leak. - leaking faucets, leaking toilets, and leaking pipes all have something in common, they waste a lot of water! your water bill will often show abnormal water consumption if there is a leak. many water utilities have information on how to read your water bill online. - for more information and resources : see awe household leaks page landscape with water - wise landscaping principles : - use", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44864478367182936, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.307681"} {"text": "water bill will often show abnormal water consumption if there is a leak. many water utilities have information on how to read your water bill online. - for more information and resources : see awe household leaks page landscape with water - wise landscaping principles : - use native plants or other plants that require little water to thrive in your region. - plant turf grass only in areas where people will use it actively for recreation. - organize your landscape into hydrozones. hydrozones are areas of landscape with plants and vegetation that have similar water requirements. this prevents over - watering some plants and under - watering others. - keep soil healthy and add mulch to prevent water loss through evaporation. - if watering with a hose, make sure it has a shut - off nozzle. - water in the morning to prevent water loss due to evaporation. avoid watering when it is windy. - use a rain barrel to collect water for use in the landscape. - add a graywater system to collect water from your washing machine or shower and bath, and use it in the landscape. if a sprinkler system is used, make sure it is properly set - up and maintained. - irrigate hydrozones based upon the plants ' water needs. - install a weather - based smart irrigation controller. it is essential that smart controllers are properly programmed and maintained. - install and maintain a rain sensor, either wireless or wired, on the irrigation controller if it does not have one built - in. - regularly inspect the sprinkler heads to make sure they are not damaged or malfunctioning. - adjust sprinklers so they are not spraying water on paved surfaces such as the sidewalk or driveway. - for more information : see awe landscape, irrigation, and outdoor water use page, and xeriscape council of new mexico xeriscape principles page sweep outdoor surfaces with a broom instead of using a hose. wash vehicles at a carwash that recycles its water. - if washing at home, make sure the hose has a shut - off nozzle. pool owners, use a cover to reduce water loss through evaporation. - a pool cover also saves energy and reduces the need for chemicals. * * click here for cii water saving tips * *", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4777793172263849, "token_count": 461, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.308512"} {"text": "the western diamond back rattle snake the western diamond back rattle snake lives in the badlands and semi desert areas of north america, where its tough skin prevents it fromlosing too much moisture. it conserves water by excreting thick paste urine. it adjusts its daily behavior to regulate body heat, alternately basking in the sun and shade. water is scarce in the diamondback \u2019 s arid habitat, but the snake has a tough skin that conserves moisture and a behavior pattern that helps it avoid the worst of the heat. the rattlesnake \u2019 s heat sensing pit organ guide the snake toward its prey, allowing it to strike with deadly accuracy even in total darkness. the western diamondback rattlesnake lives in arid, scrubby semi deserts of the southwest u. s. from california to arkansas. usually found in dry, sandy, or rocky terrain, the rattlesnake sometimes ventures onto cultivated land. the diamondback is adapted to surviving in a barren landscape where less than 1 \u201d of rain falls a year. lack of water in its dusty range poses no problem for the diamondback. it can go for months without drinking, obtaining all the moisture it needs from its prey. the rattlesnake recycles as much of its body fluids as possible and when it does urinate, it excretes the waste as concentrated uric acid crystals rather than as a fluid. this takes the form of a white paste and is passed with the feces. in hotter areas the diamondback is most active at night, moving around in the open sunshine all day would cause it to overheat. like other snakes, the rattlesnake can not generate enough body heat to operate its organs. the diamondback often spends the hottest daylight hours dozing beneath a rock. when hunting, the snake investigates every cranny, its forked tongue flicking in and out to taste the air for scent of prey. it preys mostly on rodents, but may eat small birds, lizards and larger animals, such as prairie dogs, ground squirrels and rabbits. as the snake strikes, long, hollow fangs swing down to stab into the prey and inject a lethal dose of venom. the jaws dislocate and skin stretches as the mouth engulfs the victim. the snake can not swallow, it walks its jaws over its prey to ingest it. the female diamondback can breed only once every two years, so there is intense competition among males. in spring, males are drawn to receptive females by scent.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.40754501167266755, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.311467"} {"text": "\u2022 includes important additions about the prophet \u2019 s spread of islam into syria and its neighboring states \u2022 contains original english translations from 8th and 9th century biographies, presented in authoritative language \u2022 represents the final updates made on the text before the author \u2019 s death in 2005 martin lings \u2019 biography of muhammad is an internationally acclaimed, comprehensive, and authoritative account of the life of the prophet. based on the sira, the eighth - and ninth - century arabic biographies that recount numerous events in the prophet \u2019 s life, it contains original english translations of many important passages that reveal the words of men and women who heard muhammad speak and witnessed the events of his life. scrupulous and exhaustive in its fidelity to its sources, muhammad : his life based on the earliest sources is presented in a narrative style that is easily comprehensible, yet authentic and inspiring in its use of language, reflecting both the simplicity and grandeur of the story it tells. this revised edition includes new sections detailing the prophet \u2019 s expanding influence and his spreading of the message of islam into syria and its neighboring states. it represents the final updates made to the text before the author \u2019 s death in 2005. the book has been published in 12 languages and has received numerous awards, including acknowledgment as best biography of the prophet in english at the national seerate conference in islamabad.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.37919614588361183, "token_count": 274, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.315701"} {"text": "- historic sites native americans first view whites from the shore new york indians discover dutchmen spring 2009 | volume 59, issue 1 in hindsight, these first encounters were asymmetrically momentous events, presaging catastrophic consequences for the native peoples of north america. europeans wrote accounts of these meetings ; indians did not. nevertheless, memories of such meetings passed from generation to generation within the tribes. some traditions recalled dreams, premonitions, and prophecies that foretold the coming of powerful strangers, stories no doubt retold with increasing bitterness as europeans kept coming. in some accounts people looked from the shore and thought the awesome approaching ships were giant white seabirds or floating islands. the hairy men onboard had firearms, armor, and metal goods. but, contrary to what european explorers frequently asserted, there is little evidence that indians regarded them as gods. early europeans lacked the power and dominance they would later amass, and they did not always seem to pose an immediate threat. they relied on indian guides, indian foods, and indian technology ( birch - bark canoes, for instance ) to travel inland. to native eyes, their pale skins made them look sickly. henry hudson and his dutch crew met people who were probably from the munsee branch of the delaware or lenni lenape at manhattan in 1609, and they met mahican farther up the hudson. the moravian missionary john gottlieb ernestus heckwelder ( 1743 \u2013 1823 ), who lived for many years among delaware and mahican displaced into ohio, recorded a native account of the meeting in 1765, in which hudson features as a figure dressed in red. heckwelder kept journals and wrote about native life, most notably his account of the history, manners and customs of the indian nations, who once inhabited pennsylvania ( 1819 ). by the time he transcribed this tradition sometime in the 1760s, the indians knew all too well the consequences of meeting europeans who peddled alcohol, infected them with new diseases, waged war against them, denigrated their cultures, and stole their lands. indian tradition of the first arrival of the dutch at manhattan as related to john heckwelder the following account of the first arrival of europeans at york island, is verbatim as it was related to me by aged and respected delawares, momeys, and mahicaanni, ( otherwise called mohigans, mahicanders, ) near forty years ago. it is copies from notes and manuscripts taken on the spot. they say", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4258252171090717, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.328116"} {"text": "by aged and respected delawares, momeys, and mahicaanni, ( otherwise called mohigans, mahicanders, ) near forty years ago. it is copies from notes and manuscripts taken on the spot. they say : a long time ago, when there was no such thing known to the indians as people with a white skin, ( their expression, ) some indians who had been out a - fishing, and where the sea widens, espied at a great distance something remarkably large swimming, or floating on the water, and such as they had never seen before. they immediately returning to the shore apprised their countrymen of what they had seen, and pressed them to go out with them and discover what it might be. these together hurried out, and saw to their great surprise the phenomenon, but could not agree what it might be ; some concluding it either to be an uncommon large fish, or other animal, while others were of opinion it must be some very large house. it was at length agreed among those who were spectators, that as this phenomenon moved towards the land, whether or not it was an animal, or anything that had life in it, it would be well to inform all the indians on the inhabited islands of what they had seen, and put them on their guard. accordingly, they sent runners and watermen off to carry the news to their scattered chiefs, that these might send off in every direction for the warriors to come in. these arriving in numbers, and themselves viewing the strange appearance, and that it was actually moving towards them, ( the entrance of the river or bay, ) concluded it to be a large canoe or house, in which the great mannitto ( great or supreme being ) himself was, and that he probably was coming to visit them. by this time the chiefs of the different tribes were assembled on york island, and were counseling ( or deliberating ) on the manner they should receive their mannitto on his arrival. every step had been taken to be well provided with a plenty of meat for a sacrifice ; the women were required to prepare the best of victuals ; idols or images were examined and put in order ; and a grand dance was supposed not only to be an agreeable entertainment for the mannitto, but might, with the addition of a sacrifice, contribute towards appeasing him, in case he was angry with them. the conjurors were also set to work, to determine what the meaning of this phenomenon was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4609117756319322, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.329104"} {"text": "the mannitto, but might, with the addition of a sacrifice, contribute towards appeasing him, in case he was angry with them. the conjurors were also set to work, to determine what the meaning of this phenomenon was, and what the result would be. both to these, and to the chiefs and wise men of the nation, men, women, and children wre looking up for advice and protection. between hope and fear, and in confusion, a dance commenced. while in this situation fresh runners arrive declaring it a house of various colours, and crowded with living creatures. it now appears to be certain that it is the great mannitto bringing them some kind of game, such as they had not before ; but other runners soon after arriving, declare it a large house of various colours, full of people, yet of quite a different colour than they ( the indians ) are of ; that they were also dressed in a different manner from them, and that one in particular appeared altogether red, which must be the mannitto himself. they are soon hailed from the vessel, though in a language they do not understand ; yet they shout ( or yell ) in their way. many are for running off to the woods, but are pressed by others to stay, in order not to give offence to their visiters, who could find them out, and might destroy them. the house ( or large canoe, as some will have it, ) stops, and a smaller canoe comes ashore with the red man and some others in it ; some stay by this canoe to guard it. the chiefs and wise men ( or councilors ) had composed a large circle, unto which the red - clothed man with two others approach. he salutes them with friendly countenance, both as to the colour of the skin ( or these whites ) as also to their manner of dress, yet most as to the habit of him who wore the red clothes, which shone with something they could not account for. he must be the great mannitto ( supreme being, ) they thing, but why should he have a white skin? a large hockhack [ their word for gourd, bottle, decanter. ] is brought forward by one of the ( supposed ) mannitto \u2019 s servants and from this a substance is poured out into a small cap ( or glass ) and handed to the mannitto. the ( expected ) mannitto drinks ; has the glass filled again, and hands it to the chief", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47155569632146954, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.330089"} {"text": "implements ; and had borne with the weight of such heavy metal hanging to their necks for such a length of time. they took every white man they saw for a mannitto, yet inferior and attendant to the supreme mannitto, to wit, to the one which wore the red and laced clothes. familiarity daily increasing between them and the whites, the latter now proposed to stay with them, asking them only for so much land as the hide of a bullock would cover ( or encompass, ) which hide was brought forward and spread on the ground before them. that they readily granted this request ; whereupon the whites took a knife, and beginning at one place on this hide, cut it up into a rope not thicker than the finger of a little child, so that by the time this hide was cut up there was a great heap. that this rope was drawn out to a great distance, and then brought round again, so that both ends might meet. that they carefully avoided its breaking, and that upon the whole it encompassed are large piece of ground. that they ( the indians ) were surprised at the superior wit of the whites, but did not wish to contend with them about a little land, as they had enough. that they and the whites lived for a long time contentedly together, although these asked from time to time more land of them ; and proceeding higher up the mahicanittuk ( hudson river ), they believed they would soon want all their country, and which at this time was already the case. [ here ends the relation. ]", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45241713323063626, "token_count": 313, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.332639"} {"text": "we are remembered by our exaggerations. so at a recent reunion of my former research - group members, several recalled my saying \" when you see a standard deviation in an x - ray crystal structure, multiply it by pi [ \u03c0, 3. 141... ], or if the structure is done by friends, by e [ 2. 718... ]. \" i was talking about structures of molecules \u2014 details of their geometry, also of a particularly fruitful way to gain knowledge of these structures. and of the error estimates in such studies. there is no more basic enterprise in chemistry than the determination of the geometrical structure of a molecule. such a determination, when it is well done, ends speculation and provides us with the starting point for understanding every physical, chemical and biological property of the molecule. indeed, the chemical sciences ( only modestly imperialistic, i take them to range from materials science through molecular biology ) are what they are today largely as the result of careful structure determination. we ' d be still waiting in ignorance if we believed the hype of various microscopies. a few very accurate structures have come to us through ingenious use of electron diffraction and various spectroscopies. but the vast majority of what we know about shapes and metric detail of molecules and extended materials derives from studies of the diffraction of x rays by single crystals of molecules, a technique popularly called \" x - ray crystallography. \" \u00bb post comment", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5879051876135902, "token_count": 302, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.335024"} {"text": "from ancestry. com wiki | institution and organization records this article is part of a series. | civilian conservation corps | | coroner or medical examiner records | | prisons and penitentiary records | this article originally appeared in \" business, institution, and organization records \" by kay haviland freilich, cg, cgl, and ann carter fleming, cg, cgl in the source : a guidebook to american genealogy the records of schools, colleges, and universities in the united states have gradually developed into valuable sources of genealogical information. school records provide a more personal glimpse of our ancestors than many other types of records. they are available from the 1700s until current day and include everything from elementary education through college, professional school, military academy, or special education training. any of these facilities may have records that provide information about your ancestor. among the types of school records available are report cards, class photos, class lists, administrator \u2019 s records, and rosters of teachers. as with most other records in the united states, school records became more comprehensive after the turn of the twentieth century. primary and secondary schools a review of historic school records will quickly show the changes in education over the years. children from rural farm areas may have attended school only during the winter or nongrowing time. some schools moved their more advanced students up a grade or even two ; today such students are more often offered enrichment courses. most commonly found are school board minutes. while board minutes deal primarily with administrative and financial matters involved in operating the school, they may include such potentially valuable information as the names of administrators and teachers, and reference to other records that might be useful. for instance, these 1873 minutes from mcduffie county, georgia, refer to a school census. does that census still exist in the files of the county school district or the county clerk? teachers \u2019 salaries were set by the number of students in attendance rather than by the number of school days taught. in many cases, school records are held at the state \u2019 s archives. while a large percentage of the records deal with the business of running a school or school district, records involving individuals are also available. for example, the wisconsin state archives holds teachers \u2019 contracts from brown deer, granville, and river hills among other towns. records of durham hill school include teachers \u2019 registers with dates, names, ages, and attendance of students. one good starting point when searching for school records is the family history library catalog using the topic \u201c schools \u201d in a known location. another is a web search that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4676860918530255, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.344357"} {"text": "hill school include teachers \u2019 registers with dates, names, ages, and attendance of students. one good starting point when searching for school records is the family history library catalog using the topic \u201c schools \u201d in a known location. another is a web search that focuses on the place of residence, the known name of a school, or the catalogs of the state or local archives or historical societies. researchers should remember to check sources at the local public library, where they might find newspaper articles about school activities and a collection of yearbooks from the local public schools. the county clerk or the current school board may be able to tell a researcher what records still exist and where they are housed. many colleges, universities, prep schools, and boarding schools have directories, while listings of local primary schools are more difficult to locate and usually pertain only to a specific area. county histories often mention the early county schools and sometimes list students of a particular graduating year. local or state historical societies may also have information about an area \u2019 s early schools. internet sources may lead you to useful records. the website called southern california yearbooks has posted images from many high school and college yearbooks from throughout the twentieth century online. modern school records are protected by privacy laws, but family members are sometimes able to obtain the information or photocopies of the documents in the files. because state, local, and school policies govern the availability of school records, you should write to the local school of interest to determine what procedure to follow. among family heirlooms and papers, a researcher might find an old report card. from this, the researcher can determine an approximate age, based on the grade level indicated on the report card, as well as learn what subjects the ancestor studied \u2014 and how well the student did in his studies. in addition, the school may also have maintained a record book of all grades issued. student lists come in a variety of forms. teachers might have kept a list of their pupils that includes courses studied and grades achieved. a school census might include the student \u2019 s age as well as a birthplace. see for example, the custer county, colorado, pupil register for district # 3, 1891 \u2013 96 at http : / / www. colorado. gov / dpa / doit / archives / online. htm # school. many metropolitan and rural schools received funds from the local government to cover the cost of educating poor children. records of children receiving an education at government expense can be found in court records, school board minutes, or town meeting records. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41862717309505726, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.345368"} {"text": "##geneas. com / library / schoolrosters / tuskegee1915. html. colleges and universities the institutions of higher education offer many useful records, and in fact, colleges and universities are excellent sources of genealogical information compared to early primary school records. records document admission, registration, course of study, and graduation. additionally, many alumni associations and school archivists have compiled biographies and histories of former students. many schools have preserved applications for admission containing valuable family information. yearbooks document the attendance of an individual at a given time and provide some biographical information ; these are usually on file with alumni associations and in college and university libraries. alumni directories offer subsequent addresses and work history ; many also include such personal information as names of spouse and children. if the student had to write a thesis as part of his course work, a copy likely resides in the library. a large number of colleges and universities participate in the national union catalog of manuscript collectionsnucmc, thus helping to identify which sources they might hold. the 1890 biographical register of west point graduates includes civil war generals from both sides. not surprisingly, information about confederate officers is sparse or nonexistent after they resigned from the union army. in contrast, entries of some of the union leaders cover several pages, providing detailed information about military assignments throughout a career and often an extensive biography. if you know or suspect that an ancestor was a student at england \u2019 s cambridge university, you will definitely want to search the alumni database. alumni cantabrigieness was compiled by j. a. venn, a former president of queen \u2019 s college and offers information from the university \u2019 s earliest records of about 1261 through 1900. many of those students later immigrated to america. each entry offers biographical information including birth date and place, parents \u2019 names, siblings \u2019 names, occupation, and notable accomplishments. some of the best early primary school records were kept by private preparatory and boarding schools whose students were from the region \u2019 s wealthy families. references to children \u2019 s parents, residence, curriculum, and activities, as well as individual and class photographs, can more often be found in these school records. some private schools are operated by religious institutions, and these records may appear with the church records.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40785975158268345, "token_count": 455, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.347386"} {"text": "check availability of bunnies on the adoption chart rabbits are extremely hardy and occasionally delicate. years may go by without infirmity, and one day that energetic ball of fur becomes a limp puddle of depressed bunnyhood. oh, no! an interesting species ( meant by nature to be low on the food chain ) can be a mass of contradictions in the health arena. as an adaptation of nature, rabbits have a high pain threshold. nature protects them from feeling much pain, especially when they are about to become a meal. another common occurrence is for rabbits to suffer heart attacks upon confrontation, and they pass out to avoid the unpleasantness of being eaten. of course, pet rabbits do not have to face the realities of nature ' s savagery. nevertheless, they are genetically wired to not show pain ( so the predator will not see their weakness ). this causes a problem for both the pet rabbit and their human caretakers - - when problems strike, illness or pain can be hidden until all the bunny ' s internal resources are exhausted, and they quietly collapse. rabbits rarely get sick, but when they do, you only have 12 to 24 hours to start treatment and two to three days to get on track with the corrections. don ' t delay! when a rabbit is sick, it will be overly quiet, depressed, and you will notice a reduction in eating and drinking. their eyes may be glazed, their respiration increased or, as the illness progresses, they may become limp. they may also grind their teeth in pain. a healthy bunny will be active, curious and bouncy, especially when allowed to play in the house or yard while being observed. rabbits actually have very hardy systems, and in some ways, recuperate rapidly, such as after being cut. a veterinarian should be called immediately if your first aid efforts do not get fast results. rabbits are considered exotic animals, and many vets refuse to treat them. do research ahead of time. to find a vet that treats rabbits, ask them about their experience or for a recommendation. an attentive family of a house rabbit will notice unusual behavior sooner than owners of a caged rabbit. house rabbits tend to live longer than their caged brethren because of this attention ( along with other advantages such as love, a varied healthy diet and more vet care ). owners of caged rabbits ( unless they play with it regularly ) may not notice a change in behavior in the 30 seconds it takes to throw in some food and check the water. the most important rule for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46014661428552356, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.362507"} {"text": "varied healthy diet and more vet care ). owners of caged rabbits ( unless they play with it regularly ) may not notice a change in behavior in the 30 seconds it takes to throw in some food and check the water. the most important rule for the care and first aid of a rabbit is to pay attention to your bunny! when you are familiar with all your rabbit ' s mood and quirks, you are more likely to notice if they are \" off. \" because of their non - revealing nature, the signs start subtly, then either self heal or multiply into a full - fledged disaster. fortunately, disasters rarely happen, but if they do, these are some signs to look for and the measures to deal with the possible problems. is your bunny eating? first, check the water supply. because their food is dry, rabbits cannot eat without a large, clean water source. is the water bottle broken? does your rabbit frequently tip over the water bowl? get a big crock. are the kids forgetting to give the bunny water? remember, a bunny can only survive a day or so without water, and if their water supply is irregular or dirty, they become thin and unhealthy. does your bunny have droppings in the litter pan? a sure sign that the rabbit is not drinking or eating, has an internal blockage or a \" sour stomach \" is a lack of droppings in the pan. if the tray is dirty, change it so you can get a fresh look at their droppings. if you keep your rabbits outdoors, put newspaper under their cage. if food or the water source is the problem, fix it by getting clever. test the bottle to see if it works. use a different feeder ( especially if the bunny throws its food out ) - - give them a crock instead of a bottle or a huge crock that they can ' t throw the food out of. put a rock in the bottom of the crock so they cannot dig but can eat. young and small bunnies may need a lower food / water source that they can reach. be resourceful. this problem can have different causes. have your rabbits been chewing on rags or plastic items like a cat box? if so, remove the item and give your rabbit a cat hairball remedy by mouth or syringe with the needle removed. this lubricant will help the blockage through your rabbit ' s system. rabbits cannot throw up, so it is important to use toys and equipment around them that are safe for them", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4296658058626144, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.363793"} {"text": "remedy by mouth or syringe with the needle removed. this lubricant will help the blockage through your rabbit ' s system. rabbits cannot throw up, so it is important to use toys and equipment around them that are safe for them to chew. some blockages must be handled by a vet, it ' s understandably expensive, so it is more prudent to prevent the problem. sometimes long - haired breeds and molting rabbits of any breed can get fur or wool stuck in their stomach. the best way to prevent hairballs or impactions is to feed loose hay regularly. feeding hay only ( removing all other food ) one day a week is very effective in preventing hairball formation. as i said before, rabbits cannot expel hairballs by vomiting so we need to use roughage to drive fur through the system. if you suspect a fur blockage, remove all regular pellets and offer hay only, especially if you see their droppings strung together by strands of hair. if they do not eat the hay, buy a fresh pineapple, cut some up and put it in the blender, and see if they will drink it. if not, force feed 1 / 4 cup ( for a medium - sized rabbit ) of strained pineapple juice to the bunny twice a day using a feeding syringe until they willingly eat a considerable amount of hay a day. if they do not start eating within a day, visit your vet. you can purchase a feeding syringe from your dentist, it is used to irrigate teeth. rabbits ' stomachs are very sensitive. it seems to be their weak point. a large ingestion of fruits or vegetables, a new brand of food or a day grazing on grass can cause severe diarrhea or even death. to prevent this, blend new brands of food with the old feed for a few days. slowly introduce fruits and vegetables. avoid foods that are dangerous or of no nutritional value. for example, head lettuce is nutritionally useless and can cause diarrhea ; cabbage creates gas ; and celery strings can tie up the intestines. other foods and grass grazing should be introduced slowly. poisonous plants are eaten with enthusiasm by rabbits, so you need to identify and eliminate them from your house and yard. remove all fruits and vegetables. put a large serving of quaker oats on top of your rabbit ' s pellets and offer hay, this will firm up their droppings. if diarrhea continues, antibiotics like", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.41321043286068904, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.364755"} {"text": "from your house and yard. remove all fruits and vegetables. put a large serving of quaker oats on top of your rabbit ' s pellets and offer hay, this will firm up their droppings. if diarrhea continues, antibiotics like terrimycin powder can be mixed in their water. a product called dri tail for hamsters works pretty well, it is not ok ' d for rabbits so i only use it in an emergency once or twice ' till i can get an antibiotic like terrimycin powder from the pet or feed store. i do not put the balance of the dri - tail bottle in their water, i only use the eyedropper once when the problem is discovered and again12 hours later then go buy terrimycin.. i ' ve also had good luck with benebac, a highly concentrated yogurt paste to help replace the good flora and fauna in my rabbits ' intestinal tract. i ' ve also used vanilla yogurt that has natural cultures, although opinions vary about milk products for rabbits. i recommend keeping a mild antibiotic, such as dri tail or terrimycin powder on hand. it is important to give it to the rabbit as soon as you notice a problem. if diarrhea doesn ' t clear up within a few hours, see a vet immediately. note : rabbits are allergic to pennicillin products - do not use them. trim toe nails regularly so they don ' t get caught on the carpet and on your clothing. never hold a rabbit exclusively by the ears. the cartilage in the ear can break or bend and is not repairable. don ' t catch your rabbit by the tail! always hold your rabbit ' s whole body as carefully as you would hold a baby. if your rabbit sustains an injury to its toes, ears or tail, keep it contained for a few days so nature can heal the best it can. broken ears do not heal. toes and tails can be bound to the body to knit, but it is difficult - - consult your vet. if you noticed it too late to fix ; the injury is only cosmetic, your bunny is still your cute pet, and it doesn ' t matter to them. don ' t startle your rabbit because it may move quickly and break its leg. don ' t let your dog chase your rabbits because your bunny may get hurt trying to get away. always chaperon dogs and bunnies. a dog must have an excellent response to \" down \" and \" stay \" commands", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.3817746637596767, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.365628"} {"text": "and break its leg. don ' t let your dog chase your rabbits because your bunny may get hurt trying to get away. always chaperon dogs and bunnies. a dog must have an excellent response to \" down \" and \" stay \" commands before you let it be a pal to your rabbit. i suggest keeping your bunny on a cat harness and leash ( also the dog ) during the first few months of getting to know the yard, house or other pets. keep your bunny quiet if you suspect its leg is broken. a vet will need to set it. bring your rabbit to the vet wrapped in a towel. setting a leg is very expensive. i \" bunny sat \" a male english angora that broke his leg jumping off a table. the owners were first - time rabbit owners who had just adopted the angora, and they thought the rabbit was just sore. it turned out the leg was broken, but it was too late to set. the rabbit is beautiful and enjoys the love of the whole family. they dropped him off for bunny sitting late at night and left the country. imagine my agony the next day when i saw the broken leg. i couldn ' t afford to set it ( way over the $ 100 i had been authorized for vet fees ), and there was no phone number where i could reach the family. for two weeks i worried and agonized over my decision not to fix it. when they got back, they told me it had been broken since he was 10 weeks old. they were so used to his infirmity that they forgot to tell me! the moral of this story is to see a vet right away if you suspect your rabbit has broken a limb. ( and don ' t forget to tell your bunny sitter about any disabilities you have become blind to - - please! ). in nature, rabbits are burrowers, and they go underground to avoid heat. they are happiest in cool temperatures. in an outdoor cage, a rabbit is highly susceptible to heat stroke. it is by far the largest killer of bunnies in our area. rabbits are covered with fur and do not pant to cool off like a dog would. if left uncooled in a cage, car or out in the sun, their brain can swell, resulting in a painful death. the best way to avoid heat stroke is to have an indoor cage where you can keep your rabbit when hot weather reaches over 85 degrees f. this is extremely important if you work during the day! if your rabbit must", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.39003821943938194, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.366542"} {"text": ", resulting in a painful death. the best way to avoid heat stroke is to have an indoor cage where you can keep your rabbit when hot weather reaches over 85 degrees f. this is extremely important if you work during the day! if your rabbit must stay outdoors, a frozen two - liter soda bottle can be placed in the cage to keep your pet cool. i highly recommend keeping two additional frozen bottles in the freezer so that one is always available. if temperatures reach over 90 degrees, a fan is essential to keep air circulating. point the fan at half the cage so your rabbit can move in or out of the breeze. wet burlap sacks can be suspended from the cage sides, along with the fan for a swamp - cooler effect. better yet, get a misting system - - they are available at hardware stores during the summer. attached to a hose and timer, misters cool the surrounding temperatures by as much as 15 degrees. a warm bunny will lie flat on the floor of its cage, and have higher respiration. a very hot bunny will develop a wet area around their nose and could be limp. cool warm rabbits by wetting their fur with a spray bottle and getting them out of the heat. immediately cool hot bunnies by soaking their fur in a bathtub or sink full of lukewarm water. put them in front of a fan to lower their temperature quickly and to stop the swelling of the brain. they will show signs of recovery by brightening up and becoming active again. let them dry naturally and watch for signs of depression. give them lots of attention after they are cool. if you have experienced the opposite of heat stroke - - a wet bunny in cold weather - - here ' s what you should do. dry the rabbit and warm it up gently. use a low, slow, warm setting on your hair dryer. introduce the hair dryer slowly, so you don ' t frighten the rabbit. keep your hand inside the stream of warm air so that you will not burn the rabbit ' s skin. to prevent any back injuries, never startle your bunny as you round the corner to their cage. a startled rabbit can break their back as they bounce around frightened inside their cage. always announce your arrivals. also, keep an eye on your bunny when they are loose. our new french lop yard rabbit fell in our pool within 10 minutes of her first unleashed foray in the yard. i rescued her within seconds, but she pinched her back in the fall. how did i know it wasn", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.473504781173665, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.367585"} {"text": "when they are loose. our new french lop yard rabbit fell in our pool within 10 minutes of her first unleashed foray in the yard. i rescued her within seconds, but she pinched her back in the fall. how did i know it wasn ' t broken? she had use of and feeling in her hind legs, but it was difficult for her to move. i found a chiropractor who worked with a vet. only two sessions improved her mobility. she ' s a little crooked, but she can run as fast as ever, and she just had her first litter. on the other hand, we adopted a rabbit that was raised in the country. he broke his back running circles around his cage when he was frightened by an ice cream truck the first day he was at our rabbitry. he had no feeling in his legs and couldn ' t move them. sorrowfully, we had to put him to sleep. bunny cuts heal amazingly fast. clean the cut if it is dirty and apply neosporin or a similar ointment. use cat flea powder only. never flea dip a rabbit. they are very susceptible to poison. a flea dipped rabbit can die within minutes. flys lay eggs in the soiled area under a rabbits tail if he has diarrhea. within hours the eggs hatch and start to eat the rabbit alive. gross! within one day the skin can part and a huge hole is created in the rabbit. and it hurts! make an appointment with your vet asap, but before you go, print this out and bring it with you. if you cannot get an appointment right away, then follow this : emergency care if you cannot get to the vet : pick off the maggots and wash the area under water. go to your local feed store and buy ivermectin paste, a horse wormer. give the rabbit a q - tip sized bit of ivermectin in the mouth. rub ivermectin in the wound. dry the rabbit and keep him in the house. by the next day the maggots will have died and dropped dead into the bottom of the cage. if you caught it in time, the wound won ' t be too big. do not wait an extra day to deal with this! the hole will double and triple in size in the matter of hours. if it ' s small just put neosporin on it and keep them in the house ( for weeks ) until the wound closes. the vet may choose to stitch it. if", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3957086153280849, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.368559"} {"text": "the hole will double and triple in size in the matter of hours. if it ' s small just put neosporin on it and keep them in the house ( for weeks ) until the wound closes. the vet may choose to stitch it. if the wound is large you ' ll need to wash his skin and fur out with a wound wash available from your vet or local pharmacists. keep the skin moist with a product that your pharmacist will recommend until the wound closes. i have used duct tape as an emergency butterfly bandage when needed. mitox or whatever your vet prescribes, works well. keep it on hand. completely disinfect the cage using diluted bleach ( do not use pinesol or other strong cleaners - - they are poisonous to rabbits ) and rinse thoroughly. do it again one week later, use cat flea powder for two weeks and wash all bedding when disinfecting the cage. ear mites or fur mites also may be responsible for excessive loss of fur. terramycin eye ointment is available at feed stores. wash the eye with warm water, and carefully trim wet fur around the eye. follow directions on terramycin ointment. oops! your bunny jumped and missed. check those teeth! top teeth should overlap the bottom. if one is missing or broken, check every day to be sure they are growing back in correctly. gentle pressure, after a week or so, can be applied three times a day to guide the tooth to the correct alignment. incorrectly aligned teeth can grow into the nose or into the mouth and prevent eating. misaligned teeth need to be trimmed frequently. your vet or groomer can teach you how to trim them. here is a video i made about trimming teeth : trimming a rabbits teeth - malocclusion video : 1 min, 48 sec. i am not a veterinarian. these suggestions are from my experience with rabbits, as well as from personal research and stories i have heard. i highly suggest you get several good books from the library and learn as much as you can about rabbits - - they are unique creatures. rabbits are a relatively new pet, so not much is known about their care. through publications like rabbits annual, i try to pass along helpful information about caring for your rabbit, but my word is not gospel. many people and organizations are attempting to fill the gaps so that our pets get the best of care. however, the responsibility for the care of your pet rests", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.3682598772339328, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.369469"} {"text": "[ antlr - interest ] what do. ( period ) and tokens mean in tree grammars? harald m. muller harald _ m _ mueller at gmx. de sat dec 29 14 : 16 : 13 pst 2007 sorry that i ask - but i did not find it on the wiki and not in the antlr book : what do. and tokens mean in tree grammars? afaik,. means \" any complete subtree. \" - although this seems not to work in some current builds, if i understood some email of yesterday correctly? question number two : does a single token also match a complete tree with this token at the root, or only a \" childless tree \" ( i. e. the token as a tree node alone )? question number three : what sort of lookahead is used over.? for example, would the following work - assume here that the subtrees can be arbitrarily large subconditions ( as is usual in expression trees ) : condition : ^ ( and. ^ ( not. ) ) - >... rewrite1... | ^ ( and.. ) - >... rewrite2... the intention of this is to rewrite an and tree which has as second child a tree with a not root to rewrite1 ; whereas all other trees are supposed to be rewritten as rewrite2. if antlr tree parsing works the way i assume it - namely the whole tree is flattened to a node sequence, on which \" one - dimensional \" parsing techniques ( even ll ( * ) ) are applied, then the not will be \" too far \" away even for an ll ( * ) analysis, because there will be recursively nested expressions on the way between the and and the not. however, if antlr goes for real \" two - dimensional \" parsing, or does some lookahead over arbitrarily large subtrees ( to the readily available \" later \" children! ) - which i would call \" 1. 5 - dimensional lookahead computation / parsing \", then the above two patterns could be disambiguated. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - next part - - - - - - - - - - - - - - an html attachment was scrubbed... more information about the antlr - interest", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49930976125924315, "token_count": 493, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.372545"} {"text": "our increasing dependence on machines for everyday activities has made them indispensable. therefore many - a - times, if not always, we all tend to go overboard with their usage. but we forget that everything comes at a cost and for this luxury we all have to pay electric bill. if facts are to be believed then every month a person spends almost one third of its salary paying up the bill. however, taking a few careful steps we all can reduce our monthly bills. to find out what they are, continue reading : 1. switch off the lights who says small deeds never pay, a simple habit of switching off lights whenever not required would surely go a long way in reducing your monthly bill. try it for a month and you would be surprised with the returns. 2. fridge management can save a lot fridge is one of the major appliances that consume the maximum energy. efficient handling of fridge can reduce that consumption by a lot. small task like checking that the door is properly closed with no gaps, setting the correct temp range for freezer and fridge and switching to second fridge if and only if ultimately required are the steps that one needs to keep in mind. 3. using energy saver bulbs switching to energy saver bulbs is economical for both long and short term. these bulbs being very energy efficient consume less power but lighten up the room well. also they have a long life because of which one need not worry about changing bulb regularly. 4. controlling gadget use just by switching off the power button on your gadget does not mean that it is not taking up electricity. neither is removing your phone charger from the phone. all the gadgets tend to use electricity as long as they are connected to the socket. however by plugging the plug or switching off the main electric socket can ensure that no electricity is being wasted. 5. keeping doors and windows closed whether one is heating or cooling the room constant opening and closing of doors should be avoided since it leads to additional strain on the thermostat or ac. also while leaving the room the doors should be closed so that the heating or cooling effect remains. 6. cold water washing using cold water for washing clothes and also while washing dishes can help save up to $ 115 dollars per year. also using the washing machine and dishwasher only when they are fully loaded can help increase this saving. 7. smart meter installing a smart meter in the house is not only a smart move ( economically ) but it also helps to keep track of your energy usage. you can even", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4972819922668216, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.375297"} {"text": "nature offers ample of opportunities to capture the patterns. patterns contribute to a composition aesthetically. human beings aren \u2019 t usually accustomed to these patterns and arrangements in their day - to - day lives ; and when these arrangements are presented graphically with blend of colors, shades, tones and heightened effects of lines, curves and textures ; they naturally draw the human eye. patterns are integral element of capturing interesting photographs. they can implicitly be portrayed as the subject itself or can complement the subject as well. here are 10 tips to compliment your compositions with gorgeous patterns. anything which repeats itself forms pattern. you can observe patterns in each and every aspect of nature \u2014 from clump of trees standing at the countryside to the rowing hills and mountains and from man - made landscapes to the skins and textures of flora & fauna. even a small number of repetitions gain focus ; as the number of repetitions grows it creates an illusionary effect. capturing the textures of the objects being photographed adds a tactual aspect to it. all types of textures, be it smooth, soft, harsh or rough, generate interesting patterns when observed carefully. you can observe textures on the surface of plants, barks of trees, old and ruined architectures and so. consider light as the major factor while portraying textures as the subject. use harsh and hard light to bring about the effect of rough and irregular surfaces and prefer to capture regular and smooth textures in soft light. symmetry can be adjudged as the essence of patterns. it can make or break the photographic composition. symmetry offers organized and well balanced proportions to an image and thus heightens the sense of perfect synchronization among the elements present in the scene. include lines and curves the arrangement of multiple lines and curves on the frames lead the viewer \u2019 s eye to your center of interest. these lines and curves offer an additional dimension to the otherwise plain looking 2 - d image. the vertical lines emphasize the depth and draws the eye upward whereas the horizontal lines lead your eyes into the photograph to the center of focus. when you are portraying patterns as the subject, try to fill the entire frame with the patterns to emphasize its effect. exclude the background clutter ; zoom - in the lines, curves or textures and isolate them from the rest of the scene. consider using a telephoto lens or crop the final image to highlight the final result \u2014 the patterns. depict varying tones repetitions at times can be monotonous. introduce attractiveness to your captures by playing with the effects of lights and shadows. some patterns are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5318860080930898, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.378891"} {"text": "##ephoto lens or crop the final image to highlight the final result \u2014 the patterns. depict varying tones repetitions at times can be monotonous. introduce attractiveness to your captures by playing with the effects of lights and shadows. some patterns are at their best when the bright light falls on them ; with some of the areas getting highlighted with the soft and subtle shades while some areas immersing in the brighter tones. try to portray contrasting colors to bring about the mesmerizing effect. try to focus on the patterns and fill the entire frame with zoomed - in patterns \u2014 leaving behind the cluttered background and defining edges to give an impression of infinite repetitions. the cropped images are devoid of distractions and thus hold viewers attention. highlight one and blur the rest to break the monotony of patterns you can always try something creative and interesting. when capturing crop fields ( or floral fields ), try to focus on one of the flowers and blur the rest of the cluster to add your perspective to the frame. this way you can represent the voluminous aspect of the patterns merged with close - up view \u2014 a perfect way to exaggerate the distinction of one instance from rest of cluster. to capture the patterns you need to exercise some of the tips of macro photography. take the close - ups and zoom - in your subject to bring out beholding patterns and textures. a zoomed - in frame ultimately catches the eye to the things which remain unnoticed in our day - to - day lives. observe carefully and discover the patterns around you. have an imaginative and creative outlook to the world around you. notice the minute details attached to the subject or otherwise. you can creatively capture lined up pillars and trees, patterned windows of a huge office building, scattered clouds, textured ground and walls around you or drifting sands, delicate skins of flowers and elegant texture of leaves \u2014 to highlight the patterns. do you use patterns to make your composition more interesting?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5192795036697759, "token_count": 398, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.379810"} {"text": "sickle cell anemia is a blood disease that causes abnormal red blood cells. africans, african americans, and east indians have a high risk of the disease. this is also true for people from the mediterranean ( italian or greek ), middle east, caribbean, and central or south america. in the us, 1 of every 12 african - american newborns carries the sickle cell trait in his or her genes. about 1 of every 500 african american newborns has this lifelong disease. sickle cell anemia is inherited. if a baby ' s parents have the disease or both are carriers, the baby may inherit the sickle cell genes. if a child inherits a sickle cell gene from each parent, the child has 2 genes and will have sickle cell anemia. if the child inherits the gene from just one parent, the child will not have the disease. however, he or she is a carrier and could pass the gene to his or her children. the red blood cells carry oxygen from your lungs to the rest of your body. a chemical in the red blood cells called hemoglobin helps the cells carry oxygen. if you have sickle cell anemia, most of your red blood cells have an abnormal type of hemoglobin called hemoglobin s. the abnormal hemoglobin can change the shape of the red blood cells. instead of being soft and round, the cells are a stiff crescent ( sickle ) shape. this shape makes it harder for the cells to pass through small blood vessels. the cells can get stuck in blood vessels and block the flow of blood and oxygen to parts of the body. the lack of oxygen can damage the body tissues. it can also cause severe pain and fever. the abnormal blood cells are fragile and have a much shorter life than normal red blood cells. your body may not be able to make new red blood cells fast enough. this can cause a shortage of red blood cells. the shortage of red blood cells is called anemia. sickle cell anemia is one of 3 common types of sickle cell disease in the us. the other 2 types are called hemoglobin sc disease and sickle thalassemia. the 3 conditions differ in the types and amounts of abnormal hemoglobin in the blood. babies are born with a kind of hemoglobin that protects the red blood cells from sickling. around 4 to 5 months old, this hemoglobin is replaced by \" adult \" hemoglobin and the cells start to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5069269260049973, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.385779"} {"text": "blood. babies are born with a kind of hemoglobin that protects the red blood cells from sickling. around 4 to 5 months old, this hemoglobin is replaced by \" adult \" hemoglobin and the cells start to sickle. after 4 months of age, symptoms are often brought on by an infection. the symptoms may include : toddlers and children may have frequent pain with or without any other signs of illness. most children and adults with sickle cell anemia have times when they have symptoms and times when they do not have symptoms. crises are the times when abnormal red blood cells block the flow of blood, causing symptoms. the most common symptom of a sickle cell crisis is pain. the pain is usually felt in the part of the body where the sickling cells are blocking blood flow. crises may start suddenly and last from a few days to several weeks. times when you have no symptoms are called remissions. sickle cell anemia can cause your skin to look pale as the anemia worsens. the paleness may be most obvious on the inside of your eyelids, under fingernails, and in the creases of the palms of your hands. your skin may also turn yellow ( become jaundiced ). one of the life - threatening complications of sickle cell anemia can be anemia that is sudden and severe. a severe shortage of normal red blood cells may cause weakness, shortness of breath, or even heart failure. the symptoms of shock caused by heart failure are low blood pressure, rapid pulse, and decreasing consciousness. in the us, sickle cell anemia is usually diagnosed at birth after an abnormal result from a newborn screening test. another blood test called hemoglobin electrophoresis is then done for final diagnosis. this test can also find people who carry the gene for sickle cell anemia. if sickle cell anemia is suspected in someone who did not have a newborn screen, a blood test called a complete blood count ( cbc ) may be done. the cbc looks for anemia and sickle - shaped red blood cells. then a hemoglobin electrophoresis test may be done. sickle cell anemia can be diagnosed before birth with dna testing of a baby ' s cells. the cells can be obtained with amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling during pregnancy. if you have a sickle cell crisis, you will be given iv fluids and pain medicine. you will need to rest. if", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48243487090081116, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.386736"} {"text": "' s cells. the cells can be obtained with amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling during pregnancy. if you have a sickle cell crisis, you will be given iv fluids and pain medicine. you will need to rest. if too many red blood cells are destroyed during the crisis, you may need a blood transfusion. hydroxyurea is a medicine that may be used to try to prevent sickle cell crisis. taken daily, it decreases how often you have crises. it can also shorten how long each crisis lasts. it is still being studied, especially to see if there are any long - term side effects. researchers are looking for other medicines that may treat the symptoms of sickle cell anemia. they are also studying bone marrow and stem cell transplants and other techniques as possible ways to cure sickle cell disease because abnormal red blood cells are circulating throughout your body, problems can occur in any part of your body. possible problems are : high blood pressure in the lungs is a common complication of sickle cell anemia. this problem is called pulmonary hypertension. it can cause trouble breathing and heart damage. acute chest syndrome is another possible problem. acute chest syndrome happens when there is sickling of red blood cells in the lungs. the usual symptoms are fever and chest pain and sometimes shortness of breath. like infections and stroke, it can be life threatening and needs medical care right away. if you have sickle cell anemia, it is very important for you to have a healthcare provider who is familiar with sickle cell disease \u2014 someone who knows how to treat it and how to prevent complications. you should see your provider regularly. you need to develop a good working relationship with your provider to learn how to care for yourself at home. you also need to learn which symptoms need medical care right away. people with sickle cell anemia are more likely to have serious infections, ranging from flu to pneumonia. prevention of infections is an important part of the treatment because they can cause a sickle cell crisis. to help prevent infections you should check with your provider to : one of the most important things to do for children under the age of 5 is to give your child antibiotics every day to prevent infection. pneumonia and other infections caused by bacteria can be deadly to a child with sickle cell disease. it also helps to keep your child away from people who have infections and to teach your child to wash his or her hands often. to try to prevent sickle cell crises, avoid conditions that lower the blood oxygen", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4412488634701725, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.388798"} {"text": "a child with sickle cell disease. it also helps to keep your child away from people who have infections and to teach your child to wash his or her hands often. to try to prevent sickle cell crises, avoid conditions that lower the blood oxygen, such as : also try to avoid dehydration. a loss of too much fluid from your body can cause sickling. for more information, contact : sickle cell disease association of america phone : ( 800 ) 421 - 8453 web site : http : / / www. sicklecelldisease. org. sickle cell information center phone : ( 404 ) 616 - 3572 web site : http : / / scinfo. org / because sickle cell anemia is inherited, it can be prevented if couples who each carry the sickle cell trait gene do not have children. screening tests can show if you are a carrier. when both parents are carriers, each child has a 25 % risk of having sickle cell anemia and a 50 % risk of being a carrier. if you are thinking about having a child and have sickle cell anemia or are a carrier, it is a good idea to seek genetic counseling. if you are african american or a member of one of the other racial or ethnic groups where the gene is common and don \u2019 t know if you are a carrier or not, you and your partner should consider being tested if you are thinking of having children.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43823760417689517, "token_count": 295, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.389393"} {"text": "comet ison will light up the sky this interplanetary visitor may be the brightest comet ever. september 25, 2012 about a year from now, comet c / 2012 s1 ( ison ) probably will become the brightest comet anyone alive has ever seen. how bright it could get is currently the subject of vigorous discussion among planetary scientists and everyday comet - watchers. comet c / 2012 s1 ( ison ) appears as a faint blob in this image taken at the remote astronomical society observatory near mayhill, new mexico. / / credit : e. guido, g. sostero, and n. howes two astronomers, vitali nevski from vitebsk, belarus, and artyom novichonok from kondopoga, russia, discovered the comet on images they obtained september 21. they used the 16 - inch ( 0. 4 - meter ) santel reflector of the international scientific optical network, whose abbreviation \u2014 ison \u2014 is now the comet c / 2012 s1 \u2019 s common name. when the two scientists found the comet, it glowed weakly at magnitude 18. 8. as a comparison, it would take the light from more than 100, 000 such comets to equal the faintest star visible to the naked eye from a dark site. according to predictions, the comet will approach to within 0. 012 astronomical units ( 1. 1 million miles [ 1. 8 million kilometers ] ) of the sun at the end of november 2013. one astronomical unit ( au ) equals the average distance between the sun and earth, about 93 million miles ( 149. 7 million km ). then, in january 2014, the comet will approach to within 0. 4 au ( 37. 2 million miles [ 59. 9 million km ] ) of earth. regarding visibility, comet ison \u2014 currently 6. 5\u00b0 due east of the 1st - magnitude star pollux in gemini the twins \u2014 is now bright enough for amateur astronomers with large telescopes to image. that said, the comet itself will not show much in the way of detail for several months. by late summer 2013, observers at dark locations should be able to spot the comet through small telescopes or possibly even binoculars. and sometime in late october or early november, c / 2012 s1 should cross the naked - eye visibility threshold. from there, it may reach \u2014 or even exceed \u2014 the brightness of the full moon. currently, comet ison glows around 18th magnitude in front of the stars of cancer the crab. in the second week of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43625278106661275, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.392578"} {"text": "the naked - eye visibility threshold. from there, it may reach \u2014 or even exceed \u2014 the brightness of the full moon. currently, comet ison glows around 18th magnitude in front of the stars of cancer the crab. in the second week of december, it will enter gemini the twins. astronomy : richard talcott and roen kelly when the comet is closest to the sun ( a moment astronomers call perihelion ), it may shine a dozen times as brightly as venus, normally the brightest \u201c starlike \u201d object in the sky. unfortunately, on that date it will lie only 4. 4\u00b0 north of our daytime star, and the sun \u2019 s glare may hide it from the view of casual observers. immediately after reaching perihelion, comet ison heads north. and while the comet fades as its distance from the sun increases, it still should be as bright as venus, but with a spectacular tail. its position will allow observers all over earth to see it, but those in the northern hemisphere will get the better views as christmas approaches. in fact, on january 8, 2014, the comet will lie only 2\u00b0 from polaris \u2014 the north star. astronomy will cover earth \u2019 s encounter with comet c / 2012 s1 ( ison ) in great detail in the coming year. stay tuned!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43351951137247224, "token_count": 267, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.393121"} {"text": "\" keep an open mind \u2013 but not so open that your brain falls out \" - unknown \" extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence. \" - - carl sagan \" what can be asserted without evidence can also be dismissed without evidence. \" - - christopher hitchens what is a logical fallacy? all arguments have the same basic structure : a therefore b. they begin with one or more premises ( a ), which is a fact or assumption upon which the argument is based. they then apply a logical principle ( therefore ) to arrive at a conclusion ( b ). an example of a logical principle is that of equivalence. for example, if you begin with the premises that a = b and b = c, you can apply the logical principle of equivalence to conclude that a = c. a logical fallacy is a false or incorrect logical principle. an argument that is based upon a logical fallacy is therefore not valid. it is important to note that if the logic of an argument is valid then the conclusion must also be valid, which means that if the premises are all true then the conclusion must also be true. valid logic applied to one or more false premises, however, leads to an invalid argument. also, if an argument is not valid the conclusion may, by chance, still be true. for a more thorough discussion of logical fallacies and how to structure a logical argument, see the new england skeptical society ' s article, how to argue. top 20 logical fallacies ( in alphabetical order ) taken from - \" the most exciting phrase to hear in science, the one that heralds the most discoveries, is not \" eureka! \" ( i found it! ) but that ' s funny... \" - isaac asimov the scientific world view is full of awe and wonder. understanding how truly awesome the universe is \u2013 in its elegant complexity, its staggering beauty, and the many intricate systems of which it is comprised \u2013 gives a profound feeling of connectedness and sparks the imagination. and it has the advantage of being real. - steven novella the glory which is built upon a lie soon becomes a most unpleasant incumbrance. how easy it is to make people believe a lie, and how hard it is to undo that work again. \u2014 mark twain \" i wish the rcc would reform itself along with the main branch of the lds church, the sda ' s and the jw ' s ( they desperately need reform, none of the eighty something splinter groups can be called liberal in all actuality ). \u2026 \" \" i ' m", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5718949391897332, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.397292"} {"text": "severe ozone air pollution in the persian gulf region 1energy, environment and water research centre, the cyprus institute, 20 kavafi street, 1645 nicosia, cyprus 2max planck institute for chemistry, becherweg 27, 55128 mainz, germany 3observatoire midi - pyrenees, cnrs \u2013 laboratoire d ' aerologie, 14 avenue e. belin, 31400 toulouse, france abstract. recently it was discovered that over the middle east during summer ozone mixing ratios can reach a pronounced maximum in the middle troposphere. here we extend the analysis to the surface and show that especially in the persian gulf region conditions are highly favorable for ozone air pollution. we apply the emac atmospheric chemistry - climate model to investigate long - distance transport and the regional formation of ozone. further, we make use of available in situ and satellite measurements and compare these with model output. the results indicate that the region is a hot spot of photochemical smog where european union air quality standards are violated throughout the year. long - distance transports of air pollution from europe and the middle east, natural emissions and stratospheric ozone conspire to bring about relatively high background ozone mixing ratios. this provides a hotbed to strong and growing indigenous air pollution in the dry local climate, and these conditions are likely to get worse in the future.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5471017439802701, "token_count": 274, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.398895"} {"text": "the tragedy of the missing at fromelles resonates once more 90 years after the battle. in june 2008 a further search for bodies began. it was initiated by a melbourne school - teacher, lambis englezos. he was one in a group who became increasingly convinced that there were australian and british bodies that had been buried by the germans in mass graves who had not been recovered and re - interred after the war. such claims needed to be backed up by careful research and this took some years to complete. it was hard to imagine how a large number of casualties could have been missed during post - war searches. however, englezos eventually compiled such a weight of evidence that an official investigation was launched. it was known that the germans had conducted mass burials of allied troops after the battle of fromelles. they had been thorough, recording the names of those they buried and usually gathering their identity disc. through international resources, including the red cross, many families eventually received advice that their soldier son, husband or brother had been killed and buried by the germans. although there could be no expectation that after the war these bodies would be identified, it was presumed that they had been recovered from the burial pits and placed in british commonwealth war graves under headstones bearing no names. there are many such burials in the war cemeteries around fromelles. arising from englezos ' s research it became the australian army ' s task to investigate a series of burial pits at pheasant ' s wood close to fromelles to see if bodies might still be there. wartime aerial photographs revealed that a series of large pits had been dug there. the germans records suggested that there could be at least 170 australians and a greater number of british troops in them. digging, by skilled archaeologists, commenced. everyone involved was determined that the utmost dignity and respect be applied to the task. by the time the initial work was completed on friday 13 june it had been clearly established that the pits did contain bodies. the discovery of the burials so long after the events of 1916 aroused wide interest and once again brought the battle of fromelles to the forefront of public attention. experts will now gather to discuss what further steps should be taken and how these men will be commemorated. there is an australian department of defence media release from the 31 july about the decision to have the remains of the world war 1 soldiers - buried in mass graves near fromelles in 1916 - exhumed and given individual burials with military honours.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43258722036213504, "token_count": 495, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.402207"} {"text": "lapta - a russian game that has been played since the 14th century. lapta is an old russian folk game with a ball and a bat. mentions of lapta have been found in old manuscripts, and balls and bats were found in the 14th - century layers during excavations in novgorod. the game was played outside on a field the size of 20 x 25 sazhens ( about 140 x 175 feet ). the edges of the field were marked with parallel lines, called salo. the goal of the game is to hit the ball, served by a player of the opposite team, with the bat and send the ball as far as possible, then run across the field to the kon line, and if possible to run back to the gorod line. the running player should try to avoid being hit with the ball, which is thrown by the opposing team members. for successful runs, the team earns points. a team wins by either getting more points during the scheduled time or by having all its players complete runs. brannboll - a game played in scandinavia. the main difference from baseball is that there is no pitcher, instead the batter himself hits the ball, usually a common tennis ball, with his bat. the bat is sometimes a wooden baseball bat, but less experienced players may use a flat paddle - like version ( often disparagingly called karringracket hag - bat, tjejtra girl - bat etc. mainly by boys ). there are also no constraints to the playing field. however a too crooked ball hit will result in a strike. the batter has three ( sometimes two ) strikes to get a valid hit or he is forced to go to the first base and the turn is given to the next batter in line. after batting, the batter drops the bat and makes his way counter - clockwise ( or clockwise ) around the four positioned bases, while the outfield players \u2013 who do not wear gloves \u2013 try to catch the ball and throw it to an appointed \" burner \", belonging to their team. the \" burner \" ( brannaren ) needs to hold the ball in his hand, while simultaneously stepping on a small board on the ground \u2013 resembling the pitcher ' s plate, in baseball \u2013 and yell \" brand \" ( burned ), which ends the round. if the infield runner ( s ) are by then not positioned on a \" base \" they are \" burned \" and forced to go back to the first base or the previous passed base depending on rules ( a person on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5006523226355686, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.410449"} {"text": ", which ends the round. if the infield runner ( s ) are by then not positioned on a \" base \" they are \" burned \" and forced to go back to the first base or the previous passed base depending on rules ( a person on his way to the first base may not be burned ). a game is played in timed periods, often 2 or 4, and the teams switch sides in between them. however, if there is only one player left to bat and no player makes it to the fourth base during that round, or the last batter fails to produce a valid hit in his two attempts, the team is \" burnt out \" ( utebranda ), and the opposite team either gets a predetermined amount of bonus points ( and all on the team gets back in line for batting ) or the time period ends and the teams shift sides. pesapallo ( also known as finnish baseball ) - this was actually an olympic demonstration sport in 1952. it is played in finland, sweden, germany, switzerland, australia, and northern ontario. the basic structure of the game is identical to baseball, as the founder of the game based it on baseball in the early twentieth century ( why on earth our beloved game had to be changed is beyond me. they ' ve killed the beautiful symmetry of the game. change it back, and get those finns in the classic! ) the more significant differences from baseball are : * the first bounce of the ball is decisive : it must bounce within the play area, and may then roll over a line and still be in play. the back line on the fly counts as a [ strike / foul ball ]. the foul lines are also on the sides and the front of the field. so if a player hits a very hard hit that would be a certain home run in baseball, it ' s counted as a strike / foul in pesapallo. this increases the tactical approach but decreases the challenge of hitting hard. * a batting team ' s batting inning ends not when three batters have failed to score, but when either three batters have all been physically beaten by the ball ( a ball catch straight off the bat does not suffice, it is called ' koppi ' a middle ground between scoring and being out ) or when the entire regular team of nine has batted and are all either in koppi, out on a base or run - out ( but if a player scores, he liberates all his koppi players, making them eligible to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5170196698073318, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.411353"} {"text": ") or when the entire regular team of nine has batted and are all either in koppi, out on a base or run - out ( but if a player scores, he liberates all his koppi players, making them eligible to bat again in that inning ) * catching a ball in flight is not an out, but forces all runners not on a base to return to home base ( this is called a \" haava \", lit. \" a wound \" or simply \" koppi \", \" a catch \" ). this gives the batter a chance to \" move the responsibility \" of advancing runners to the next batter if he thinks he ' s not good enough for the task. also, \" wounded \" players are not allowed to bat unless two runs have scored after the \" wounding \". hence the team can run out of players. * a batter ' s box is removed and the home plate serves as a pitching plate, which is round with a diameter of 0. 6 metres ( 24 in ). all other batting team players stand in a semi - circle near the batter, either awaiting their turn to bat, or one step further back in ' koppi ' * pitches are tossed straight upwards from above the batters plate ( 100 % vertical tosses ), and the batter hits the ball when it drops down. there is no catcher ( catcher is one of the closest fielders to the home base ) ; the ball hitting the pitching plate is a miss / strike. * players have no difficulty hitting the ball when it ' s pitched upwards, so the main target isn ' t just hitting the ball, it ' s positioning the hit correctly ( very short hits - bunts - help other runners advance bases [ like stolen bases but with the ball hit and hence counting as a strike when the batter stays back after hitting the ball ], a good homing hit is batted between the fielders in the midfield and if the ball slips far away from the field, it ' s easy to hit a home run etc. ). the home run is not so much good hitting as weak fielding. * a home run is scored when the batter reaches third base before the ball ( the ball is in play even if it has bounced to the river near the field ). after a home run the runner can stay at third base and try to score another run. * the strike zone is rather different ; the ball is good if it was lifted at least one meter ( 3. 2 ft ) above the heads and it hits the pitching", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4767320450157691, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.412275"} {"text": "home run the runner can stay at third base and try to score another run. * the strike zone is rather different ; the ball is good if it was lifted at least one meter ( 3. 2 ft ) above the heads and it hits the pitching plate. * walking requires fewer invalid pitches ( when the field is empty of runners, one invalid pitch allows a walk, otherwise two ). a walk advances the runner closest to home base ; if there ' s a runner at third base, he / she shall score. * the batter is not required to run after hitting the ball on his first or second strike. but, after two strikes, when the pitcher releases the ball for the pitch, the batter can drop his bat and try to run to first base. the pitcher must wait until the ball bounces from the pitching plate before he can grab it [ the absence of this rule would lead to serious injuries ] and try to throw the runner out at first - so even at the top level, the runner stands a good chance of making it to first base without having hit the ball. * force outs are always outs : if the runner is off the base and the ball is in the control of a defensive player at the next base, the runner is out. * the bases are not laid in a square ; the players have to ' zig zag ' the court ( see chart ). * when entering a base or the home base, the runner only has to cross the line of the base ; there are no actual cushion bases like in baseball, only circular lines in the sand showing where each base is. * the pitcher or the fielders in the bases don ' t have any plates to touch to make an out ; having only a foot in the base ( a much larger area compared to the bases used in baseball ) is enough. * the attacking team uses a color coded fan to signal the runners when to move. the fan is multicoloured, held by the manager of the team. color sequence is decided prior to the game. when the manager puts on the specified colour order and holds the fan over his head, the runners know to run. sometimes even a certain player holding his bat up is the \" code \". * the offensive team can \" skip \" batters. the team manager has an option to jump over his weaker batters and go straight to his \" big guns \" if he thinks it necessary. this is only possible in super pesis, where each team has a small allowance of ' jokers ' to play.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.461778324506287, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.413154"} {"text": "manager has an option to jump over his weaker batters and go straight to his \" big guns \" if he thinks it necessary. this is only possible in super pesis, where each team has a small allowance of ' jokers ' to play. * the final score of the game is not the runs scored but \" wins \" of two periods, which include four innings each. to win a period, a team must have scored more runs in that period. in the event that both teams have scored the same number of times in a period, the team with more home runs wins the period, if this is also equal, then neither team receives a period win point, and hence both lose ground in the overall league table. if after the 2x4 innings are played, the overall periods won score is either 0 - 0 or 1 - 1, then a sudden death overtime sequence is initiated. rounders - the original form of baseball, this game is still played wherever the british empire once stuck its flag. rounders is played at international level. canada, england, ireland, the isle of man, scotland and wales compete against each other, and the pakistan rounders association held its first national competition in 2006. there are plans to develop the game in other asian countries and zimbabwe also has a national body for rounders. sounds like the world baseball classic has competition. screw rounders - play baseball! the 2008 rounders world festival was held in rotherham, england, on june 28 organised by the uk national rounders association. this event replaced a proposed world cup which was cancelled after fewer teams entered than expected.. national teams represented at the festival were china, iran, england, and wales.. the inaugural meeting of the world rounders association took place at the 2008 world festival, attended by representatives from england, wales, india and pakistan. i wonder if the existence of these similar games has in anyway hindered the development of baseball on an international level. think about the most popular sport in the world - football. there is no real competition. sure, there are other sports called football, but they don ' t resemble the sport where you actually use your foot and are more like rugby. pesapallo is sometimes called the finnish national sport. what if baseball hadn ' t been altered to create this game? would the finns be playing in the classic now? if all the world were playing baseball instead of their various versions of it, would the earth consist of two seasons - football and baseball? could i live in europe and see the same", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5027134856034032, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.414154"} {"text": "it ' s a subject no one wants to think about, but for each of us, our lives must come to an end. as medical progress prolongs our lives, the end can linger, draining patients and loved ones alike. so, more and more people are turning to hospice care. hospice is not just for the elderly or cancer patients. children receive hospice care, as do patients with neurologically progressive degenerative diseases like lou gehrig ' s disease, parkinson ' s disease, and hiv. this holistic approach to the end of life treats pain and disease symptoms to make the patient as comfortable and functional as possible. counseling helps patients and families come to terms with the process. three decades after hospices spread to the u. s. from britain, more than 1. 3 million americans receive hospice care each year, according to the national hospice and palliative care organization ( nhpco ). medicare, medicaid, and most health plans cover hospice programs. a patient can enter hospice care when a doctor assesses that the patient has a terminal illness, and says that he or she has six months or less to live. the patient, family, and doctor decide when hospice service should begin. although a person enters hospice with less than six months to live, hospice services don ' t automatically end at six months. some people in hospice care live much longer. medicare, for instance, continues to provide hospice coverage after six months, as long as the patient ' s doctor recertifies that the patient is terminally ill. typically, a hospice patient is treated by a team of people. the team includes not only the patient ' s family members, but also a doctor, a nurse, counselors, a social worker, pastoral care services, home health aides, and trained volunteers. the goal is to control pain and symptoms so that the patient is comfortable yet alert enough to make decisions. the team also helps the family through the grieving process. some hospices have a facility where people receive care in their final days. but most hospice programs bring doctors, nurses, and other staff to patients ' homes. surveys show most americans prefer it that way. a hospice can give family caregivers a break through respite care. a trained caregiver will step in to allow family members some time off. under medicare, a patient under respite care can be cared for at home, at a hospice center, or at a hospital. despite these benefits, many people still have the misperception that you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46270426073117105, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.417454"} {"text": "in to allow family members some time off. under medicare, a patient under respite care can be cared for at home, at a hospice center, or at a hospital. despite these benefits, many people still have the misperception that you come to hospice at the end of a person ' s life. instead of a person waiting until the very last moment to enter hospice, hospice staff urge families to discuss end - of - life issues well in advance, while an ill person can still state his or her wishes. hospice also offers a multitude of support services for the patient and family. the relationship that develops with the hospice staff allows the care receivers to work through anticipatory grieving as well as the logistics of end - of - life issues. patients express gratitude knowing that their family will not be left behind with no one to help them. final preparations are made in collaboration with the patient. the final days can then be spent on closure, knowing that everything has been done to help the patient through the transition of dying. to learn about hospice care in your area, check into these resources : doctors, nurses, and other health care professionals social workers, clergy, and other counselors friends or neighbors who have experienced hospice care internet search engines your local yellow pages local or state offices on aging or senior centers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.45247078525888085, "token_count": 264, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.417965"} {"text": "vietnam, a one - party communist state, has one of south - east asia ' s fastest - growing economies and has set its sights on becoming a developed nation by 2020. it became a unified country once more in 1975 when the armed forces of the communist north seized the south. this followed three decades of bitter wars, in which the communists fought first against the colonial power france, then against south vietnam and its us backers. in its latter stages, the conflict held the attention of the world. the us joined the hostilities in order to stem the \" domino effect \" of successive countries falling to communism. the war produced heavy casualties on both sides, atrocities against civilians, and the indiscriminate destruction and contamination of much of the landscape. at a glance - politics : vietnam is a one - party communist state ; it became unified in 1975 after three decades of war - economy : it is becoming a major manufacturing centre ; it is the second biggest supplier of clothes to the us - international : long running territorial dispute with china over parts of south china sea, rich in oil and fish country profiles compiled by bbc monitoring a visit to vietnam by us president bill clinton in november 2000 was presented as the culmination of american efforts to normalise relations with the former enemy. vietnam struggled to find its feet after unification and tried at first to organise the agricultural economy along strict collectivist lines. but elements of market forces and private enterprise were introduced from the late 1980s and a stock exchange opened in 2000. foreign investment has grown and the us is vietnam ' s main trading partner. in the cities, the consumer market is fuelled by the appetite of a young, middle class for electronic and luxury goods. after 12 years of negotiations the country joined the world trade organization in january 2007. but the disparity in wealth between urban and rural vietnam is wide and some communist party leaders worry that too much economic liberalisation will weaken their power base. vietnam has also struggled to restrain its trade and budget deficits. its inflation rate reached double digits at the start of 2010 and approached 20 % by the end of 2011, as food prices doubled, before falling back in 2012. despite pursuing economic reform, the ruling communist party shows little willingness to give up its monopoly on political power. vietnam actively suppresses political dissent and religious freedom. rights groups have singled out hanoi ' s treatment of ethnic minority hill tribe people, collectively known as montagnards. the human rights advocacy group amnesty international says in a 2011 report that ' ' more than a dozen activists were convicted in faulty", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44099461881275204, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.420735"} {"text": "some prehistoric sites in bc the glenrose cannery site > > > - - - - > the glenrose site, fraser river, british columbia source : the prehistory of the northwest coast, r. g. matson and gary coupland, academic press, san diego, 1995. the glenrose site is situated along the fraser river, british columbia, less than 10 miles from the pacific coast. the site is representative of the old cordilleran culture which dates to between 9, 000 and 5, 000 years ago in the pacific northwest of north america. the majority of the finds at the site were stone tools. nearly half of the assemblage constisted of large cobble tools ( choppers ). it is possible that these large cobble tools were used to harvest mussels. most of the remaining artifacts were flake tools, such as scrapers, but a few leaf - shaped lanceolate biface projectile points were recovered as well. a few ground stone tools are represented, as well some antler and bone tools, including a barbed antler point. animal remains from the site show thatelk was themost important hunted game, but deer, canis, beaver, and harbor seal bones were present as well. fish remains were also uncovered and included salmon, sturgeon, flatfish, eulachon, stickleback and peamouth. the animal and fish bones both indicate a late spring and early summer occupation time for the site. it appears that this site was regularly visited on a seasonal basis. glenrose site beach and strata layers in the fraser river bank. other culturally related sites from the same time period have established that the old cordilleran peoples hunted sea mammals and fished deep ocean waters. they also harvested salmon during the spawning seasons in interior sites along the major rivers. the keatley creek site > > > - - - - > the keatley creek site is an unusually large prehistoric housepit village site located on the terraces of the fraser river, about 20 km upstream from the town of lillooet, british columbia. archaeological investigations were undertaken at the site by dr. brian hayden of simon fraser university between 1986 and 1996. the results of this research have provideda insight into the lives and times of early residents at keatley creek. the goal of the fraser river investigations into corporate group archaeology project was to understand the economic and social organization that made large villages and households possible prehistorically. in order to answer such questions, special attention had to be paid to formation processes and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4533082222613627, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.429098"} {"text": "the utmost care and respect. many nlakapamux creation legends tell of supernatural beings known as \" transformers \" who traveled the land when the world was new and accomplished heroic and creative feats. sesukii ' n and seku ' lia were part of the group of transformers known as the \" shkwitkwatl \" that came from shuswap country and reached styne creek ( the stein river ) one day at dusk and found a number of people living in an underground lodge just north of the creek where dogs began to howl when they approached. there, they transformed a man who made fun of them, his house, and the people living there, into stone. upon leaving, sesukli ' n left the mark of his right foot on a stone. a little farther down the river, seku ' lia left the mark of his left foot. these impressions of human feet can still be seen in the woods near the stein river. as reminders of their passing, the shkwitkwtl also changed the \" spetakl people \" ( prehuman people with animal characteristics and gifted in magic ) into real animals and into rocks and boulders with remarkable shapes. many \" legend rocks \", as they are referred to by native elders, are visible today in the stein valley nlakapamux heritage park. another reminder of the mythological age are certain rock paintings in the valley said to have been made by the \" shkwitkwatl \" and still visible today. the majority of the rock paintings for which the valley is famous, however, were made by the ancestors of the nlakapamux people at special places on the land which are recognized to possess a high level of \" spirit power \". most of these are found on cliffs or boulders at the base of rock talus slopes beside the aboriginal trail that follows the river through the mountains. the exceptions are a number of painted caves located high above the river on steep mountain slopes. this incalculable cultural wealth is reflected in the theme \" stein valley nlakapamux heritage park : a living museum of cultural and natural history \". planing and management of the park will be guided by this theme and will be designed to complement and highlight the historical and cultural presence of the lytton nlakapamux in the stein watershed, as well as to preserve, maintain and encourage traditional aboriginal sustenance, cultural and ceremonial activities in the area. preservation, protection, presentation and proper management of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5093011278694495, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.432204"} {"text": "man - made pollution is helping to push the tropics northwards, research suggests. the effect could impact weather and climate, making sub - tropical regions drier and creating wetter and stormier conditions further north. scientists already knew that the tropics have been widening by around 0. 7 degrees of latitude per decade. ozone depletion in the stratosphere is thought to be the main driver of this expansion in the southern hemisphere. but the new findings indicate that tropic widening in the northern hemisphere is mainly due to black carbon and ozone lower in the atmosphere. while stratospheric ozone provides vital protection against harmful solar radiation, the same gas in the lower troposphere is a man - made pollutant and harmful to health. professor robert allen, from the university of california at riverside, who led the climate modelling study, said : \" both black carbon and tropospheric ozone warm the tropics by absorbing solar radiation. \" because they are short - lived pollutants, with lifetimes of one - two weeks, their concentrations remain highest near the sources : the northern hemisphere low - to - mid - latitudes. it ' s the heating of the mid - latitudes that pushes the boundaries of the tropics poleward. \" tropical expansion northwards could affect large - scale atmospheric circulation, especially in the subtropics and mid - latitudes, said the researchers, whose findings are reported in the journal nature. \" if the tropics are moving poleward, then the sub - tropics will become even drier, \" said dr allen. \" if a poleward displacement of the mid - latitude storm tracks also occurs, this will shift mid - latitude precipitation poleward, impacting regional agriculture, economy, and society. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44215334827907127, "token_count": 362, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.433870"} {"text": "* use fresh fruits in a variety of shapes and colors that are in season, such as watermelon, cantaloupe, honeydew, pineapple, strawberries, kiwi fruit, etc. pumpkin - carving tools work really well for carving watermelon. if you don \u2019 t have any, use a small sharp paring knife. carving a melon bowl is similar to carving a pumpkin. it takes a bit of time to carve it, but the bowl can be carved before the party, wrapped in plastic and refrigerated. the melon pulp you remove from the shell can be cut up and served with the other fruits in this festive bowl. step 1 select a uniformly - shaped melon and wash it. cut off the top 1 / 4 of the melon. cut a thin slice from the bottom so the melon will sit flat, being careful not to cut into the red pulp. scoop out the melon, leaving a 1 / 2 to 1 - inch shell. next, determine a design to carve. for a graduation, you might carve the year ( as shown ) or carve the graduate \u2019 s name. use stencils for the numbers or letters and trace them onto adhesive - backed vinyl - coated paper. step 2 attach the adhesive pattern to the watermelon. with a small sharp, pointed knife or pumpkin carving tool, cut 3 / 4 of the way around each number or letter.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3622391022545346, "token_count": 298, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.435297"} {"text": "the cukurova university botanical garden, turkey volume 3 number 5 - december 2000 prof. dr. erdogan gultekin the first attempt to set up a botanic garden in turkey was in about 1949 with the establishment of an arboretum in bahcekoy near istanbul with the support of the university of istanbul faculty of forestry. in spite of the rich biodiversity and high number of species both in flora and fauna in turkey, the number of botanical gardens are quite few. early initiatives for a botanical garden at cukurova university took place in 1972.. some activities such as corresponding with some foreign countries were carried out by the department of landscape architecture between 1973 - 1978. after collecting a variety of plant seeds from different countries and also from the mainland, some successful results were obtained with some outdoor plants such as bauhinia variegata, parkinsonia aculeata, duranta repens and cassia tomentosa which gave impetus for the development of a botanic garden. in 1994 an evaluation and advisory committee with 12 members was formed to develop new strategies and policies which met twice a year. at the same time a planning and project team with 6 members mainly from the department of landscape architecture was organized and a master plan was drawn in accordance with natural, edaphic and climatic conditions and the needs and interest of the public. the botanic garden is located in south - eastern turkey. the cukurova area is 20 meters above sea level and only 40 kilometers to the north of the mediterranean sea ; it is surrounded by the chain of taurus mountains which reach up to 300 meters. the garden has a total area of 200 acres. the most spectacular part of the botanic garden is the maquis ( macchia ) and the native plant garden. maquis ( macchia ) and native plant garden with an area of 100 acres, this garden consist of native plants that unique to region. the garden is situated in a wide valley from the south to the north west part of the botanic garden. some woody maquis elements are listed below : the nursery of the botanic garden covers nearly 5 acres of which 150 m\u00b2 is reserved for offices, laboratory and library. an area of 2 acres is added to the main site for maintenance work, with watering facilities. a small green house and screen house are being established in the nursery. projects have been started in parts of the garden, woody plants ( trees and bushes ) have been sown for research and collections have been planned for the coming period. a work programme on the implications and practical work relating to plantation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42182710028008585, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.442718"} {"text": "major new research programme to halt relentless rise in uk heart failure regenerative medicine could make recovery as simple as getting over a broken leg. the burden of debilitating heart failure has risen relentlessly since the sixties, inspiring our major new research programme to find a cure. the condition, which is often caused by damage to the heart during a heart attack, means the heart can no longer pump properly. it is one of the uk \u2019 s leading causes of disability, with some patients housebound and fighting for breath, making getting out of bed or eating a meal incredibly difficult. when we were founded in 1961, an estimated 100, 000 people in the uk had heart failure. but an ageing population and the fact that more people now survive heart attacks mean more than 750, 000 people now live with the condition and even higher numbers are expected in we need to spend \u00a350million to make this a reality and currently the resources and investment we need are simply not available. combat this, we have today unveiled a major new programme of research in regenerative medicine to find a cure. the mending broken hearts project involve stem cell research to work out how to repair or replace damaged heart muscle to begin to literally \u2018 mend in as little as ten years time. part of the inspiration for the research programme is that regeneration already occurs in nature. some animals, such as zebrafish, can regrow portions of their own hearts. research may be able to make this possible in our medical director professor peter weissberg said : \u201c since the bhf \u2019 s inception 50 years ago, we \u2019 ve made great strides in medical research to better diagnose and treat people with all kinds of heart problems. but the biggest issue that still eludes us is how to help people once their heart has been damaged by a heart attack. \u201c scientifically, mending human hearts is an achievable goal and we really could make recovering from a heart attack as simple as getting over a broken leg. but we need to spend \u00a350 million to make this a reality, and currently the resources and investment we need are simply not available. \u201d joanne ward, 36, from sheffield, has heart failure after suffering a heart attack shortly after giving birth to her second son, tyler, five years ago. she said : \u201c living with heart failure means everything from doing the washing to playing silly games with my sons requires a huge amount of effort, and sometimes they \u2019 re just too hard to do. \u201c until i got ill, i never realised heart muscle couldn", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4673612444894833, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.446526"} {"text": "the dividing line now i beseech you, brethren, by the name of our lord jesus christ, that ye all speak the same thing, and that there be no divisions among you ; but that ye be perfectly joined together in the same mind and in the same judgment. 1 corinthians 1. 10 ( spoke 2, cycle 3 ) the name of the second letter, bet ( \u05d1\u05d9\u05ea ), denotes a house. this arose from its ancient form which looked like a house or tent. it is familiar to christians via the name bethlehem, the house of bread, where jesus, the bread of life, entered the world, becoming housed in human flesh. thus the rabbis teach that \" the house symbolizes the ultimate purpose of all reality : to become a dwelling place below for the manifestation of g - d ' s presence. \" christians recognise this divine house as jesus christ in whom \" all the fulness of the godhead dwells. \" bet is one of ten letters that play a special role in the grammar of the hebrew language. when prefixed to a word, it signifies the preposition in, by, with or within. the first word of the bible, berashith, is a prime example of this, being formed from rashith, ( beginning ), prefixed with the second letter bet. many such examples are found in the alphabetic verses. for example, the last three verses corresponding to bet in psalm 119 each exemplifies this meaning. note that the word order is lost in translation. in the hebrew text, each verse begins with the letter bet. | | i have rejoiced in the way ( \u05d1\u05d3\u05e8\u05da ) of thy testimonies, as much as in all riches. | | | i will meditate in thy precepts ( \u05d1\u05e4\u05e7\u05d3\u05d9\u05da, bephiqudekah ), and have respect unto thy ways. | | | i will delight myself in thy statutes ( \u05d1\u05d7\u05e7\u05ea\u05d9\u05da, behuqothekah ) : i will not forget thy word. symbolically, bet encompasses the whole range of concepts found in the numerical category defined by the number two, such as duality, division, image, and reflection. god ' s use of these elements is particularly easy to trace through scripture. i begin with the second day of creation which is characterized by division : and god said, let there be a firmament in the midst of the waters, and let it divide the waters from the waters. and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5336333962087654, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.450315"} {"text": "is particularly easy to trace through scripture. i begin with the second day of creation which is characterized by division : and god said, let there be a firmament in the midst of the waters, and let it divide the waters from the waters. and god made the firmament, and divided the waters which were under the firmament from the waters which were above the firmament : and it was so. and god called the firmament heaven. and the evening and the morning were the second day. the second day ( genesis 1 : 6 ) the next time god divided the waters is in exodus, the second book of the bible : and moses stretched out his hand over the sea ; and the lord caused the sea to go back by a strong east wind all that night, and made the sea dry land, and the waters were divided. the second book ( exodus 14. 21 ) the theme of division is amplified in the second seal of revelation, and when he had opened the second seal, i heard the second beast say, come and see. and there went out another horse that was red : and power was given to him that sat thereon to take peace from the earth, and that they should kill one another : and there was given unto him a great sword. the second seal ( revelation 6. 3 ) the power to remove peace from the earth, to cause the civil division called war, is here represented by a sword, which is the great archetypal instrument of division generated from the line, the second geometric construct. this theme of the second seal also coheres with the ancient rabbinical explanation of why the phrase \" it was good \" is missing from the second day of creation. in the gates of light ( 16th century ), rabbi gikatilla explained that... \"... it was good is not mentioned on the second day because it is the essence of difference and separation... wherever there is distinction and separation, good is not to be found, for good comes to bring peace and connect all things. \" he then linked this with genesis 2 where god said \" it is not good that the man should be alone ; i will make him an help meet for him. \" | the numerical category defined by the number two | | second divine person | | the son of god, word of god, image of god | | | thou art my son, this day i have begotten thee. - only passage to be referenced by number in scripture. | | | division of the waters | | |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5345021381531769, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.451204"} {"text": "joseph wang, director of the center for bioelectronics and biosensors at the biodesign institute at asu, led a team effort that successfully merged work in the fields of biosensors, electronics, and nanotechnology to fashion nanocrystals that can act as \u201c dna biosensors? by electronically recognizing subtle mutations in the dna. this creates enormous potential for applications such as the diagnosis and treatment of genetic diseases, detection of infectious agents and reliable forensic analysis. wang, who recently was recruited to the biodesign institute and serves a joint appointment as professor in the chemical and materials department at the ira a. fulton school of engineering and the department of chemistry, is a renowned expert in nanomaterial - based biosensors that operate at the scale of a thousand times smaller than the width of a human hair. he wrote 660 papers and has 12 patents to his credit, including involvement in the development of the first noninvasive biosensor for diabetes, the fda approved gluco watch, which monitors glucose levels through human sweat. \u201c the ultimate goal is to make something similar to a hand - held glucose monitor for future genetic testing,? wang says. \u201c the electronic detection of dna is a thing of beauty. you can make it small, low - power, inexpensive and robust.? / p > among the keys to unearthing the mysteries behind individual genetic variation and diseases like cancer are fine differences? single nucleotide polymorphisms, or \u201c snps?? buried within the 3 billion chemical bases of dna comprising the human genome. not every snp found will necessarily cause a mutation or determine our eye or hair color? but, on average, snps occur about once in every 1, 000 dna bases, adding up to 3 million potential individual differences across the human geno source : arizona state university", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5684336175982013, "token_count": 380, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.452986"} {"text": "their officer, des bergeres, survived. the captain was not to remain long in command of the fort. its destruction was, in fact, one of the conditions for peace imposed upon denonville by dongan, who was arming the iroquois against the french. faced in the summer of 1688 with the bloody guerilla warfare waged by the mohawks along the richelieu river, the french governor ordered the evacuation of niagara, as he was to order that of fort frontenac the following year under the same circumstances. des bergeres thus left the fort in mid - september 1688 and immediately returned to montreal with his garrison. some months after his return from niagara des bergeres succeeded captain francois lefebvre duplessis faber as commandant of fort saint - louis at chambly. duplessis faber \u2019 s reluctance to give up command of this important post was perhaps the cause of hostility between the two men. in any case on 15 july 1689, after an altercation, the two captains fought a duel in which des bergeres was slightly wounded. the duelists were immediately arrested and imprisoned, and their case was examined the next day at montreal. after a long inquiry the matter finally came before the conseil souverain on the following 16 november. both were \u201c acquitted of the accusation brought against them because of the duel. \u201d duplessis faber was, however, sentenced to pay 600 livres to des bergeres as well as court costs. despite this incident des bergeres kept his post at chambly. he was to remain there until 1696. because of its geographical situation chambly was of the utmost strategic importance, especially in those difficult years when the colony had to bear up against the combined attacks of the indians and english and to launch its own offensives. on 12 oct. 1691 the intendant, bochart de champigny, complained to the minister about des bergeres who, according to him, was using up \u201c a considerable quantity of provisions, munitions, and warehouse equipment. \u201d when the minister told him of this accusation, buade * de frontenac replied on 15 sept. 1692 that these expenditures \u201c were real \u201d and were well employed. at the same time he expressed his satisfaction with des bergeres in the following terms : \u201c but what i can tell you without being untruthful is that there is no one here in command of a fort who keeps things in as good state as he does, who is more vigilant, and in whom one must", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3567327633206271, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.462780"} {"text": "terms : \u201c but what i can tell you without being untruthful is that there is no one here in command of a fort who keeps things in as good state as he does, who is more vigilant, and in whom one must put greater trust... his post is the most sought after and the most exposed of all. it is one of the keys to the country, and our enemies are before its stockades almost every day, so that it is necessary to be as alert as i know he is to alleviate the anxiety that i would have for it, if someone less attentive were in his place. \u201d des bergeres may even have contributed out of his own pocket to the rebuilding of the fort in 1693. in recognition of his excellent services the governor granted him that year a gratuity of 500 livres. on 8 nov. 1694, at montreal, des bergeres married jeanne - cecile closse, widow of jacques bizard *, town major of montreal and seigneur of ile bizard, and daughter of lambert closse *. eminent personages, such as m. de calliere, were present at the marriage. two years after his marriage des bergeres gave up command of fort chambly. this took place at the moment when frontenac was preparing to lead a strong expedition against the onondagas. naturally the governor retained the services of the man whose qualities he had praised so highly some years before. the expedition left montreal at the beginning of july 1696 and some days later reached fort frontenac ; it had been restored the preceding summer by the chevalier thomas crisafy * who had died in montreal in february 1696. the governor pursued his campaign in august, having entrusted the defence of the fort to the marquis antoine de crisafy, brother of the chevalier, and to raymond blaise des bergeres. the expedition was completely successful and was back at montreal in september. des bergeres too probably returned to montreal, where he must have lived with his family until 1700. during these few years his wife bore him three children, of whom only one, marie - joseph, born 3 may 1698, lived. madame des bergeres died on 4 feb. 1700 at montreal. left alone with a two - year - old baby and nicolas, who was 21 by then, des bergeres took up his career again. the command of fort frontenac was vacant as a result of the removal and arrest of la porte de louvigny,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4058756600669498, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.463757"} {"text": "a two - year - old baby and nicolas, who was 21 by then, des bergeres took up his career again. the command of fort frontenac was vacant as a result of the removal and arrest of la porte de louvigny, who had been engaged in the fur trade illegally. des bergeres was in command at this post until 1704 ; his son nicolas was a member of the garrison. in this position des bergeres again showed himself deserving of the confidence of the authorities of the colony, as is attested by the reaction on the part of rigaud de vaudreuil and francois de beauharnois * de la chaussaye to the possibility of des bergeres \u2019 nomination to the newly created post of king \u2019 s lieutenant at trois - rivieres. \u201c the latter is required for the king \u2019 s service at fort frontenac, where he is in command, \u201d they wrote to the minister on 15 nov. 1703. in 1707 des bergeres was called to command fort chambly for the second time. the gravity of the military situation made necessary the presence of an experienced officer in this post, for the rumour persisted of an invasion by the english via the richelieu river. from that time forth it appears that des bergeres aspired to the quiet life which a permanent and well - paid appointment would procure for him. the post of town major of trois - rivieres had been vacant since the death of michel godefroy de linctot on 18 may 1709. des bergeres asked for the office and was granted it in may 1710. previously he may have left his son nicolas in command of fort chambly ; on 13 nov. 1709, at ile dupas, he had married marguerite vauvril de blason, the widow of lambert boucher *, sieur de grandpre. he died on 21 july 1711 at the hotel - dieu of montreal. raymond blaise des bergeres lived in canada at the period of the first open struggles between new france and new england. in his capacity as commandant of forts which were situated at strategic places, des bergeres was one of the artisans of french supremacy in america, a supremacy which was seriously compromised by the treaty of utrecht. ajm, greffe d \u2019 antoine adhemar, 8 nov. 1694 ; registres d \u2019 etat civil de notre - dame de montreal, novembre 1694, janvier 1697, octobre 1699, fevrier 1700, juille", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3537284921141325, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.464728"} {"text": "virtually day and night the british library was on hand to provide articles to the palm beach post during an outbreak of anthrax in florida \u2019 s palm beach, some dating back to the 1940s. when deadly anthrax germs were sent to the offices of the national enquirer in florida \u2019 s palm beach in october 2001, there was an urgent demand for information on the disease. the palm beach library and the local paper, the palm beach post, were inundated with requests from journalists and medical writers wanting access to background research on anthrax. the fbi closed the offices of the national enquirer \u2019 s publisher, american media inc, after a photo editor, bob stevens, died from the extremely rare inhaled form of anthrax and a colleague was found to have been exposed to the bacillae. three of american media \u2019 s six tabloids - the enquirer, globe and star - were scheduled to go to press as more than 100 employees lined up outside a clinic in delray beach to be screened for anthrax. against this backdrop of alarm the british library was called upon to support investigations by journalists needing to understand and report on what was happening. the palm beach post \u2019 s library director, sammy r alzofon, said : ' we value the inside document delivery service at the british library highly. it was there when we needed it virtually any time of the day or night. we purchased anthrax research articles dating back to the 1940s and our medical writer, sanjay bhatt, put together dozens of stories during the outbreak. our paper is distributed widely and our coverage circulated internationally through many online services. ' this extract is taken from our annual report 2001 - 2002", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4270929660527366, "token_count": 347, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.467335"} {"text": "advocating for children ' s rights is one of austria ' s fundamental priorities in terms of human rights vice - chancellor spindelegger on the international children ' s day vienna, 20 november 2012 \u2013 \" on 20th of november we celebrate the adoption of the 1989 convention of the rights of the child which has been ratified by nearly all states of the world since then. this convention was a milestone ; it illustrated that children are not simply small adults but personalities with their own rights and needs that we must take seriously \", austrian vice - chancellor spindelegger said on the occasion of the international day of the rights of the child. austria ratified the convention on the rights of the child precisely twenty years ago. a great deal has been achieved since then in terms of implementing the rights ensured by the convention \u2013 both in austria and internationally. \" austria strongly advocates the further development of children ' s rights in international forums, and in our dialogue with other states we directly address areas where the implementation of the rights of the child are problematic. we have achieved a lot over the past few years, for example better protection of children in armed conflict ; progress has been made in the prevention of violence against children in prison and in the international cooperation in the combat of child trafficking \", spindelegger continued. regrettably, the 20th of november is not only a day of joy : \" in the past year, we have received many shattering reports, such as reports about torture and severe abuse of children in syria or the attack on 15 - year old malala yousafzai in pakistan who had been fighting for the rights of girls in her country. so we have to bring to mind that many joint efforts are still needed to make the rights of the child a reality for all children in the world. commitment to this objective is one of austria ' s most important priorities in the field of human rights \", the minister concluded. federal ministry for european and international affairs tel. : + + 43 ( 0 ) 50 1150 - 3262, 4549, 4550 fax : + + 43 ( 0 ) 50 1159 - 213", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4174950143547872, "token_count": 424, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.469322"} {"text": "what is the keep? the keep, the site of bermuda maritime museum, was the citadel or great fortress of the dockyard defences. it is a six - acre fort, with seven irregular bastions, named \u2018 a \u2019 to \u2018 g \u2019, designed to protect the dockyard from enemy attack. the lower grounds of the keep contain large sea service stores, which in 1857 comprised two bombproof magazines for 6, 540 barrels of powder, a shell store, a filling room and a shifting house. lighters, or small boats, were dispatched from the keep pond to serve the fleet at anchor in grassy bay. lighters would provide ships with munitions from the keep stores, or safely remove munitions from ships under repair in the dockyard. how is the museum funded? the museum is a non - governmental, not - for - profit charity ( bermuda charity no. 136 ), meaning the institution depends on private and corporate donations, membership dues, admissions, and events rentals. how many visitors does the museum receive? there are approximately 50, 000 visitors to the museum annually, making it bermuda \u2019 s most visited museum attraction. how many objects are in the museum \u2019 s collections? there are more than 30, 000 objects in the museum \u2019 s diverse collections, including photographs, documents, plans, books, oral testimonies, archaeological specimens, boats, ship models, and a wide range of maritime artifacts. where do the museum \u2019 s collections come from? the museum \u2019 s impressive collections are mainly donations from the public and institutions, while some come from archaeological how long have the dolphins been at the museum? dolphin quest has operated out of the keep with its dolphins resident in the protected waters of the keep pond since september 1999, when hurricane gert destroyed the dolphin quest habitat at the fairmont southampton princess hotel. why are there sheep on the upper grounds of the museum? the sheep you \u2019 ll encounter are our trusty lawnmowers. they trim all the grass and vegetation on the upper grounds year - round. the flock is katahdin sheep, a special breed that requires no shearing. local farmer bascome of westover farm in somerset manages the flock. please do not try to follow, touch, or feed the sheep as they are extremely timid creatures and scare very easily! does the museum manage the entire historic royal naval dockyard site? the museum manages the keep, while the west end development corporation manages the majority of the remainder of the dockyard site.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41866529366245336, "token_count": 496, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.474573"} {"text": "what is seo? search engine optimisation ( seo ) is the process of getting your website to appear in good positions in the search engine results pages ( serps ). it may sound easy, but there are many different techniques involved and the search engines are always searching for ways to improve their results, which means you need to be proactive if you want to get \u2013 and keep \u2013 top rankings in the serps. why do we need seo? when the first search engines appeared in 1993, there were only a handful of websites and search engines were more like directories of the sites online. in 2011, there are millions of websites and search engines act as curators of content, helping their customers to find the best content online. there is more competition for the precious top spots in the serps \u2013 and it \u2019 s growing dramatically every day. being in the top spot can bring targeted traffic to your website, leading to more sales or enquiries and increasing your revenue. if you want to get your website in front of these potential customers, you need to work on seo marketing. how does search engine optimisation work? to understand how seo works, first you need to get an idea of how the search engines work. the search engines use pieces of coding \u2013 often known as robots or spiders \u2013 to crawl through the internet following links as they go. the search engine spiders follows links to find your website. they will \u201c read \u201d your site, follow your links and make copies of your website that are stored in the search engine \u2019 s index. when a person types their query into a search engine another piece of coding called an algorithm compares the indexed copy of your site to the search query. if the algorithm decides that your site is relevant to the query and of sufficiently high quality, it will be shown in the serps. the algorithm decides not only which sites appear in the serps, but also the order that they appear in. search engine optimisation serves three key purposes to help your site to rank well : - seo helps the search engines to find your website. - seo helps the search engines to understand your website. - seo helps the search engines to rate your website. 1. seo helps the search engines to find your website. you need the search engines to find your content \u2013 unless they know about it, they cannot display your website in the serps. there are a number of things that you can do to create a search engine friendly website that is easy to discover and crawl : - ensure your site is designed using coding", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49842713353469814, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.482954"} {"text": "\u2013 unless they know about it, they cannot display your website in the serps. there are a number of things that you can do to create a search engine friendly website that is easy to discover and crawl : - ensure your site is designed using coding the search engines understand \u2013 flash may look great, but search engines have real difficulty processing it. - creating xml sitemaps \u2013 a universal format for sitemaps that search engines understand. - building links to your website from other sites. 2. seo helps the search engines to understand your website. the spiders have found your website \u2013 but if you want to rank well for the right search phrases, you need to make sure that the spiders understand what your website is all about. it \u2019 s no good appearing in position one on google for \u201c business supplies \u201d when you sell caribbean cruises for crafters. the first stage in this process is carry out keyword research to understand what phrases \u2013 known as keywords \u2013 your potential customers are searching for. using this information you can then carry out on page optimisation - creating pages that focus on your keywords, looking at technical tags, on page text and even images and other content. and finally you need to build links \u2013 if other websites with a similar theme to yours link to you, it helps the search engines to contextualise your website. 3. seo helps the search engines to rate your website. search engines always aim to deliver the best quality websites in their results, but how can a computer programme understand which websites are good and which are bad? every search engine uses an algorithm to calculate where sites belong in their rankings. they each use their own formula and keep the exact calculations a closely guarded secret, but through testing and examining patterns we can make an educated guess as to what they consider. google is perhaps the most studied, and indications suggest that their algorithm considers : - volume of inbound links \u2013 the number of links going to your website. - quality of inbound links. - usage data \u2013 how real people are interacting with your website. - social signals \u2013 such as facebook likes and google +. - usability and design of your website \u2013 overuse of ads for example may harm your rankings. - the content of a specific page. - the content of your site as a whole. - bad practices that they specify in their webmaster guidelines. so, how do i increase my rank with seo? you might have noticed that links are pretty important to google, if you think that you can build links to increase your rankings you \u2019", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4152797831156719, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.483966"} {"text": ". - bad practices that they specify in their webmaster guidelines. so, how do i increase my rank with seo? you might have noticed that links are pretty important to google, if you think that you can build links to increase your rankings you \u2019 d be right \u2013 up to a point. links are just one of the factors that affect your ranking, you need to ensure that your website is search engine friendly, well optimised and of sufficiently high quality ( both in terms of content and design ) to deserve good rankings. but, all else being equal, building links is the single most important thing you can do to increase your rank. however, you need to be sure that you are building the right kind of links to really see good results. google originally treated links as a vote or a recommendation \u2013 if a person has linked to your website, they probably think it \u2019 s worth visiting \u2013 so google gave better rankings to site with more links. as time went on, it became clear that not all links were equal and that some people had worked out ways to artificially boost their rankings by building more links. so they used more metrics to judge whether a link was really a trustworthy recommendation. this process has continued over time and there are now many factors that affect how valuable a link to your website really is, as you can see from this word cloud of link quality factors : and while we have talked about google, other search engines like bing also place a great deal of importance on links \u2013 so if you want to improve your rankings, you need to build more quality links to your site. so can i do seo myself? yes, you can, but it \u2019 s an ongoing process of building inbound links and improving your website that never stops. google, bing, yahoo and all the other search engines never stop evolving. they are constantly looking for ways to improve their offerings, with the result that what works today may not work tomorrow. keeping up to date with the latest developments can be almost as much work as actually doing seo marketing. that \u2019 s why many companies outsource their seo \u2013 it simply isn \u2019 t cost effective for them to dedicate the time needed to stay up to date on top of doing the actual work. if you are still interested in diy seo, here are some resources that might help : seomoz blog - daily updates from a team of seo software engineers, their friends and the wider seo community. seomoz is dedicated to figuring out what works and what doesn \u2019 t in seo today.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40513814689427385, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.485019"} {"text": "berthold goldschmidt was a successful and award - winning composer in the 1920s, who was described as \u201c one of the great hopes of german music. \u201d but, being a jewish composer, the nazi regime subsequently banned his music, and he was forced to flee nazi germany in 1935. he emigrated to london, where he worked for the bbc and also as a conductor, whilst continuing to compose such works as his opera beatrice cenci. however, he suffered so much neglect by the establishment amidst the prevailing avant - garde climate, that after his mediterranean songs of 1958 he utterly abandoned composition. after a break of almost 25 years, he began to compose again in 1982 and produced an astounding body of late work, writing his final work, deux nocturnes, at the age of 93. during this time, the music world rediscovered the ' entartete musik ' composers, and he was finally able to enjoy a period of concert performances, opera productions and recordings. his music is tonal, and combines lyricism, rigorous contrapuntal or formal techniques, a sharp wit and a dancing vitality. works by goldschmidt include : partita ( 1927 ) for orchestra der gewaltige hahnrei ( 1929 - 30 ) musical tragicomedy in three acts string quartet no. 2 ( 1936 ) click on the links above for further information. bestselling titles by berthold goldschmidt", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4218037478852297, "token_count": 290, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.486513"} {"text": "| mary, queen of scots ( 1542 - 1587 ) mary, queen of scots is an enigma, to say the least. her guilt or innocence in the murder of her husband has been debated for centuries. as many historians point out, every argument in favor of her innocence can be countered by one against. most of the calumnies heaped against her in her own lifetime were the work of scots scholar george buchanan. mary was born at linlithgow in 1542, the daughter of james v and mary de guise ( who had been courted by henry viii of england ). the princess became queen at the age of six days upon the death of her father. at age six, mary was betrothed to henry viii ' s son, the ill - fated edward, but with what results history will never disclose, the proposed union was nullified by a pro - french and roman catholic faction. the ire of the english king, exemplified by the period of invasions of his scottish neighbours known as \" the rough wooing, \" resulted in the defeat of the scots at pinkie ( 1547 ) and mary ' s being sent to france. in 1558, now a beautiful, blossoming 16 years of age, mary married the heir to the french throne, the dauphin francis ( who was only 14 ). she secretly agreed, if she were to die without a child, her scottish kingdom would go to the french monarch. at the premature death of francis, one year after he had become king, the firm hand of catharine de medici took control of france. despite a revolution in scotland that had rejected the french alliance and the supremacy of the pope, mary returned to scotland. the plot then thickened. when elizabeth i became queen, mary became heir presumptive to the english throne as the granddaughter of margaret tudor. not only that, but roman catholics throughout europe considered her to be a better claimant to the crown of england than the queen herself, for they believed that elizabeth ' s mother ann boleyn had been married illegally to king henry. mary ' s reign started out well. though she absolutely refused to recognize the protestant church. she took the advice of james stuart, earl of moray and william maitland in conceding recognition to the reformed church and modest endowment while continuing her own catholic worship in private. mary might have forfeited her scottish throne had her husband not died in 1560, but her return, despite her early caution, had raised protestant fears. these fears were partly allayed when,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3884538919811307, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.493784"} {"text": "modest endowment while continuing her own catholic worship in private. mary might have forfeited her scottish throne had her husband not died in 1560, but her return, despite her early caution, had raised protestant fears. these fears were partly allayed when, though negotiations were afoot for her marriage to catholic philip ii of spain, she settled on her first cousin, lord darnley. the marriage turned out to be a grievous error. scottish protestants greatly feared that even the marriage to darnley would mean a resurgence of catholicism. they were not prepared to stomach that reversal of fortune. the reformation in scotland had taken place partly because it seemed as if the country was rapidly becoming nothing more than an appendage of france. protestantism represented, in a very real manner, scottish independence. the darnley marriage ceremony was a roman catholic one. moray raised a rebellion, easily crushed, but protestants were further incensed when the queen foolishly began to rely heavily upon non - protestant, foreign courtiers, including her italian secretary david riccio, suspected of being a papal agent. in 1566, riccio was murdered by a group of protestant lords, darnley being implicated. in the same year, prince james was born ( later to reign as james vi of scotland and james i of england ). mary, tiring of darnley, began to show affection to james hepburn, earl of bothwell, whose guilt in the murder of darnley, along with that of mary, is set out in the notorious casket letters, now considered a forgery. mary went ahead in a second disastrous marriage, this time to bothwell, who had abducted her and divorced his wife. for the proud scottish nobles, this was too much, and they forced mary to abdicate her throne in favor of her young son. a feeble attempt by mary to regain the throne was defeated at langside, following which the unfortunate ( and some say, foolhardy ) queen fled to england and the protection of elizabeth. after the bothwell marriage, the queen ' s supporters had been placed at a decided disadvantage compared to those influenced by the ballad writer robert sempill, who attacked mary as an adulterous whore, and thereby justified her forced abdication. queen elizabeth, in the meantime, made sure that mary ' s shortcomings were made the only criteria of her fitness to rule, and mary ' s reputation was consequently so besmirched that even catholics found it difficult to support her. the most savage attacks", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4361694429340818, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.494739"} {"text": "in the meantime, made sure that mary ' s shortcomings were made the only criteria of her fitness to rule, and mary ' s reputation was consequently so besmirched that even catholics found it difficult to support her. the most savage attacks on mary ' s character came from george buchanan, who sought very successfully to completely undermine her right to rule by showing that her reckless and malicious behavior proved her to be unworthy of her title. in the long run, however, such attacks on mary ' s immorality could only play second fiddle to the much more important question of her religion, of her threat to protestantism through her claim to the english throne. in her supporters ' eyes, too, mary ' s so - called immorality was a minor issue compared to her steadfast catholicism. her character and career as queen of scots was defended by no less than john leslie, bishop of ross, who also supported her particular claim to succeed elizabeth as queen of england. after mary ' s execution, which was finally ordered by elizabeth following a series of ill - conceived plots against the english queen, the accession of a protestant sovereign finally brought to an end the hopes of a return to catholicism that mary had personified. it also ended the vitriolic attacks on the person of mary herself. even leading protestant writers now began to depict her as an unfortunate queen whose downfall had been brought about more through the caprice of fortune than by defects in her morals. more than one historian has pointed out that mary ' s modern resurgence as a handsome, brave and proud woman, defeated through ill - circumstance and powerful enemies, seems to bear out her personal motto : \" in my end is my beginning. \" search amazon for books, videos, music cds, toys, electronics. just select the category, type in your keyword ( s ) and click search. or if you feel like bidding on something, click amazon auctions |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41218441416350027, "token_count": 388, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.495619"} {"text": "chinese tang tomb figures northern china, about ad 728 download this video to watch in your favourite media player, or to view this video online please install the flash player about one metre high, these are among the tallest known burial figures from the tang dynasty ( ad 618 - 906 ). they come from the tomb of liu tingxun, an important official. the group comprises two fabulous beasts ( one with a human face ), two fierce lokapala, guardian figures usually seen at the entrance to temples, and in the centre, two officials, one military, one civil. the military official has armour over his green robe and a bird of prey on his hat. figures of horses, camels and grooms from the same tomb group are also on display in the british museum. they are reputed to be from the tomb of liu tingxun, an important military commander who died in ad 728. the memorial tablet found with these figures records his skill in military matters and the arts of statesmanship, and that he died at the age of 72. it is interesting that all the human heads are unglazed, including that of the fabulous beast, as are the flaming manes of both animals. otherwise, the figures are completely covered with lead sancai ( three - colour ) glaze. burial practices in china from early in china ' s history, society attempted to cross the boundary between this world and the next, calling on the ancestors of both rulers and ordinary people. ancestors were worshipped because of their ability to communicate with the many gods and spirits on behalf of the living.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4172113092669722, "token_count": 322, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.501016"} {"text": "most seats in sub - saharan africa are low stools with round or rectangular tops, carved from a single block of wood. as early as the sixteenth century, portuguese traders and explorers introduced chairs with backs, leather seats, and decorative brass tacks, giving them as presents to chiefs, who used them as thrones. chokwe artists soon began to produce similar chairs, adapting the style to preexisting sculptural conventions. here, a cikungu mask, a symbol of chieftaincy, is represented on the back of the chair. figures on the rungs and splats depict scenes of daily and ceremonial life. - culture : chokwe - medium : copper alloy, animal hide, wood - geographical locations : - dates : 19th century - dimensions : 26 3 / 4 x 12 x 15 1 / 2 in. ( 67. 9 x 30. 5 x 39. 4 cm ) ( show scale ) - collections : arts of africa - museum location : this item is on view in south gallery, 1st floor - accession number : 22. 187 - credit line : museum expedition 1922, robert b. woodward memorial fund - rights statement : creative commons - by - caption : chokwe. chief ' s chair, 19th century. copper alloy, animal hide, wood, 26 3 / 4 x 12 x 15 1 / 2 in. ( 67. 9 x 30. 5 x 39. 4 cm ). brooklyn museum, museum expedition 1922, robert b. woodward memorial fund, 22. 187. creative commons - by - catalogue description : european - style chair with two splats, rungs, and a leather - covered seat, decorated with figural and animal carvings and brass tacks. carved geometric, designs on front and back of splats create background for a chihongo mask, rows of figures, a snake, the backs of birds, and two figures with cikunza masks. figures representing daily and ceremonial life ( e. g. man on the back of a cow, musician, etc. ) decorate the rungs and front legs of the chair. the front figure between the legs on the proper right panel is lost. the lower left figure on the front of the seat back has losses on both feet. on the hide seat, there is a loss on the front of the proper left edge. on the rear and at the center and proper left top edges of the seat back, the surface is abraded. there are some tacks missing. - record completeness : best", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4794898168634374, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.504644"} {"text": "berkeley arts & letters : pulitzer prize winning historian garry wills on bomb power pulitzer prize - winning historian garry wills examines how the atomic bomb transformed our nation down to its deepest constitutional roots by dramatically increasing the power of the modern presidency and redefining the government as a national security state in ways still felt today. a masterful reckoning from one of america ' s preeminent historians, bomb power draws a direct line from the manhattan project to the usurpations of george w. bush. the invention of the atomic bomb was a triumph of official secrecy and military discipline - - the project was covertly funded at the behest of the president and, despite its massive scale, never discovered by congress or the press. this concealment was perhaps to be expected in wartime, but wills persuasively argues that the manhattan project then became a model for the covert operations and overt authority that have defined american government in the nuclear era. the wartime emergency put in place during world war ii extended into the cold war and finally the war on terror, leaving us in a state of continuous war alert for sixty - eight years and counting. the bomb forever changed the institution of the presidency since only the president controls \" the button \" and, by extension, the fate of the world. wills underscores how radical a break this was from the division of powers established by our founding fathers and how it in turn has enfeebled congress and the courts. the bomb also placed new emphasis on the president ' s military role, creating a cult around the commander in chief. the tendency of modern presidents to flaunt military airs, wills points out, is entirely a postbomb phenomenon. finally, the manhattan project inspired the vast secretive apparatus of the national security state, including intelligence agencies such as the cia and nsa, which remain largely unaccountable to congress and the american people. wills recounts how, following world war ii, presidential power increased decade by decade until reaching its stunning apogee with the bush administration. both provocative and illuminating, bomb power casts the history of the postwar period in a new light and sounds an alarm about the continued threat to our constitution. garry wills received his phd in classics from yale in 1961. in 1995, he received a l. h. d. from bates college. he received an honorary doctorate from the college of the holy cross. a historian and author of more than twenty books including what the gospels meant and a necessary evil, he is also a frequent contributor to the new york review of books. in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.46870972971946834, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.508138"} {"text": "book description : this volume is a unique contribution to latin american studies because it underscores the essential role that women have played in the arenas of modern and contemporary art. [ this book ] provides valuable and much - needed assistance to the researcher. ( from the foreword by elizabeth ferrer ) with more than 1, 500 references on nearly 800 women latin american women artists, kahlo and look who else pays tribute to the rich and multifaceted artistic accomplishments of women in and from 20th - century latin america. frida kahlo has until recently dominated the interest of scholars, curators, and the public to the point of almost eclipsing the achievements of other artists from the region. this selectively annotated bibliography begins systematically to identify other women \u2014 painters, sculptors, printmakers, photographers, performance artists, and others \u2014 who have made significant contributions to the history of art in the region. the first section, the main part of the work, consists of individual artists grouped in an alphabetical country arrangement. artists in each country are listed a - z, as are the citations about them. annotations are descriptive and highlight, among other details, the presence of biographical and professional development information in the analyzed materials. a section of general works arranged by country follows, consisting principally of periodical and monographic literature that deals with numerous women, and a listing of the women mentioned in the cited materials. the volume has two appendices. the first is an analyzed list of 77 collective exhibitions in which works by these women have been presented. the second appendix groups the artists by country, allowing for an in - brief look at all of the artists identified in the bibliography. the name index references artists to the main section by country code and also includes entries for authors, curators, and exhibition catalogue essayists.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49389545079204555, "token_count": 365, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.510900"} {"text": "the concept of paying it forward, performing random acts of kindness for the simple sake of doing so, has been with us for some time. but the idea of seeking out 25 opportunities to make the lives of others just a little bit better is one worth pursuing in 2013. provincetown resident ellen rousseau decided to take the 25 days leading up to the christmas that have been co - opted by the american advertising machines and devoted herself to performing 25 acts of kindness for those around her. she said her buddhist beliefs helped inform her decision to do so. buddhism is just one of many faiths that espouse the concept of making connections to the world through actions. most of the world ' s religions and beliefs advocate making a difference in the lives of others. even secularists have adopted the so - called golden rule of doing unto others as you would have them do unto you. it is a strikingly simple concept \u2014 so simple that perhaps it becomes easy to forget. fortunately, it is also easy to remember, although sometimes more difficult to manifest in our daily lives. we seem to encounter so much negativity on a daily basis. television, the internet and newspapers are filled with stories about the less savory aspects of mankind. we learn about death and destruction as part of the 24 - hour news cycle, sometimes hearing the same bad news repeatedly through different formats until we reach a point of emotional saturation. this is perhaps the most dangerous aspect of the steady litany of sad news ; we become inured to it and we no longer experience the same degree of pathos or empathy that is so crucial to being a part of the world in which we live. rousseau ' s suggested approach may not stop the bad news from dominating the news, but it could provide a desperately needed bulwark against the seemingly endless onslaught. consider for a moment what happens when we are driving in our cars and someone cuts us off in traffic. perhaps we feel an immediate urge to shout or make an animated gesture in the other car ' s general direction. but even after the initial adrenaline rush of anger passes, the residual resentment of the moment continues to taint our day. and if that one incident is compounded by one or two more slights, whether real or perceived, it can have a sizable impact on how our day progresses. our behaviors send out direct and indirect ripples through our world, and if we can acknowledge that one thoughtless act can have a negative impact on our day, why is it so difficult to conceive of the idea that a positive", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.532852843670236, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.513817"} {"text": "questions and answers about ebola hemorrhagic fever view pdf [ pdf - 1 mb ] what is ebola hemorrhagic fever? electron micrograph of ebola virus ebola hemorrhagic fever ( ebola hf ) is a severe, often - fatal disease in humans and nonhuman primates ( monkeys, gorillas, and chimpanzees ) that has appeared sporadically since its initial recognition in 1976. the disease is caused by infection with ebola virus, named after a river in the democratic republic of the congo ( formerly zaire ) in africa, where it was first recognized. the virus is one of two members of a family of rna viruses called the filoviridae. there are five identified subtypes of ebola virus. four of the five have caused disease in humans : ebola - zaire, ebola - sudan, ebola - ivory coast and ebola - bundibugyo. the fifth, ebola - reston, has caused disease in nonhuman primates, but not in humans. where is ebola virus found in nature? the exact origin, locations, and natural habitat ( known as the \" natural reservoir \" ) of ebola virus remain unknown. however, on the basis of available evidence and the nature of similar viruses, researchers believe that the virus is zoonotic ( animal - borne ), with 4 of the 5 subtypes occurring in an animal host native to africa. a similar host, most likely in the philippines, is probably associated with the ebola - reston subtype, which was isolated from infected cynomolgous monkeys that were imported to the united states and italy from the philippines. the virus is not known to be native to other continents, such as north america. where do cases of ebola hemorrhagic fever occur? confirmed cases of ebola hf have been reported in the democratic republic of the congo, gabon, sudan, the ivory coast, uganda, and the republic of the congo. no case of the disease in humans has ever been reported in the united states. ebola - reston virus caused severe illness and death in monkeys imported to research facilities in the united states and italy from the philippines ; during these outbreaks, several research workers became infected with the virus, but did not become ill. ebola hf typically appears in sporadic outbreaks, usually spread within a health - care setting ( a situation known as amplification ). it is likely that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4639363007286623, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.524533"} {"text": "? the incubation period for ebola hf ranges from 2 to 21 days. the onset of illness is abrupt and is characterized by fever, headache, joint and muscle aches, sore throat, and weakness, followed by diarrhea, vomiting, and stomach pain. a rash, red eyes, hiccups and internal and external bleeding may be seen in some patients. researchers do not understand why some people are able to recover from ebola hf and others are not. however, it is known that patients who die usually have not developed a significant immune response to the virus at the time of death. how is ebola hemorrhagic fever clinically diagnosed? diagnosing ebola hf in an individual who has been infected only a few days is difficult because early symptoms, such as red eyes and a skin rash, are nonspecific to the virus and are seen in other patients with diseases that occur much more frequently. however, if a person has the constellation of symptoms described above, and infection with ebola virus is suspected, isolate the patient and notify local and state health departments and the cdc. what laboratory tests are used to diagnose ebola hemorrhagic fever? antigen - capture enzyme - linked immunosorbent assay ( elisa ) testing, igm elisa, polymerase chain reaction ( pcr ), and virus isolation can be used to diagnose a case of ebola hf within a few days of the onset of symptoms. persons tested later in the course of the disease or after recovery can be tested for igm and igg antibodies ; the disease can also be diagnosed retrospectively in deceased patients by using immunohistochemistry testing, virus isolation, or pcr. how is ebola hemorrhagic fever treated? there is no standard treatment for ebola hf. patients receive supportive therapy. this consists of balancing the patient ' s fluids and electrolytes, maintaining their oxygen status and blood pressure, and treating them for any complicating infections. how is ebola hemorrhagic fever prevented? ebola hf prevention poster used in kikwit outbreak. the prevention of ebola hf in africa presents many challenges. because the identity and location of the natural reservoir of ebola virus are unknown, there are few established primary prevention measures. if cases of the disease do appear, current social and economic conditions often favor the spread of an epidemic within health - care facilities. therefore, health - care", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43423567331028107, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.526551"} {"text": "of the natural reservoir of ebola virus are unknown, there are few established primary prevention measures. if cases of the disease do appear, current social and economic conditions often favor the spread of an epidemic within health - care facilities. therefore, health - care providers must be able to recognize a case of ebola hf should one appear. they must also have the capability to perform diagnostic tests and be ready to employ practical viral hemorrhagic fever isolation precautions, or barrier nursing techniques. these techniques include the wearing of protective clothing, such as masks, gloves, gowns, and goggles ; the use of infection - control measures, including complete equipment sterilization ; and the isolation of ebola hf patients from contact with unprotected persons. the aim of all of these techniques is to avoid any person ' s contact with the blood or secretions of any patient. if a patient with ebola hf dies, it is equally important that direct contact with the body of the deceased patient be prevented. cdc has developed a set of tools to meet health - care facilities ' needs. in conjunction with the world health organization, cdc has developed practical, hospital - based guidelines, entitled infection control for viral haemorrhagic fevers in the african health care setting. the manual describes how to recognize cases of viral hemorrhagic fever, such as ebola hf, and prevent further nosocomial transmission by using locally available materials and few financial resources. similarly, a practical diagnostic test that uses tiny samples from patients ' skin has been developed to retrospectively diagnose ebola hf in suspected case - patients who have died. what challenges remain for the control and prevention of ebola hemorrhagic fever? scientists and researchers are faced with the challenges of developing additional diagnostic tools to assist in early diagnosis of ebola hf and conducting ecological investigations of ebola virus and its possible reservoir. in addition, one of the research goals is to monitor suspected areas to determine the incidence of the disease. more extensive knowledge of the natural reservoir of ebola virus and how the virus is spread must be acquired to prevent future outbreaks effectively. | this page last reviewed july 31, 2012 | content source : centers for disease control and prevention", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.47882028461512327, "token_count": 457, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.527516"} {"text": "what is appendicitis? published : august 27, 2010 appendicitis is the inflammation or swelling of the appendix, a small pouch located in the abdominal region and attached to the beginning of the large intestine ( also known as the colon ). the purpose of the appendix is unclear. it has previously been suggested that it was once used to help digest plants and has been made redundant by human beings modern lifestyle. but more recent studies have shown that the organ may be the home of \u2018 friendly bacteria \u2019, used by the body to improve digestion and help fight infections, according to the nhs. it is a widespread condition and usually occurs in young people between the ages of 10 and 20. in america, it is one of the most common causes of emergency abdominal surgery, according to the u. s. national library of medicine ( nlm ). what causes it? the exact causes of appendicitis are not known, but it is thought that the condition is usually brought on by an obstruction of some sort. this could be faecal matter, a foreign object or in rare cases a tumour. once bacteria from the foreign body have entered the appendix, they multiply rapidly, causing the organ to swell up. if no action is taken, an inflamed appendix can burst and infect surrounding areas. what are the symptoms? the symptoms of appendicitis vary and the condition can be difficult to diagnose. the nlm points out certain signs to look out for : - pain around the belly button, mild at first and becoming increasingly severe and gradually moving to the right lower abdomen - reduced appetite - nausea and vomiting - diarrhoea or constipation if the appendix bursts, the patient may feel temporary relief. however, this is just until the lining of the abdominal cavity becomes inflamed and symptoms worsen significantly. the patient should seek immediate medical advice if they have persistent, worsening abdominal pain, fever or blood in the vomit or stool. although there are many illnesses which can cause these symptoms, it is important to exclude appendicitis. a doctor is usually able to identify the condition by gently exerting pressure on the right lower abdomen area and suddenly releasing it. the sufferer would feel increased pain. in mild cases, the condition can be treated with antibiotics, but more often the appendix is removed surgically \u2013 a procedure known as an appendectomy. it does not usually take long to recover from this type of surgery, unless the appendix has rupt", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.435802407890328, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.530056"} {"text": "imagine standing on a street corner in manhattan, in need of a taxi to take you from union square up to columbia university. you punch your destination into an app on your phone, which tells you the cab should be there in 30 seconds. a car pulls up as promised, and you get in and relax on your way uptown, just as with any cab ride. the only difference? no one is driving this cab. this is one scenario that impressive advances in self - driving vehicle technology have turned into a legitimate possibility in the not - so - distant future. since the early days of cars, we have been looking for ways to automate them, including the cruise control and parking assist systems available today. but as high - profile projects by google and others have begun to show, we are getting closer to much more thorough automation, where cars may actually start to drive themselves with only minimal assistance from the person at the wheel. from drastic safety improvements to huge reductions in fuel use and accompanying emissions, the potential of self - driving cars is impressive. and they may be coming sooner than you think. the environmental benefits promise to be significant. self - driving technology could greatly reduce the risk of accidents, leading to far - lighter cars and slashing fuel consumption and emissions by more than a factor of 10 in some cases. fewer traffic jams would also cut fuel use. one expert says some of the self - driving technology is less than ten years away from being mass produced. \u201c i see driverless [ cars ] as being the most transformational technology that will impact roadway transportation, \u201d said lawrence burns, head of research and development for general motors from 1998 to 2009. burns now consults for google \u2019 s pioneering self - driving car program, and he is confident that some of the technology is only five to ten years away from being mass produced. if the idea of a car that drives itself seems ridiculous, the first thing to remember is that a car you buy off the lot right now already has a lot of automated driver - assist systems in place. drift out of your lane on the highway and some models can sense it and nudge the steering wheel back toward the center of the lane. adaptive cruise control can slow your car down when approaching a vehicle in front and speed your car up again when it \u2019 s gone. some new models even can take parallel parking out of your hands. \u201c we have moved to cars that have millions of lines of code and advanced systems that will think about where you want to go and will change the brakes and steering to allow you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.46060255257124993, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.540111"} {"text": "gone. some new models even can take parallel parking out of your hands. \u201c we have moved to cars that have millions of lines of code and advanced systems that will think about where you want to go and will change the brakes and steering to allow you to actually get there, \u201d said bryant walker smith, a legal fellow at stanford university working on the law and policy of autonomous vehicles. \u201c so we \u2019 re far along on the spectrum of automation. \u201d all of these new systems make use of sensors that let the car learn what surrounds it, from vehicles to bicycles. the sensors include gps, cameras, lasers, and radar, and they \u2019 re only going to get better and cheaper. combining this technology with other prospective technology that would control the flow of cars on highways and, eventually, cities, is what will be truly revolutionary, say burns and others. \u201c the real secret sauce of all of this is what we call sensor fusion, \u201d burns said. \u201c how do you fuse together what the laser is seeing, what the radar is seeing, and what the camera is seeing, with the databases that you have already, and be very, very confident that what you \u2019 re instructing the car to do is the right thing? \u201d in other words, cars need to learn better what to do with all the information they gather. in current systems like google \u2019 s self - driving car ( a modified toyota prius ), even minor anomalies \u2014 a construction site, for example \u2014 can confuse the car \u2019 s computer and require a human to take over. experts like burns say we won \u2019 t suddenly jump to a fully autonomous car. instead, we will start to see systems that can take over in certain specialized situations, like traffic jams. for example, if you get caught on a los angeles freeway at rush hour, with miles to go and bumper - to - bumper traffic, just press a button and let the car do the mindless task of moving ahead a few inches at a time. if the car needs help, it will let you know. inter - vehicle communication is, of course, crucial. instead of just sensing the nextcar \u2019 s position, your car will be able to talk to it. if cars can send data to each other on position, speed, braking, and steering direction, they can predict where the other car will be soon afterward, and hopefully avoid hitting it. all of these systems will have to call on massive databases of experience, though, to know what to do in a given situation. that experience", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4752509337801446, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.541159"} {"text": "and steering direction, they can predict where the other car will be soon afterward, and hopefully avoid hitting it. all of these systems will have to call on massive databases of experience, though, to know what to do in a given situation. that experience is being gathered today, and google is in front of the pack. the company \u2019 s self - driving cars have logged more than 250, 000 miles on public roads. burns goes out to california to consult for the project once a month and rides hands - free down the stretch of highway 101 between san francisco and san jose. he said it is surprisingly easy to get used to and is relaxing. virtually every car manufacturer has discussed plans for automated systems. ford chairman bill ford jr. has said that an autopilot option should be available within a decade and that a traffic jam assist system might be ready well before that. \" > traffic jam assist would control the gas, brakes, and steering and would most likely do a better job of smooth acceleration and deceleration than humans do, helping save fuel. \u201c people think that autonomous driving is science fiction, but the fact is that the technology is already here, \u201d linda wahlstroem, project manager for volvo \u2019 s self - driving car initiative, told the bbc. the overriding reason for self - driving cars is to save lives and reduce injuries. the technology will also slash the costs of car accidents, estimated by the american automobile association at $ 300 billion annually in the u. s. that cost is a direct result of the fact that we humans are, frankly, terrible drivers. smith said about 90 percent of all crashes are caused at least in part by human error. one study by the national highway traffic safety administration concluded that various forms of vehicle - to - vehicle communications could cut all crashes by 79 percent. some versions of this are feasible today. a ford system, using modified wi - fi signals and gps, enables cars to broadcast a signal 10 times a second containing information on position, speed, and other basic items. this data, combined with information coming in from surrounding vehicles, could provide an imminent collision warning. if, for example, a truck in front of you blocks your view of a car that is forced to slam on the brakes, you would still know of that rapid stop because the braking car would send out a signal on its change in speed, and your car would tell you about it with a noise or light. other technology, known as dedicated short range communications ( dsrc ), enables a car to tell an intersection that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46773087415708164, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.542184"} {"text": "the braking car would send out a signal on its change in speed, and your car would tell you about it with a noise or light. other technology, known as dedicated short range communications ( dsrc ), enables a car to tell an intersection that it is approaching. a computer system at the intersection would then be able to coordinate all the approaching cars \u2014 assuming they were self - driving cars \u2014 and funnel them through the crossroads without stopping. the reduction in crashes could be dramatic. obviously, far fewer crashes means fewer fatalities and fewer traffic jams, but it also could mean a big change in car design and fuel consumption. as originally pointed out by climate and energy scientist amory lovins, only about one percent of the energy in a gallon of gasoline goes to moving the driver forward. about 75 percent of the energy leaves the tailpipe as heat and almost all the rest is needed to move a 4, 000 - pound car. but the bulk of that 4, 000 pounds is only there to keep the driver and passengers safe in the relatively unlikely event of a major crash. if that risk was reduced dramatically, 4, 000 pounds might come down closer to 750 to 1, 000 pounds. that \u2019 s how we might arrive at the manhattan autonomous taxi scenario. these wouldn \u2019 t look like cabs do today, but might be very small, two - seat vehicles designed specifically to stay on city streets and never approach real highway speeds. some companies have created concept cars in this spirit, like the gm - segway collaboration called the en - v. a fifth of the bulk means a fifth of the fuel, and of course a fifth of the emissions \u2014 a big deal for global warming, considering that transportation accounts for 13 percent of total carbon dioxide emissions. in addition, if cars came down in weight to that extent, then the economics of the electric car start to get even more attractive. take a five - fold reduction in energy use because of mass, and another three - fold reduction thanks to the improved efficiency of electric vehicles, and suddenly that little cab flying around manhattan with no driver is using 15 times less energy than a standard car. even without changes in vehicle weight, improved traffic flow and reduced congestion could significantly cut fuel consumption. though the technology itself may seem inherently futuristic, the car \u2019 s ability to drive itself likely won \u2019 t be the factor standing in the way of adoption. indeed, burns thinks the sensor fusion issues will be worked out within five years or so, with semi - autonomous vehicles on the roads within another five after that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5182478415491482, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.543284"} {"text": "first, i believe the current thinking among cosmologists is that the universe has existed in its present form for between 13 and 14 billion years. second, \u201c forever \u201d is another way of talking about an infinite time period, and that \u2019 s silly. third, just because there differences in energy levels, that \u2019 s not a motivation for atoms reacting. different atoms have tend to be more or less likely to react. similarly, different molecules have different levels of stability. in addition, some tend to form simple compounds while some can form complex ones. those which have a valence of one, that is, they have one point of combination such as sodium and chlorine will be stable after they react to form sodium chloride. on the other end of the valence spectrum is, say, carbon, which has four points of combination and can combine with itself to form a wide variety of structures. the difficulty with the \u201c organism living \u2018 for an exceedingly long time \u2019 \u201d is that there are so many actions taking place constantly, heat, cosmic rays, contact with other compounds, natural molecular instability, organisms absorbing each other, etc. that it \u2019 s very doubtful any particular organism will survive for very long unless it \u2019 s regenerating itself. for example, when an amoeba absorbs available compounds then splits into two amoeba, we can \u2019 t really say that the original one survived.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5846457800902711, "token_count": 283, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.544758"} {"text": "by john e. wilson most popular parametric 3d solid modelers are great for creating models that can be readily modified to meet changing design criteria, but they are not as good at constructing the freeform shapes commonly found on consumer products and automobile bodies. product designers often use other tools to fill the gap and rhinoceros, from robert mcneel & associates, is one of the most versatile of these. rhino has been used to successfully design objects ranging from children ' s pull toys to ocean going yachts. the curving organic shapes that are now commonly used in both exterior and interior building designs are also suitable subjects for rhino models. rhino can create both solid and surface models, but unlike many programs, these models are not different object types. as a result, you can use typical solid modeling techniques, such as a boolean difference operation, in creating surfaces ; and you can use typical surface modeling techniques, such as a two - rail sweep with multiple profiles, in creating solid models. all rhino curves and surfaces ( including the surfaces of solids ) are nurbs - based. rhino ' s impressive set of methods for creating surfaces, include edge curves, planar, extrudes, lofts, networks, rail sweeps, revolves, drapes, height fields, blends, and offsets. once you have created a surface, you can trim, split, move, rotate, scale, fillet, chamfer, and copy it ; as well as join it to other surfaces. you can also edit surfaces on a basic level through their control points. rhino has an equally impressive set of methods for creating and working with curves. rhino is intuitive to use, and has a well thought - out, logical interface. you can initiate most actions through either screen pull - down menus, right - click shortcut menus, or tool bars. unlike most windows programs, rhino also has a command line, which is useful for initiating actions, specifying options, and entering point coordinates as a set of three numbers separated by commas ( rather than having to tab through separate x, y, and z fields in a dialog box ). you can also use command line input to create script files and keyboard macros that streamline operations you often perform. rhino does use dialog boxes when they are applicable. | a mountaineering helmet designed in rhino shows the kind of smooth, sculpted shapes the program can handle. | image designed with rhino by incognito design studio of annecy, france. typically, you will use multiple viewports", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4819697464604472, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.549626"} {"text": "are applicable. | a mountaineering helmet designed in rhino shows the kind of smooth, sculpted shapes the program can handle. | image designed with rhino by incognito design studio of annecy, france. typically, you will use multiple viewports as you create rhino 3d models. these viewports are similar to the operating system windows used in most newer cad programs in that they are rectangular and you can stretch and move them, but in addition, each viewport can have its own coordinate system and visibility settings. this enables you to more easily use your pointing device in specifying points in 3d space. to help you visualize your models, rhino supports shaded views and basic renderings. often designers use rhino in conjunction with other programs. to support such partnerships, rhino offers a vast assortment of file export formats, including iges, step, autodesk dwg and dxf, acis, parasolid, and stl ( for rapid prototyping machines ). furthermore, to ensure compatibility, rhino has options for saving iges files in specific flavors for programs such as dassault systemes ' catia, ptc ' s pro / e, and solidworks. for reverse engineering, rhino supports 3d digitizer input from both faro technologies and immersion corp. the primary purpose of version 2. 0 is to add hooks for running external plug - in programs with rhino. one such plug - in is fla mingo, an advanced raytracing renderer also from mcneel & associates. plug - in programs for marine and other specialized design fields, cam systems, and utilities are available from third - party sources. release 2. 0 also includes enhancements to rhino ' s built - in renderer, and adds new options and capabilities to many tools for creating, analyzing, and modifying curves and surfaces. one of rhino ' s drawbacks is that its tools for creating 2d documentation of 3d models are limited. while you can create top, front, and right - side views of your models, there are no provisions for creating auxiliary or section views. further more, its dimensioning and annotation tools are basic. as a result, you will most likely export your models to a cad program when you need 2d drawings of them. surface modeling has long had the reputation of being difficult to learn and use, and for requiring high - end platforms and hardware. rhino, though, belies this reputation. it combines power, ease of use, versatility, and usefulness in a program that carries a modest price", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48841653887268616, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.550911"} {"text": "to use all functions of this page, please activate cookies in your browser. with an accout for my. chemeurope. com you can always see everything at a glance \u2013 and you can configure your own website and individual newsletter. - my watch list - my saved searches - my saved topics - my newsletter syenites are usually peralkaline and peraluminous, with high proportions of alakali elements and aluminium. syenites are formed from alkaline igneous activity, generally formed in thick continental crustal areas, or in cordilleran subduction zones. to produce a syenite, it is necessary to melt a granitic or igneous protolith to a fairly low degree of partial melting. this is required because potassium is an incompatible element and tends to enter a melt first, whereas higher degrees of partial melting will liberate more calcium and sodium, which produce plagioclase, and hence a granite, adamellite or tonalite. syenite is not a common rock, some of the more important occurrences being in new england, arkansas, montana, new york ( syenite gneisses ), switzerland, germany, and norway. the term syenite was originally applied to hornblende granite like that of syene in egypt, from which the name is derived. episyenite ( or epi - syenite ) is a term used in petrology to describe to the result of alteration of a sio2 rich rock to a more sio2 depleted rock. the term stems from \" epi \" and syenite. the process which results in sio2 depletion can be termed episyenitization. this process is only referring to the macroscopic result of relative sio2 depletion in a rock. the actual physical process leading to this sio2 depletion may vary in a given metamorphic environment. diffusion of chemical components in a stagnant fluid, related to differences in chemical potential or pressure as well as advection of a sio2 - undersaturated fluid may lead to the dissolution of quartz from the un - altered rock, thus depleting it of this component. | this article is licensed under the gnu free documentation license. it uses material from the wikipedia article \" syenite \". a list of authors is available in wikipedia. |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5155506032881624, "token_count": 489, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.553471"} {"text": "choosing an eye doctor by patricia s. lemer, m. ed., ncc executive director, developmental delay resources... pediatric developmental optometrist or pediatric ophthalmologist? a parent recently asked why i recommend that her child be examined by a pediatric optometrist rather than a pediatric ophthalmologist. the answer comes from my understanding of these two types of eye doctors and my personal experience. both types of eye doctors examine and prescribe glasses, diagnose and treat eye disease, and can evaluate how well a person uses the eyes together. however, each profession is unique. ophthalmologists are trained to do surgery. i credit one with saving the eyesight of my daughter, who at age five sustained an eye injury. optometrists are schooled in the developmental ( behavioral, functional or environmental ) aspects of vision. optometrists are more apt to use lenses, prisms and vision therapy to enhance and improve visual function. these interventions often improve children ' s academic and other abilities. making the right choice scientific evidence indicates that interventions such as vision therapy, used by behavioral optometrists, work. if your child has developmental delays of any kind, choose to have all aspects of vision evaluated. the find pediatric eye doctor can help you locate eye care professionals qualified to evaluate even the most difficult, non - verbal children. the american optometric association publishes a monograph, the efficacy of optometric vision therapy, containing 238 references ; it is available free of charge from the developmental delay resources. end of this excerpted quote by patricia s. lemer, m. ed., ncc excerpts from the book : buzzards to bluebirds : improve your child ' s learning and behavior in six weeks by educators, allen and virginia crane pediatric optometrist or pediatric ophthalmologist? \" the emphasis of ophthalmology is eye disease and eye surgery ; this is their domain, their area of expertise. dr. malcolm l. mazow, an opthalmologist, wrote in the discussion section of his paper \" acute accommodative and convergence insufficiency, \" 1 \" my impression is that many ophthalmologists handle this disorder poorly and many of the patients end up under the care of optometrists. \" another opthalmologist, dr. david l. guyton, in the same article said, \" i agree with dr. mazow we have probably abdicated the study of accommodation and convergence to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4432597414930094, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.565743"} {"text": "under the care of optometrists. \" another opthalmologist, dr. david l. guyton, in the same article said, \" i agree with dr. mazow we have probably abdicated the study of accommodation and convergence to the optometric profession. a perusal of the literature will reveal that most of the advances in this area are being made in the optometric institutions by vision scientists who use definitions and terms with which we are not even familiar. \" all optometrists are thoroughly trained to detect eye disease, examine binocular vision and convergence, and perform refraction ( the fitting of eye glasses and contact lenses ). beyond that, in postdoctoral study, optometrists learn one or more specialites. some specialize in contact lenses, some in geriatrics, some in functional vision, some in sports vision. specialists in behavioral optometry or developmental optometry treat individuals with developmental or functional vision problems. specialists in neuro - optometric vision therapy or rehabilitation work with individuals who have visual disturbances with neurological causes, ( i. e., birth trauma, brain damage, head trauma ). when unable to detect a vision problem quickly, the non - functional vision specialists may suggest that your child be referred to a psychologist or psychiatrist to explain your child ' s symptoms. remember that if your child develops symptoms during reading, this indicates a vision problem. your child does not require a psychologist or psychiatrist. be sure to screen vision specialists to find an optometrist who will do the comprehensive testing you require and will be able to give the assistance you need to correct any vision problems. free and immediate referrals to specialists in behavioral optometry or developmental optometry can be obtained by filling out a form at the find pediatric eye doctor. end of excerpt : buzzards to bluebirds : improve your child ' s learning and behavior in six weeks additional excerpted writings : patricia s. lemer, m. ed., ncc executive director, developmental delay resources eyesight vs. vision eyesight and vision are not synonymous. eyesight is the sharpness of the image seen by the eye. vision is the ability to focus on and comprehend that which is seen. research has shown that while most children with special needs do not have eyesight problems, many have visual dysfunction. if a child has motor delays, vestibular difficulties, or health problems, vision is often compromised. the american optometric association ( aoa ) recommends that children have vision examinations by six months. a good", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.496129878312251, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.567091"} {"text": ": improve your child ' s learning and behavior in six weeks by educators, allen and virginia crane hypophoria, hypertropia, hyper, vertical misalignment the authors, allen and virginia crane, believe that the most overlooked problem in vision is vertical misalignment : wherein one eye aims higher than the other ( sometimes one eye is actually placed physically higher than the other in the child ' s face ) ; technically termed hypophoria or hypertropia or simply \" hyper. \" the established allowable norm used by many eye doctors is two diopters ( a unit that expresses the power of a lens ). 2 this means that one eye may normally aim about 1 / 4 inch lower at reading distance than the other eye. this is a large amount. in comparison, behavioral optometrists use 1 / 2 diopter as the allowable norm. sample of the difference 1 / 2 diopter can make. in some cases, 1 / 4 of a diopter can prevent a child from learning the alphabet and reading properly because of all the extra effort required to keep a clear image. the child can do this for only a short period of time and comprehension can be poor. the eyes can keep good alignment only for a short time and then must be rested. this can explain why many children are labeled as having a short attention span, being hyperactive or having attention deficit hyperactive disorder ( ad / hd, adhd, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ). actually, many are resting their eyes, an involuntary physical need. a vertical alignment problem is easier to correct than to diagnose. during our research, we found that only behavioral optometrists diagnosed and corrected vertical problems directly. in our experience, directly training vertical alignment at the beginning of vision training activities shortens the total time required to eliminate visual symptoms. note that a behavioral optometrist may correct vertical alignment problems by including the proper amount of prism in glasses to compensate for the problem ( prismatic lenses or prism lenses ). these doctors use several methods to determine the prism correction necessary. one technique is patching one eye for up to forty - eight hours, then remeasuring the vertical alignment. a second technique is a fixation disparity test which takes special equipment and about twenty minutes. 3 a series of prisms is used and a vertical alignment curve plotted to determine the amount of prism needed. 4 in order to locate an eye doctor who has the competence and knowledge to help you, search", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5520064587963525, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.569978"} {"text": "which takes special equipment and about twenty minutes. 3 a series of prisms is used and a vertical alignment curve plotted to determine the amount of prism needed. 4 in order to locate an eye doctor who has the competence and knowledge to help you, search through the referral directory : find a pediatric eye doctor. these eye doctors have passed extensive written and oral examinations by certifications boards in behavioral optometry. if there is no eye doctor listed in your community, contact the nearest fellow listed in the directory and ask for more information regarding a qualified person in your area. 1 malzow, m. l. ; france, t. d. ; finkleman, s. ; frank, p. ; jenkins, p. \" acute accommodative and convergence insufficiency, \" tr. amer. opth. soc., vol lxxxviii, 1989. 2 boorish, i. m. clinical refraction, 3rd edition, chicago, il : the professional press, inc., 1970. p. 869. 3 scheinman, m. ; wick, b., clinical mangement of binocular vision. philadelphia, pa : j. b. lippincott co., 1994. pp. 40 - 41. 4 ibid, pp. 1 - 13. frequently misspelled words are developmental ophthalmologists or pediatric ophthalmologists and pediatric opthalmologist, pediatric ophthalmology, as in : pediatric opthamology, pediatric opthamologists, pediatric opthalmologists, pediatric ophthalmologists. to locate an eye doctor who provides comprehensive pediatric vision examinations and treatment, including, request a referral through our referral directory : find a pediatric eye doctor", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.500830455996859, "token_count": 358, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.572136"} {"text": "congratulations, you ' re pregnant! let the decision - making begin. choosing a health care provider to care for you and your baby during your pregnancy is one of the biggest decisions you ' ll make. in the united states, women ' s choices once were limited to an obstetrician or a knowledgeable family doctor. but in recent years midwives became another alternative for women with low - risk, uncomplicated pregnancies. is a midwife a viable option for you? the history of midwives the word \" midwife \" comes from old english and means \" with woman. \" midwives have helped women deliver babies since the beginning of history. references to midwives are found in ancient hindu records, in greek and roman manuscripts, and even in the bible. as early as 1560, parisian midwives had to pass a licensing examination and abide by regulations to practice. not all midwives had this level of education, however. english midwives received little formal training and weren ' t licensed until 1902. america inherited the english model of midwifery. early american midwives usually learned their craft through apprenticeship and tradition. they were not educated about scientific advances in fighting infection through hygiene and drugs such as penicillin. by the early 20th century, women and their babies were more likely to die under the care of midwives than under the care of doctors. around this time, american medical doctors began a campaign against midwifery in the press, the courts, and congress. they cited the poor outcomes for mothers and babies under the care of midwives. doctors might also have viewed midwives as competition. the foundation of certification whatever the doctors ' motivations, the rate of midwife - attended births dropped during and after the campaign. but the widespread criticism from the medical establishment prompted the foundation of the first certified american nurse - midwifery school in 1932. it aimed to incorporate the necessary medical training into midwifery ' s traditional approach to pregnancy and labor. what kind of training does a midwife have? midwives today come from a variety of backgrounds. the subtitle a midwife uses will indicate the level of education and training. many american midwives are certified nurse - midwives ( cnms ) who : - have at least a bachelor ' s degree and may have a master ' s or doctoral degree - have completed both nursing and midwifery training - have passed exams to become certified and have fulfilled state licensing requirements - may work in conjunction with doctors most births assisted by certified nurse - midwives occur in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42612287388367553, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.582341"} {"text": "may have a master ' s or doctoral degree - have completed both nursing and midwifery training - have passed exams to become certified and have fulfilled state licensing requirements - may work in conjunction with doctors most births assisted by certified nurse - midwives occur in hospitals. a certified midwife ( cm ) has also passed exams to become certified, but is not a registered nurse. currently, only some states recognize this certification as sufficient for licensing. a lay or direct - entry midwife may or may not have a college degree or a certification. direct - entry midwives may have trained through apprenticeship, workshops, formal instruction, or a combination of these. they don ' t always work in conjunction with doctors, and they usually practice in homes or non - hospital birth centers. but not every state regulates direct - entry midwives or allows them to practice. a certified professional midwife ( cpm ) is certified by the north american registry of midwives after passing written exams and hands - on skill evaluations. they ' re required to have out - of - hospital birth experience, and usually practice in homes and birth centers. their legal status varies according to state. what ' s the midwife ' s philosophy? a midwife ' s education stresses that pregnancy and birth are normal, healthy events until proven otherwise. midwives view their role as supporting the pregnant woman while letting nature takes its course. midwives also focus on the psychological aspects of how the mother - to - be feels about her pregnancy and the actual birth experience. they encourage women to trust their own instincts and seek the information they need to make their own valuable decisions about pregnancy, birth, and parenthood. of course, many doctors share these values. doctors often use preventive testing and medical technology \u2014 such as ultrasound, continuous fetal monitoring, and the option of pain medications during birth \u2014 more than midwives do. while high - risk pregnancies certainly need a more intense approach, many midwives feel that most uncomplicated pregnancies do not need as many interventions. what does a midwife do? midwives generally spend a lot of time during prenatal visits addressing a woman ' s individual concerns and needs, and will stay with her as much as possible throughout labor. they sometimes encourage physical positioning during labor such as walking around, showering, rocking, or leaning on birthing balls. midwives also usually allow women to eat and drink during labor. certified nurse - midwives, like doctors, may use some medical interventions, such as electronic fetal monitoring, labor - inducing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4061049906280406, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.583461"} {"text": ", showering, rocking, or leaning on birthing balls. midwives also usually allow women to eat and drink during labor. certified nurse - midwives, like doctors, may use some medical interventions, such as electronic fetal monitoring, labor - inducing drugs, pain medications, epidurals, and episiotomies, if the need arises. however, a certified midwife, certified professional midwife, or direct - entry midwife may not legally be allowed to use these techniques without a doctor ' s supervision. and birthing centers may or may not be equipped for these procedures. a major difference between doctors and midwives is the doctors ' ability to intervene surgically when necessary and to deal with complications that arise. some midwives can ' t administer drugs or anesthesia. and no matter what licensing they have, midwives cannot perform cesarean sections ( c - sections ). if one were required, an obstetrician would have to perform your delivery. if you feel more comfortable having those options immediately available, a doctor may be the right choice for you. certified midwives are trained in basic life support for newborns and, in the event of sudden complications with your baby after birth, can care for the baby until a pediatrician or neonatologist ( an intensive - care specialist for newborns ) is available. is a midwife right for you? several studies have shown that midwife - supervised births produce excellent outcomes with fewer medical interventions than average. midwives ' patients use electronic fetal monitoring less often and tend to have a reduced need for epidurals, episiotomies, and c - sections for successful deliveries. to some degree, this stems from the fact that midwives see only low - risk patients with uncomplicated pregnancies. but some researchers attribute the need for a minimum of medical intervention to the midwives ' natural approach to the management of labor and delivery, which may reduce a woman ' s fear, pain, and anxiety during birth. using a midwife without an obstetrician is not advisable for women with higher - risk pregnancies. those expecting twins or multiples and those with prior pregnancy complications, gestational diabetes, high - blood pressure, or chronic health problems of any kind before pregnancy should discuss their options with their primary health care provider or an obstetrician. also, if any potentially serious complications arise during delivery, midwives should involve an obstetrician. certified nurse - midwives who practice in major medical centers and work very", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4290148063837367, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.584442"} {"text": "their options with their primary health care provider or an obstetrician. also, if any potentially serious complications arise during delivery, midwives should involve an obstetrician. certified nurse - midwives who practice in major medical centers and work very closely with obstetricians and perinatologists ( specialists in high - risk pregnancy ) may take patients with risk factors. but midwives in solo practice or who practice in limited medical facilities generally do not. what if something goes wrong? midwives are trained to recognize the signs of trouble in pregnancy and labor. if a complication develops at any time, the midwife should consult a doctor. if your midwife doesn ' t already have a practice agreement with a doctor, be sure to find out what will be done in case of a complication. if you plan to deliver at a non - hospital birth center or at home, an emergency back - up plan is especially critical. if you must go to the hospital, your midwife will go with you and will continue to support you throughout your labor. but it ' s a good idea to get answers to these questions : - what training or equipment does your midwife have to handle emergencies? - how far will you be from the nearest hospital? - do they have fail - safe transportation? finding a midwife you can decide to use a midwife at any time during your pregnancy. women often turn to midwifery a few months before their due dates, when they begin to seriously consider their birth plans. to evaluate your medical needs, most midwives will request that you bring your prenatal care records to your first meeting. few midwives will accept a patient well along in pregnancy unless she has had adequate prenatal care. interview a prospective midwife carefully. investigate the midwife ' s background, certifications, experience, back - up practitioners, and ability to handle emergency procedures. because you ' ll be closely involved, make sure your personalities mesh. do you feel comfortable with the midwife? can you talk easily? to locate a midwife, ask your obstetrician - gynecologist ( ob / gyn ), family doctor, and friends for a referral. | american college of obstetricians and gynecologists ( acog ) this site offers information on numerous health issues. the women ' s health section includes readings on pregnancy, labor, delivery, postpartum care, breast health, menopause, contraception, and more. | | midwives alliance of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3701940523010319, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.585372"} {"text": "##og ) this site offers information on numerous health issues. the women ' s health section includes readings on pregnancy, labor, delivery, postpartum care, breast health, menopause, contraception, and more. | | midwives alliance of north america ( mana ) mana promotes midwifery as a quality health care option for families. | | american college of nurse - midwives ( acnm ) the acnm supports the practice of midwifery through research, accreditation of midwife education programs, and establishment of clinical practice standards. | | national association of childbearing centers the national association of childbearing centers is an organization that supports the midwifery model of care for expectant parents, birth center professionals, and health policy advocates. | | a guide for first - time parents if you ' re a first - time parent, put your fears aside and get the basics in this guide about burping, bathing, bonding, and other baby - care concerns. | | birth plans in the happy haze of early pregnancy, the reality of labor and birth may seem extremely far off - which makes this the perfect time to start planning for the arrival of your baby by creating a birth plan that details your wishes. | | a week - by - week pregnancy calendar pregnancy is an exciting time. our week - by - week illustrated pregnancy calendar is a detailed guide to all the changes taking place in your baby - and in you! | | birthing centers and hospital maternity services where you choose to give birth is an important decision. is a hospital or a birth center right for you? knowing the facts can help you make your decision. | | pregnancy & newborn center advice and information for expectant and new parents. | note : all information is for educational purposes only. for specific medical advice, diagnoses, and treatment, consult your doctor. \u00a9 1995 - 2012 the nemours foundation / kidshealth. all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4283672648416019, "token_count": 396, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.586148"} {"text": "september 4, 2012 contact : john ascenzi, children ' s hospital of philadelphia at 267 - 426 - 6055 or email @ example. com researchers have discovered two gene variants that raise the risk of the pediatric cancer neuroblastoma. using automated technology to perform genome - wide association studies on dna from thousands of subjects, the study broadens understanding of how gene changes may make a child susceptible to this early childhood cancer, as well as causing a tumor to progress. \u201c we discovered common variants in the hace1 and lin28b genes that increase the risk of developing neuroblastoma. for lin28b, these variants also appear to contribute to the tumor \u2019 s progression once it forms, \u201d said first author sharon j. diskin, phd, a pediatric cancer researcher at the children \u2019 s hospital of philadelphia. \u201c hace1 and lin28b are both known cancer - related genes, but this is the first study to link them to neuroblastoma. \u201d diskin and colleagues, including senior author john m. maris, md, director of the center for childhood cancer research at children \u2019 s hospital, published the study online sept. 2 in nature genetics. striking the peripheral nervous system, neuroblastoma usually appears as a solid tumor in the chest or abdomen. it accounts for 7 percent of all childhood cancers, and 10 to 15 percent of all childhood cancer deaths. the study team performed a genome - wide association study ( gwas ), comparing dna from 2, 800 neuroblastoma patients with that of nearly 7, 500 healthy children. they found two common gene variants associated with neuroblastoma, both in the 6q16 region of chromosome 6. one variant is within the hace1 gene, the other in the lin28b gene. they exert opposite effects : hace1 functions as a tumor suppressor gene, hindering cancer, while lin28b is an oncogene, driving cancer development. the current study showed that low expression of hace1, a tumor suppressor gene, and high expression of lin28b, an oncogene, correlated with worse patient survival. to further investigate the gene \u2019 s role, the researchers used genetic tools to decrease lin28b \u2019 s activity, and showed that this inhibited the growth of neuroblastoma cells in culture. the new research builds on previous gwas work by children \u2019 s hospital investigators implicating other common gene variants as neuroblastoma on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5196266768172618, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.592499"} {"text": "s activity, and showed that this inhibited the growth of neuroblastoma cells in culture. the new research builds on previous gwas work by children \u2019 s hospital investigators implicating other common gene variants as neuroblastoma oncogenes. as in the current study, these gene variants show a double - barreled effect, both initiating cancer and provoking its progression. \u201c in addition to broadening our understanding of the heritable component of neuroblastoma susceptibility, we think this research may suggest new therapies, \u201d diskin added. \u201c our follow - up studies will focus on how we may intervene on these genes \u2019 biological pathways to develop more effective treatments. \u201d financial support for this study came from the national institutes of health ( grants ca124709, ca151869, hd026979, and ca136979 ), the giulio d \u2019 angio endowed chair, the alex \u2019 s lemonade stand foundation, andrew \u2019 s army foundation, the presson foundation, the abramson family cancer research institute, fondazione italiana per la lotta al neuroblastoma and associazione italiana per la ricerca sul cancro, and the center for applied genomics at the children \u2019 s hospital of philadelphia. co - authors with diskin and maris included researchers from institutions in naples, rende and rome, italy. in addition to their positions at children \u2019 s hospital, both diskin and maris are on the faculty of the perelman school of medicine at the university of pennsylvania. \u201c common variation at 6q16 within hace1 and lin28b influence susceptibility to neuroblastoma, \u201d nature genetics, advance online publication, sept. 2, 2012. doi : 10. 1038 / ng. 2387", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5221371841655611, "token_count": 379, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.593380"} {"text": "stroke fact sheet cirm funds many projects that are investigating the basic biology of neuronal diseases. these more basic projects could lead to therapies in a wide range of diseases effecting the nervous sytem, including stroke. additional cirm - funded research focuses specifically on developing new therapies for the disease. if you want to learn more about cirm funding decisions or make a comment directly to our board, join us at a public meeting. you can find agendas for upcoming public meetings on our meetings page. find clinical trials : cirm does not track stem cell clinical trials. if you or a family member is interested in participating in a clinical trial, please see the national trial database to find a trial near you : clinicaltrials. gov stem cell research for stroke in the u. s., almost 800 million people have a stroke each year and more than 140, 000 people die of their stroke. it is the leading cause of serious, long - term disability in the u. s. stroke occurs when a blood clot blocks a vessel in the brain and cuts off blood flow. brain cells begin to die within minutes when they are deprived of oxygen and nutrients. a less common kind of stroke involves a burst blood vessel that bleeds into the brain, also killing brain cells. losing these brain cells can cause permanent problems with movement and cognitive abilities such as memory, attention span even speaking or understanding speech. a stroke requires immediate treatment. signs of stroke include sudden onset of numbness of the face, arm or leg, confusion, blurred vision, dizziness or headache. doctors can intervene by dissolving the clot and restoring blood flow or stopping the bleeding. after a stroke, intensive physical therapy can help people regain some lost function. however, there is currently no therapy to restore the brain cells that have died as a result of the stroke. stem cell scientists are attempting to use different types of stem cells including tissue - specific neural stem cells, embryonic stem cells and reprogrammed ips cells to replace cells lost during a stroke. they are testing the different cell types in animal models of stroke to see which are best able to restore movement. they also need to learn the best way of delivering those cells into the brain. around the country, several clinical trials are underway testing different type of cells and different delivery methods. other researchers are seeing if it \u2019 s possible to activate the stem cells in the brain to repair the damage. the stanford university - led team plans to use cells generated from human embryonic stem cells to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5035568429461557, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.596578"} {"text": "oral treatments for fungal infections of the skin of the foot. about 15 % of the world population have fungal infections of the feet ( tinea pedis or athlete ' s foot ). there are many clinical presentations of tinea pedis, and most commonly, tinea pedis is seen between the toes ( interdigital ) and on the soles, heels, and sides of the foot ( plantar ). plantar tinea pedis is known as moccasin foot. once acquired, the infection can spread to other sites including the nails, which can be a source of re - infection. oral therapy is usually used for chronic conditions or when topical treatment has failed. to assess the effects of oral treatments for fungal infections of the skin of the foot ( tinea pedis ). for this update we searched the following databases to july 2012 : the cochrane skin group specialised register, central in the cochrane library, medline ( from 1946 ), embase ( from 1974 ), and cinahl ( from 1981 ). we checked the bibliographies of retrieved trials for further references to relevant trials, and we searched online trials registers. randomised controlled trials of oral treatments in participants who have a clinically diagnosed tinea pedis, confirmed by microscopy and growth of dermatophytes ( fungi ) in culture. two review authors independently undertook study selection, ' risk of bias ' assessment, and data extraction. we included 15 trials, involving 1438 participants. the 2 trials ( 71 participants ) comparing terbinafine and griseofulvin produced a pooled risk ratio ( rr ) of 2. 26 ( 95 % confidence interval ( ci ) 1. 49 to 3. 44 ) in favour of terbinafine ' s ability to cure infection. no significant difference was detected between terbinafine and itraconazole, fluconazole and itraconazole, fluconazole and ketoconazole, or between griseofulvin and ketoconazole, although the trials were generally small. two trials showed that terbinafine and itraconazole were effective compared with placebo : terbinafine ( 31 participants, rr 24. 54, 95 % ci 1. 57 to 384. 32 ) and itraconazole ( 72 participants, rr 6. 67, 95 % ci 2. 17 to 20. 48 ). all drugs reported adverse effects, with gastrointestinal effects most commonly reported. ten of the trials were published over", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4552601669391412, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.599990"} {"text": "and itraconazole ( 72 participants, rr 6. 67, 95 % ci 2. 17 to 20. 48 ). all drugs reported adverse effects, with gastrointestinal effects most commonly reported. ten of the trials were published over 15 years ago, and this is reflected by the poor reporting of information from which to make a clear ' risk of bias ' assessment. only one trial was at low risk of bias overall. the majority of the remaining trials were judged as ' unclear ' risk of bias because of the lack of clear statements with respect to methods of generating the randomisation sequence and allocation concealment. more trials achieved blinding of participants and personnel than blinding of the outcome assessors, which was again poorly reported. the evidence suggests that terbinafine is more effective than griseofulvin, and terbinafine and itraconazole are more effective than no treatment. in order to produce more reliable data, a rigorous evaluation of different drug therapies needs to be undertaken with larger sample sizes to ensure they are large enough to show any real difference when two treatments are being compared. it is also important to continue to follow up and collect data, preferably for six months after the end of the intervention period, to establish whether or not the infection recurred.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4521833549606004, "token_count": 261, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.600484"} {"text": "it ' s 3 p. m. you ' re checked into the hospital for a routine surgery, scheduled to begin in 15 minutes. this is the first operation you ' ve had. lying on a small gurney, covered only by a thin patient gown, you begin to shiver. your heart pounds. four words race through your head : \" am i gonna die? \" then you meet the operating room team. the anesthesiologist, nurse anesthetist and operating room nurse all exude a combination of compassion and confidence. this is just what you need. your pulse slows, and the shakes disappear. the surgeon and or nurse hold each of your hands. the anesthesiologist then injects a powerful sedative. the last thing you hear prior to drifting off is, \" we ' ll take good care of you. \" suddenly, you ' re jolted awake. intense, blinding lights glare into your face. you find yourself gagging on a thick plastic tube stuck down your throat. the lights turn away. your eyes begin to adjust, and you see four faces you ' ve never seen before. the time of day you have surgery can affect your outcome. that was the finding of a 2006 duke university study published in the journal quality and safety in healthcare. researchers found operations starting between 3 and 4 p. m. had a higher rate of nausea, vomiting and postoperative pain. why is this? i suspect there are two major factors. our bodies follow natural circadian rhythms, which regulate our sleep / wake cycle, brain wave activity and certain bodily functions. these circadian rhythms dip between 3 and 5 p. m. each day, causing many of us to feel sleepy. the spaniards apparently discovered this long ago when they instituted the afternoon siesta. and george costanza of \" seinfeld \" fame isn ' t the only one who naps on the job. nike and google have reportedly instituted official sleeping rooms so their employees can deal with the afternoon circadian dip. it ' s also the reason why i put a couch in my office. unfortunately, there is no napping in the operating room. so it ' s definitely possible that getting a case of the sleepies plays a role in the higher rate of adverse events in midafternoon surgeries. but there ' s another factor that ' s probably more important. most members of surgical teams arrive for work between 6 : 30 and 7 a. m. that means, when accounting for a 30 - minute lunch break, the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4605755828075494, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.606793"} {"text": "##ternoon surgeries. but there ' s another factor that ' s probably more important. most members of surgical teams arrive for work between 6 : 30 and 7 a. m. that means, when accounting for a 30 - minute lunch break, the eight - hour shifts of most anesthesiologists, or nurses and surgical technologists end at 3 p. m. this is when a new team takes over, sometimes right in the middle of surgery. so who puts you to sleep won ' t necessarily be who wakes you up. i see this routinely. although the team members being replaced are typically very complete in the information transfer during handoff, key details about the patient may not be conveyed to the next provider. these details usually aren ' t life threatening, but can still have an impact on a patient ' s outcome. for example, the original anesthetist might forget to inform her replacement that the patient doesn ' t respond well to a certain nausea medication. the replacement anesthetist ( and the patient ) then learns this the hard way. so is there anything that can be done to prevent shift changes in the operating room? not really. we ' re all human. health care providers can ' t work endless hours or be expected to be completely mistake - free. and there are no signs that workplace regulations are going to be lightened. but one fact typically remains that should give patients comfort. anesthesiologists and nurses may come and go, but when you have surgery, whatever time of day, there is one constant. your surgeon should be with you the whole time. but if he or she gives you a choice between having surgery at 7 : 30 a. m. or 3 p. m., think long and hard. then choose 7 : 30 a. m.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.43042931773440385, "token_count": 369, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.609168"} {"text": "( mayoclinic. com ) asthma medications play an important role in managing signs and symptoms, such as coughing, wheezing and shortness of breath. your age, your symptoms, the severity of your asthma and medication side effects all play a role in choosing the type and dose of asthma medications you need. because your asthma may change over time, work closely with your doctor to help track your symptoms and make adjustments to your asthma medications if needed. | long - term asthma control medications | | taken regularly to control chronic symptoms and prevent asthma attacks \u2014 the most important type of treatment for most people with asthma | | | quick - relief medications ( rescue medications ) | | taken as needed for rapid, short - term relief of symptoms \u2014 used to prevent or treat an asthma attack | | | medications for allergy - induced asthma | | taken regularly or as needed to reduce your body ' s sensitivity to a particular allergy - causing substance ( allergen ) | | many people with asthma need to take long - term control medications on a daily basis. you take these medications even when you don ' t have symptoms. there are several types of long - term control medications, including the following. these anti - inflammatory drugs are the most effective and commonly used long - term control medications for asthma. they reduce swelling and tightening in your airways. you may need to use these medications for several days to weeks before they reach their maximum benefit. inhaled corticosteroids include : in children, long - term use of inhaled corticosteroids may slightly delay growth, but the benefits of using these medications to maintain good asthma control generally outweigh their risks. regular use of inhaled corticosteroids helps keep asthma attacks and other problems linked to poorly controlled asthma in check. corticosteroids don ' t generally cause serious side effects. when they do occur, side effects can include mouth and throat irritation and oral yeast infections. if you ' re using a metered dose inhaler, use a spacer and rinse your mouth with water after each use to reduce the amount of drug that can be swallowed and absorbed into your body. these medications block the effects of leukotrienes, immune system chemicals that cause asthma symptoms. leukotriene modifiers can help prevent symptoms for up to 24 hours. examples include : in rare cases, montelukast has been linked to psychological reactions, such as agitation, aggression, hallucinations, depression and suicidal thinking. see your doctor right away if you have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40137540655071546, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.615972"} {"text": "help prevent symptoms for up to 24 hours. examples include : in rare cases, montelukast has been linked to psychological reactions, such as agitation, aggression, hallucinations, depression and suicidal thinking. see your doctor right away if you have any unusual reaction. long - acting beta agonists ( labas ) these bronchodilator ( brong - koh - die - lay - tur ) medications open up narrowed airways and reduce swelling. their effects last at least 12 hours, and they ' re used to control moderate to severe asthma and to prevent nighttime symptoms. labas are used on a regular schedule along with inhaled corticosteroids. although they ' re effective, they ' ve been linked to severe asthma attacks. for this reason, labas are taken only in combination with an inhaled corticosteroid. examples of labas include : you take this bronchodilator in pill form every day to treat mild asthma. theophylline ( theo - 24, elixophyllin, others ) relaxes the airways and decreases the lungs ' response to irritants. it can be helpful for nighttime asthma symptoms. if you ' re taking theophylline, you may need regular blood tests to make sure you ' re getting the correct dose. potential side effects of theophylline include insomnia and gastroesophageal reflux. combination inhalers : corticosteroids and long - acting beta agonists some inhaled asthma medication combinations contain both a corticosteroid and a bronchodilator : as with other laba medications, these inhalers may increase your risk of having a severe asthma attack and should be used with caution. quick - relief medications these asthma medications open the lungs by relaxing airway muscles. they ' re often called rescue medications because they can ease worsening symptoms or stop an asthma attack in progress. they begin working within minutes and are effective for four to six hours. for some people, using a quick - relief inhaler before exercise helps prevent shortness of breath and other asthma symptoms. possible side effects include jitteriness and palpitations. quick - relief medications include : if your symptoms are minor and infrequent, or you have exercise - induced asthma, you may be able to manage your symptoms with one of these medications alone. however, most people with persistent asthma need to rely primarily on an inhaled corticosteroid or other long - term control medication. short -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43521814029624983, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.616887"} {"text": "have exercise - induced asthma, you may be able to manage your symptoms with one of these medications alone. however, most people with persistent asthma need to rely primarily on an inhaled corticosteroid or other long - term control medication. short - acting asthma medications are often used to treat asthma attacks and exercise - induced asthma, but they shouldn ' t be used on a regular, daily basis. if you need to use your inhaler more often than your doctor recommends, your asthma is not under control \u2014 and you may be increasing your risk of a serious asthma attack. ipratropium ( atrovent ) is a short - acting bronchodilator that ' s usually prescribed for emphysema or chronic bronchitis, but is sometimes used to treat asthma attacks. it may be used along with \u2014 or as an alternative to \u2014 short - acting beta agonists. oral corticosteroids for serious asthma attacks these medications may be taken to treat severe asthma attacks. they can cause bothersome short - term side effects and more - serious side effects if they ' re taken for a long period of time. examples include : long - term use of these medications can cause side effects including cataracts, thinning bones ( osteoporosis ), muscle weakness, decreased resistance to infection, high blood pressure and reduced growth in children. medications for asthma triggered by allergies medications that focus on treating allergy triggers include : allergy shots. allergy shots ( immunotherapy ) may be an option if you have allergic asthma that can ' t be controlled by avoiding triggers. you ' ll begin with skin tests to determine which allergens trigger your asthma symptoms. then you ' ll get a series of injections containing small doses of those allergens. you generally receive injections once a week for a few months, and then once a month for a period of three to five years. in some cases, desensitization can be done more quickly. over time, you should lose your sensitivity to the allergens. omalizumab. omalizumab ( xolair ) is sometimes used to treat asthma triggered by airborne allergens. if you have allergies, your immune system produces allergy - causing antibodies to attack substances that generally cause no harm, such as pollen, dust mites and pet dander. omalizumab blocks the action of these antibodies, reducing your immune system reaction that causes allergy and asthma symptoms. om", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3903602411086891, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.617843"} {"text": "- causing antibodies to attack substances that generally cause no harm, such as pollen, dust mites and pet dander. omalizumab blocks the action of these antibodies, reducing your immune system reaction that causes allergy and asthma symptoms. omalizumab is given by injection every two to four weeks. it isn ' t generally recommended for children under 12. in rare cases, this medication has triggered a life - threatening allergic reaction ( anaphylaxis ). anyone who takes omalizumab should be monitored closely by health professionals after getting an omalizumab injection in case of a severe reaction. allergy medications. these include oral and nasal spray antihistamines and decongestants as well as corticosteroid and cromolyn nasal sprays. allergy medications are available over - the - counter and in prescription form. corticosteroid nasal spray helps reduce inflammation without causing the rebound effect sometimes caused by nonprescription sprays. because it has few, if any, side effects, cromolyn is safe to use over long periods of time. carefully tracking symptoms and side effects \u2014 and adjusting your treatment accordingly \u2014 is the key to keeping your asthma symptoms under control. with your doctor or other health care providers, write a detailed plan for taking long - term control medications and for managing an asthma attack. then, carefully follow your plan. know when to adjust your medications, when to see your doctor and how to recognize an asthma emergency. if your doctor has prescribed a peak flow meter to measure how well your lungs are working, use it according to your plan. even if you feel well, keep taking your medications as prescribed and tracking your symptoms until you talk to your doctor. | most viewed | | most emailed | | top searches | want to know more about this article or other health related issues? ask your question and we ' ll post some each week for cnn. com reader to discuss or for our experts to weight in.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4393007771296771, "token_count": 405, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.618659"} {"text": "how has the sea ice that surrounds antarctica varied over the period for which there exist comprehensive satellite data? in what follows, we review what has been learned about the subject - - in the order in which it was learned - - starting with the very first year of the current millennium. noting that \" antarctic sea ice may show high sensitivity to any anthropogenic increase in temperature \" - - as per the canary - in - the - coal - mine concept of high - latitude amplification of co2 - induced global warming - - while further noting that most climate models suggest that an increase in surface temperature \" would result in a decrease in sea ice coverage, \" watkins and simmonds ( 2000 ) analyzed temporal trends in different measures of the sea ice that surrounds antarctica, using special sensor microwave imager data obtained from the defense meteorological satellite program for the nine - year period december 1987 - december 1996, in search of the suspected signal. but contrary to what one would expect on the basis of the model simulations, and especially in light of what climate alarmists call the unprecedented warming of the past quarter - century, the two scientists observed statistically significant increases in both sea ice area and extent ; and when they combined their results with those of the preceding nine - year period ( 1978 - 1987 ), both parameters continued to show increases over that expanded time period. in addition, they found that the 1990s also experienced increases in the length of the sea - ice season. in a contemporary assessment of antarctic sea ice behavior, yuan and martinson ( 2000 ) also utilized special sensor microwave imager data, but they additionally analyzed brightness temperatures obtained by the nimbus - 7 scanning multichannel microwave radiometer ; determining that the mean trend in the latitudinal location of the antarctic sea ice edge over the prior 18 years was an equatorward extension of 0. 011 degree latitude per year, in harmony with the findings of comiso ( 2000 ), who analyzed antarctic temperature data obtained from 21 surface stations, as well as from infrared satellites operating from 1979 to 1998, and discovered a 20 - year cooling trend of 0. 042\u00b0c per year in the satellite data and 0. 008\u00b0c per year in the station data. that antarctic sea ice had indeed increased in area, extent and season length since at least 1978 was also supported by several subsequent studies. the very next year, for example, hanna ( 2001 ) published an updated analysis of antarctic sea ice cover - - also based on special sensor microwave imager data, but for the extended", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4927791609740122, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.632949"} {"text": "length since at least 1978 was also supported by several subsequent studies. the very next year, for example, hanna ( 2001 ) published an updated analysis of antarctic sea ice cover - - also based on special sensor microwave imager data, but for the extended period of october 1987 - september 1999 - - finding \" an ongoing slight but significant hemispheric increase of 3. 7 ( \u00b10. 3 ) % in extent and 6. 6 ( \u00b11. 5 ) % in area. \" and one year later, parkinson ( 2002 ) utilized satellite passive - microwave data to calculate and map the length of the sea - ice season throughout the southern ocean for each year of the period 1979 - 1999, finding that although there were opposing regional trends, a \" much larger area of the southern ocean experienced an overall lengthening of the sea - ice season... than experienced a shortening. \" concurrently, zwally et al. ( 2002 ) also utilized passive - microwave satellite data to study antarctic sea ice trends. over the 20 - year period 1979 - 1998, they report that the sea ice extent of the entire southern ocean increased by 11, 181 \u00b1 4, 190 square km per year, or by 0. 98 \u00b1 0. 37 percent per decade, while sea ice area increased by nearly the same amount : 10, 860 \u00b1 3, 720 square km per year, or by 1. 26 \u00b1 0. 43 percent per decade. and in contradiction of the ancillary climate - alarmist claim that various aspects of earth ' s climate should exhibit greater variability when it is warmer than when it is colder, they observed that the variability of monthly sea ice extent declined from 4. 0 % over the first ten years of the record to 2. 7 % over the last ten years ( which were supposedly the warmest of the prior millennium, according to the world ' s climate alarmists ). one year later, vyas et al. ( 2003 ) analyzed data from the multi - channel scanning microwave radiometer carried aboard india ' s oceansat - 1 satellite for the period june 1999 - may 2001, which they combined with data for the period 1978 - 1987 that had been derived from space - based passive microwave radiometers carried aboard earlier nimbus - 5, nimbus - 7 and dmsp satellites, in order to study secular trends in sea ice extent about antarctica over the period 1978 - 2001. this work revealed that the mean rate of change of sea ice extent for the entire antarctic region over this period was an increase of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4942889989528262, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.634089"} {"text": "and dmsp satellites, in order to study secular trends in sea ice extent about antarctica over the period 1978 - 2001. this work revealed that the mean rate of change of sea ice extent for the entire antarctic region over this period was an increase of 0. 043 m km\u00b2 per year. in addition, the six researchers concluded that \" the increasing trend in the sea ice extent over the antarctic region may be slowly accelerating in time, particularly over the last decade, \" which finding they described as \" paradoxical in the global warming scenario resulting from increasing greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. \" in a somewhat similar study, cavalieri et al. ( 2003 ) extended prior satellite - derived antarctic sea ice records several years by bridging the gap between nimbus 7 and earlier nimbus 5 satellite data sets with national ice center digital sea ice data, finding that sea ice extent about antarctica rose at a mean rate of 0. 10 \u00b1 0. 05 x 106 km\u00b2 per decade between 1977 and 2002. likewise, liu et al. ( 2004 ) employed sea ice concentration data retrieved from the scanning multichannel microwave radiometer on the nimbus 7 satellite, plus the special sensor microwave imager on several defense meteorological satellites, to develop a quality - controlled history of antarctic sea ice variability over the period 1979 - 2002 ( which included different states of the antarctic oscillation and several enso events ), after which they evaluated total sea ice extent and area trends by means of linear least - squares regression. this work revealed, in their words, that \" overall, the total antarctic sea ice extent has shown an increasing trend ( ~ 4, 801 km\u00b2 / yr ), \" and that \" the total antarctic sea ice area has increased significantly by ~ 13, 295 km\u00b2 / yr, exceeding the 95 % confidence level. \" shortly thereafter, parkinson ( 2004 ) reviewed the history of satellite observations of sea ice extent in the southern ocean about antarctica, concentrating on data obtained from the scanning multichannel microwave radiometer aboard the nimbus 7 satellite and subsequent satellite - based special sensor microwave imagers, because these platforms provided, in her words, \" the best long - term record of changes in the full southern ocean ice cover. \" the resulting plot of 12 - month running - means of southern ocean sea ice extent, which extended from november 1978 through december 2002, revealed significant multi - year variability in the data, which began at the top of a peak and ended at the bottom of a trough. but in spite of the high beginning point and low end", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48250348188660663, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.635185"} {"text": "ice extent, which extended from november 1978 through december 2002, revealed significant multi - year variability in the data, which began at the top of a peak and ended at the bottom of a trough. but in spite of the high beginning point and low end point of the data, which would mitigate against a long - term upward trend, the data exhibited just such a feature, the least - squares - fit slope of which revealed a 12, 380 \u00b1 1, 730 km2 upward trend in sea ice extent per year. in considering this result, it is interesting to note that over the period of time that climate alarmists claim has experienced the most extreme global warming of the past millennium or more, and in spite of the fact they have historically claimed such warming should be most evident in earth ' s polar regions, and that it should lead to a decrease in polar sea ice extent, just the opposite had occurred to this point in time in the southern ocean that surrounds antarctica. but what is doubly damning to their dogma is the fact that the southern ocean ' s sea ice extent is extremely sensitive to warming, decreasing from a 24 - year - average maximum monthly value of 18. 23 x 106 km2 in september to a similarly - calculated minimum monthly value of 2. 98 x 106 km2 in february. this decrease represents the disappearance of nearly 84 % of each year ' s maximum sea ice cover ; and, therefore, it can be appreciated that given just a little extra seasonal warmth, it would disappear altogether each february. but it hasn ' t. in fact, it continues to slowly, but ever so surely, grow in the mean. focusing on the spring - summer period of november / december / january ( 1981 - 2000 ) some four years later, laine ( 2008 ) determined trends in antarctic ice - sheet and sea - ice surface albedo and temperature, as well as sea - ice concentration and extent, based on advanced very high resolution polar pathfinder data in the case of ice - sheet surface albedo and temperature, and the scanning multichannel microwave radiometer and special sensor microwave imagers in the case of sea - ice concentration and extent. these analyses were carried out for the continent as a whole, as well as for five longitudinal sectors emanating from the south pole : 20\u00b0e - 90\u00b0e, 90\u00b0e - 160\u00b0e, 160\u00b0e - 130\u00b0w, 130\u00b0w - 60\u00b0w, and 60\u00b0w - 20\u00b0e. this work revealed, in laine ' s words", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.483052842355689, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.636300"} {"text": "per decade, from the 20 - to 28 - year period. \" the antarctic sea ice area trend, however, remained constant at 1. 2 \u00b1 0. 7 % per decade. its variability, however, like that of sea ice extent, declined ( from \u00b1 0. 7 % to \u00b1 0. 5 % per decade ), so that both sets of results indicated a \" tightening up \" of the two relationships. and why were these things so? the two researchers state that \" what is driving the observed changes remains unanswered, and the physical mechanisms explaining these changes remain to be determined. \" most recently, turner et al. ( 2009 ) reviewed the history of antarctic sea ice extent derived from satellite observations, after which they attempted to derive an explanation for the empirical data being what they are, based on climate model simulations. citing the work of zwalley et al. ( 2002 ), they first noted that over the period 1979 - 1998, sea ice extent surrounding antarctica increased at a mean rate of 0. 98 % per decade, and that comiso and nishio ( 2008 ) derived a value of 0. 9 % per decade for the period 1978 - 2006. this sea ice extent increase, according to their modeling work, was largely driven by an autumn increase in the ross sea sector that they suggest \" is primarily a result of stronger cyclonic atmospheric flow over the amundsen sea. \" and they say that \" the trend towards stronger cyclonic circulation is mainly a result of stratospheric ozone depletion, which has strengthened autumn wind speeds around the continent, deepening the amundsen sea low through flow separation around the high coastal orography. \" on the other hand, and much more simply, the nine researchers report that \" statistics derived from a climate model control run suggest that the observed sea ice increase might still be within the range of natural climate variability. \" in light of these contrasting possibilities, it is clear that the true cause of the near - three - decade - long increase in antarctic sea ice extent cannot be stated with any confidence. the only thing we can conclude at this point in time, therefore, is that for some still - unproven reason, and in spite of the supposedly unprecedented increases in mean global air temperature and atmospheric co2 concentration that the planet has experienced since the late 1970s, antarctica sea ice extent has stubbornly refused to do what climate models say it should be doing, as it just keeps on growing. cavalieri, d. j. and parkinson, c", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4759629283556225, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.640362"} {"text": "co2 concentration that the planet has experienced since the late 1970s, antarctica sea ice extent has stubbornly refused to do what climate models say it should be doing, as it just keeps on growing. cavalieri, d. j. and parkinson, c. l. 2008. antarctic sea ice variability and trends, 1979 - 2006. journal of geophysical research 113 : 10. 1029 / 2007jc004564. cavalieri, d. j., parkinson, c. l. and vinnikov, k. y. 2003. 30 - year satellite record reveals contrasting arctic and antarctic decadal sea ice variability. geophysical research letters 30 : 10. 1029 / 2003gl018031. comiso, j. c. 2000. variability and trends in antarctic surface temperatures from in situ and satellite infrared measurements. journal of climate 13 : 1674 - 1696. comiso, j. c. and nishio, f. 2008. trends in the sea ice cover using enhanced and compatible amsr - e, ssm / i, and smmr data. journal of geophysical research 113 : 10. 1029 / 2007jc004257. elderfield, h. and rickaby, r. e. m. 2000. oceanic cd / p ratio and nutrient utilization in the glacial southern ocean. nature 405 : 305 - 310. hanna, e. 2001. anomalous peak in antarctic sea - ice area, winter 1998, coincident with enso. geophysical research letters 28 : 1595 - 1598. laine, v. 2008. antarctic ice sheet and sea ice regional albedo and temperature change, 1981 - 2000, from avhrr polar pathfinder data. remote sensing of environment 112 : 646 - 667. parkinson, c. l. 2002. trends in the length of the southern ocean sea - ice season, 1979 - 99. annals of glaciology 34 : 435 - 440. parkinson, c. l. 2004. southern ocean sea ice and its wider linkages : insights revealed from models and observations. antarctic science 16 : 387 - 400. turner, j., comiso, j. c., marshall, g. j., lachlan - cope, t. a., bracegirdle, t., maksym, t., meredith, m. p., wang, z. and orr, a. 2009. non - annular atmospheric circulation change induced by stratospheric ozone deple", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46405192937825857, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.641289"} {"text": "bracegirdle, t., maksym, t., meredith, m. p., wang, z. and orr, a. 2009. non - annular atmospheric circulation change induced by stratospheric ozone depletion and its role in the recent increase of antarctic sea ice extent. geophysical research letters 36 : 10. 1029 / 2009gl037524. vyas, n. k., dash, m. k., bhandari, s. m., khare, n., mitra, a. and pandey, p. c. 2003. on the secular trends in sea ice extent over the antarctic region based on oceansat - 1 msmr observations. international journal of remote sensing 24 : 2277 - 2287. watkins, a. b. and simmonds, i. 2000. current trends in antarctic sea ice : the 1990s impact on a short climatology. journal of climate 13 : 4441 - 4451. yuan, x. and martinson, d. g. 2000. antarctic sea ice extent variability and its global connectivity. journal of climate 13 : 1697 - 1717. zwally, h. j., comiso, j. c., parkinson, c. l. cavalieri, d. j. and gloersen, p. 2002. variability of antarctic sea ice 1979 - 1998. journal of geophysical research 107 : 10. 1029 / 2000jc000733. last updated 30 december 2009", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4776360776991382, "token_count": 315, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.641804"} {"text": "under what circumstances might you use the yield method of the thread class a. to call from the currently running thread to allow another thread of the same priority to run b. to call on a waiting thread to allow it to run c. to allow a thread of higher priority to run d. to call from the currently running thread with a parameter designating which thread should be allowed to run. the answer given was a. but i think the answer should be a and c since in the api doc yield is describe as \" causes the currently executing thread object to temporarily pause and allow other threads to execute \" other threads could mean thread of the same priority and higher priority. at least, that ' s what i think. thanks in advance.... just for a moment joined : apr 01, 2000 i think the yield method is to allow another thread of same / lesser priority to run. the thread with the higher priority will anyway be taken care by the jvm. joined : feb 08, 2000 thanx for your reply just for a moment... but in roberts and heller p. 208, it says \" note that most schedulers do not stop yielding thread from running in favor of a thread of lower priority. \" so generally speaking, yield does not allow lower priority thread to run. in my opinion, a yielding thread would give thread of the same priority and higher priority the chance to run. i know what you mean by thread with the higher priority will be taken care by the jvm since the jvm will eventually ( but not immediately ) allow the thread of higher priority to run. in my opinion, the yielding thread will make the higher priority to run much earlier than it is scheduled. in thinking in java, it defines yield ( ) give control to other threads and some other books just define it just allowing other runnable thread to run. now, i ' m left with this question in my mind. should i include the answer \" to allow a thread of higher priority to run \" and \" to allow a thread of lower priority to run \" in my answer if ever this question is asked. need confirmation. i ' m going to take the test soon. joined : jan 31, 2000 jerson this topic came up long back. the static yield ( ) method in thread class is for giving a chance for other threads of same priority. to allow a thread of higher priority to run. allowing a higher priority thread to run is, not the goal / job of yield method. it is jvm ' s.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4553308506369368, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.644412"} {"text": "get a grip on your emotions techniques to combat negative thoughts can make you a happier person by changing the biology of the brain, researchers say. when thomas paine said, \u201c these are the times that try men ' s souls \" he wasn ' t talking about the ' 90s. but he could have been. with corporations playing hardball and families juggling the demands of modern life, many people feel stressed at work and at home. such conditions can create a whole raft of debilitating notions : \" i ' m a failure \" or \" i ' ll never get ahead. \" these emotional pitfalls can strain relationships, breed unhappiness and lead to serious depression, says robert leahy, director of the american institute for cognitive therapy in new york. \" all of us have these distorted thoughts at times, \" leahy points out. \" it ' s not just people who are clinically depressed. any kind of a loss or threat of a loss will tend to activate a lot of negative thoughts. \" what ' s more, negative thinking is not limited to any particular economic status. \" i had one patient who was depressed because he was going to make only a million dollars this year, \" leahy says. \" in previous years, he had made $ 3 million. \" acknowledging that distorted thoughts can ' t be eliminated entirely, leahy says, \" the goal is to look at the situation objectively and solve problems. \" that ' s where cognitive therapy comes in. developed in the 1960s, cognitive therapy uses a battery of simple, practical techniques to help people control painful mood swings and stop self - defeating behavior. dr. david d. burns, a cognitive therapist and an associate professor of psychiatry at stanford university in palo alto, calif., says the idea behind the technique is this : when you \u2019 re depressed or anxious, you think in an illogical, negative manner and unconsciously become your own worst enemy. one of burns \u2019 patients, a 34 - year old mother of two was extremely critical of herself and others and plagued with self - doubt and insecurity. when her son \u2019 s teacher told her he was having trouble in school, she blamed herself. gradually, burns says, the woman began to have a more realistic assessment of the situation : maybe my son was having a conflict with the teacher. she began to talk to the boy to figure out how she could help. burns, author of \u201c feeling good \u2013 the new mood therapy \u201d ( avon books, $ 6. 50 ), has developed about 50", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.49740264320960065, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.659019"} {"text": "was having a conflict with the teacher. she began to talk to the boy to figure out how she could help. burns, author of \u201c feeling good \u2013 the new mood therapy \u201d ( avon books, $ 6. 50 ), has developed about 50 techniques to help people look at things more realistically. here \u2019 s an example, taken from his book : you realize you \u2019 re late for an important meeting. your heart sinks. you \u2019 re gripped with panic. you think, \u201c i never do anything right. i \u2019 m always late. everyone will look down on me. \u201d burns suggests that you write down these critical thoughts as they go through your mind to give yourself some perspective. or say them aloud. next, identify the forms of distorted thinking you \u2019 re engaging in. substitute a more rational, less upsetting thought : \u201c i do some things right and some things wrong, just like everybody else. \u201d don \u2019 t try to cheer yourself up by rationalizing or saying things you do not believe are objectively valid. try to recognize the truth, burns says. he cautions against describing emotional reactions. suppose you notice your car has a flat tire, for example. don \u2019 t write, \u201c i feel crappy \u201d because you can \u2019 t disprove that with a rational response. the fact is you do feel crappy. instead, write down the thought that flashed through your mind : \u201c i \u2019 m stupid. i should have gotten a new tire this month. \u201d \u201c this simple exercise of answering your negative thoughts with rational responses on a daily basis is at the heart of cognitive method, \u201d burns says. though this kind of therapy sounds almost absurdly simple, about 50 studies have documented its effectiveness, burns says. in december, a review of several studies comparing the use of cognitive therapy and antidepressant drugs was published in a journal, \u201c professional psychology : research and practice. \u201d the researchers concluded cognitive therapy was as effective \u2013 and in some cases more effective \u2013 than drugs, even for sever depression. one theory about why it works is that changing the way you think actually changes the biology of the brain. last month, scientist at the university of california, los angeles, reported in the archives of general psychiatry that behavioral modification ( changing the way patients act ) and cognitive therapy ( changing how they think ) ca alter the brain \u2019 s biology. \u201c cognitive therapy is not just another self - help fad but a major development that has become an important part of the mainstream of modern psychiatric research and practice, \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5027655183491766, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.660150"} {"text": "and cognitive therapy ( changing how they think ) ca alter the brain \u2019 s biology. \u201c cognitive therapy is not just another self - help fad but a major development that has become an important part of the mainstream of modern psychiatric research and practice, \u201d burns writes. unlike other kinds of psychotherapy, cognitive therapy doesn \u2019 t focus on finding the cause of distorted thoughts. \u201c pinpointing the nature or origin of your problem may give you insight, \u201d burns says, \u201c but it usually fails to change the way you act. \u201d \u201c it \u2019 s very difficult for people to have an unconditional sense of self - esteem, \u201d he notes. the assumption that your worth as a human being is proportional to your achievements i at the core of western culture and the protestant work ethic, he says. \u201c it sounds innocent enough. ( but ) in fact, it is self - defeating, grossly inaccurate and malignant, \u201d he says. in essence, this work ethic means you have to earn personal worth and the right to be happy. when your career goes well, you may feel satisfied, but you also may cut yourself off from other sources of satisfaction \u2013 being a parent or having a lot of friends. when your career heads south, you feel worthless because you have another basis for fulfillment of self - respect, he adds. in fact, he says, most of life \u2019 s satisfactions don \u2019 t require achievement at all : \u201c it takes no special talent to enjoy a walk through the woods. you don \u2019 t have to be \u2018 outstanding \u2019 to relish the affectionate hug of your son. \u201d success doesn \u2019 t necessarily lead to happiness, burns says. \u201c you don \u2019 t have to be no. 1 before you can feel fulfilled and know the meaning of inner peace and self - esteem. \u201d how to change your thinking : talk to yourself as you would to a best friend. suppose a friend who was getting divorced felt like a selfish, vindictive, uncaring failure. what would you say? chances are you say something like : \u201c you \u2019 re not a failure simply because your marriage ended. many marriages end in divorce. i \u2019 ve known you for years and you \u2019 re a warm, kind, caring person. \u201d examine the evidence. take in the big picture. look at the success you have had in life. consider that your vindictiveness may be feelings of betrayal, which can be a normal reaction when you \u2019 re getting divorced. experiment. see how the negative thoughts stack up", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.49529351435018765, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.661200"} {"text": "in the big picture. look at the success you have had in life. consider that your vindictiveness may be feelings of betrayal, which can be a normal reaction when you \u2019 re getting divorced. experiment. see how the negative thoughts stack up against your behavior in other areas. think about how you have helped friends or others in need. look for partial successes. consider how your marriage was successful. perhaps you have some children who love you and still seem well - adjusted despite the breakup. maybe the problems that led to the breakup have given you valuable new insights into how you can make your next relationship work. take a survey. say you \u2019 re unable to take the kids for an extra day during a holiday weekend. your ex calls you vindictive. solicit views from your friends and ask them if your actions are justified. solve the problem. you blow up when you discover your spouse who wants a divorce has run up some charges on your credit card and expects you to pay them. you feel that your terrible temper has turned into a monster. the problem may not be your temper. maybe it \u2019 s time to close that credit card account. 10 forms of distorted thinking indicate the distortions contained in the negative thoughts. correct responses are at the end of this quiz. you are lonely and decide to attend a social affair for singles. soon after you get there, you want to leave because you feel anxious and defensive. the following thoughts run through your mind : \u201c they probably aren \u2019 t very interesting people. they \u2019 re just a bunch of losers. i can tell because i \u2019 m bored. this party will be a drag. \u201d your errors involve : jumping to conclusions you receive a layoff notice from your employer. you feel mad and frustrated. you think, \u201c this proves the world is no damn good. i never get a break. \u201d your distortions include : all - or nothing thinking discounting the positive a \u201c should \u201d statement your date calls you at the last minute to cancel because of illness. you feel angry and disappointed because you thin, \u201c i \u2019 m getting jilted. what did i do to foul things up? \u201d your errors include : jumping to conclusions you have been trying to diet. this weekend you have been nervous, and you \u2019 ve been nibbling. after your fourth piece of candy, you tell yourself, \u201c i just can \u2019 t control myself. my dieting and jogging all week have gone down the drain. i must look like a balloon. i shouldn \u2019 t have eaten that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5078832358713841, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.662234"} {"text": "nibbling. after your fourth piece of candy, you tell yourself, \u201c i just can \u2019 t control myself. my dieting and jogging all week have gone down the drain. i must look like a balloon. i shouldn \u2019 t have eaten that. i can \u2019 t stand this. i \u2019 m going to pig out all weekend. \u201d you eat more candy. your distortions include : a \u201c should \u201d statement discounting the positive answers : 1. a - d ; 2. b and c ; 3. c and d ; 4. a - e 10 emotional traps to avoid here are 10 forms of distorted thinking as listed in \u201c feeling good \u2013 the new mood therapy \u201d by dr. david burns, a stanford university psychiatrist and cognitive therapist. all - or - nothing thinking \u2013 you see things as black or white. if your performance falls short of perfect, you think of yourself as a total failure. overgeneralizing - you see a single negative event as a never - ending pattern of defeat. the tipoff is use of the words always or never. you ask a girl for a date. she politely declines, citing another engagement. you think : \u201c no girl would ever want a date with me. i \u2019 ll be lonely and miserable all my life. \u201d mental filtering \u2013 you dwell on the negative in complicated situations that have positive and negative elements. a depressed college student finished her mid - term exam certain she missed 17 out of 100 questions. she concluded she would flunk out of college. discounting the positive - if someone compliments you, you tell yourself, \u201c they \u2019 re just being nice. \u201d or \u201c anyone could have done it. \u201d or \u201c it wasn \u2019 t good enough. \u201d labeling \u2013 you pin a negative label on yourself or others, leading you to believe no one can change. if the driver ahead of you turns without signaling, you say, \u201c he \u2019 s a jerk. \u201d instead of \u201c he made a mistake. \u201d jumping to conclusions \u2013 this takes two forms. with mind - reading, you perceive a person \u2019 s actions as hostile or negative, based on very little evidence. a friend passes you on the street and fails to say hello because he is so absorbed in his thoughts he doesn \u2019 t notice you. you erroneously conclude, \u201c he doesn \u2019 t like me anymore. \u201d \u2013 fortune - telling is the other form. you imagine something bad is about to happen even though it \u2019 s unrealistic. a friend fails to return a telephone call. you decide, \u201c he \u2019", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5283021903842962, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.663355"} {"text": "he doesn \u2019 t like me anymore. \u201d \u2013 fortune - telling is the other form. you imagine something bad is about to happen even though it \u2019 s unrealistic. a friend fails to return a telephone call. you decide, \u201c he \u2019 ll think i \u2019 m obnoxious if i call again. \u201d you avoid the friend and fell put down. three weeks later, you discover, he never for your message. magnifying and minimizing \u2013 you look at your errors, fears or imperfections and exaggerate their importance. if you make a mistake, you automatically think you \u2019 re going to get fired. emotional reasoning - you mistake your emotions for reality. \u201c i feel stupid, therefore i am stupid. \u201d or \u201c i feel guilty, so i \u2019 m a bad person. \u201d procrastination often accompanies this one. \u201c i feel lousy when i look at my messy desk. cleaning it will take forever. \u201d six months later, you finally clean it and realize it didn \u2019 t take all that long. making \u201c should \u201d and \u201c shouldn \u2019 t \u201d statements \u2013 you try to motivate yourself by saying \u201c i should \u201d or \u201c i shouldn \u2019 t \u201d do this. use of the words must, ought to and have to also signal this thinking. these statements make you feel pressured and resentful and ultimately apathetic and unmotivated. when you direct should statements to others, you will usually feel frustrated. personalizing blame \u2013 you blame yourself for things beyond your control. your child misbehaves at school, and you think, \u201c i \u2019 m a bad mother. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.512131360555644, "token_count": 334, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.664094"} {"text": "the first edition refers to a book ' s first printing run. for some blockbuster titles, this can be as many as 50, 000 copies or more. but for older books, or books originally published by small imprints, the first run may have been as few as 100 copies. for books that have subsequently become desirable or prized for their place in literature, the first edition is almost always published in a smaller, and thus more collectible, print run. beyond sheer scarcity, first editions are also collected because they are considered to be the closest a reader can get to the author \u2019 s original intent for his or her work. thus, first editions are sought if a book has been changed for the second printing. changes include new prefaces, text corrections or edits, and changes to a book \u2019 s format or binding. especially collectible are first editions of books that went on to win any of the numerous literary prizes that the publishing world annually bestows upon itself. for example, \u201c w... in general, there are as many types of collectible first editions as there are collectible categories of books. after the 2009 film \u201c julie & julia \u201d revived interest in chef and author julia child, prices for first - edition copies of her 1961 cookbook, \u201c mastering the art of french cooking, \u201d soared, although it \u2019 s a safe bet that the movie - fueled demand will not be long - lasting. not all first editions need to be vintage to be collectible. for example, the success of the recent \u201c twilight \u201d vampire movies has made first - edition copies of stephanie meyer \u2019 s 2005 novel of the same name quite collectible. the other thing to consider when collecting first editions is the country where a book was originally published. first editions produced for readers in the writer \u2019 s home country are usually more collectible than those printed in foreign countries. the most famous example of this is probably j. k. rowling \u2019 s \u201c harry potter and the philosopher \u2019 s stone, \u201d which was published by bloomsbury in the u. k. in 1997 before being re - titled by scholastic in 1998 for the u. s. market as \u201c harry potter and the sorcerer \u2019 s stone. \u201d that first bloomsbury edition numbered around 1, 000 copies, which is why copies of this edition routinely sell in the six figures. novels from the 19th century present the collector with a number of unique challenges. first, the paper and binding is obviously very old, so caring for a first edition from that time period requires attention and effort", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4570328919475358, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.668142"} {"text": "of this edition routinely sell in the six figures. novels from the 19th century present the collector with a number of unique challenges. first, the paper and binding is obviously very old, so caring for a first edition from that time period requires attention and effort \u2014 it may not be wise to simply shove a first edition of \u201c david copperfield \u201d by charles dickens onto a crowded bookshelf. the other issue particular to dickens is that many of his books were initially serialized, which means there is typically a first edition \u201c bound from the parts \u201d as well as a \u201c first edition in book form. \u201d the other problem with 19th - century novels, especially the early ones, is that books were routinely rebound to make the covers more attractive than their originals. during rebinding, half - title pages were often dispensed with, further eroding the value of rebound first editions. modern first editions are books from the edwardian era through contemporary times. the quality of the dust jackets of these editions can have a large impact on the value of modern books, in no small part because the artwork on them is sometimes as highly regarded as the writing within. famous covers include those for f. scott fitzgerald \u2019 s \u201c the great gatsby \u201d ( 1925 ), john steinbeck \u2019 s \u201c the grapes of wrath \u201d ( 1939 ), and j. d. salinger \u2019 s \u201c the catcher in the rye \u201d ( 1951 ). interviews & articles the first pages of peter benchley ' s 1974 novel, \u201c jaws, \u201d as well as the opening minutes of steven spielberg \u2019 s 1975 blockbuster, beg \u2026 [ more ] one of my favorite \" books as objects \" is the first edition of h. g. wells \u2019 \u201c the time machine : an invention. \u201d published in 1895, it \u2026 [ more ] in 2005, i moved to new york to head up the entertainment memorabilia department at christie \u2019 s, new york. one of my first assignme \u2026 [ more ] collectors of autographed baseball cards are alert to the existence of forgeries, so they know to be on their guard. but how many \u2026 [ more ] one of the most curious items in our auction on december 2, 2010, is the first book produced in its entirety in the montana territ \u2026 [ more ] i don \u2019 t remember a time when i didn \u2019 t read books. in grade school, i devoured library books. i also loved comic books, and was whe \u2026 [ more ]", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3775947009934407, "token_count": 501, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.669070"} {"text": "written by jacob moldenhauer, keenan stone, zeke shuler, and larry engelhardt supernovae type ia are used as standard candles to directly probe the expansion rate of the universe. the discovery of the cosmic acceleration in 1998 by two independent teams was awarded the 2011 nobel prize in physics. recently, gamma - ray bursts have been proposed to be a conplementary probe to supernovae type ia. so far, grbs are the most intense esposions in our universe. for this reason, the grbs have much higher redshifts up to 8. 1, but redshifts close to 10 or larger are expected. this simulation allows the user to discover the cosmological model that best - fits the recent supernovae and grb datasets. as a default, the cosmological model will be the lambda cold dark matter ( lcdm ) model. there are options to modify the model either by modifying the parameters values or number and type of parameters used. this simulation allows testing of the commonly accepted models of the universe with observations of supernovae type ia and derive the values of parameters for the standard model in cosmology. the simulation assumes some basic understanding of cosmology. specifically, the evolution of the universe can be explained using general relativity and the the universe is homogeneous and isotropic on the large scales, so the equations of motion will be the friedmann equations. the fitting supernovae and gamma ray bursts data model was created using easy java simulations ( ejs ) modeling tool. it is distributed as a ready - to - run ( compiled ) java archive. double clicking the ejs _ fitting _ cosmological _ models _ supernovae. jar file will run the program if java is installed. you can modify this simulation if you have ejs by right - clicking within the plot and selecting \" open ejs model \" from the pop - up menu item. please note that this resource requires at least version 1. 6 of java. view the supplemental document attached to this resource view the source code documents attached to this resource ( 2 ) the source code zip archive contains an xml representation of the fitting supernovae and gamma ray bursts data model. unzip this archive in your ejs \u2026 more... download 71kb. zip last modified : november 18, 2012 compadre is beta testing citation styles! disclaimer : compadre offers citation styles as a guide only. we cannot offer interpretations about citations as this is an automated", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5747824185086978, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.674513"} {"text": "meat and dairy illustrate resource limits : ewg report even as co - ops and other local food providers promote meat and dairy from pastured livestock, these advocates are confronted with drawbacks to a diet centered on those resource - intensive foods. \u201c meat - eater \u2019 s guide to climate change and health, \u201d an environmental working group ( http : / / www. ewg. org ) report released on july 18, provides a comprehensive analysis of the lifecycle of common foods, and meat and dairy are at the top in their impact. concerning personal health, ill effects from heavy consumption of meat and dairy have been argued and researched for many years. but arguments about resource limits tend to get lost in the u. s., and the environmental working group report is a reminder that at least since the 1960s ( think diet for a small planet ), a primary argument for minimizing meat and dairy has been that these foods consume far more resources than vegetarian alternatives. that is still a strong argument, and we now can see the consequences of high resource consumption in climate instability. in \u201c more weight on less meat, \u201d mark bittman, food columnist at the new york times, comments in reviewing the ewg report that it is further evidence of what we already have heard about over - consumption of meat and dairy : http : / / bittman. blogs. nytimes. com / 2011 / 07 / 18 / more - weight - on - less - meat. however, the health evidence is much disputed, and generations of study also point to a vital role for livestock in both farming and diet. what kind of meat and dairy, in what kind of diet, and in how active a lifestyle? it \u2019 s important to make distinctions : red meat vs. fish and chicken ; local and pasture - based and clean meat and dairy vs. food from grain - fed animals in distant, concentrated animal feedlot operations that overuse antibiotics ; moderate consumption that is balanced with other foods vs. eating meat and dairy at nearly every meal ; and, often unmentioned, a lifestyle with regular exercise vs. a sedentary one that makes most any eating habits amount to over - consumption. the worst health statistics, and the most resources used in production, apply to daily consumption of red meat from grain - fed industrial operations. pasture - based livestock is lower, sometimes much lower, in its use of water, fuel, feed, and other components of farming that consume resources and generate global warming gases. the rules for organic dairy, a nutritionally superior product, require", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4726544083400452, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.677999"} {"text": "rena oil spill : a brief history on october 5, 2011, an oil spill began off the coast of new zealand that would become what many describe as the country ' s worst maritime environmental disaster. when the mv rena tanker ( owned by greek shipping company costamare inc. ) ran aground on astrolabe reef 12 miles off the coast of new zealand ' s north island, an leak of fuel and diesel oil eventually spilled 93, 000 gallons into the bay of plenty. the disaster killed thousands of birds, with some death estimates as high as 20, 000. some species, such as the new zealand dotterels, were preemptively captured and sequestered for their own survival. some dotterels weren ' t so lucky ; a number died of respiratory infections due to the spill. many local residents disregarded orders from the goverment and began to organize cleanup efforts. five thousand volunteers were involved in cleaning the bay ' s shoreline. although signs of the ship splitting in two were reported as early as oct. 12, the rena eventually broke apart in january. more oil was found leaking from the wreckage, but it is unknown how much more leaked into the ocean. one slick from this secondary spill stretched over one square kilometer of water. as early spring storms lashed against the wreckage, oil continued to slowly leak from the hull. much of the wreckage continued to be collected eight six months after the crash. on may 25, captain mauro balomaga and his navigation officer, leonil relon, were found guilty of operating the ship in a dangerous manner as well as changing navigation records in order to mislead investigators. they were both sentenced to seven months. in early june 2012, new zealand ' s government appropriated $ 1 million for the long term study of the oil spill ' s environmental effects.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.3833318147533181, "token_count": 368, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.680041"} {"text": "activity 19. 1. 3 \u2013 discovering family similarities dimitri mendeleev, a russian chemist, created the first version of the periodic table of the elements ( figure 19. 3 ) in 1869. when he ordered the elements according to increasing atomic weight in columns so that rows contained analogous elements, he saw patterns that allowed him to predict the properties of elements yet to be discovered. mendeleev \u2019 s task was formidable because there was relatively little data to work with, and no electronic tools to organize it. today, however, we have an abundance of information as well as database tools that allow us to instantly group data by common characteristics. database technology has fueled the information revolution by allowing us to store and examine large amounts of data. in this activity you will use a database program to separate data by groups and summarize your findings. table 19. 2 ( see book ) arranges the elements in terms of increasing atomic number. no patterns or trends are seen when the elements are displayed in this fashion. if, however, elements are arranged as seen in the periodic table, those with similar properties are grouped together. each column represents a family of elements that have similar electron configuration and similar chemical properties. although the periodic table makes it easy to see which elements have similar properties ( those in the same family or column ), it does not allow for an easy comparison of these properties. by contrast, table 19. 2 lists much specific information about the properties of the elements, but does not allow for comparison of family ( group ) data, unless first arranged by group. sort the elements by group, then calculate average group values for heat of fusion, specific heat, thermal conductivity, and other properties of your choice using the subtotal command and average option. list your results. database. ( 1 ) which families are most similar to each other? ( 2 ) which families are most dissimilar to each other?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5434254380945851, "token_count": 387, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.682125"} {"text": "recent upgrades to boulder ' s wastewater treatment plant may have dramatically reduced the amount of chemicals in boulder creek that cause male fish to develop female characteristics, according to scientists at the university of colorado. researchers first discovered a problem in the fish living below the wastewater treatment plant ' s outflow pipe in boulder almost a decade ago. david norris, a professor of integrative physiology at cu, found that half of white suckers living above the pipe were male. but only one in six fish living below the pipe - - where effluent from the plant containing estrogen - related chemicals is dumped into the stream - - were male. the others were female or \" intersex, \" with both male and female organs. norris followed up on his discovery with a study in 2006 that used a mobile fish exposure lab. the research trailer, which was set up near the wastewater treatment plant on 75th street, allowed him to expose fathead minnows to various mixtures of water from upstream of the plant and effluent collected directly from the plant ' s pipe. norris and his colleagues, including cu researcher alan vajda, found that minnows exposed to a mixture of 50 percent upstream water and 50 percent effluent became \" feminized \" in only a week. \" when we set up the experiment, we set it up to run for 28 days because we had no idea how long it would take us to see an effect, \" norris said. \" initially, we were quite surprised at the effect we had within seven days. \" now norris has again tested the effects of the effluent on fathead minnows, but in the years between the 2006 research and the new study, the city of boulder upgraded its treatment plant. \" basically, the city set up an experiment for us, \" norris said. \" they upgraded their processing system. we had earlier data, and now we had a before - and - after to make a comparison. \" in the new study, norris found that fathead minnows exposed to 100 percent effluent took 28 days to show signs of feminization. \" it appears so far - - we have a lot of data yet to analyze - - that the levels of chemicals are down quite a bit, \" norris said. even before norris ' 2006 experiment, the city had plans to update its wastewater treatment plant to use an \" activated sludge \" process in order to meet a state requirement to reduce the amount of nitrates and ammonia in the efflu", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44690142292110585, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.685073"} {"text": "peeling of fingertips can be more than an unsightly annoyance. this cracking and splitting of the skin can actually cause pain. if untreated, this condition can lead to an infection. what are the main causes of this problem? the condition is caused by dry skin. this dryness can result from a number of things such as being exposed to cold temperatures, frequent hand washing, and using harsh chemicals on the skin. whatever the case may be, there are simple steps that you can take to help alleviate your problem. what are some treatment options that can be beneficial to this condition? first, peeling of fingertips or any part of the skin will stop if moisture is placed back into the skin. this is your primary objective along with making sure that your skin is no longer exposed to anything that can remove this moisture. environmental factors and stress can definitely play a part in this condition. simple steps can be taken to help protect your skin \u2019 s moisture such as wearing protective outerwear, like gloves, when you are outside in cold or dry conditions. use mild soaps that are made for sensitive skin. wear gloves whenever you do dishes or other cleaning activities. only wash your hands when necessary and apply a lotion to your skin afterward. bathing in warm water will also help. if the water is too hot, it will dry out your skin. finally, treat the peeling of fingertips directly with petroleum jelly or coconut oil on a regular basis or until your hands heal. increase the fluids you drink to make sure that your body is properly hydrated. avoid alcohol and drinking too much caffeine as these will deplete your body of moisture. and make sure to get plenty of sleep! if you take all of the above steps and your condition is still not improving, you should consider seeking the advice of your physician. your condition may be more than just a dryness issue. you may have a skin condition that needs to be treated with certain medications.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.40839613124961766, "token_count": 392, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.687117"} {"text": "researchers turn fermented biomass into gasoline with palladium catalysis november 9, 2012 12 : 45 pm comment ( s ) - last by the process was inspired by an explosives making method what can ' t palladium do? named after the mythological statue erected by greek goddess athena in honor of pallas, the daughter of her cousin whom she slew in a friendly fight, the platinum group metal ( pgm ) is used in everything to explosives making. i. from explosives to biofuel u. s. department of energy lawrence berkeley national laboratory ( referred to as lbnl or berkeley lab ) - - located on the campus of the university of california, berkeley - - have devised a way to use palladium to catalyze the production of gasoline, diesel, or jet fuel from fermented biomass. fermented by genetically engineered bacterium, produces a slurry of low - carbon byproducts - - acetone and the alcohols butanol and ethanol ( known collectively as abe ). the lbnl researchers were inspired to use palladium as a means of producing higher - carbon byproducts based on a similar technique used to produce cordite, a type of smokeless explosive. while largely made obsolete by newer formulations in the improved military rifle ( imr ) nitrocellulose smokeless powders, cordite played a key role in military history, being used heavily by the british in world war ii. the new work is one more example of the value of multi - functional palladium. [ image source : unknown ] describes the pickup of this throwback catalysis process, remarking, \" in some ways, this work is a step back in time in which a very old fermentation process is being used with some new engineering and chemistry. while there has been some progress in engineering microbes to produce advanced biofuels, the quantities produced thus far \u2013 technically, the solution \u2019 s titer \u2013 tend to be very limited. a hybrid method, combining microbial production with chemical catalysis, might provide a pathway to more efficient production of these advanced biofuels. \" the process begins by bacterial fermentation. [ image source : toste group ] from a layman ' s perspective, the bacteria takes biomass - - say yard waste - - and \" digests \" it to produce a byproduct that is three parts acetone, six parts n - butanol, and one part ethanol. the acetone is the key", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.503171460899727, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.697223"} {"text": "the bacteria takes biomass - - say yard waste - - and \" digests \" it to produce a byproduct that is three parts acetone, six parts n - butanol, and one part ethanol. the acetone is the key to move to longer chains, as it can be used to \" tack \" on carbons onto the short - chain alcohols, building long carbon chains that mirror those found in traditional fossil fuel - derived gasoline. the acetone ' s nucleophilic alpha - carbon undergoes alkylation reactions to produce longer chain carbons. but the process is slow and energetically unfavorable, so a catalyst is needed to lower the energy barrier. many catalysts were tested, but the lbnl team found one worked much better than the rest - - palladium. researchers say the process, which they tested in small vats, is amenable to commercial production. ii. challenges remain one limiting factor will be the cost of palladium. while fuel is valuable as anyone who drives a car recognizes, palladium is an even more expensive resource. it sells for approximately $ 20, 500 usd per kilogram [ ]. therein lies one problem ; the longer the abe spends on the palladium, the more long - chain byproducts are produced. so if you had more palladium and more vats, you could spread the abe out for more palladium tlc. but the high costs are somewhat limiting to that approach. that said, process engineers could optimize the process to maximize yields and minimize cost. still, the process is much better than other abe techniques, such as hydrogenation from a yields perspective. states professor blanch, \" integrating chemistry and fermentation is a useful way to capitalize on the best of both worlds. the chemistry described in our nature paper is exciting because new carbon - carbon bonds are being formed between molecules and oxygen is being rejected without the need of hydrogenation. this results in very high yields. \" the researchers have published their work in the prestigious peer - reviewed journal. the paper ' s co - authors include professor blanch, plus, and corresponding author the research was funded by the energy biosciences institute coming up with a viable biomass supply change is a key challenge. [ image source : decamp trucking ] looking ahead, while the researchers exhaustively tested a series of pgm catalysts, they are hopefully that they may discover even better novel catalysts. comments professor toste,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5193141659493762, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.698228"} {"text": "change is a key challenge. [ image source : decamp trucking ] looking ahead, while the researchers exhaustively tested a series of pgm catalysts, they are hopefully that they may discover even better novel catalysts. comments professor toste, who splits his time between uc berkley and lbnl, \" while palladium on carbon was the best catalyst in these tests, we have already identified other transition metal catalysts that could be even better. \" tough challenges for a biomass - based fuel economy remain - - including how to funnel / transport common biomass sources ( yard waste, forestry byproducts, farm waste, etc. ) into a steady supply chain to fuel production facilities. but work like this gives biomass fermentation a leg up over other struggling biofuel offerings like the highly unattractive corn ethanol this article is over a month old, voting and posting comments is disabled re : palladium price 11 / 9 / 2012 2 : 53 : 27 pm no, you are correct, but the relevant phrase is \" over time \", similar to the catalytic converter in your car. eventually, it does wear out, however, it ' s not a major cost in the grand scheme of things compared to the cost of consumables. re : palladium price 11 / 9 / 2012 3 : 28 : 38 pm you still eventually run out. paladium is expensive because its rare. and how much would you need to even begin to start producing fuel at a level sufficient to supply large percentages of demand? probably a lot. this going into use would spike paladium prices. re : palladium price 11 / 9 / 2012 4 : 09 : 19 pm the thing is that the paladium can be recycled after it is fouled. ( it gathers contaminates, which have to be smelted off. it costs money, energy, and time, but it can be done pretty easily. they already do this with catalytic converters in cars. ) while there will be a maintenance cost, the full cost of paladium won ' t be a major hindrance. re : palladium price 11 / 11 / 2012 3 : 53 : 46 pm the current price of palladium is around us $ 600 per ounce. let ' s say you need 1 ounce of palladium to produce 1, 000 gallons of fuel ( and after that you need to recycle / renew the catalyst ), then the cost of palladium per gallon of fuel would", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5207060557489706, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.699102"} {"text": "ounce. let ' s say you need 1 ounce of palladium to produce 1, 000 gallons of fuel ( and after that you need to recycle / renew the catalyst ), then the cost of palladium per gallon of fuel would be us $ 0. 60 \" there is a single light of science, and to brighten it anywhere is to brighten it everywhere. \" - - isaac asimov obama ' s epa faces decision between corn ethanol profits and farm jobs october 12, 2012, 2 : 51 pm new metallic glass is strongest, toughest material available january 11, 2011, 2 : 26 pm mazda developing new engines, powertrains to boost fuel economy august 25, 2009, 8 : 30 am coskata throws down the gauntlet : live from platts 2008, part ii october 13, 2008, 12 : 52 pm new technology promises huge increase in ethanol yield from grass july 30, 2008, 5 : 02 pm ford expects four - cylinder engines to significantly increase in popularity may 21, 2013, 8 : 56 am toyota wants to increase lithium - ion battery production to 20, 000 / year may 20, 2013, 9 : 30 pm mercedes aims for 45 mpg highway on new e250 bluetec 4matic diesel sedan may 20, 2013, 8 : 20 am tesla to issue more stock, pay off energy loans with proceeds may 16, 2013, 1 : 58 pm nc becomes latest state to threaten tesla ' s direct sales to customers may 14, 2013, 11 : 33 am consumer study shows buyers are embracing fuel sipping vehicles may 8, 2013, 11 : 09 am most popular articles high school student creates storage device that can charge in 20 seconds may 20, 2013, 6 : 51 am seawater cooling saves data center big bucks, energy, despite jellyfish issues may 17, 2013, 3 : 23 pm newegg legal chief : \" we don ' t feed the trolls \" ; defeats bell lab shell comp. may 17, 2013, 10 : 11 am former intel ceo regrets passing up on iphone gravy train may 17, 2013, 11 : 46 am nasa awards $ 125, 000 grant for 3d printed food on long - term space travels may 21, 2013, 1 : 32 pm latest blog posts lumosity : does it work? may 22, 2013, 8 : 20 pm quick note : sony \" teases \" ps4 ahead of xbox reveal in new video may 20, 2013, 12 : 33 pm nokia introduces instagram - like app of its own to help lumia sales may", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47101109840459837, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.699986"} {"text": "since 1970, per capita milk consumption has been in the 20s. it started out in the upper 20s \u2015 29. 8 gallons of per capita fluid milk sales in 1970, to be exact \u2015 and has fallen steadily ever since. now, it \u2019 s precariously close to falling out of the 20s and into the teens. according to the u. s. department of agriculture, fluid milk sales totaled 53. 739 billion pounds in 2011. if that number is divided by a u. s. population of 311. 8 million in the middle part of last year, and then pounds are converted to gallons, the answer is 20. 04. to read the usda report, click here and go to table 10. on monday, declining fluid milk consumption was the topic of this article in the milwaukee journal sentinel. in the article, vivian godfrey, ceo of the milk processor education program, acknowledges, \u201c milk has lost out to other beverages, primarily bottled water. \u201d bottled water and soft drinks, through branding and innovative marketing, have been able to assume their own distinct identities, whereas milk is largely seen as a commodity. one solution is to emphasize milk during certain times of day or during certain activities when it is most likely to be used relative to other beverages. read \u201c promote milk by the \u2018 occasion. \u2019 \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43970251717076636, "token_count": 264, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.701451"} {"text": "this section of the dairy science and food technology website provides an outline of how the commercial ' cheese yield problem ' outlined earlier might be approached and how yield and cheese component retention can be analysed and presented. this is achieved using a unique on - line calculator that is shown in the cheese yield spreadsheet. data from 5 vats of commercial cheddar production are summarised in the cheese yield spreadsheet. the data set are different to the problem given previously. the cheese and milk data were obtained from one day ' s production. the casein : fat ratio of milk in each vat has been calculated and for information casein as a percentage of protein has been presented. if you want to analyse your own data simply replace the data in the editable cells in the calculator below and press the submit button. the calculator will then give basic statistical information along with the results of the theoretical yield and cheese component - retention calculations. go to cheese yield spreadsheet. actual yield data have been presented and for comparison, theoretical yield has been predicted using the van slyke yield equation. there is a less well known variant of the van slyke equation that does not require cheese moisture but does assume a target moisture content. this is arguably more useful in cheese plants and has been included to enable predicted values to be compared with actual and traditional van slyke yields. fat, casein and protein retentions are potentially very useful indicators of process efficiency and have been calculated also. bench mark values have been provided in the answers to cheese science and technology self assessment questions. some basic statistics, mean, standard deviation and coefficient of variation have been presented. readers can also input their own data and use this basic data analysis and presentation package to analyse and present their data. main findings from the data presented firstly the data set is very small! meaningful commercial analysis would require a much larger sample size. however, the use of mean values combined with the standard deviation and the coefficient of variation can provide some basic insights into errors. note the differences in cv between the protein, fat and casein values in milk and the values for cheese. while the cv values for casein and fat in the cheese milk probably reflect what might be achieved in many factories it would be helpful to have lower values particularly when working with small numbers of samples. the casein : fat ratio is less than optimal. protein and consequently casein levels are low and would be expected to give ' low ' but predictably low cheese yields. cheese moisture values", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5085432831194615, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.706448"} {"text": "have lower values particularly when working with small numbers of samples. the casein : fat ratio is less than optimal. protein and consequently casein levels are low and would be expected to give ' low ' but predictably low cheese yields. cheese moisture values are on the low side. there is an indication, but the sample size is very small, that there is some variation in moisture values between vats. cheese yields are low due to the low casein levels in the milk and low moistures in the cheese. adjustment of yields to 37 % moistures shows the increase in yield that would be possible if the casein : fat ratio and cheese making operations were optimal. this again must be qualified by the small sample size. with this data set the van slyke equation underestimates and the modified equation over estimates yield. the sample size is too small to make more definitive comments except to say that actual yield is broadly in line with theoretical yield. this view is partly strengthened by looking at the mean values for casein, fat and protein retention. again it is necessary to qualify comments based on the small sample size. protein retention is a little higher than expected and fat retention is close to the theoretical maximum. action that is required milk composition must be standardised to obtain optimal casein : fat ratios for cheddar cheese making. an improved protocol for sampling cheese milk for protein, fat and casein analysis is required. compositional quality of the milk for cheese manufacture should be improved. further work on cheese moisture is required. this should also look at salt levels in the cheese and will involve looking closely at the process e. g. process control and the equipment e. g. cheese knives. see the section on mellowing. how to cite this article mullan, w. m. a. ( 2007 ). [ on - line ]. available from : http : / / www. dairyscience. info / cheese - yield / 112 - how - do - you - investigate - and - solve - commercial - yield - problems. html. accessed : 23 may, 2013.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5072419167182634, "token_count": 421, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.707265"} {"text": "new nfpa electrical safety rules mean changes for data centers wally vahlstrom brings more than 40 years of electrical engineering experience to his position as the director of technical services for emerson network power \u2019 s electrical reliability services group, where he is responsible for failure investigation work, conformity assessment services, power system studies and reliability analysis. wally vahlstrom emerson network power a service professional is working on a piece of electrical equipment. he \u2019 s done it hundreds of times before, but in a moment of carelessness or by total accident, an arc flash occurs. most of us think this couldn \u2019 t happen to us. the truth is that electrocutions are the fourth leading cause of traumatic occupational fatalities, and according to the american society of safety engineers, more than 3, 600 workers suffer disabling electrical contact injuries annually. to help prevent electrical injuries and deaths, the new 2012 version of the national fire protection association ( nfpa ) 70e : standard for electrical safety in the workplace makes important changes in the areas of safety, maintenance and training. for professionals who build and manage data centers, the following articles will have the most impact : work involving arc flash hazards employees working on electrical equipment without adequate personal protective equipment ( ppe ) risk serious injury or death when an electrical arc occurs. even someone standing more than 10 feet from the fault source can be fatally burned. arc flash labeling is key to preventing injuries. data centers that have not been vigilant in their labeling may need to create new arc flash hazard labels to meet the expanded requirements of nfpa 70e. labels now must include nominal system voltage, arc flash boundary and at least one of the following : - incident energy and corresponding working distance - minimum arc rating of clothing - required level of ppe - highest hazard / risk category ( hrc ) for the equipment additionally, the previous 4 - foot default value for arc flash boundary has been changed to require that the arc flash boundary distance be calculated for all locations where the voltage is greater than 50 volts. the new standard makes it clear that label information should be based on calculated values rather than using the table values provided in nfpa 70e. while there previously was no industry standard, dc equipment labeling is now required. equations used by state - of - the - art software for calculating dc arc flash values are shown in section d. 8. using such software is recommended for determining incident energy and hrc. safety - related work practices overall, 2012 nfpa 70e requires more documentation and more training than in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4899224258599312, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.711935"} {"text": "software for calculating dc arc flash values are shown in section d. 8. using such software is recommended for determining incident energy and hrc. safety - related work practices overall, 2012 nfpa 70e requires more documentation and more training than in the past. this includes documenting the required meeting between employers and contractors to communicate known hazards and installation information the contractor needs to make assessments. the new standard also strengthens its provision that employees who work around ( not just on ) energized electrical equipment must be safety trained. new requirements include : - performing annual inspections to ensure each employee is complying with all safety - related work practices - retraining employees at intervals not to exceed three years - documenting training content - auditing your safety training program and field work at least every three years regarding testing and maintenance practices, nfpa 70e now specifies that only qualified persons may work within the limited approach boundary. the definition of qualified includes required training, demonstrated skills, and knowledge of installation and hazards. additionally, ground fault circuit interrupters must be used where required by local, state and federal codes or standards ( osha 1910 ). general maintenance requirements before the 2012 edition, nfpa 70e requirements for conducting maintenance on electrical equipment were specified only for overcurrent protective devices. now, your organization must maintain in a legible condition and keep current a single - line diagram for the electrical system. additionally, electrical equipment must be maintained according to manufacturers \u2019 instructions or industry consensus standards to reduce the risk of failure and the subsequent exposure of employees to electrical hazards. the standard also now requires showing that overcurrent protective devices have been maintained, tested and inspected according to manufacturers \u2019 instructions or industry consensus standards such as ansi / neta 2011 standard for maintenance testing specifications and nfpa 70b recommended practice for electrical equipment maintenance. benefits of change understanding the 2012 nfpa 70e changes that most affect data centers will help you bring your electrical safety programs into compliance for the protection of workers and visitors to your facility. implementing a comprehensive electrical safety program will : - reduce injuries and fatalities - reduce lost worker productivity - avoid higher insurance prices and costly fines from osha, which looks to nfpa as a national consensus standard for electrical safety ( and references its provisions in federal citations ) - promote optimum system performance and efficiency to fully understand its implications for your data center, emerson network power encourages you to purchase a copy of 2012 nfpa 70e from the nfpa website. industry perspectives is a content channel at data center knowledge", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.496985586450017, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.713031"} {"text": "| the logo of wikipedia, a globe featuring glyphs from many different writing systems. a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation. | the main page, the face that wikipedia puts out to the world, is a good starting place for browsing and procrastination. i went to that main page at 1 am on tuesday the 24th of august to look for a female name for some fiction i ' ve been working on. but to my dismay, i didn ' t find a single lady on the entire front page. not one. wikipedia, our library of alexandria, considered the accomplishments of women so insignificant that they did not merit any mention. not in the featured article, or in the news, or on this day ( profiling history ), or did you know ( highlighting new articles ). to look at wikipedia ' s main page on august 24, 2010, you would think that men made and did everything, and women had nothing to do with anything. was this lack of representation of the ladies a one - time thing, i wondered? or is this a pattern, a reflection of institutionalized systematic oppression of women known as the patriarchy and more broadly, the kyriarchy? to answer this question, i looked at ten wikipedia main pages from the past year, and counted the number of women and men who were mentioned by name. * i used archive. org ' s wayback machine for eight of these pages ( one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight. ) for the final two, i used the august 24 main page that kicked this project off, and today ' s page. after studying these ten pages, i found : - 15 women appeared total, an average of 1. 5 women per page. there were no women for the may 20 and october 27 page, and no more than three women on any other day. - 130 men appeared total, an average of 13 men per page. - that ' s a proportion of almost 9 men to every 1 woman. from a systematic point of view, it ' s not totally wikipedia ' s fault : the world has been dominated by men, and that ' s reflected in the records we keep and the people we commemorate. men still dominate every aspect of society from culture to news to sports to politics and everything in between, and they have since time immemorial. and that ' s a big part of why wikipedia, an organization devoted to preserving records and making information accessible, focuses so heavily on men. but it '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49438014889829635, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.718610"} {"text": "to sports to politics and everything in between, and they have since time immemorial. and that ' s a big part of why wikipedia, an organization devoted to preserving records and making information accessible, focuses so heavily on men. but it ' s not completely about history. women make up only 13 % of wikipedians ( wikipedia editors, the people who research, write, edit, and maintain these pages - and full disclosure, i was an editor for a few years ) - a proportion strikingly similar to the number of women represented on its main page. men focus on men - upon promoting and constructing articles about people like them. thus, the main page editors have less women - focused articles to promote to the main page. but it ' s not just about the proportion of male to female volunteers. wikipedia ' s main page editors could find more pages about women, could promote more woman - focused articles as in need of construction in their editor portal. they could highlight news about women, and new articles about women. but they don ' t. because they don ' t care about the representation of women. because they don ' t care if they ' re replicating existing power structures, structures which likely favor them. because they focus on being objective - and as so often happens, objectivity just means a perpetuation the dominant, male, kyriarchal point of view. but what should wikipedia do to remedy its chronic, sexist under - representation? - first, this isn ' t a problem that starts with the main page. if wikipedia wants to make its content less focused on men, it should promote and foster the growth and comfort of female editors like lise broer ( who contributed several of the featured pictures in my review ). - second, they should make sure that there is always a woman on the main page of wikipedia. not including any women on any given day is an act of erasure, pure and simple. - third, they should focus on promoting articles about women for development and construction in their editor ' s portal, consistently asking editors to spend their time on articles about women. more good articles about women will make more articles about women suited to the high quality expected for pages on wikipedia ' s main page. - finally, they should attempt to slowly bring up the proportional representation of women until at least 40 % of all the named individuals on the main page on any given day are women. wikipedia ' s gender gap is wikipedia a victim of its own success? * focusing on just men and women is more than", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4567324773827391, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.719607"} {"text": "| dryden home > collections > photo home > xv - 15 tilt rotor | the two bell xv - 15 tiltrotor aircraft were involved in limited research at the hugh l. dryden flight research center in 1980 and 1981. the xv - 15 combines standard aircraft cruise flight with vertical takeoff and landing ( vtol ) and short takeoff and landing ( stol ) capabilities. the first xv - 15 tiltrotor flight for nasa / dryden occurred october 1980 at the army contingent at edwards air force base, edwards, california. the development of the xv - 15 tiltrotor research aircraft was initiated in 1973 with joint army / nasa funding as a \" proof of concept \", or \" technology demonstrator \" program, with two aircraft being built by bell helicopter textron ( bht ) in 1977. ship number 1 was given nasa number 702, and ship # 2 was 703. aircraft development, airworthiness testing, and the basic \" proof of concept \" testing were completed in september 1979. the aircraft are powered by twin lycoming t - 53 turboshaft engines that are connected by a cross - shaft and drive three - bladed, 25 ft diameter metal rotors ( the size extensively tested in a wind tunnel ). the engines and main transmissions are located in wingtip nacelles to minimize the operational loads on the cross - shaft system and, with the rotors, tilt as a single unit. for takeoff, the proprotors and their engines are used in the straight - up position where the thrust is directed downward. the xv - 15 then climbs vertically into the air like a helicopter. in this vtol mode, the vehicle can lift off and hover for approximately one hour. once off the ground, the xv - 15 has the ability to fly in one of two different modes. it can fly as a helicopter, in the partially converted airplane mode. the xv - 15 can also then convert from the helicopter mode to the airplane mode. this is operating as a conventional airplane, the xv - 15 can cruise for more than two hours. to land, the proprotors are rotated up to the helicopter rotor position and flown as a helicopter to a vertical landing. the tiltrotor concept has many advantages. the ease with which the aircraft can be converted from one flight mode to another enhances its maneuverability and permits the aircraft to be configured to meet mission requirements. operating as a vtol aircraft, it can take off like a helicopter and deliver payloads on half the amount of fuel consumes by a helicopter when", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5013929698312966, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.725071"} {"text": "the us anti doping agency on october 10 made public hundreds of pages of documents of evidence including financial payments, emails, scientific data and laboratory test results that further prove the use, possession and distribution of performance enhancing drugs ( peds ) by lance armstrong and the us postal service team that won seven tour de france crowns. included was testimony given by eleven of his teammates that armstrong and the other riders used steroids and growth hormones. further, they performed transfusions of their own blood in a well organized program to enhance their performance over the grueling three week event. despite hundreds of tests performed in and out of competition over many years, these men evaded detection. how did they do that? history of performance enhancing drug usage doping in sport is not a new phenomenon. ancient olympians were reputed to eat a lizard meat that provided a special edge. the popularity of endurance sports at the turn of the 20th century gave rise to open usage of various substances, including cocaine, that might keep competitors upright. in the modern olympics, the winner of the 1904 marathon was given brandy and strychnine by his coach during the race. during world war ii, us soldiers and airmen were routinely given amphetamines in order to better endure long hours in combat operations. steroid usage in sports was first utilized by east german weightlifters in the late 1940s and was later expanded to swimmers and track and field athletes. following widespread calls for action, the international olympic committee finally banned peds in 1967. enforcement was inconsistent until athletes, sports governing bodies and international organizations formed the world anti doping agency ( wada ) in 1999 to codify what substances were to be banned and to administer uniform testing methodologies for possible violations. as the creators of peds continue to improve their sophistication, potency and transparency, wada and its constituencies also innovate new ways to detect these drugs. it publishes an updated \u201c prohibited list \u201d annually. because wada is unable to anticipate all possible new developments, the first page of the list states \u201c any pharmacological substance which is not addressed by any of the subsequent sections of the list and with no current approval by any governmental regulatory health authority for human therapeutic use ( e. g drugs under pre clinical or clinical development or discontinued, designer drugs, substances approved only for veterinary use ) is prohibited at all times. \u201d what drugs / procedures are prohibited and why? the drugs taken by athletes differ widely based on the performance needs of the sport. erythropoietin ( ep", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4759467139543444, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.731564"} {"text": "drugs, substances approved only for veterinary use ) is prohibited at all times. \u201d what drugs / procedures are prohibited and why? the drugs taken by athletes differ widely based on the performance needs of the sport. erythropoietin ( epo ) is largely taken by endurance athletes who seek a higher level of red blood cells, which leads to more oxygenated blood, and a higher vo2 max, which increases the body \u2019 s ability to transport oxygen to the blood during exercise. epo has become popular among athletes who choose to juice because it has a low degree of detectability when compared to other methods of doping such as blood transfusions. epo is believed to have been widely used by athletes in the 1990s, in large part because there was not a way to directly test for the drug until 2002. epo is very dangerous because it increases the viscosity of blood, leading to seizures and heart attacks, and has been linked to the deaths of 18 pro cyclists in the last fifteen years. in sports which physical strength is favored, athletes have resorted to anabolic steroids, known for their ability to increase physical strength and muscle mass. the drugs mimic the effect of naturally occurring testosterone in the body. anabolic steroids were developed as a solution to the extensive side effects of testosterone use, although they are far from completely safe. their many negative side effects in men include, but are not limited to, acne, impaired liver function, impotency, breast formation ( gynecomastia ), erectile dysfunction and baldness. athletes seeking to avoid testing positive for doping use various methods to cheat on the drug tests. the most common methods include urine replacement, diuretics ( which are used to cleanse the body before having to provide samples ) and blood transfusions, which also increase the blood \u2019 s oxygen carrying capacity ( in turn increasing endurance without the presence of drugs that could trigger a positive test result. ) some other considerations despite the health problem brought by peds, some athletes point to the already dangerous environment in sports like football and martial arts and wonder if there is a double standard. health concerns brought by the aggressive nature of these sports is deemed acceptable but peds are not. they point out that protective headgear results in both more dangerous and greater numbers of head and neck injuries in football than if no helmets were used. many top athletes also believe the doping rules are somewhat arbitrary. changes in diet such as consuming whole grains or eating gluten free are acceptable choices while the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5142790423364072, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.732561"} {"text": "more dangerous and greater numbers of head and neck injuries in football than if no helmets were used. many top athletes also believe the doping rules are somewhat arbitrary. changes in diet such as consuming whole grains or eating gluten free are acceptable choices while the sweetener stevia ( found in energy drinks ) was once prohibited. ill athletes are generally loathe to take anything more than aspirin because decongestants and asthma medications require specific wada waivers. sleeping in a hyperbaric chamber to increase the supply of oxygen in the blood is acceptable, though not accessible to most, while low cost drugs to achieve the same effect are banned. the morality issues the world governing body of professional cycling, the uci, recently stripped lance armstrong of his record seven tour de france titles. the uci decided that no winners would be declared for those years because the use of peds was so pervasive that it was likely that anyone near the top of the standings was similarly tainted. lance won those races by spending countless hours training and six or seven hours on the saddle most days of those tours. if he had not \u201c juiced \u201d with peds, it is almost certain that he would not have crossed the finish line a winner. if he wanted to win, he had to juice. because everyone else was too. he could simply have walked away, and refused to participate. every elite athlete has a precious window of time in which to potentially dominate. this was his time. so is he guilty or is he a victim of circumstance? don \u2019 t the governing bodies have an obligation to provide for a \u201c level playing field \u201d so that athletes who abide by the prohibitions have a reasonable chance to win? what of the future? in london last july, oscar pistorius of south africa became the first double amputee to run in an olympic track event after winning a court appeal against the iaaf ( track and field \u2019 s world governing body ). the iaaf had maintained that his carbon fiber prosthetic legs gave pistorius an unfair advantage over other athletes. the reasons for the ban on peds are primarily the health risks of usage and the desire for equality of opportunity for athletes. in the coming years sports governing bodies will be forced to deal with genetic enhancements and other mechanical changes to the human body. authorities will be hard pressed to decide what regulations to enforce when changes made by athletes are both permanent and not health risks. violators of any standards will almost always be one step ahead of the testers, and regulatory bodies would do", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4498759171173886, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.733565"} {"text": "military & wars created by ihistory on jan 10, 2009 last updated : 02 / 21 / 09 at 02 : 56 pm world war ii has no followers yet. be the first one to follow. the nuremberg trials were a series of trials most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political, military, and economic leadership of nazi germany after its defeat in world war ii. the trials were held in the city of nuremberg, germany, from 1945 to 1946, at the palace of justice. the first and best known of these trials was the trial of the major war criminals before the international military tribunal ( imt ), which tried 21 of the most important captured leaders of nazi germany. it was held from 20 november 1945, to 1 october 1946. august 9 by the detonation of the \" fat man \" nuclear bomb over nagasaki. the bomb killed as many as 80, 000 people in nagasaki by the end of 1945. since then, thousands more have died from injuries or illness attributed to exposure to radiation released by the bombs. in both cities, the overwhelming majority of the dead were civilians. six days after the detonation over nagasaki, on august 15, japan announced its surrender to the allied powers, signing the instrument of surrender on september 2, officially ending the pacific war and therefore world war ii. after the hiroshima bombing, president truman announced, \" if they do not accept our terms, they may expect a rain of ruin from the air the likes of which has never been seen on this earth. \" on august 8, 1945, leaflets were dropped and warnings were given to japan by radio saipan. the area of nagasaki did not receive warning leaflets until august 10, though the leaflet campaign covering the whole country was over a month into its operations, probably to avoid \" broadcasting \" the site of the next bomb. at 11 : 01, a last minute break in the clouds over nagasaki allowed bockscar ' s bombardier, captain kermit beahan, to visually sight the target as ordered. the \" fat man \" weapon, containing a core of 14. 1 lbs. of plutonium - 239, was dropped over the city ' s industrial valley. forty - three seconds later it exploded 469 meters ( 1, 540 ft ) above the ground exactly halfway between the mitsubishi steel and arms works in the south and the mitsubishi - urakami ordnance works ( torpedo works ) in the north. this was nearly 2 miles northwest of the planned hypocenter ; the blast was confined to the urakami valley and a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4547492841070221, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.762973"} {"text": "steel and arms works in the south and the mitsubishi - urakami ordnance works ( torpedo works ) in the north. this was nearly 2 miles northwest of the planned hypocenter ; the blast was confined to the urakami valley and a major portion of the city was protected by the intervening hills. after six months of intense fire - bombing of 67 other japanese cities, the nuclear weapon \" little boy \" was dropped on the city of hiroshima on monday, august 6, 1945. the bomb killed as many as 140, 000 people in hiroshima. since then, thousands more have died from injuries or illness attributed to exposure to radiation released by the bombs. the hiroshima bomb, a gun - type bomb called \" little boy \", was made with uranium - 235, a rare isotope of uranium. the atomic bomb was first tested at trinity site, on july 16, 1945, near alamogordo, new mexico. about an hour before the bombing, japanese early warning radar detected the approach of some american aircraft headed for the southern part of japan. an alert was given and radio broadcasting stopped in many cities, among them hiroshima. at nearly 08 : 00, the radar operator in hiroshima determined that the number of planes coming in was very small \u2014 probably not more than three \u2014 and the air raid alert was lifted. to conserve fuel and aircraft, the japanese had decided not to intercept small formations. the normal radio broadcast warning was given to the people that it might be advisable to go to air - raid shelters if b - 29s were actually sighted, but no raid was expected beyond some sort of reconnaissance. the battle in berlin lasted from late april 20, 1945 until the morning of may 2, 1945 and was one of the bloodiest battles in history. in january the red army breached through the german front as a result of the vistula \u2013 oder offensive and rapidly advanced westward as fast as 20 miles a day, through east prussia, lower silesia, east pomerania, and upper silesia, temporarily halting on a line 36 miles east of berlin along the oder river. during the offensive, two soviet fronts ( army groups ) attacked berlin from the east and south, while a third overran german forces positioned north of berlin. according to archival data, soviet forces sustained 81, 116 dead for the entire operation, which included the battles of seelow heights and the halbe ; some earlier western estimates are much higher. another 280, 251 were reported wounded or sick during the operational period. included in that total are polish forces, which lost 2, 825", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4888395294414084, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.764080"} {"text": ", which included the battles of seelow heights and the halbe ; some earlier western estimates are much higher. another 280, 251 were reported wounded or sick during the operational period. included in that total are polish forces, which lost 2, 825 killed or missing and 6, 067 wounded in the operation. initial soviet estimates based on kill claims placed german losses at 458, 080 killed and 479, 298 captured. the number of civilian casualties is unknown. on may 1, ss general karl wolff and the commander - in - chief of the army group c, general heinrich von vietinghoff, after prolonged unauthorised secret negotiations with the western allies named operation sunrise, which were viewed as trying to reach a separate peace by the soviet union, ordered all german armed forces in italy to cease hostilities and signed a surrender document which stipulated that all german forces in italy were to surrender unconditionally to the allies on may 2. the generally accepted cause of the death of adolf hitler on monday, 30 april 1945 is suicide by gunshot and cyanide poisoning. the dual method and other circumstances surrounding the event encouraged rumours that hitler may have survived the end of world war ii along with speculation about what happened to his remains. the 1993 opening of records kept by the soviet kgb and russian fsb confirmed the widely accepted version of hitler ' s death as described by hugh trevor - roper in his book the last days of hitler published in 1947. however, the russian archives did show what happened to the cadaver. hitler had what some historians later described as a nervous breakdown during one of his military situation conferences, admitting defeat was imminent and germany would lose the war. he expressed his intent to kill himself and later asked physician werner haase to recommend a reliable method of suicide. haase suggested combining a dose of cyanide with a gunshot to the head. hitler had a supply of cyanide capsules which he had obtained through the ss. meanwhile, on 28 april hitler learned of heinrich himmler ' s attempt to independently negotiate a peace treaty. hitler considered this treason and began to show signs of paranoia, expressing worries the cyanide capsules he had received through himmler ' s ss were fake. he also learned of the execution of his ally mussolini and vowed not to share a similar fate. to verify the capsules ' potency he ordered dr. haase to try them on his dog blondi and the animal died as a result. after midnight on 29 april, hitler married eva braun in a small civil ceremony in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.45311595528327225, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.765061"} {"text": "a similar fate. to verify the capsules ' potency he ordered dr. haase to try them on his dog blondi and the animal died as a result. after midnight on 29 april, hitler married eva braun in a small civil ceremony in a map room within the bunker complex. antony beevor states that after hosting a modest wedding breakfast with his new wife hitler took secretary traudl junge to another room and dictated his last will and testament. he signed these documents at 4 : 00 and then retired to bed ( some sources say hitler dictated the last will and testament immediately before the wedding, but all sources agree on the timing of the signing ). u. s. soldiers allegedly gave a number of handguns to the now - liberated inmates. it has been claimed by eyewitnesses that the freed inmates tortured and killed a number of captured german soldiers, both ss guards and regular troops. the same witnesses claim that many of the german soldiers killed by the inmates were beaten to death with shovels and other tools. a number of kapo prisoner - guards were also killed, torn apart by the inmates. mussolini was among the founders of italian fascism, which included elements of nationalism, corporatism, national syndicalism, expansionism, social progress and anti - communism in combination with censorship of subversives and state propaganda. in the years following his creation of the fascist ideology, mussolini influenced, or achieved admiration from, a wide variety of political figures. mussolini and his mistress clara petacci were stopped by communist partisans valerio and bellini and identified by the political commissar of the partisans ' 52nd garibaldi brigade, urbano lazzaro, on april 27, 1945, near the village of dongo ( lake como ), as they headed for switzerland to board a plane to escape to spain. mussolini had been traveling with retreating german forces and was apprehended while attempting to escape recognition by wearing a german military uniform. after several unsuccessful attempts to take them to como they were brought to mezzegra. they spent their last night in the house of the de maria family. the next day, mussolini and his mistress were both summarily executed, along with most of the members of their 15 - man train, primarily ministers and officials of the italian social republic. the shootings took place in the small village of giulino di mezzegra. according to the official version of events, the shootings were conducted by \" colonel valerio \" ( colonnello valerio ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.44009977344475704, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.766012"} {"text": "italian social republic. the shootings took place in the small village of giulino di mezzegra. according to the official version of events, the shootings were conducted by \" colonel valerio \" ( colonnello valerio ). valerio ' s real name was walter audisio. audisio was the communist partisan commander who was reportedly given the order to kill mussolini by the national liberation committee. when audisio entered the room where mussolini and the other fascists were being held, he reportedly announced : \" i have come to rescue you!... do you have any weapons? \" he then had them loaded into transports and driven a short distance. audisio ordered \" get down \" ; petacci hugged mussolini and refused to move away from him when they were taken to an empty space. shots were fired and petacci fell down. just then mussolini opened his jacket and screamed \" shoot me in the chest! \". audisio shot him in the chest. mussolini fell down but he didn ' t die ; he was breathing heavily. audisio went near and he shot one more bullet in his chest. mussolini ' s face looked as if he had significant pain. audisio said to his driver \" look at his face, the emotions on his face don ' t suit him \". the other members were also lined up before a firing squad later the same night. the battle in berlin lasted from late april 20, 1945 until the morning of may 2, 1945 and was one of the bloodiest battles in history. in january 1945, the red army breached through the german front as a result of the vistula \u2013 oder offensive and rapidly advanced westward as fast as 30 \u2013 40 kilometres a day, through east prussia, lower silesia, east pomerania, and upper silesia, temporarily halting on a line 36 miles east of berlin along the oder river. during the offensive, two soviet fronts ( army groups ) attacked berlin from the east and south, while a third overran german forces positioned north of berlin. according declassified archival data, soviet forces sustained 81, 116 dead for the entire operation, which included the battles of seelow heights and the halbe ; some earlier western estimates are much higher. another 280, 251 were reported wounded or sick during the operational period. included in that total are polish forces, which lost 2, 825 killed or missing and 6, 067 wounded in the operation. nitial soviet estimates based on kill claims placed german losses at 458, 080 killed and 479, 298 captured.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.43037458087242103, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.766935"} {"text": "that total are polish forces, which lost 2, 825 killed or missing and 6, 067 wounded in the operation. nitial soviet estimates based on kill claims placed german losses at 458, 080 killed and 479, 298 captured. the number of civilian casualties is unknown. the siege of danzig ( 19 march - 24 may 1807 ) was the french encirclement and capture of danzig in the war of the fourth coalition of the napoleonic wars. on the 19th of march 1807, around 27, 000 french under marshall lefebvre laid siege to around 11, 000 prussian and russian troops under marshall kalckreuth garrisoning the city of danzig in modern - day poland. on september 9, 1807, napoleon established the free city of danzig, as a semi - independent state. this territory was carved out from lands that made up part of the kingdom of prussia, consisting of the city of danzig ( now known as gdansk ) along with its rural possessions on the mouth of vistula, together with the hel peninsula and the southern half of the vistula spit. from late january to 29 november 1813, russian forces laid siege to the city and the french occupying forces withdrew on 2 january 1814. the ardennes offensive ( 16 december 1944 \u2013 25 january 1945 ) was a major german offensive launched towards the end of world war ii through the forested ardennes mountains region of belgium ( and more specifically of wallonia : hence its french name, bataille des ardennes ), france and luxembourg on the western front. the offensive was called unternehmen wacht am rhein ( translated as operation the guard on the rhine or operation \" watch on the rhine. \" ) by the german armed forces ( wehrmacht ). this german offensive was officially named the battle of the ardennes or the ardennes - alsace campaign by the u. s. army, but it is known to the general public simply as the battle of the bulge a description promoted by winston churchill to deliberately belittle in the public ' s mind at the time the serious nature of the struggle. the \u201c bulge \u201d was the initial incursion the germans put into the allies \u2019 line of advance, as seen in maps presented in contemporary newspapers. casualty estimates from the battle vary widely. the official u. s. account lists 80, 987 american casualties, while other estimates range from 70, 000 to 104, 000. most of the american casualties occurred within the first three days of battle, when two of the u. s. 106th infantry division \u2019", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40837438942635607, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.767882"} {"text": ". account lists 80, 987 american casualties, while other estimates range from 70, 000 to 104, 000. most of the american casualties occurred within the first three days of battle, when two of the u. s. 106th infantry division \u2019 s three regiments were forced to surrender. the battle of the bulge was the bloodiest of the battles that u. s. forces experienced in world war ii ; the 19, 000 american dead were unsurpassed by those of any other engagement. british losses totaled 1, 400. the german high command \u2019 s official figure for the campaign was 84, 834 casualties, and other estimates range between 60, 000 and 100, 000. the liberation of paris ( also known as battle for paris ) took place during world war ii from 19 august 1944 until the surrender of the occupying german garrison on the 25th and is accounted as the last battle in the campaign for normandy and the transitional conclusion of the allied invasion breakout in operation overlord into a broad - fronted general offensive. the capital region of france had been administered by nazi germany since the second compiegne armistice in june 1940 when germany occupied the north and west of france and when the vichy puppet regime was established with its capital in the central city of vichy. the 20 july plot of 1944 was a failed attempt to assassinate adolf hitler, the leader of nazi germany, inside the wolfsschanze near rastenburg, east prussia. this was made to take power by means of an emergency plan called operation valkyrie ( unternehmen walkure ). operation valkyrie was approved by hitler himself and, at face value, it was intended to be used in the event that disruption caused by the allied bombing of german cities resulted in a breakdown in law. colonel claus von stauffenberg played the key role in the plot and was in charge of operation valkyrie. because of his position, von stauffenberg was allowed access to hitler to make reports and for carrying out the other intended use of operation valkyrie. the 20 july plot was the culmination of the efforts of the german resistance to overthrow the nazi regime. its failure, both in hitler ' s \" wolf ' s lair \" ( wolfsschanze ) headquarters and then in berlin ' s bendlerblock, led to the arrest of at least 7, 000 people by the gestapo. according to records of the fuhrer conferences on naval affairs, 4, 980 people were executed which ultimately led to the destruction of the resistance movement. annelies marie was a jewish girl born in the city of frankfurt", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44515288729132607, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.768924"} {"text": "7, 000 people by the gestapo. according to records of the fuhrer conferences on naval affairs, 4, 980 people were executed which ultimately led to the destruction of the resistance movement. annelies marie was a jewish girl born in the city of frankfurt am main in weimar germany. she gained international fame posthumously following the publication of her diary which documents her experiences hiding during the german occupation of the netherlands in world war ii. anne and her family moved to amsterdam in 1933 after the nazis gained power in germany, and were trapped by the occupation of the netherlands, which began in 1940. as persecutions against the jewish population increased, the family went into hiding in july 1942 in hidden rooms in her father otto frank ' s office building. after two years, the group was betrayed and transported to concentration camps. seven months after her arrest, anne frank died of typhus in the bergen - belsen concentration camp, within days of the death of her sister, margot frank. her father otto, the only survivor of the group, returned to amsterdam after the war to find that her diary had been saved, and his efforts led to its publication in 1947. it was translated from its original dutch and first published in english in 1952 as the diary of a young girl. the diary, which was given to anne on her 13th birthday, chronicles her life from 12 june 1942 until 1 august 1944. it has been translated into many languages, has become one of the world ' s most widely read books, and has been the basis for several plays and films. anne frank has been acknowledged for the quality of her writing, and has become one of the most renowned and most discussed victims of the holocaust. the normandy landings were the first operations of the allied invasion of normandy, also known as operation neptune and operation overlord, during world war ii. the landings commenced on 6 june 1944 ( d - day ), beginning at 6 : 30 british double summer time ( h - hour ). in planning, d - day was in reference to the day of actual landing, which was dependent on final approval. the assault was conducted in two phases : an air assault landing of american, british and canadian airborne troops shortly after midnight, and an amphibious landing of allied infantry and armored divisions on the coast of france commencing at 6 : 30. the invasion required the transport of soldiers and materiel from the united kingdom by troop carrying aircraft and ships, the assault landings, air support, naval interdiction of the english channel and naval fire - support. there were also subsidiary ' attacks ' mounted under", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4247309401556234, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.769928"} {"text": "invasion required the transport of soldiers and materiel from the united kingdom by troop carrying aircraft and ships, the assault landings, air support, naval interdiction of the english channel and naval fire - support. there were also subsidiary ' attacks ' mounted under the code names operation glimmer and operation taxable to distract the kriegsmarine and the german army from the real landing areas. the operation was the largest single - day amphibious invasion of all time, with over 130, 000 troops landing on 6 june 1944. 195, 700 allied naval and merchant navy personnel were involved. the landings took place along a stretch of the normandy coast divided into five sectors : utah, omaha, gold, juno and sword. the tehran conference ( codenamed eureka ) was the meeting of joseph stalin, franklin d. roosevelt and winston churchill between november 28 and december 1, 1943 in tehran, iran. it was the first world war ii conference among the big three ( the soviet union, the united states, and the united kingdom ) in which stalin was present. it succeeded the cairo conference and was followed by the yalta conference and potsdam conference. the chief discussion was centered on the opening of a second front in western europe. at the same time a separate protocol pledged the three countries to recognize iran ' s independence. most importantly the conference was organized to plan the final strategy for the war against nazi germany and its allies. benito amilcare andrea mussolini, gcb ksmom gcte was an italian politician who led the national fascist party and is credited with being one of the key figures in the creation of fascism. he became the prime minister of italy in 1922 and began using the title il duce by 1925. after 1936, his official title was \" his excellency benito mussolini, head of government, duce of fascism, and founder of the empire \". mussolini also created and held the supreme military rank of first marshal of the empire along with king victor emmanuel iii of italy, which gave him and the king joint supreme control over the military of italy. mussolini remained in power until he was replaced in 1943 ; for a short period after this until his death he was the leader of the italian social republic. construction on auschwitz ii ( birkenau ) began in october 1941 to ease congestion at the main camp. it was designed to hold several categories of prisoners, and to function as an extermination camp in the context of himmler ' s preparations for the final solution of the jewish question, the extermination of the jews.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46013573034236616, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.771966"} {"text": "main camp. it was designed to hold several categories of prisoners, and to function as an extermination camp in the context of himmler ' s preparations for the final solution of the jewish question, the extermination of the jews. the first gas chamber at birkenau was \" the little red house \", a brick cottage that was converted into a gassing facility by tearing out the inside and bricking up the walls. it was operational by march 1942. a second brick cottage, \" the little white house \", was similarly converted some weeks later. by july 1942, the ss were conducting the infamous \" selections \", in which incoming jews were divided into those deemed able to work, who were then admitted to the camp, and those who weren ' t, who were immediately gassed. president franklin roosevelt authorized the internment with executive order 9066, which allowed local military commanders to designate \" military areas \" as \" exclusion zones \", from which \" any or all persons may be excluded. \" this power was used to declare that all people of japanese ancestry were excluded from the entire pacific coast, including all of california and most of oregon and washington, except for those in internment camps. japanese american internment refers to the forcible relocation and internment of approximately 110, 000 japanese nationals and japanese americans to housing facilities called \" war relocation camps \", in the wake of imperial japan ' s attack on pearl harbor. the internment of japanese americans was applied unequally throughout the united states. japanese americans residing on the west coast of the united states were all interned, whereas in hawaii, where over 150, 000 japanese americans composed nearly a third of that territory ' s population, an additional 1, 200 to 1, 800 japanese americans were interned. of those interned, 62 percent were united states citizens. a japanese american unfurled this banner the day after the pearl harbor attack. this dorothea lange photograph was taken in march 1942, just prior to the man ' s internment. the attack on pearl harbor was a surprise military strike conducted by the japanese navy against the united states ' naval base at pearl harbor, hawaii, on the morning of sunday, december 7, 1941, later resulting in the united states becoming militarily involved in world war ii. it was intended as a preventive action to keep the u. s. pacific fleet from influencing the war japan was planning to wage in southeast asia against britain, the netherlands, and the united states. the attack consisted of two aerial attack waves totaling 353 aircraft, launched from six japanese", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4736089239665646, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.773310"} {"text": "action to keep the u. s. pacific fleet from influencing the war japan was planning to wage in southeast asia against britain, the netherlands, and the united states. the attack consisted of two aerial attack waves totaling 353 aircraft, launched from six japanese aircraft carriers. the attack sank four u. s. navy battleships ( two of which were raised and returned to service late in the war ) and damaged four more. the japanese also sank or damaged three cruisers, three destroyers, and one minelayer, destroyed 188 aircraft, and caused personnel losses of 2, 402 killed and 1, 282 wounded. the power station, shipyard, maintenance, and fuel and torpedo storage facilities, as well as the submarine piers and headquarters building ( also home of the intelligence section ) were not hit. japanese losses were minimal, at 29 aircraft and four midget submarines, with 65 servicemen killed or wounded. the attack was a major engagement of world war ii. it occurred before a formal declaration of war and before the last part of the infamous 14 - part message was delivered to the state department in washington, d. c. the japanese embassy in washington had been instructed to deliver it immediately prior to the scheduled time of the attack in hawaii. operation barbarossa was the code name for nazi germany ' s invasion of the soviet union during world war ii that commenced on june 22, 1941. over 4. 5 million troops of the axis powers invaded the ussr along an 1, 800 mile front. the operation was named after the emperor frederick barbarossa of the holy roman empire, a leader of the third crusade in the 12th century. the planning for operation barbarossa started on december 18, 1940 ; the clandestine preparations and the military operation itself lasted almost a year, from the spring of 1941 through the winter of 1941. operation barbarossa remains the largest military operation, in terms of manpower, area traversed, and casualties, in human history. the failure of operation barbarossa resulted in the eventual defeat of nazi germany and is considered a turning point for the third reich. most importantly, operation barbarossa opened up the eastern front, which ultimately became the biggest theater of war in world history. operation barbarossa and the areas which fell under it became the site of some of the largest battles, deadliest atrocities, terrible loss of life, and horrific conditions for soviets and germans alike - all of which influenced the course of both world war ii and the 20th century history. fighting against the german tactic of \" blitzkrieg, \" or \" lightning war \" style surprise attacks", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46405196516254277, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.774367"} {"text": "loss of life, and horrific conditions for soviets and germans alike - all of which influenced the course of both world war ii and the 20th century history. fighting against the german tactic of \" blitzkrieg, \" or \" lightning war \" style surprise attacks on multiple fronts, the allies quickly lost poland in october of 1939, and more unexpectedly, denmark, norway, netherlands, and belgium, all during the first half of 1940. in the early morning of 9 april 1940 \u2013 wesertag ( \" weser day \" ) \u2013 germany invaded denmark and norway, ostensibly as a preventive manoeuvre against a planned, and openly discussed, franco - british occupation of both these countries. after the invasions, envoys of the germans informed the governments of denmark and norway that the wehrmacht had come to protect the countries ' neutrality against franco - british aggression. significant differences in geography, location and climate between the two countries made the actual military operations very dissimilar. roosevelt ' s third term was dominated by world war ii, in europe and in the pacific. roosevelt slowly began re - armament in 1938 since he was facing strong isolationist sentiment from leaders like senators william borah and robert taft who supported re - armament. by 1940, it was in high gear, with bipartisan support, partly to expand and re - equip the united states army and navy and partly to become the \" arsenal of democracy \" supporting the united kingdom, french third republic, the republic of china and ( after june 1941 ), the soviet union. as roosevelt took a firmer stance against the axis powers, american isolationists \u2014 including charles lindbergh and america first \u2014 attacked the president as an irresponsible warmonger. unfazed by these criticisms and confident in the wisdom of his foreign policy initiatives, fdr continued his twin policies of preparedness and aid to the allied coalition. on december 29, 1940, he delivered his arsenal of democracy fireside chat, in which he made the case for involvement directly to the american people, and a week later he delivered his famous four freedoms speech in january 1941, further laying out the case for an american defense of basic rights throughout the world. at the outbreak of the second world war in 1939, the netherlands declared itself neutral once again as it had done during world war i. even so, on may 10, 1940 germany invaded the netherlands. the main purpose of the german invasion of the netherlands was to draw away attention from operations in the ardennes and to lure british and french forces deeper into belgium as well", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.45409823768815066, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.776244"} {"text": "world war i. even so, on may 10, 1940 germany invaded the netherlands. the main purpose of the german invasion of the netherlands was to draw away attention from operations in the ardennes and to lure british and french forces deeper into belgium as well as to pre - empt a possible british invasion in north holland. on may 14 the germans - surprised by the dutch resistance, as they had expected to capture the netherlands in a day - demanded the surrender of the city of rotterdam, threatening to bomb the city. negotiations with the city ' s commander for surrender became stalled and were about to be resumed when german bombers, which had already been sent, failed to be called back for reasons unknown. this error resulted in the city being heavily bombed. the german forces faced little resistance at first, but their advance was eventually slowed by the dutch army, which was mostly fighting with weaponry made before 1900. at the afsluitdijk, the grebbeberg and dordrecht the dutch army offered strong resistance. a german airborne landing at the hague, intended to capture the dutch royal family and the government, failed, and the paratroopers that had not been killed were captured and shipped to britain. the pact of steel, known formally as the pact of friendship and alliance between germany and italy, was an agreement between fascist italy and nazi germany signed on may 22, 1939, by the foreign ministers of each country and witnessed by count galeazzo ciano for italy and joachim von ribbentrop for germany. the spanish civil war was a major conflict in spain that started after an attempted coup d ' etat by a group of spanish army generals against the government of the second spanish republic. the civil war devastated spain from 17 july 1936 to 1 april 1939, ending with the victory of the rebel troops and the founding of a dictatorship led by the fascist general francisco franco and the overthrow of the republican government. republicans ( republicanos ) gained the support of the soviet union and mexico, while the followers of the rebellion, nacionales ( nationalists ), received the support of italy and germany, as well as neighbouring portugal. the war increased tensions in the lead - up to world war ii and was largely seen as a possible war by proxy between the communist soviet union and the fascist axis of fascist italy and nazi germany. in particular, tanks and bombing of cities from the air were features of the later war in europe. benes, the leader of the czechoslovak government - in - exile, together with frantisek moravec, head of czechoslovak military intelligence,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44422550044674247, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.777251"} {"text": ". in particular, tanks and bombing of cities from the air were features of the later war in europe. benes, the leader of the czechoslovak government - in - exile, together with frantisek moravec, head of czechoslovak military intelligence, organized and coordinated a resistance network. hacha, prime minister elias, and the czech resistance acknowledged benes ' s leadership. active collaboration between london and the czechoslovak home front was maintained throughout the war years. the most important event of the resistance was the assassination of reinhard heydrich ( ss leader heinrich himmler ' s deputy and the protector of bohemia and moravia ) during the operation anthropoid. infuriated, the hitler ordered the arrest and execution of 10, 000 randomly selected czechs, but, after consultations, he reduced his response. over 10, 000 were arrested and at least 1, 300 executed. the assassination resulted in one of the most well - known reprisals of the war. the village of lidice and lezaky was completely destroyed by the nazis ; all men over 16 years of age from the village were murdered and the rest of the population was sent to nazi concentration camps where many women and nearly all the children were killed. jan 30, 1939 photo credit : holocaust history aug 12, 1938 austria was merged into nazi germany on 12 march 1938. there had been several years of pressure from germany and there were many supporters within austria for the \" heim ins reich \" - movement, both nazis and non - nazis. earlier, nazi germany had provided support for the austrian national socialist party ( austrian nazi party ) in its bid to seize power from austria ' s austrofascist leadership. fully devoted to remaining independent but amidst growing pressures, the chancellor of austria, kurt schuschnigg, tried to hold a referendum to ask the austrian people whether they wished to remain independent or merge into germany. on the morning of 12 march, the 8th army of the german wehrmacht crossed the german - austrian border. they did not face resistance by the austrian army \u2014 on the contrary, the german troops were greeted by cheering austrians with hitler salutes, nazi flags and flowers. because of this the nazi invasion is also called the blumenkrieg ( war of flowers ). for the wehrmacht this invasion was the first big test of its machinery. although the invading forces were badly organized and coordination between the units was poor, it mattered little because no fighting took place. it did, however, serve as a warning to german commanders in future military operations, such as that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4581086480113736, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.778212"} {"text": "big test of its machinery. although the invading forces were badly organized and coordination between the units was poor, it mattered little because no fighting took place. it did, however, serve as a warning to german commanders in future military operations, such as that against czechoslovakia. the rhineland ( rheinland in german ) is the general name for the land on both sides of the river rhine in the west of germany. after the collapse of the french empire in the early 19th century, the german - speaking regions at the middle and lower course of the rhine river were annexed to the kingdom of prussia. the prussian administration reorganised the territory as the rhine province ( also known as rhenish prussia ), a term continuing in the names of the german states of rhineland - palatinate and north rhine - westphalia. following the first world war of the early 20th century, the western part of rhineland was occupied by entente forces, then demilitarized under the treaty of versailles. german forces remilitarized the territory in 1936, as part of a diplomatic test of will, three years before the outbreak of the second world war. the nuremberg laws ( german : nurnberger gesetze ) of 1935 were laws passed in nazi germany. they used a pseudoscientific basis for racial discrimination against jewish people. the laws people as german if all four of their grandparents were of \" german blood \" ( white circles on the chart ), while people were as jews if they descended from three or four jewish grandparents ( black circles in top row right ). a person with one or two jewish grandparents was a mischling, a crossbreed, of \" mixed blood \". hitler was germany ' s last president until 1945, when karl donitz was appointed president according to hitler ' s last testament upon the dictator ' s suicide, as following hindenburg ' s death, hitler declared the office of president to be permanently vacant, effectively merging it with the office of chancellor under the title of leader and chancellor ( fuhrer und reichskanzler ), making himself germany ' s head of state and head of government, thereby completing the progress of gleichschaltung. hitler had a plebiscite held on august 19, 1934, in which the german people were asked if they approved of hitler merging the two offices. the ja ( yes ) vote amounted to 90 % of the vote. hindenburg enjoyed a long if undistinguished career in the prussian army, eventually retiring in 1911. he was recalled at the outbreak of the first world war", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4592384734764262, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.779152"} {"text": "two offices. the ja ( yes ) vote amounted to 90 % of the vote. hindenburg enjoyed a long if undistinguished career in the prussian army, eventually retiring in 1911. he was recalled at the outbreak of the first world war, and first came to national attention, at the age of sixty - six, as the victor at tannenberg in 1914. as germany ' s chief of the general staff from 1916, he and his deputy, erich ludendorff, rose in the german public ' s esteem until hindenburg came to eclipse the kaiser himself. hindenburg retired again in 1919, but returned to public life one more time in 1925 to be elected as the second president of germany. engelbert dollfuss was an austrian christian social and patriotic front statesman, who was chancellor of austria from 1932 and dictator of austria from 1933 until his assassination by nazi agents in 1934. austria - hungary ' s industry had been situated in the areas that were separated into czechoslovakia and yugoslavia with the treaty of versailles, and thus this manufacturing power was lost to austria after world war i. dollfuss ' s majority in parliament was marginal ( he had only a one - vote majority ) deflationary policies implemented by his chief economic advisor, the famous ludwig von mises, would prove unpopular among the social democratic workers ' party of austria. dollfuss was assassinated in july 25, 1934 by eight austrian nazis ( paul hudl, franz holzweber, otto planetta and others of [ ss regiment 89 ] who entered the chancellery building and shot him in an attempted coup d ' etat, the july putsch. dollfuss was a very short man and his diminutive stature ( 155 cm = 5 ' 2 \" ) was the object of satire, among his nicknames were ' millimetternich ' ( referring to the autocratic imperial chancellor of austria from 1815 - 1848, prince klemens wenzel von metternich ), and the ' jockey '. the new york times also reported a series of jokes, including how in the coffee houses of vienna, one could order a ' dollfuss ' cup of coffee instead of a ' short black ' cup of coffee ( black being the color of the christian democratic political faction ). dachau was a nazi german concentration camp, and the first one opened in germany, located on the grounds of an abandoned munitions factory near the medieval town of dachau, about 16 km ( 10 miles ) northwest of munich in the state of bavaria which is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4180532546273943, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.780174"} {"text": "was a nazi german concentration camp, and the first one opened in germany, located on the grounds of an abandoned munitions factory near the medieval town of dachau, about 16 km ( 10 miles ) northwest of munich in the state of bavaria which is located in southern germany. on 14 july 1933 germany was officially declared a one - party state. symbols of the weimar republic, including the black - red - gold flag ( now the present - day flag of germany ), were abolished by the new regime which adopted both new and old imperial and aryan occult symbolism to represent the dual nature of the imperialist - nazi regime of 1933. the old imperial black - white - red tricolour, almost completely abandoned during the weimar republic, was restored as one of germany ' s two officially legal national flags. the other official national flag was the swastika flag of the nazi party. it became the sole national flag in 1935, designed by hitler in 1920, who wrote that he chose the swastika to symbolize \" the struggle for the victory of aryan mankind and at the same time the triumph of the of creative work which is in itself and always will be anti - semitic. \" on 21 march, the new reichstag was constituted with an opening ceremony held at potsdam ' s garrison church. this \" day of potsdam \" was staged to demonstrate reconciliation and unity between the revolutionary nazi movement and \" old prussia \" with its elites and virtues. hitler appeared in a tail coat and humbly greeted the aged president hindenburg. oranienburg became a showplace of terror during the nazi era. one of the first nazi concentration camps was built there in 1933 ; in 1935 another camp was established in the quarter of sachsenhausen. while the first camp was dissolved as early as 1934, the sachsenhausen camp continued to exist until the end of the nazi regime ; 100, 000 people were killed in sachsenhausen before the liberation of the camp by the soviet red army in 1945. the president reluctantly agreed to appoint hitler chancellor of a coalition government formed by the nsdap and dnvp. however, the nazis were to be contained by a framework of conservative cabinet ministers, most notably by papen as vice - chancellor and by hugenberg as minister of the economy. the only other nazi besides hitler to get a portfolio was wilhelm frick, who was given the relatively powerless interior ministry ( in germany at the time, most powers wielded by the interior minister in other countries were held by the interior ministers of the states ). on the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46655973972115605, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.781167"} {"text": "hitler to get a portfolio was wilhelm frick, who was given the relatively powerless interior ministry ( in germany at the time, most powers wielded by the interior minister in other countries were held by the interior ministers of the states ). on the morning of 30 january 1933, in hindenburg ' s office, adolf hitler was sworn in as chancellor during what some observers later described as a brief and simple ceremony. nazism, officially called national socialism ( german : national sozialismus ), refers primarily to the and practices of the national socialist german workers \u2019 party under adolf hitler ; and the policies adopted by the government of nazi germany from 1933 to 1945. three phrases \u2014 black thursday, black monday, and black tuesday \u2014 are used to describe this collapse of stock values. all three are appropriate, for the crash was not a one - day affair. the initial crash occurred on black thursday ( october 24, 1929 ), but it was the catastrophic downturn of black monday and tuesday ( october 28 and 29, 1929 ) that precipitated widespread panic and the onset of unprecedented and long - lasting consequences for the united states. the collapse continued for a month. mein kampf, in english my struggle or my battle, is a book dictated by adolf hitler. it combines elements of autobiography with an exposition of hitler ' s national socialist political volume 1 of mein kampf was published in 1925 and volume 2 in 1926. from the royalties, hitler was able to afford a mercedes while still being imprisoned. moreover, he accumulated a tax debt of 405, 500 reichsmark ( 8 million usd today, or \u00a34m uk pounds sterling ) from the sale of about 240, 000 copies by the time he became chancellor in 1933. despite rumors to the contrary, new evidence suggests that it was actually in high demand in libraries ( topping the lending lists ) and often reviewed and quoted in other publications. by the end of the war, about 10 million copies of the book had been sold or distributed in germany ( every newly - wed couple, as well as every front soldier, received a free copy ), and hitler had made about 1. 2 m reichsmarks from the income of his book in 1933. jul 29, 1921", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44729756153639766, "token_count": 447, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.782050"} {"text": "this dawn fc ( framing camera ) image shows different features that form in the regolith covering vesta \u2019 s surface. regolith is the layer of loose, small sized material which often covers the bedrock of planets. sinuous features in the top of the image are probably due to slumping of this regolith on a slope, similar to the way that sand slumps on the sides of sand dunes. many of the narrow linear features in the bottom of the image are also probably due to some sort of slumping in the regolith. however, some of these linear features appear to be originating from the roughly 6km diameter crater, in the bottom left of the image, so they may have been formed by debris ejected from this crater scouring across vesta \u2019 s surface. also, the large crater on the bottom right side of the image has both bright and dark material cropping out in its interior and slumping towards its center. this image is in vesta \u2019 s numisia and tuccia quadrangles and the center latitude and longitude of the image is 23. 4\u00b0s, 227. 9\u00b0e. nasa \u2019 s dawn spacecraft obtained this image with its framing camera on october 17th 2011. this image was taken through the camera \u2019 s clear filter. the distance to the surface of vesta is 702 km and the image has a resolution of about 70 meters per pixel. this image was acquired during the hamo ( high altitude mapping orbit ) phase of the mission. the dawn mission to vesta and ceres is managed by nasa \u2019 s jet propulsion laboratory, a division of the california institute of technology in pasadena, for nasa \u2019 s science mission directorate, washington d. c.. ucla is responsible for overall dawn mission science. the dawn framing cameras have been developed and built under the leadership of the max planck institute for solar system research, katlenburg - lindau, germany, with significant contributions by dlr german aerospace center, institute of planetary research, berlin, and in coordination with the institute of computer and communication network engineering, braunschweig. the framing camera project is funded by the max planck society, dlr, and nasa / jpl. more information about dawn is online at http : / / dawn. jpl. nasa. gov. image credit : nasa / jpl - caltech / ucla / mps / dlr / ida", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5157690745599202, "token_count": 483, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.785501"} {"text": "| uploaded : | | september 26, 2008 | | updated : | | june 20, 2010 | in this tutorial i will be showing you how to draw a spotted salamander which is another amphibian that i will add to the list of tutorials. the spotted salamander is probably one of the biggest of its breed and one of the hardest to spot. these slimy looking slick carnivores can range in size between seven and nine inches long. the spotted salamander can be found in eastern canada and throughout the eastern and mid western united states. these amphibians live under rocks or logs and sometimes in the burrows of other forest animals. since they only really come out at night, i guess you can call them a nocturnal animal. the reason why they come out only in the night time hours is mainly because that is when they feed and mate. salamanders mate during spring like most animals do. these little big guys will actually travel great distances just to lay their eggs in pools made from heavy rains as well as ponds. even though they are slimy looking, these animals are very beautiful in a weird way. their colors are very vivid and bold and are usually bluish - black with two uneven rows of yellow or orange spots that extend from the head all the way to the tail. how do these small spotted creatures defend themselves you ask? well, like all other salamanders they have a noxious, milky toxin that is released from the glands on their backs and tails. what this does is, make themselves undesirable to any predator that usually feasts upon amphibians on a regular basis. as with any reptile the salamander has a diet that consists of insects, worms, slugs, spiders, and millipedes. because they are so small and well hidden, they have an average lifespan of twenty years. if you look at these animals they resemble a bit like geckos don \u2019 t they? this tutorial will show you \" how to draw a salamander \", step by step. i created my own design of the markings while keeping the color of the amphibian its normal tone. i hope you enjoy this tutorial i will be back with two more in a bit so keep your pants and stay drawing.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39819376358838904, "token_count": 465, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.790567"} {"text": "some lizards could be mistaken for plastic statues : brilliantly colored, attractive to look at, but with the personality of, well, a plastic statue. not so the bearded dragon, a mid - size lizard, comprised of seven species, all native to arid regions of australia. the rich, earth - tone coloration of the bearded dragon is, by lizard standards, beautiful. their namesake feature, the beard, is comprised of folds of flexible skin and scales. though fearsome looking with beard puffed out, the bearded dragon is actually gentle - spirited. in addition to his unique and dramatic appearance, there are several more reasons he is a much sought after pet. social skills - unlike some lizards which prefer to be left alone, the bearded dragon adapts well to humans. he actually seems to enjoy human company. in fact, daily handling is recommended to maintain his trust and attention. bearded dragons have many interesting social skills, for example : animated behaviors - in the wild, the bearded dragon is an adept climber. a diurnal animal, he is active morning and afternoon, frequently seen basking on rocks, or clinging to branches and fence posts in all positions - horizontal, vertical and in between. as a pet, he retains his innate curiosity about his surroundings and likes to explore. to warm himself, he will flatten his belly out on a flat rock or branch in the sun. to help remove loose skin, he may rub himself against any available surface. - beard display, puffing out of the beard, is thought to be a display of dominance. it is also used in courtship. - head bobbing is another display of dominance. submissive dragons are sometimes observed in a slow bow in response to the bobbing. - bearded dragons will lift and wave their arms to acknowledge one another or in response to bobbing. - a raised tail also signifies assertiveness. easy care and feeding - the habitat of the bearded dragon is easy to set up and maintain. with the exception of droppings, he is odor free, and daily cleaning will keep the habitat pleasant. a hearty lizard, he will have few medical problems if provided the right diet and environment. the bearded dragon will eat most any insect, but the insect should be proportional to the lizard ' s body size. live crickets are a favorite, but use the pinhead crickets for juveniles. for bearded dragons, it is very important that the size of food be proportional to the size of the animal. malnourishment, seizures, and intestinal blockages", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.432559036809252, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.794771"} {"text": "the geologic timescale part of the geology for dummies cheat sheet geologists organize the 4. 6 billion years of earth ' s history into sections based on important changes seen in the geologic record. the largest intervals are eons, with each eon composed of many millions of years. within the eons are eras, which begin and end with dramatic changes in the types of plants and animals living on earth. within each era are multiple periods, and within each period are multiple shorter epochs. because the intervals of the geologic timescale are based on observed changes in fossilized remains on life on earth, the span of time within each interval varies. while the divisions may be confusing at first, learning about the events in earth ' s history goes hand - in - hand with learning the geologic timescale, shown below. ( the numbers on the right side reflect the absolute age, expressed in millions of years ago, of the earth at each interval. ) the geologic timescale is continually being revised by new research and more accurate dating methods. when changes are proposed, the international commission on stratigraphy determines if an official change to the timescale should be made. for the most recent version, check out the commission ' s website at http : / / stratigraphy. org.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4711581850420215, "token_count": 263, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.797113"} {"text": "denver \u2013 recent earthquakes in colorado and elsewhere were induced by a drilling procedure to dispose of wastewater, federal geologists planned to argue in a report announced wednesday. the denver post reported tuesday that colorado drilling regulators said more study is needed on the link between drilling waste disposal and the uptick in earthquakes. nevertheless, regulators in colorado have started to look for seismic risk in permit reviews. a report due this week at a gathering of the american geophysical union says an increase in earthquakes on the raton basin in colorado and northern new mexico is tied to disposal wells where drilling wastewater is injected. drilling companies use disposal wells to bury brine water and chemical waste that result from hydraulic fracturing, or fracking. a 5. 3 - magnitude earthquake near trinidad last year triggered minor rockslides, toppled chimneys and cracked walls. no one was hurt. the quake came after injection of 4. 9 million cubic meters of wastewater. and tuesday, a 3. 9 - magnitude earthquake was recorded about 20 miles west of cokedale, near the new mexico border. the temblor was reported by the national earthquake information center in golden, but no damage was immediately reported. the wastewater report should prompt discussion of disposal wells, said u. s. geological survey scientist justin rubinstein, co - author of the report. \u201c this is a societal risk you need to be considering, \u201d rubinstein told the post. a usgs team based in menlo park, calif., found that the quake in colorado and a damaging 5. 6 - magnitude quake in oklahoma both were induced by disposal of fracking waste underground. from 1970 until 2001, five quakes of magnitude 3 or higher were recorded on the raton basin. scientists counted 95 quakes of that magnitude between 2001 and 2011 and concluded that natural - gas and oil operations caused the majority, if not all, of the quakes since 2001. while the evidence is convincing that deep burial of drilling waste can trigger quakes, it also appears that few of the 40, 000 disposal wells nationwide have done so, rubinstein said. \u201c but i don \u2019 t think blowing this off is a good idea, \u201d he said. \u201c it \u2019 s a problem we need to understand. there \u2019 s been millions of dollars of damage. if you trigger bigger earthquakes, there \u2019 s a possibility of worse outcomes. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4206390881393329, "token_count": 471, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.799898"} {"text": "pollution of earth and water is driving indigenous peoples from their homelands by miriam raftery april 27, 2013 ( san diego ) - - around the world, including here in the u. s., native people are losing lands they have occupied for countless generations. the earth and water that sustained life in their communities is being destroyed \u2013 once - mighty rivers and wetlands reduced to barren, parched or even contaminated land. the story is the same from tribes along the colorado river to those deep in the amazon, from the deserts of southern california to the jungles of mexico, from the coal fields of appalachia to the copper mining pits of arizona to indigenous people \u2019 s lands in canada threatened by the keystone pipeline. the culprit? growing demand for energy and water. now, native people are speaking out. they hope to educate the public to conserve precious resources, sharing knowledge of the heart - breaking price being paid by people who have been given no choice \u2014 and whose very cultural identity centers around the lands and waters being lost. native american heritage commission declares ocotillo wind site a sacred site ; asks attorney general to weigh legal action \u201c i really want to say ` dismantle it and give the land back to the tribes \u2026 i \u2019 d like to ask the attorney general to \u2026 give this commission more teeth so we could say ` tear that wall down. \u201d - - commissioner marshall mckay view video highlights : http : / / youtu. be / ns93bft6jui ( for full unedited videos, scroll to bottom of this story ) by miriam raftery april 26, 2013 ( san diego ) \u2013 at a hearing in san diego on monday, members of the state native american heritage commission heard several hours of emotional testimony from native americans who contend that the u. s. bureau of land management ignored their concerns and its duty to protect a clearly documented sacred site and cemetery in the fast - tracked approval process for the ocotillo express wind facility. by a 4 - 0 vote, with the remaining commissioners absent, the nahc voted to grant requests by viejas and quechan tribes to declare the 12, 400 acre ocotillo wind project site a sanctified native american sacred site. further, the commissioners voted unanimously to ask california attorney general kamala harris to research if legal action can be taken. april 19, 2013 ( alpine ) \u2013 bird singers, resources, food, activities, crafts for kids, entertain and more are all part of the southern indian health clinic \u2019 s annual spring gathering set for april 27", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39960698661338034, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.817960"} {"text": "research if legal action can be taken. april 19, 2013 ( alpine ) \u2013 bird singers, resources, food, activities, crafts for kids, entertain and more are all part of the southern indian health clinic \u2019 s annual spring gathering set for april 27 from 10 a. m. to 2 p. m. at the alpine clinic, 4058 williows road in alpine. by miriam raftery april 12, 2013 ( san diego \u2019 s east county ) \u2013 the california native american heritage ( cnah ) commission will hold a hearing in san diego on monday, april 22 at 11 a. m. the hearing will focus on results of an nahc investigation into local tribes ' allegations that the federal government failed to protect native american cultural resources at the ocotillo express wind facility site. the hearing will be in the state of california building, 1350 front street, san diego 92101 ( between a and ash streets ). a hearing previously set for february was cancelled without explanation. the cnah had issued a draft report in support of claims by the viejas band of the kumeyaay indians and quechan indian nation that the bureau of land management failed in its duty to protect cultural resources, including human remains and sacred sites, at the ocotillo project. the draft staff report detailed a disturbing pattern by the blm, pattern energy and a project archaeology consultant of ignoring tribal concerns and failing in its duty to protect cultural resources. penn national gaming signs agreement with jamul indian village for $ 360 million hollywood - branded casino & resort april 7, 2013 ( jamul ) - - penn national gaming, inc. ( nasdaq : penn ) announced friday that one of its wholly - owned subsidiaries and the jamul indian village ( \u201c the tribe \u201d ) have entered into definitive agreements to jointly develop a hollywood - branded casino and resort on the tribe \u2019 s trust land in san diego \u2019 s east county. the proposed $ 360 million development would include a three - story gaming and entertainment facility of approximately 200, 000 square feet featuring at least 1, 700 slot machines, 50 live table games including poker, multiple restaurants, bars and lounges and a partially enclosed parking structure with over 1, 900 spaces. editor ' s note : this is a victory born in the idle no more movement for native rights, which has spread from canada to the u. s. ecm recently covered idle no more speakers in san diego, including local kumeyaay members. by sarah hales - ried ( reprinted with permission of san diego loves green )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41886862104388545, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.818940"} {"text": "rights, which has spread from canada to the u. s. ecm recently covered idle no more speakers in san diego, including local kumeyaay members. by sarah hales - ried ( reprinted with permission of san diego loves green ) march 28, 2013 ( ottaway, canada ) - - after over two months and 1600 kilometres ( approx. 994 miles ) of walking, the journey of nishiyuu - a cree word meaning \u201c the people \u201d - reached cam - nada ' s parliament hill, in ottawa, on monday, march 25. that same day, bernard valcourt, minister of aboriginal affairs and northern development, formally welcomed eight first nation communities into canada ' s first nations land management regime. story and photos by miriam raftery, video by paul kruze march 22, 2013 ( alpine ) \u2013 \u201c this truly is a game changer for east county, \u201d said joe terzi, chief executive officer of the san diego tourism authority, at a vip grand opening last night of the $ 36 million, five - story hotel at viejas casino & resort in alpine. he hailed the new resort as a \u201c great new addition to the san diego region \u201d that will help east county benefit from tourism that drives san diego \u2019 s economy. dignitaries and community leaders from across our region turned out for last night \u2019 s occasion. a second opening for the public, including a free world premier performance of the cirque - style show \u201c rise \u201d, will be held on saturday night, march 23 along with fireworks to celebrate east county \u2019 s landmark new addition. view our exclusive video, see our photo gallery and read details of this landmark occasion below. march 18, 2013 ( el cajon ) \u2013 sycuan casino in el cajon has agreed to serve as presenting sponsor of the 12th annual san diego advertising fund for emergencies ( safe ) fundraiser and party from 6 to 9 p. m. on thursday, march 21, at the ivy rooftop lounge atop the andaz san diego, 600 \u201c f \u201d st., in the gaslamp district in downtown san diego. safe is a volunteer, non - profit organization ( 501c3 ) that provides confidential financial assistance to local advertising and marketing professionals and their families facing a life crisis emergency. the fundraiser will feature food, networking, entertainment and a silent auction to benefit safe grant recipients. cost to attend is $ 50 per person, $ 30 per person for students, or $ 70 per person at the door. for tickets and more information, visit www. aboutsa", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44558073180765945, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.819881"} {"text": ", networking, entertainment and a silent auction to benefit safe grant recipients. cost to attend is $ 50 per person, $ 30 per person for students, or $ 70 per person at the door. for tickets and more information, visit www. aboutsafe. org. reader \u2019 s editorial : smoking blunderbuss \u2014 illegal failure to consult with tribal peoples dooms giant solar and wind plants across west by robert lundahl march 10, 2013 ( solana beach ) \u2014 chris clarke ' s recent article deconstructs a video clip from the film, \" who are my people? \" http : / / www. kcet. org / news / rewire / solar / filmmaker - blm - lax - on - native - consultation - over - solar - projects. html it is important for the public ( us ) to get our heads around the idea that the federal government is legally responsible to native people. in this case to uphold processes involving consultation when construction projects impact historic grounds, where there was a village, burials, where there is an area historically, or in the present day used by native peoples, in spiritual or traditional practices. by miriam raftery march 8, 2013 ( san diego ) \u2013 troy teague, former executive director of the la posta gaming commission, pled guilty today to embezzling $ 57, 000 from the la posta band of mission indians. the plea was made before magistrate judge jan adler, u. s. attorney laura e. duffy announced. the la posta casino ( photo, left ) shut down in october 2012. a letter written by tribal council chairwoman gwendolyn parada to employees stated that the casino, located off i - 8, would close \u201c due to its current financial situation, \u201d 10 news reported. the smallest of san diego county \u2019 s casinos, at its peak la posta employed approximately 100 people. speakers see parallels between destruction by energy companies in our region to environmental degradation, erosion of protections for people around the world by miriam raftery january 31, 2013 ( san diego ) \u2013 idle no more, a movement for the rights of indigenous people and environmental protections that began in canada, has spread around the world and has now taken root here in san diego. earlier this month, members of local native american tribes met convened at a forum sponsored by activist san diego to share their concerns and invite all people to join the movement. \u201c we must stand up to unite, to respect the mother earth, \u201d dennis alto, a viejas tribal member, said. \u201c we are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4600452898377776, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.820963"} {"text": "at a forum sponsored by activist san diego to share their concerns and invite all people to join the movement. \u201c we must stand up to unite, to respect the mother earth, \u201d dennis alto, a viejas tribal member, said. \u201c we are not just addressing the red nations ; we are addressing all people. \u201d the idle no more movement arose in canada as a protest against the canadian government passing bills which enabled the government to control lands reserved for native people and reduce environmental protections for lakes and rivers. tar sands, pollution from mining and other sources are polluting the waters and the lands. tribal members draw parallels to what is happening in the u. s., where mining, dams, and now large - scale wind and solar projects are ravaging the environment, destroying cultural resources and the way of life for many indigenous americans. ca native american heritage commission issues report backing viejas and quechan claims of ocotoillo wind site harm to sacred sites commission urges ca attorney general to file suit if mitigation requests not met update february 12, 2013 : a hearing set for february 15 in san diego has been postponed. by miriam raftery january 22, 2013 ( ocotillo ) \u2013 the california native american heritage commission ( cnah ) has issued a report in support of the viejas band of the kumeyaay indians and the quechan indian nation claims that the bureau of land management failed in its duty to protect cultural resources including human remains and sacred sites at the ocotillo express wind facility. the draf staff report details a disturbing pattern by the blm, pattern energy and a project archaeology consultant of ignoring tribal concerns and failing in its duty to protect cultural resources. the tribes petitioned the nahc to investigate and conduct a public hearing to consider tribal requests to declare the entire 12, 500 acre site a \u2018 sanctified cemetery \u2019. tribes also seek to have the project halted to assess damage and want agencies to consult with tribes to agree on mitigation measures to prevent further harm to a broader region. the case has broad national significance, with hundreds of millions of acres of public lands slated for renewable energy projects. the nahc has cancelled a public hearing that had been scheduled at the state of california building on front street in downtown san diego for february 15, offering no explanation for the indefinite postponement. by miriam raftery january 21, 2013 ( san diego ) \u2013 on friday, january 18, u. s. district court judge gonzalo curiel heard arguments in a lawsuit filed by the quechan tribe", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43183886433527047, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.822153"} {"text": "for the indefinite postponement. by miriam raftery january 21, 2013 ( san diego ) \u2013 on friday, january 18, u. s. district court judge gonzalo curiel heard arguments in a lawsuit filed by the quechan tribe of the fort yuma indian reservation against the u. s. department of the interior and bureau of land management, as well as pattern energy and other defendants. the suit contends that the federal government failed to protect native american cultural resources, including sacred sites, when it allowed the ocotillo wind energy facility to be built. moreover, quechan contends that the federal government ' s reclassification of protected lands to accommodate the wind project was arbitrary - - and that a similar decision to industrialize almost any public lands regardless of damage to resources could be done if the government ' s action is allowed to stand. by miriam raftery u. s. district court judge gonzalo curiel heard arguments in a lawsuit filed by the quechan tribe of the fort yuma indian reservation against the u. s. department of the interior and bureau of land management, among others. the suit contends that the federal government failed to protect native american cultural resources, including sacred sites, when it allowed the ocotillo wind energy facility to be built. december 22, 2012 \u2013 ( san diego ) - - members of the viejas band of kumeyaay indians have voted in a new tribal council, returning five of seven incumbents, including chairman anthony r. pico. voting took place saturday, december 15 at the viejas tribal hall. members of the new tribal council are as follows ( i = incumbent ) : chairman : anthony r. pico ( i ) vice chairman : robert \u201c cita \u201d welch ( i ) secretary : anita uqualla ( i ) treasurer : sam q. brown ( i ) councilmember : raymond \u201c bear \u201d cuero ( i ) councilmember : adrian k. brown councilmember : ernest \u201c chuka \u201d pingleton december 18, 2012 ( san diego ) - - for the 10th consecutive year, the sycuan band of the kumeyaay nation, owners of the sycuan resort & casino in el cajon, sponsored the national multiple sclerosis society \u2019 s free annual family holiday party for people with ms, as well as their family members and caregivers. the national ms society in san diego said more than 600 people attended the 2012 event held on sunday, dec. 9 at the san diego community concourse", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44570483159725016, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.823084"} {"text": "free annual family holiday party for people with ms, as well as their family members and caregivers. the national ms society in san diego said more than 600 people attended the 2012 event held on sunday, dec. 9 at the san diego community concourse golden hall in downtown san diego. the holiday party featured a brunch, entertainment and gifts for children delivered by one of santa \u2019 s helpers. sycuan has sponsored the annual event since 2003. december 13, 2012 ( san diego ) \u2013 as an air of excitement and anticipation hung over the 37th annual stoney & rob \u2019 s holiday party and fundraiser, the curtain was raised on the stage of the dreamcatcher at viejas casino last week to reveal more than 7, 000 toys that will go to needy families in the area. the exact number this year was 7, 217 \u2014 more than twice the 3, 000 gifts raised last year by team members and guests at viejas casino and outlets. november 29, 2012 ( el cajon ) \u2013 a native plant garden tour will take place in the water conservation garden at cuyamaca college, 12122 cuyamaca college dr. west, el cajon on december 1 at 10 : 30 a. m. the native plant tour, guided by garden docent, jan tubiolo, explores the lifestyle of the kumeyaay indians in southern california and the tremendous role native plants played in every aspect of their lives. by miriam raftery november 29, 2012 ( la mesa ) \u2013 viejas firefighters, clad in uniforms, santa hats and reindeer antlers, rolled into action at target in grossmont center today to stock up on toys for needy local children. more than 80 viejas tribal government staffers donated funds to purchase 30 bicycles. \u201c we \u2019 re here because we want to bring a little bit of joy to some kids who may need that, \u201d viejas tribal chairman anthony pico told ecm. \u201c we know what it \u2019 s like to be poverty stricken and perhaps to have christmas with no gift. it means so much more when you know where you \u2019 ve come from and where you \u2019 re going. \u201d he smiled, adding with a santa - like twinkle in his eye, \u201c these are some of the most fun times of the year. \u201d by ariele johannson november 20, 2012 ( alpine ) - - viejas tribal leaders, casino executives, civic and community leaders, and guests came together for an outdoor topping off ceremony on wednesday, november 13, 2012. more than 100 people assembled in front of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.3978219075643123, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.824001"} {"text": "johannson november 20, 2012 ( alpine ) - - viejas tribal leaders, casino executives, civic and community leaders, and guests came together for an outdoor topping off ceremony on wednesday, november 13, 2012. more than 100 people assembled in front of the new five - story viejas hotel, amid the noise of hammers, drills, and construction workers \u2019 shouts. this month, the much - anticipated viejas hotel enters its final construction stages. the non - smoking viejas hotel with valet parking is scheduled to open in the spring of 2013. viejas casino, owned by the viejas band of kumeyaay indians, is one of the most successful tribal casinos in california. by miriam raftery november 12, 2012 ( boulevard ) \u2014 at the latest boulevard planning group meeting, community members including native americans shared heart - wrenching stories of how the nation ' s quest for renewable energy is upending their lives, dividing their communities, imperiling their health, and threatening their futures. as in ocotillo, where a wind project has anguished tribal members and residents with destruction of cultural and environmental resources, the community of boulevard now faces an onslaught of massive \" green \" energy projects on public, tribal and private lands. tule wind project \u2019 s turbines on ridgelines will be \u201c deadly \u201d for golden eagles in san diego county, wildlife biologist predicts october 29, 2012 ( san diego \u2019 s east county ) \u2013 wildlife biologist jim wiegand, vice president of save the eagles international, has sent a letter to bureau of indian affairs \u2019 regional director amy dutsche warning that the tule wind project will be \u201c deadly \u201d for eagles in our region. october 22, 2012 ( alpine ) \u2013 a u. s. navy veteran planning to retire soon hit a jackpot worth $ 501, 430. 49 on a wheel of fortune slot machine at viejas casino. the winner, who is from san diego, chose to remain anonymous. he hit the early - retirement jackpot while playing a $ 1 wheel of fortune progressive slot machine on saturday morning, october 13, at viejas casino. jpa is first in california involving a native american tribe by miriam raftery october 18, 2012 ( el cajon ) \u2013 the viejas band of kumeyaay indians and heartland fire training authority this week announced that they have entered into a historic joint powers agreement ( jpa ). \u201c this jpa finally allows viejas to have a seat at the table and have a full and meaningful partnership with other fire agencies that we \u2019 ve", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.41343087633005793, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.825063"} {"text": "training authority this week announced that they have entered into a historic joint powers agreement ( jpa ). \u201c this jpa finally allows viejas to have a seat at the table and have a full and meaningful partnership with other fire agencies that we \u2019 ve worked with for years in a very productive way, \u201d said viejas fire chief don butz. \u201c ultimately, this benefits the entire region, since wildfires and other natural disasters do not recognize geographic, political or other borders. we are all stronger and better protected when we work and train together. \u201d october 14, 2012 ( pala ) \u2013 a coalition fighting to stop out - of - town investors from developing a garbage dump in gregory canyon near pala will rally at the pala rey youth camp on saturday, october 20 from 10 : 00 a. m. to 2 : 00 p. m. on october 20. robert smith, chairman of the pala band of mission indians and shasta gaughen, epa director of the pala indians will be among the speakers and honored guests. the event will also feature traditional bird singing to protect gregory canyon as well as information on the fight to save the sacred mountain, which includes rock paintings and a medicine rock. blistering desert solar meeting : destruction of native american sacred sites and lack of consultation dominate blm begins rio mesa project eis process to strong opposition over desert solar siting story and photo by robert lundahl september 17, 2012 ( blythe, california ) - - the bureau of land management scoping meeting for the rio mesa solar plant outside blythe, california likely caused heartburn for the blm, applicant brightsource, and related subcontractors and agencies last thursday. by miriam raftery september 21, 2012 ( san diego \u2019 s east county ) \u2013 a new documentary directed by robert lundahl provides an unprecedented look at how fast - tracking of federal energy projects is having devastating impacts on native american cultural sites, destroying sacred landscapes and geoglyphs thousands of years old. view film trailer : http : / / planet - rla. com / who - are - my - people - film - trailer / the film has enjoyed the support of native american elders, including sr. alfredo figueroa ( yaqui / chemehuevi ), rev. ron van fleet ( mohave ), phil smith ( chemehuevi ), and preston arrow - weed ( kumeyaay / quechan ), who appear in the film. by miriam raftery september 17, 2012 ( alpine", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4230339196465621, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.826026"} {"text": ". ron van fleet ( mohave ), phil smith ( chemehuevi ), and preston arrow - weed ( kumeyaay / quechan ), who appear in the film. by miriam raftery september 17, 2012 ( alpine ) \u2013 what could be more heavenly than a day at alpine \u2019 s new spa for a stressed - out news editor and her assistant? with high hopes, mayan and i headed out to native dreams day spa in the viejas outlet center, where our expectations were met and exceeded by the excellent services and products as we savored an afternoon of pampering and primping. september 19, 2012 ( alpine ) \u2013 viejas casino, southern california \u2019 s premier gaming, dining and entertainment destination, on september 14, set a new guinness record for the world \u2019 s largest blackjack table. the record was set at 9 : 45 a. m. september 13, as six guests sat at a massive blackjack table measuring just over 2, 226 square feet and played a hand of blackjack with chips and cards that were ten times the size of the actual viejas blackjack chips and cards. philip robertson, an official \u201c adjudicator \u201d for guinness was on hand to confirm the measurements and witness the hand of blackjack \u2026 and the new record was officially certified amid a rousing round of cheers and applause from viejas team members and guests in the dreamcatcher at viejas casino. september 12, 2012 ( el cajon ) \u2013 the heritage of the americas museum presents \u201c native american song cycles and creation stories in southern california \u201d with steve elster, ph. d. on september 22 at 1 : 00 p. m. in the museum conference room. tribal members throughout the region will sing and speak as they give a rendition of their stories. the cost of admission is $ 5. 00, however museum members and children are free. the museum is located at 12110 cuyamaca college drive west, el cajon. for more information call the museum at 619 - 670 - 5194 or visit www. cuyamaca. edu / museum.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4156016365653685, "token_count": 430, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.826908"} {"text": "spend or save? it ' s the age - old question facing anyone with a checkbook and a piggy bank. now, policymakers are applying the same concept to the public \u2019 s consumption of power. while states continue to pursue and promote greater use of renewable power to help address global climate change and energy shortages, many also are looking at efficiency as a policy tool to help them achieve the same goal. call it the piggy bank approach. this spring, two states adopted standards to achieve energy savings through greater efficiency at the utility and consumer levels. in february, new mexico gov. bill richardson signed legislation strengthening the state \u2019 s efficient use of energy act. the legislation directs electric and gas utilities to provide cost - effective and achievable energy - - efficiency resources to their customers. mirroring the state \u2019 s renewable portfolio standard, which requires utilities to derive a minimum amount of power from alternative energy sources, the law also establishes an efficiency standard for providers. electric utilities must achieve a savings of at least five percent from their 2005 sales levels through efficiency measures by the year 2014. that number increases to 10 percent by 2020. to meet the requirements of the changes, utilities in new mexico could fund and implement a variety of programs, such as rebates for energy - efficient appliances, compact fluorescent lamp exchanges and home weatherization assistance. the law also declares that it is necessary to provide financial incentives for energy efficiency and load - management resources and that energy - efficiency programs must be cost effective and less expensive than pursuing new sources of supply. following new mexico \u2019 s lead, vermont also has approved a bill that will promote energy efficiency and renewable energy throughout the state. vermont \u2019 s energy efficiency and affordability act of 2008 creates a new $ 4 million fuel - efficiency fund that will be financed from existing revenues and from the sale of emission credits. among other things, the new law expands net metering to include renewable energy systems up to 250 kilowatts in capacity, up from only 15 kilowatts, and allows for combined heat and power systems up to 20 kilowatts in capacity. the bill also doubles the cap on net - metered systems to 2 percent of the peak demand as of 1996. it allows farms to have rickall their electric meters consolidated on paper into one net - metered system, and it allows groups of buildings, such as a school district or town center, to also be consolidated on paper into one net - metered system.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5093470594232007, "token_count": 497, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.829513"} {"text": "the rocky mountain institute ( rmi ) has launched a new online calculator to help architects, designers, and builders achieve carbon emission reduction goals for new construction and retrofit residential and commercial projects. called green footstep, the free carbon calculator allows designers to address multiple sources of carbon emissions over a building ' s lifetime and estimate the impact of specific design decisions in the quest for carbon neutrality. in addition to carbon neutrality and net - zero site energy performance goals, green footstep also helps designers comply with the u. s. green building council ' s leed energy credit guidelines and the goals of architecture 2030 ' s 2030 challenge. green footstep gives designers the tools to make more informed design decisions by allowing them to estimate a building ' s life cycle carbon footprint. the program accounts for a project site ' s intrinsic carbon storage and weighs it against the carbon emissions generated by site preparation, construction, and operation of the building. users can see the areas in which their projects fall short of carbon reduction or energy performance goals and make changes accordingly. \" green footstep allows designers to adjust design targets, such as building energy use intensity and incorporating more renewables, that will get the building out of carbon debt, edging the building closer to carbon neutrality, \" says michael bendewald, the rmi analyst who developed the calculator, in a statement announcing the online tool. rmi recommends designers, builders, architects, and other users employ green footstep for a project as early as the pre - design phase and then test multiple target design changes, as necessary, throughout the design process. users simply input project information \u2014 including location, site characteristics, and building characteristics \u2014 and the program generates a carbon emissions building performance report. the green footstep web site also offers building case studies revealing how the program has helped other projects reach carbon reduction goals. by creating a free account, users can input project information and goals, save them, and revisit them to make changes or updates. to learn more about using green footstep, click here. stephani l. miller is associate editor of residential architect magazine.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48962861152727216, "token_count": 436, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.831802"} {"text": "the coal question a notion is very prevalent that in the continuous progress of science some substitute for coal will be found \u2014 some source of motive power as much surpassing steam as steam surpasses animal labour. the popular scientific writer dr. lardner, in the following passage of his treatise on the steam engine, contributed to spread such notions \u2014 in him, as a scientific man, inexcusable. * 13 \" the enormous consumption of coals, produced by the application of the steam - engine, in the arts and manufactures, as well as railways and navigation, has, of late years, excited the fears of many as to the possibility of the exhaustion of our coal - mines. such apprehensions are, however, groundless. if the present consumption of coal be estimated at sixteen millions of tons annually, it is demonstrable that the coal - fields of this country would not be exhausted for many centuries. \" but, in speculations like these, the probable, if not certain, progress of improvement and discovery ought not to be overlooked ; and we may safely pronounce that, long before such a period of time shall have rolled away, other and more powerful mechanical agents will supersede the use of coal. philosophy already directs her finger at sources of inexhaustible power in the phenomena of electricity and magnetism. the alternate decomposition and recomposition of water, by magnetism and electricity, has too close an analogy to the alternate processes of vaporization and condensation not to occur at once to every mind ; the development of the gases from solid matter, by the operation of the chemical affinities, and their subsequent condensation into the liquid form, has already been essayed as a source of power. in a word, the general state of physical science at the present moment ; the vigour, activity, and sagacity with which researches in it are prosecuted in every civilized country ; the increasing consideration in which scientific men are held, and the personal honours and rewards which begin to be conferred upon them : all justify the expectation that we are on the eve of mechanical discoveries still greater than any which have yet appeared ; and that the steam - engine itself, with the gigantic powers conferred upon it by the immortal watt, will dwindle into insignificance, in comparison with the energies of nature which are still to be revealed ; and that the day will come when that machine, which is now extending the blessings of civilization to the most remote skirts of the globe, will cease to have existence,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5624365157938235, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.859945"} {"text": ". some distinct sources are of inconsiderable importance, such as the fall of meteoric stones, the fall of rocks, or the heat derivable from sulphur, and other native combustible substances. the internal heat of the earth, again, presents an immense store of force, but being powerfully manifested only in the hot - spring or the volcano, it is not available to us. the tides arising from the attractions of the sun, earth, and moon, present another source of power, which is, and often has been, used in one way or another, and shall be considered. the remaining natural sources of force are the complicated light, heat, chemical and magnetic influences of the sun ' s rays. the light, or chemical action, is the origin of organic fuel, in all its forms of wood, peat, bitumen, coal, & c. ; while the heat occasions the motions of the winds and falling waters. the electricity of the air and the thunder - storm, and the electric currents of the earth, are probably secondary effects of the other influences. among these several manifestations of force, our choice must, in all reasonable probability, be made. now it will be easily seen that nature is to us almost unbounded, but that economy consists in discovering and picking out those almost infinitesimal portions which best serve our purpose. we disregard the abundant vegetation, and live upon the small grain of corn ; we burn down the largest tree, that we may use its ashes ; or we wash away ten thousand parts of rock, and sand, and gravel, that we may extract the particle of gold. millions, too, live, and work, and die, in the accustomed grooves for the one lee, or savery, or crompton, or watt, who uses his minute personal contribution of labour to the best effect. so material nature presents to us the aspect of one continuous waste of force and matter beyond our control. the power we employ in the greatest engine is but an infinitesimal portion withdrawn from the immeasurable expense of natural forces. * 14 but civilization, as liebig said, is the economy of power, and consists in withdrawing and using our small fraction of force in a happy mode and moment. the rude forces of nature are too great for us, as well as too slight. it is often all we can do to escape injury from them, instead of making them obey us. and while the sun annually showers down upon us about a thousand times as much heat", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.619090335989406, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.862100"} {"text": "of nature are too great for us, as well as too slight. it is often all we can do to escape injury from them, instead of making them obey us. and while the sun annually showers down upon us about a thousand times as much heat - power as is contained in all the coal we raise annually ; yet that thousandth part, being under perfect control, is a sufficient basis of all our economy and progress. the first great requisite of motive power is, that it shall be wholly at our command, to be exerted when and where and in what degree we desire. the wind, for instance, as a direct motive power, is wholly inapplicable to a system of machine labour, for during a calm season the whole business of the country would be thrown out of gear. before the era of steam - engines ; windmills were tried for draining mines ; \" but though they were powerful machines, they were very irregular, so that in a long tract of calm weather the mines were drowned, and all the workmen thrown idle. from this cause, the contingent expenses of these machines were very great ; besides, they were only applicable in open and elevated situations. \" no possible concentration of windmills, again, would supply the force required in large factories or iron works. an ordinary windmill has the power of about thirty - four men, * 15 or at most, seven horses. many ordinary factories would therefore require ten windmills to drive them ; and the great dowlais ironworks, employing a total engine power of 7, 308 horses, * 16 would require no less than 1, 000 large windmills! in navigation the power of the wind is more applicable, as it is seldom wanting in the open sea, and in long voyages the chances are that the favourable will compensate the unfavourable winds. but in shorter voyages the uncertainty and delay of sailing vessels used to be intolerable. it is not more than forty years since passengers for ireland or for the continent had sometimes to wait for weeks until a contrary wind had blown itself out. such uncertain delays dislocate business, and prevent it from proceeding in the rapid and machine - like manner which is necessary for economy. hence the gradual substitution of steam for sailing vessels. in the steam boiler, indeed, we have the veritable bag of \u00e6olus ; and thus, though steam is a most costly power, it is certain, and our sea captains are beginning to look upon wind as a noxious disturbing influence. in a well - established and connected", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5652508993116486, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.863114"} {"text": "have the veritable bag of \u00e6olus ; and thus, though steam is a most costly power, it is certain, and our sea captains are beginning to look upon wind as a noxious disturbing influence. in a well - established and connected system of communications, there is little or no use, and often a good deal of harm, in reaching a place before the appointed time. thus there is a tendency to decline the aid of sails even when the wind is favourable and strong, and, unless for the purpose of saving fuel, a point little attended to as yet, it cannot be said that there is any benefit to be derived from sails equivalent to their trouble and cost. it is certainty that is the highest benefit of steam communication. the regularity and rapidity of a steam vessel render it an economical mode of conveyance even for a heavy freight like coal. the first cost of a steam collier is five times as much as for sailing colliers of equal tonnage. but then capital invested in the steam vessel is many times as efficient as in the sailing vessel. a steam collier can receive her cargo of 1, 200 tons at newcastle in four hours, reach london in thirty - two hours, discharge by steam hydraulic machinery in ten hours, and return to newcastle with water ballast within seventy - six hours for the round voyage. a single collier has been known to make fifty - seven voyages to london in one year, delivering 62, 842 tons of coal with a crew of twenty - one persons. to accomplish the same work with sailing colliers would require sixteen vessels, and 144 hands. * 17 the same necessity for regularity may be still more clearly seen in land conveyance. a wind - waggon would undoubtedly be the cheapest kind of conveyance if it would always go the right way. simon stevin invented such a carriage, which carried twenty - eight persons, and is said to have gone seven leagues an hour. * 18 sailing coal - waggons were tried by sir humphrey mackworth at neath about the end of the seventeenth century, and waller eulogizes these \" new sailing waggons, for the cheap carriage of his coal to the waterside, whereby one horse does the work of ten at all times ; but when any wind is stirring ( which is seldom wanting near the sea ), one man and a small sail do the work of twenty. \" * 19 nearly a century later richard lovell edge - worth spent forty years ' labour in trying to bring wind carriages into use. but no ing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5278341447713608, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.864251"} {"text": "is seldom wanting near the sea ), one man and a small sail do the work of twenty. \" * 19 nearly a century later richard lovell edge - worth spent forty years ' labour in trying to bring wind carriages into use. but no ingenuity could prevent them from being uncertain : and their rapidity with a strong breeze was such, that, as was said of stevin ' s carriage, \" they seemed to fly, rather than roll along the ground. \" such rapidity not under full control must be in the highest degree dangerous. \" nothing could at first sight have seemed more improbable than the success of the steam locomotive over the atmospheric locomotive. the power of the air, which was absolutely gratuitous, was proved to be capable of impelling railway carriages as effectually as the power of steam, generated by coals which were procured at a great cost, and were brought from a considerable distance. but the conditions under which the force of the atmosphere could be applied were so onerous that the invention ceased to present the character of an aid, and its use has consequently been discontinued. \" * 20 it is the characteristic of certainty which led brindley strongly to prefer canals to improved river navigations. rivers he regarded as only fit to feed canals, and as being themselves subject to floods and droughts, he characterised them \" as out of the power of art to remedy. \" * 21 many of brindley ' s finest engineering works on the bridge - water canal were directed to warding off the interference of river floods. yet even his great canal was subject to be frozen up in winter and to be let dry for repairs in summer, and we could not tolerate the inconvenience and loss which a stoppage of traffic would now occasion in our large and nicely - jointed system of trade. uncertainty will for ever render aerial conveyance a commercial impossibility. a balloon or aerial machine does not enjoy like a ship the reaction of a second medium. it is subject to the full influence of the wind. thus, even if an aerial machine could be propelled by some internal power from fifty to a hundred miles an hour, it could not make head against a gale. to say nothing of the facts that balloon travelling must be dangerous, that it is really dependent on the use of fuel, and cannot, as far as we can yet see, ever be rendered practicable or cheap, it is, beyond all this, subject to natural uncertainty necessarily precluding its general use. atmospheric", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5280934892780618, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.865251"} {"text": "it is really dependent on the use of fuel, and cannot, as far as we can yet see, ever be rendered practicable or cheap, it is, beyond all this, subject to natural uncertainty necessarily precluding its general use. atmospheric or terrestrial electricity has, no doubt, suggested itself to some as a source of power. the thunder - cloud, the aurora borealis, and the earth - current of the telegraphic wire, are natural manifestations of electric power, which might possibly be utilized. but such secondary forces are altogether inconsiderable in amount, compared with the forces of heat and wind, from which they doubtless arise. in fact, they are scarcely sensible, except during thunder, auroral or magnetic storms, when they become destructive, and interrupt our telegraphic communications. we should no more think of waiting for a magnetic storm to move our engines, than brindley would have thought of waiting for a mountain torrent to float his canal boats. the first essential of a motive force is constancy ; natural electricity, on the contrary, possesses all the characteristics of uncertainty and extreme irregularity, which are most opposed to utility. we meet, however, a constant and manageable source of force in water power. the water - wheel, or the turbine, possesses a natural tendency to uniformity of motion, even more perfect than that bestowed on the engine by watt ' s \" governor. \" water power is, in this respect, the best motive power, and is sometimes used on this account, where a very delicate machine requires to be driven at a perfectly constant rate. when an abundant natural fall of water is at hand, nothing can be cheaper or better than water power. but everything depends upon local circumstances. the occasional mountain torrent is simply destructive. many streams and rivers only contain sufficient water half the year round, and costly reservoirs alone could keep up the summer supply. in flat countries no engineering art could procure any considerable supply of natural water power, and in very few places do we find water power free from occasional failure by drought. the necessity, again, of carrying the work to the power, not the power to the work, is a disadvantage in water power, and wholly prevents that concentration of works in one neighbourhood which is highly advantageous to the perfection of our mechanical system. even the cost of conveying materials often overbalances the cheapness of water power. the splendid katrine water mills recently constructed by mr. fairbairn are in the best natural circumstances, and give a nominal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5786444224237002, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.867192"} {"text": "the perfection of our mechanical system. even the cost of conveying materials often overbalances the cheapness of water power. the splendid katrine water mills recently constructed by mr. fairbairn are in the best natural circumstances, and give a nominal power of 100 horses at an annual cost of 1, 260l. but mr. fairbairn calculates that an equivalent force from coals, at 7s. per ton, would only cost 1, 400l., and the difference is probably more than balanced by the cost of conveying raw materials and products to and from the mill, with the possibility, too, of an occasional scarcity of water during drought. * 22 it is usually possible, with more or less labour, to procure water power artificially, to store it up, and convey and expend it where we like. those who are acquainted with sir w. armstrong ' s beautiful apparatus for working cranes, dockgates, and performing other occasional services, will probably allow that the most perfect conceivable system of machine labour might be founded on hydraulic power. imagine an indefinite number of windmills, tidal - mills, and water - mills employed to pump water into a few immense reservoirs near our factory towns. water power might thence be distributed and sold, as water is now sold for domestic purposes. not only all large machines, but every crane, every lathe, every tool might be worked by water from a supply pipe, and in our houses a multitude of domestic operations, such as ventilation, washing, the turning of the spit, might be facilitated by water power. the first suggestion of a system of storing and distributing power seems to be due to denis papin, the french refugee engineer, the same who suggested the use of the steam - engine piston. * 23 in the transactions of the royal society for the year 1687 * 24 he described a method of prolonging the action of water - wheels by drawing and forcing air through tubes, which seems to involve the principle of the boring machines of the mont cenis tunnel, the new coal - cutting machine, and pneumatic and hydraulic apparatus generally. and it was bramah, a second french engineer, domiciled here, who first showed in practice the wonderful capabilities of hydraulic power. and so controllable, safe, clean, and irresistible is hydrostatic pressure, either of air or water, that, now our mechanical skill in construction is sufficiently advanced, it must come more and more into use. we might almost anticipate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5654287048593986, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.869381"} {"text": "and so controllable, safe, clean, and irresistible is hydrostatic pressure, either of air or water, that, now our mechanical skill in construction is sufficiently advanced, it must come more and more into use. we might almost anticipate from its wide adoption a perfect utopian system of machine labour, in which human labour would be restricted to the simple direction of the hydraulic pressure. but before indulging in imaginary approximations to perfection, it is well to inquire into the several conditions of possibility. to the capabilities of hydrostatic pressure there is perhaps physically speaking scarcely a limit, but commercially speaking our command of water power, or hydrostatic power, in whatever form, is nearly limited to our command of steam. it is steam that presents us with hydrostatic power in its most abundant and available form. water power in uniform abundance is to be had, in this country at least, only through steam ; and all experience points to the fact that, instead of water being a possible commercial substitute for steam, it is steam that from its first use has been a substitute for water power. a brief consideration of the history of the steam - engine will put this fact in the clearest light. though water power had been in use since the time of the romans, a great want was clearly felt in the seventeenth century of some new power, antithetical to water power, so to speak, and capable of overcoming it, so that drowned mines might be pumped dry, and water might be raised to furnish artificial water power, where a natural supply was not to be had. the earliest explicit patent for a new engine was directed to the raising of water, * 25 and the \" exact and true definition \" of the marquis of worcester ' s engine clearly expressed a similar purpose. \" there being indeed no place but either wanteth water, or is overburdened therewith... by this engine either defect is remediable. \" hence the marquis calls his invention a \" stupendous water commanding engine, \" and truly regarded it as a new primum mobile which was to overcome the force of falling water. his appreciation of the value of water power is shown by his remarkable motto : * 26 \u2014 \" whosoever is master of weight is master of force, \" and consequently, \" said he, \" to him all forcible actions and achievements are easy, which are in any wise beneficial to, or for, mankind. \" savery had no less correct and exalted notions of what his engine", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.6212882812991616, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.870347"} {"text": "\" and consequently, \" said he, \" to him all forcible actions and achievements are easy, which are in any wise beneficial to, or for, mankind. \" savery had no less correct and exalted notions of what his engine might accomplish by simply overcoming the gravity of water. it generated an universal motive power ; for he said, \" i have only this to urge, that water in its fall from any determinate height, has simply a force answerable to, and equal to the force that raises it ; \" * 27 and he hints at \" what may yet be brought to work by a steady stream and the rotation, or circular motion of a waterwheel, \" and \" what use this engine may be put to in working of mills, especially where coals are cheap. \" now during the greater part of last century the steam - engine did perform the duty alluded to ; it did pump up water and furnish artificial water power for turning mills and winding coals from mines. at the coalbrookdale iron works it accomplished an inestimable service by enabling darby to maintain and increase the blast of his new coal furnaces, an atmospheric engine being used to return the water from the lower to the higher mill - pond. * 28 had not the introduction of the crank, flywheel, and governor by watt, enabled us to communicate equable circular motion directly from a steam - engine to a machine, the water - wheel supplied with water by an engine would to this day be the source of motive power. as it is, of course steam power used directly is cheaper than steam power used indirectly. water power is now only used where a natural fall is easily available. such falls had in general become monopolised property from time immemorial, and naturally became the seats of factory labour, half a century or more ago. but it was the steam - engine which alone could allow the growth of our factory system, as seen in the fact that steam power employed in factories now exceeds water power six - fold. in 5, 117 textile factories existing in the united kingdom in 1856, the power employed consisted of, * 29 \u2014 the water - wheel, moreover, has, by the continued exertions of our great engineers, from smeaton down to fairbairn, been carried near its mathematical maximum of efficiency, whereas the engine yet gives us only a fraction of the power it may be made to give. the improvement of the engine has, in fact, caused it to be substituted successively in many", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5842335248211099, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.872507"} {"text": "fairbairn, been carried near its mathematical maximum of efficiency, whereas the engine yet gives us only a fraction of the power it may be made to give. the improvement of the engine has, in fact, caused it to be substituted successively in many mills before worked by water ; and could its efficiency be again doubled, as is not impossible, hardly could the best water power in the country withstand the superior economy of steam. the predominance of steam over water is seen in many other instances. it is a steam - engine that is used to supply water power for sir w. armstrong ' s apparatus, as at the liverpool and birkenhead docks. a handsome and lofty building will be seen near the birkenhead great float, containing a reservoir of artificial water power thus obtained. again, it is only the engine that can supply water for the manufacturing and domestic uses of our great towns like manchester and london. our factories, printworks, sugar refineries, breweries, and other works, find it a matter of immense cost and difficulty to get a plentiful supply of water from wells and pumping engines, or from natural sources. and if we can hardly supply our boilers with water, how can we dream of ever using water, instead of steam, in the cylinder, and as the motive power? the predominance of steam is further seen in its actual substitution for the windmill, or the tidal mill. wind - cornmills still go on working until they are burnt down, or out of repair ; they are then never rebuilt, but their work is transferred to steam - mills. yet the grinding of corn is a work most suitable to the variable power of the wind. again, if there is anything which could be cheaply done by wind, it is the raising of large masses of water where occasional irregularities are of no consequence, the rain and wind mostly coming together. yet the windmills long employed to drain the lincolnshire fens, as practised in holland, were at last superseded by powerful steam - engines, on the recommendation of mr. rennie. * 30 tidal mills are no novelty. one is mentioned in the first page and column of the domesday book as existing at dover. a tidal pump was long moved by the current under old london bridge, and supplied the city with water. a tidal corn - mill, too, of very ingenious construction, subsequently existed at woolwich. * 31 not long ago sir robert kane, in his \" industrial resources of ireland, \" * 32 supposed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5512527647758283, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.874347"} {"text": ", and supplied the city with water. a tidal corn - mill, too, of very ingenious construction, subsequently existed at woolwich. * 31 not long ago sir robert kane, in his \" industrial resources of ireland, \" * 32 supposed tidal mills to be capable of supplying motive power to ireland. the application of the tides to machine labour is rendered difficult on account of their variation from day to day. to gain a constant head of water always available we must either construct elaborate and costly high and low tide basins, or else we must use the variable tidal wheel to pump up water into a great reservoir. the estuary of the dee is one of the places best adapted to give a vast tidal power, and an anonymous but apparently able engineer has calculated what power might be utilised there. * 33 he considers that the equivalent steam power might be had at a capital cost of \u00a34, 000, 000, a sum wholly insufficient to provide the tidal works. hence he concludes that the tidal scheme would be at least commercially impracticable, and he doubts whether it would be at all possible mechanically speaking to construct embankments and tidal basins on loose sands. and whatever schemes of this sort be proposed we should remember that the tendency of tidal docks and reservoirs to silt up is an insuperable objection in cost. engineers, from the time of brindley, have constantly found that there is nothing more nearly beyond the remedy of art than the silting up of harbours, docks, and reservoirs. the great new birkenhead docks are threatened with this evil, and a tidal mill and reservoir constructed on the opposite side of the mersey about half a century ago was soon abandoned for a similar reason. it will, therefore, appear obvious that if we are to have a water power millennium of machine labour, which is physically possible, it must yet be using steam as the ultimate source of power. to go on to other suggestions, we may notice the very prevalent opinion that the electro - magnetic engine will some day supersede the steam - engine. such an engine, however, must be worked by an electro - positive metallic element as the source of power. now it is coal or fuel only by which we can smelt ores and obtain the metal required for the engine, and it is demonstrable that we should get far more force by using coal directly under a steam - engine boiler, than by using it to smelt metals for an electro - magnetic engine. after the exposure of the claims of such an engine", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5493613036365593, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.875344"} {"text": ", and it is demonstrable that we should get far more force by using coal directly under a steam - engine boiler, than by using it to smelt metals for an electro - magnetic engine. after the exposure of the claims of such an engine by baron liebig, * 34 i need not dwell upon it. the predominance of steam, too, is shown most clearly in the fact that the steam - engine is used conversely to turn faraday ' s magneto - electric machines, and supply electricity for telegraph purposes, and for illuminating lighthouses. and while force is found to be the cheapest source of electricity, it is impossible that electricity should be the cheapest source of force. the electro - magnetic engine might be found a convenient device for applying or concentrating force in some particular circumstances, but the force must ultimately be furnished by coal. hitherto we have considered mechanical force only, but it is obvious that if coal were used up we should want some source of heat as well as force. a favourite notion is to employ wind, water, or tidal mills to turn magneto - electric machines, and by the stream of electricity produced to decompose water, thus furnishing a continuous supply of artificial gaseous fuel. such a plan was proposed in the times during the discussion on the french treaty. but an answer, attributed to dr. percy of the school of mines, soon appeared, showing the amount of fuel derivable to be inconsiderable. the waste of power must be vastly greater in such a process of transmutation than in the system of artificial water power which we have considered. besides, if uniform experience is to be trusted, a steam - engine would be a much more economical means of turning the magneto - electric machines than either a wind, water, or tidal machine. we should therefore only use coal in a roundabout manner to generate a less valuable fuel. for the hydrogen gas generated, though in some instances valuable, would in general be immensely less convenient than coal. for equal weights, it gives about four times as much heat as coal, but hydrogen is so light that for equal volumes it gives one five - thousandth part as much heat. to compress it in a small space would require more force than the combustion of the fuel itself would furnish, and gas companies do not find it convenient to compress their gas. hydrogen too has so much higher a diffusive power than coal - gas, that it could hardly be retained in gasometers or ordinary", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.6153479707499789, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.876264"} {"text": "the fuel itself would furnish, and gas companies do not find it convenient to compress their gas. hydrogen too has so much higher a diffusive power than coal - gas, that it could hardly be retained in gasometers or ordinary pipes. even the loss of coal - gas by leakage is said to be nearly twenty - five per cent. of course it is useless to think of substituting any other kind of fuel for coal. we cannot revert to timber fuel, for \" nearly the entire surface of our island would be required to grow timber sufficient for the consumption of the iron manufacture alone. \" * 35 and i have independently calculated, from the known produce of continental forests, * 36 and the comparative heat - producing values of timber and coal, * 37 that forests of an extent two and a half times exceeding the whole area of the united kingdom would be required to furnish even a theoretical equivalent to our annual coal produce. practically, however, there are inconveniences about the use of timber that would altogether prevent it from nourishing a large manufacturing system. wood fuel is superior to coal in the single case of the iron smelting furnace ; but in most other uses, the greater bulk of wood, and the large areas of forest land over which it is spread, necessarily render it a costly and inefficient fuel compared with coal. peat, or turf, again, may no doubt be turned into fuel ; but, in spite of what has been said in its favour by sir r. kane, * 38 all experience shows that it is immensely inferior as regards cost and efficiency to coal. it is usually full, too, of phosphorus and sulphur, and thus has not even those advantages of purity which render timber so valuable for the iron blast furnace. petroleum has of late years become the matter of a most extensive trade, and has even been proposed by american inventors for use in marine steam - engine boilers. it is undoubtedly superior to coal for many purposes, and is capable of replacing it. but then, what is petroleum but the essence of coal, distilled from it by terrestrial or artificial heat? its natural supply is far more limited and uncertain than that of coal, its price is about 15l. per ton already, and an artificial supply can only be had by the distillation of some kind of coal at considerable cost. to extend the use of petroleum, then, is only a new way of pushing the consumption of coal. it is more likely to be an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5241295809796631, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.877170"} {"text": "and an artificial supply can only be had by the distillation of some kind of coal at considerable cost. to extend the use of petroleum, then, is only a new way of pushing the consumption of coal. it is more likely to be an aggravation of the drain than a remedy. coal has all those characteristics which entitle it to be considered the best natural source of motive power. it is like a spring, wound up during geological ages for us to let down. just as in alluvial deposits of gold - dust we enjoy the labour of the natural forces which for ages were breaking down the quartz veins and washing out the gold ready for us, so in our seams we have peculiar stores of force collected from the sunbeams for us. coal contains light and heat bottled up in the earth, as stephenson said, for tens of thousands of years, and now again brought forth and made to work for human purposes. the amount of power contained in coal is almost incredible. in burning a single pound of coal there is force developed equivalent to that of 11, 422, 000 pounds weight falling one foot, and the actual useful force got from each pound of coal in a good steam - engine is that of 1, 000, 000 lbs. falling through a foot ; that is to say, there is spring enough in coal to raise a million times its own weight a foot high. or again, suppose a farmer to despatch a horse and cart to bring a ton of coals to work a portable engine, occupying four hours on the way. the power brought in the coal is 2, 800 times the power expended in bringing it, and the amount of useful force actually got from it will probably exceed by 100 times or more that of the horse as employed in the cart. in coal we pre - eminently have, as the partner of watt said, \" what all the world wants \u2014 power. \" all things considered, it is not reasonable to suppose or expect that the power of coal will ever be superseded by anything better. it is the naturally best source of power, as air and water and gold and iron are, each for its own purposes, the most useful of substances, and such as will never be superseded. of course i do not deny that if our coal were gone, or nearly so, and of high price, we might find wind, water, or tidal mills, a profitable substitute for coal. but this would only be on the principle that half a loaf is better than no bread. it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5658563525761842, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.878057"} {"text": "our coal were gone, or nearly so, and of high price, we might find wind, water, or tidal mills, a profitable substitute for coal. but this would only be on the principle that half a loaf is better than no bread. it would not enable us to keep up our old efficiency, nor to compete with nations enjoying yet undiminished stores of fuel. and there is little doubt, too, that a century hence the steam - engine will be two or three - fold as efficient as at present, turning the balance of economy so far the more in favour of those who then possess coal, and against those who have to resort to water or wind. this is a point which i must insist upon as finally decisive of the question. the progress of science, and the improvement in the arts, will tend to increase the supremacy of steam and coal. any mechanist knows that the water - wheel and the windmill have been brought, by the exertion of our engineers, brindley, smeaton, rennie, telford, and fairbairn, near to their mathematical limit of efficiency ; so that we can do little more than improve the mechanical construction, and gain some small percentage of additional power by reducing the friction of the machinery. the steam - engine, on the other hand, at least equally admits of improvement in mechanical details ; but beyond this, in the principles of heat and vapour, we see clearly the possibility of multiplying at least three - fold the efficiency of fuel. if there is anything certain in the progress of the arts and sciences it is that this gain of power will be achieved, and that all competition with the power of coal will then be out of the question. in short, the general course of science and improvement will only lead us the more to regret the limited extent of our coal resources. but let us further remember that coal is now a pre - eminent gift in our actual possession, whereas if any wholly new source of power be some day discovered, we have no reason to suppose that our island will be as pre - eminently endowed with it as with coal. mr. babbage has applied his rare genius to this question, and what he has once said is incapable of improvement. passing over the period which this work considers, when coal will be scarce here and plentiful elsewhere, he has thrown his thoughts forward to the time when coal will be scarce everywhere. heat, he thinks, may then be got from the hot springs of ischia. \" in iceland,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5675301562454524, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.879042"} {"text": ", when coal will be scarce here and plentiful elsewhere, he has thrown his thoughts forward to the time when coal will be scarce everywhere. heat, he thinks, may then be got from the hot springs of ischia. \" in iceland, \" he continues, * 39 \" the sources of heat are still more plentiful ; and their proximity to large masses of ice seems almost to point out the future destiny of that island.... in a future age power may become the staple commodity of the icelanders. \" power is at present our staple commodity, and mr. babbage clearly saw, more than thirty years ago, that with our coal power must pass from us. among the residual possibilities of unforeseen events, it is just possible that some day the sunbeams may be collected, or that some source of force now unknown may be detected. but such a discovery would simply destroy our peculiar industrial supremacy. the study of electricity has already been zealously cultivated on the continent with this view, \u2014 \" england, \" it is said, \" is to lose her superiority as a manufacturing country, inasmuch as her vast store of coals will no longer avail her, as an economical source of motive power. \" * 40 and while foreigners clearly see that the peculiar material energy of england depends on coal, we must not dwell in such a fool ' s paradise as to imagine we can do without coal what we do with it. notes for this chapter lardner, on the steam engine, 7th ed. 1840, p. 8. see \" economy of manufactures, \" \u00a7 17, et passim. in this exquisite work mr. babbage anticipates the modern doctrines of the relations of the natural forces. life of telford. telford ' s memorandum book, p. 671. truran on the iron manufacture of great britain, p. 242. c. m. palmer, report of the british association, 1863, p. 697. see a curious account in the british museum, under the name stevin, 1652. smiles ' engineers, vol. iii. p. 73. plutology ; or, the theory of efforts to satisfy human wants. by w. e. hearn, ll. d. professor of political economy in the university of melbourne, 1864, p. 199. this work appears to me both in soundness and originality the most advanced treatise on political economy which has appeared, and it should be familiar to every student of the science", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.572198435148141, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.879968"} {"text": "professor of political economy in the university of melbourne, 1864, p. 199. this work appears to me both in soundness and originality the most advanced treatise on political economy which has appeared, and it should be familiar to every student of the science. smiles ' engineers, vol. i. p. 458. fairbairn on mills and mill - work, p. 89. see p. 103. no. 186, p. 263, jan. 1687. see the patent of 1631, in rymer ' s f\u0153dera. harleian miscellany, vol. iv. p. 526. miner ' s friend, pp. 28, 29. see chap. xv. chadwick, report of the brit. assoc. 1861, p. 210. smiles ' engineers, vol. i. p. 67. first edition, p. 105. see the journal \" engineering, \" 30th march, 1866, p. 195. letters on chemistry, no. 12. taylor ' s arch\u00e6ology of the coal trade, p. 176. percy ' s metallurgy, vol. i. pp. 71, 72. watt ' s chemical dictionary, article fuel. industrial resources of ireland, 1st ed. chap. ii. economy of manufactures, 3rd ed. 1833, \u00a7 465. liebig ' s letters on chemistry, no. 12, p. 154. end of notes return to top", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5656688525989091, "token_count": 297, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.880431"} {"text": "teaching stories have been used since ancient times to illustrate a point, teach an important lesson, or make the listener think. eight shifts for wellness includes teaching stories intended to provoke thought on the life lessons they illustrate. below are a few teaching stories. think about situations in your life that may be relevant to what the story is about. what is the gift you have the opportunity to receive from it? how can the teachings be applied in future situations you may encounter? how can you use the knowledge and insight you get from the story to have a positive impact on your well - being and the well - being of others? good luck? bad luck? in ancient times a farmer lived in china with his son. they had an old horse they used to till their fields. one day the horse got loose and escaped into the hills. each of the villagers came to the farmer to express their sorrow for his misfortune. they said, \u201c what bad luck for you that your horse ran away. \u201d the farmer responded, \u201c bad luck? good luck? who knows? \u201d a few days later the horse returned and was followed by eight wild horses. the villagers came to express their glee and said, \u201c how lucky you are. \u201d the farmer responded, \u201c good luck? bad luck? who knows? \u201d a week later his son was riding one of the wild horses and was thrown to the ground and broke his leg. once again the villagers came to express their condolences and said, \u201c how unlucky you are that your son broke his leg. \u201d the farmer replied, \u201c bad luck? good luck? who knows? \u201d a few days later the emperor \u2019 s soldiers came to the village to order all the young men to join the army for an upcoming war. the farmer \u2019 s son was not taken because he had a broken leg. the villagers came rushing to the farmer to congratulate him that his son was not taken into the army and they told him, \u201c how lucky you are to have such good fortune. \u201d the farmer replied, \u201c good luck? bad luck? who knows? \u201d an old cherokee was telling his granddaughter about a fight that is going on inside each of us. he said it is between two wolves. one is evil : it is anger, envy, jealousy, greed, and arrogance. the other is good : it is peace, love, hope, humility, kindness, and compassion. the granddaughter thought about it for a minute and then asked her grandfather, \u201c which wolf wins? \u201d the grandfather simply", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.494081279799404, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.884586"} {"text": "skip to main content more search options a member of our team will call you back within one business day. if the kneecap is \u201c off track \u201d even slightly ( a tracking problem ), it can cause uneven pressure on the back of the kneecap. this can cause pain and difficulty with movements, such as walking and going down stairs. below are some common causes of kneecap pain. sometimes the cartilage on the back of the kneecap or in the groove of the thighbone is damaged. damaged cartilage can \u2019 t spread pressure evenly. uneven pressure wears down the cartilage even further. sometimes a muscle or ligament in the knee is pulled the wrong way. or the kneecap may be pushed too hard. then the kneecap may move partly out of the groove ( subluxation ). it may even move completely out ( dislocation ). patellar tendinitis ( \u201c jumper \u2019 s knee \u201d ) occurs when the quadriceps muscles are overused or tight. during movement, the patellar tendon absorbs more shock than usual. the tendon becomes irritated or damaged. plica bands are tissue fibers that some people have near the kneecap. they usually cause no problems. but sometimes they can become irritated or inflamed.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39808131520120493, "token_count": 258, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.885806"} {"text": "on 10 september 2012, orphan designation ( eu / 3 / 12 / 1044 ) was granted by the european commission to endocyte europe b. v., the netherlands, for folic acid to be used with n - [ 4 - [ [ ( 2 - amino - 3, 4 - dihydro - 4 - oxo - 6 - pteridinyl ) methyl ] amino ] benzoyl ] - d - gamma - glutamyl - ( 2s ) - 2 - amino - beta - alanyl - l - alpha - aspartyl - l - cysteine for the diagnosis of positive folate - receptor status in ovarian cancer. - what is ovarian cancer? ovarian cancer is cancer of the ovaries ( two organs in the female reproductive system that produce eggs ). most ovarian cancers occur in women over the age of 50 years. due to the absence of symptoms in the early stages of the disease, the majority of patients are diagnosed when the cancer has spread to other parts of the body. most ovarian cancers are \u2018 folate - receptor positive \u2019. this means that the surface of the cancer cell contains high amounts of a receptor, which folic acid ( a vitamin required for cell division ) attaches to. this receptor can be targeted for treatment. ovarian cancer is a life - threatening disease that is associated with poor long - term survival. - what is the estimated number of patients eligible for diagnosis of positive folate receptor status in ovarian cancer? at the time of designation, the number of patients eligible for diagnosis of positive folate receptor status in ovarian cancer was estimated to be not more than 1. 3 in 10, 000 people in the european union ( eu ) *. this is equivalent to a total of not more than 66, 000 people, and is below the ceiling for orphan designation, which is 5 people in 10, 000. this is based on the information provided by the sponsor and the knowledge of the committee for orphan medicinal products ( comp ). * disclaimer : for the purpose of the designation, the number of patients affected by the condition is estimated and assessed on the basis of data from the european union ( eu 27 ), norway, iceland and liechtenstein. this represents a population of 506, 300, 000 ( eurostat 2011 ). - what methods of diagnosis are available? at the time of designation, there were no satisfactory methods of diagnosing positive folate - receptor status in o", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4858188541459043, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.895538"} {"text": "liechtenstein. this represents a population of 506, 300, 000 ( eurostat 2011 ). - what methods of diagnosis are available? at the time of designation, there were no satisfactory methods of diagnosing positive folate - receptor status in ovarian cancer in the eu. existing methods were limited to detecting the presence of ovarian cancer cells. they included vaginal examination to check for any visible abnormalities of the womb or ovaries. in addition, blood tests and ultrasound were used to help identify masses in the abdomen. if a mass was discovered, the patient underwent surgery to determine the nature of the mass. - how is this medicine expected to work? folic - acid injections are used to improve the image on scans for diagnosing positive folate - receptor status in ovarian cancer. it is given before the injection of another medicine that is radioactive and also contains folic acid. the radioactive medicine can enter the cancer cells by attaching to their folate receptors and once inside it emits radiation which can be seen as an image on a scan. the folic - acid injections are given before the radioactive medicine as this has been shown to improve the quality of the image on the scan. this is because the folic acid attaches to many receptors in non - cancer cells, thereby ensuring that more of the radioactive medicine attaches to the receptors on the cancer cells. - what is the stage of development of this medicine? the effects of folic acid have been evaluated in experimental models. at the time of submission of the application for orphan designation, clinical trials with folic acid in patients with ovarian cancer were ongoing. at the time of submission, folic acid was not authorised anywhere in the eu for the diagnosis of positive folate - receptor status in ovarian cancer or designated as an orphan medicinal product elsewhere for diagnosing this condition. in accordance with regulation ( ec ) no 141 / 2000 of 16 december 1999, the comp adopted a positive opinion on 23 july 2012 recommending the granting of this designation. - opinions on orphan medicinal product designations are based on the following three criteria : - the seriousness of the condition ; - the existence of alternative methods of diagnosis, prevention or treatment ; - either the rarity of the condition ( affecting not more than 5 in 10, 000 people in the eu ) or insufficient returns on investment. designated orphan medicinal products are products that are still under investigation and are considered for orphan designation on the basis of potential activity. an orphan designation is not a marketing author", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4898452757407695, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.896660"} {"text": "more than 5 in 10, 000 people in the eu ) or insufficient returns on investment. designated orphan medicinal products are products that are still under investigation and are considered for orphan designation on the basis of potential activity. an orphan designation is not a marketing authorisation. as a consequence, demonstration of quality, safety and efficacy is necessary before a product can be granted a marketing authorisation. | active substance | | folic acid to be used with n - [ 4 - [ [ ( 2 - amino - 3, 4 - dihydro - 4 - oxo - 6 - pteridinyl ) methyl ] amino ] benzoyl ] - d - gamma - glutamyl - ( 2s ) - 2 - amino - beta - alanyl - l - alpha - aspartyl - l - cysteine | | disease / condition | | diagnosis of positive folate - receptor status in ovarian cancer | | date of decision | | 10 / 09 / 2012 | | orphan decision number | | eu / 3 / 12 / 1044 | review of designation the committee for orphan medicinal products reviews the orphan designation of a product if it is approved for marketing authorisation. sponsor \u2019 s contact details : endocyte europe b. v. prins bernhardplein 200 1097 jb amsterdam telephone : + 31 20 521 4777 telefax : + 31 20 521 4821 for contact details of patients \u2019 organisations whose activities are targeted at rare diseases see : - orphanet, a database containing information on rare diseases which includes a directory of patients \u2019 organisations registered in europe ; - european organisation for rare diseases ( eurordis ), a non - governmental alliance of patient organisations and individuals active in the field of rare diseases.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4940471929892829, "token_count": 352, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.897920"} {"text": "a pressure sore ( bed sore ) is an injury to the skin and / or the tissues under the skin, caused primarily by constant pressure. people confined to a bed or chair and unable to move are at greatest risk for developing pressure sores, which form most often in bony areas such as the hips, heels, or tailbone. pressure sores develop when constant pressure reduces blood supply to an area of skin and tissue. oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood cannot reach the cells in the tissue, causing the cells to die. pressure sores can range from mild reddening of the skin to severe tissue damage that extends into muscle and bone. these sores are difficult to treat and slow to heal. for people who are confined to a bed or chair or are unable to move, changing positions frequently and distributing body weight evenly will relieve pressure on any one area of skin. eating a balanced diet with adequate protein promotes healthy skin, as does keeping skin clean and free of body fluids or feces. moisturizing dry skin with good - quality lotions will keep the skin from drying out and cracking, which makes it vulnerable to pressure sores. healing a pressure sore depends on relieving the pressure on the area. treatment for pressure sores includes changing positions frequently to restore blood flow to the tissue and washing the sore daily. unaffected tissue around the sore should be kept clean and dry to prevent further damage. removing dead tissue and applying medicated ointments or creams will help reduce the risk of infection. emedicinehealth medical reference from healthwise to learn more visit healthwise. org \u00a9 1995 - 2012 healthwise, incorporated. healthwise, healthwise for every health decision, and the healthwise logo are trademarks of healthwise, incorporated. find out what women really need. most popular topics pill identifier on rxlist - quick, easy, find a local pharmacy - including 24 hour, pharmacies", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49542658796733346, "token_count": 392, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.899960"} {"text": "since the beginning of the unrest in the syrian arab republic, the world health organization has been working with the ministry of health, the syrian arab red crescent and partners to address the acute and chronic health needs of syrian populations affected by the crisis. this includes the provision of ambulances, the refurbishing and equipping of four mobile health clinics, and medicines and medical supplies for treating approximately 700 000 people. as the crisis continues into its 18th month, however, severe shortages in medicines and pharmaceutical products are being reported inside the country. more than 90 % of medicines in the syrian arab republic were locally produced before the unrest began in february 2011. since then, economic sanctions and an increase in operational costs have negatively affected the production of medicines and pharmaceutical products. the recent escalation of clashes has impacted pharmaceutical plants in rural aleppo, homs and rural damascus, where 90 % of the country \u2019 s plants are located. many of these plants have now closed as a result of the ongoing clashes and increased cost of fuel. syrian ministry of health statistics show that prior to the unrest, 52. 7 % of the population was receiving treatment for gastrointestinal diseases, respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, renal diseases and cancer. many of these patients are still dependent on locally produced medicines that are now no longer obtainable, and the reported shortages could have catastrophic results. urgently needed medicines identified by the world health organization and the syrian ministry of health include those for tuberculosis, hepatitis, and other chronic health conditions such as hypertension, diabetes, thalassemia and cancer, as well as medicines for kidney disease. there is also an urgent need for chemical reagents for blood screening tests to ensure the safety and quality of blood used in surgical and trauma care in hospitals. the world health organization has released a statement to the international community, donors and partners calling for contributions to covering health - related needs within the syrian arab republic. read the statement in arabic | english.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41435077937385034, "token_count": 392, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.904948"} {"text": "software and simulation laboratory the software and simulation laboratory is where software technologies are demonstrated and hands - on software prototyping and testing carried out for the benefit of esa projects and industry. it consists of equipment and computer installations to develop and test software as well as simulators and ground support equipment used in the development and verification of space systems. what is software simulation? software is a critical component of space systems, both space and ground. as more functions and intelligence are implemented in software, its design and reliable operations have become a complex and highly demanding task. the flight software onboard a typical modern spacecraft stretches to hundreds of thousands of lines of code, while programs of similar elaboration oversee supporting ground systems. software of such complexity demands careful verification to guarantee that it operates correctly and does not endanger the achievement of the space mission. software is intangible, but errors or omissions buried within it have very real effects, having led to the partial or complete loss of space missions. the software and simulation laboratory provides independent verification and validation of software developed for space. in addition the laboratory also evaluates more efficient and reliable methods for designing software in future. as well as being an important mission component, software is also a vital work tool. the laboratory develops computer simulations both graphical, interactive 3d simulations of space hardware as well as simulations of satellite systems and missions which have many uses through an esa project ' s life cycle, from initial design through to operational planning as well as training of astronauts and ground personnel. software is also extensively used for ground - based testing of space hardware, as essential part of the so called electrical ground support equipment ( egse ). the egse can be connected to a satellite and check its correct performance by analyzing its responses to commands as if it were in orbit. last update : 29 september 2009", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5530142192388288, "token_count": 366, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.908889"} {"text": "researchers at the georgia tech research institute ( gtri ) have developed a novel iphone application that may enable persons with parkinson ' s disease and certain other neurological conditions to use the ubiquitous devices to collect data on hand and arm tremors and relay the results to medical personnel. the researchers believe the application could replace subjective tests now used to assess the severity of tremors, while potentially allowing more frequent patient monitoring without costly visits to medical facilities. the program \u2013 known as itrem \u2013 could be offered later this year by the app store, an apple inc. website that sells iphone applications. but itrem will first undergo a clinical study at emory university and must receive any required approvals from the food and drug administration. \" we expect itrem to be a very useful tool for patients and their caregivers, \" said brian parise, a research scientist who is principal investigator for the project along with robert delano, another gtri research scientist. \" and as a downloadable application, it also promises to be convenient and cost - effective. \" itrem utilizes the iphone ' s built - in accelerometer to collect data on a patient in his or her home or office. the application directly tracks tremor information currently, and in the future will use simple puzzle games to record tremor data, which will then be processed and transmitted. the researchers expect the clinical trial to show that data gathered by the program would allow physicians to remotely monitor the degree of disability, progression and medication response among patients with tremor - related conditions. in addition, itrem offers a social component that allows people to share stories, pictures and data. itrem ' s developers are working with the advanced technology development center ( atdc ) to form a startup company based on itrem and future applications that might take advantage of iphone capabilities. atdc is a startup accelerator based at georgia tech that helps georgia entrepreneurs launch and build successful technology companies. the gtri team plans ongoing development of itrem ' s interface, based on responses from doctors and patients. they ' re also investigating other consumer technologies with diagnostic potential, including the tiny gyroscopes now available in some cellular phones. future developments will include the addition of several other parkinson ' s related tests and investigation of gait analysis in a joint effort with the university of south florida and the james a. haley veterans ' hospital in tampa, fla. additional developments may utilize the phone for detecting and analyzing dyskinesia, a movement disorder. more than 10 million people in the u. s. have tremor - related disease, including", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5160401684510996, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.913762"} {"text": "a. haley veterans ' hospital in tampa, fla. additional developments may utilize the phone for detecting and analyzing dyskinesia, a movement disorder. more than 10 million people in the u. s. have tremor - related disease, including parkinson ' s, essential tremor and multiple sclerosis, delano said. data collected by itrem could enhance research on tremor disorders, in addition to supporting treatment for current patients, he added. most current measurement techniques used by doctors are subjective and are performed infrequently, delano said. complex diagnostic procedures such as electroencephalography and electromyography are objective and thorough, but are rarely performed because they ' re lengthy, expensive and require a clinical setting. the result is that little data about tremor has been available to track the effectiveness of medication and therapy over time. by contrast, he said, the ease of gathering tremor data with itrem could help lead to a significant expansion of research in this area, as a wealth of objective data is collected and analyzed. \" even factoring in the cost of an iphone, using itrem is likely to be more convenient and less expensive for patients than office visits, and the data are accurate and abundant, \" delano said. a clinical study involving itrem use is expected to start soon at emory university ' s movement disorder clinic. the study will be led by dr. stewart factor, a researcher in the field of parkinson ' s disease at the emory school of medicine. the gtri development team presented a paper on itrem in january at the 2011 international conference on health informatics. delano explained that the development of itrem was linked to his own diagnosis with parkinson ' s disease several years ago. he eventually became frustrated with the subjective approaches commonplace in the characterizing of patient tremor symptoms. \" currently, doctors observe tremor during office visits and rate it on a subjective scale of zero to four. that approach seemed outdated to me, considering all the technology now available, \" delano said. \" my wife heather, who ' s an engineer, remarked that maybe that we could try putting some accelerometers on my arm. that made me think of the accelerometer in the iphone \u2013 and here we are. \" aaas and eurekalert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to eurekalert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the eurekalert! system.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5260199794529317, "token_count": 494, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.914730"} {"text": "going green with renewable energy find out how to make energy - efficient, green business choices, and which green businesses to support. green power is the term for energy sources that are not only renewable, but that also offer the most environmental advantages. these are in sharp contrast to non - renewables like oil and coal that are in limited supply and cause the highest environmental impact to find and use. more companies than ever are focusing on ways to make their business green by becoming more energy efficient, and using renewable energy sources to power their operations. energy efficient options for businesses there are several renewable green power options that businesses can consider. the best option for any given business depends on the type of company it is, and what the company wants to accomplish by becoming a green business. possible sources of renewable energy and green power include : - biomass ( organic matter ) - solar ( sun ) - geothermal ( heat from below the earth \u2019 s surface ) - hydropower ( moving water ) \" with green power, you ' re thinking more of electricity - producing technologies, \" says emily r. hickey, program coordinator for the renewable energy program at the wisconsin energy conservation corporation. \" so that would be solar electric, also called photovoltaic or pv, and wind electric power. \" solar and wind energy are most common and often the easiest sources of renewable energy to implement, says hickey. solar panels can be installed just about anywhere \u2014 on a south - facing section of a roof, on roof racks, and even on poles near a building. wind turbines are a little trickier, says hickey. \" you have to have enough open space \" to operate them, she says, and turbines have to be mounted at least 30 feet higher than any other obstructions within 500 feet, meaning trees, buildings, and other tall structures. \" otherwise, the quality of wind isn ' t as strong for producing power, \" hickey notes. \" there are also zoning regulations to consider with a wind project and a significant permitting [ process ], so wind is often easiest to permit in a rural area. there are other technologies as well, like bio - gas, which is rather farm specific, and more industrial type technologies like biomass combustion, \" says hickey. these types of renewable energy require that the green business produce waste that is safe to burn. a wood cabinet or flooring manufacturer would be a good candidate for biomass combustion, for example, because they have a wood waste product that could be burned for fuel to provide energy to power the business. dairy and other", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48554903222004087, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.918789"} {"text": "waste that is safe to burn. a wood cabinet or flooring manufacturer would be a good candidate for biomass combustion, for example, because they have a wood waste product that could be burned for fuel to provide energy to power the business. dairy and other farms could consider bio - gas because the methane produced by manure can be used to power the farm \u2014 and there ' s no shortage of manure available for collecting on livestock farms. how green business works electric companies across the united states often power businesses and homes by burning coal and other non - renewable methods. one alternative, solar energy, uses solar panels to capture sunlight and convert it to energy to provide power to businesses or homes that would normally have gotten it from a local electric company. similarly, wind turbines capture wind energy and convert that into power. these green power methods are cleaner and better for the environment than burning coal or natural gas, and wind and sun are renewable energy resources \u2014 we ' ll never run out. they ' re also easy to use, don ' t cause pollution, and don ' t require any destruction to the environment to get. which businesses have gone green? a number of major u. s. companies have already invested in green power, including : - pepsico ; pepsi americas, and the pepsi bottling group - johnson & johnson - whole foods to find more green businesses, see the national \" green pages. \" costs and benefits of green business why would a business want to switch to renewable energy sources and become a green business? not only is it good for the environment, but it ' s also good for business, says hickey. being a green business, especially one with a very visible renewable energy source like solar panels or wind turbines, is great for public relations. it also raises public awareness about renewable energy sources. what could be holding companies back? shortsightedness. there ' s an ultimate cost savings involved in switching to a renewable energy source, but the upfront investment is often pricey \u2014 roughly between $ 8, 000 and $ 9, 000 per kilowatt of energy that the system provides, says hickey. depending on how much energy it needs, a company would have to purchase anywhere from 2 to 50 kilowatts to completely or partially power the business. paying back the original investment can take 10 to 20 years, says hickey. but many companies understand that investing in renewable energy is worth the time it takes to recoup their investment. green power is about doing the right thing for the public and for the environment.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4438347819452507, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.919755"} {"text": "born : 20 february 1902 died : 22 april 1984 birthplace : san francisco, california best known as : nature photographer of the american west ansel adams ' s stark, detailed photographs of yosemite national park are among the most recognizable images in the world. adams was a piano player who turned his attention to photography in the 1920s, inspired by the wilderness of central california. by the end of the 1920s he was earning a living from his photography, thanks largely to his association with the sierra club. in the 1930s and ' 40s his reputation grew and he spent a good deal of time in new york, advancing his career as an artist while working as a commercial photographer to pay the bills. he wrote many technical works and encouraged museums and colleges to add photography departments, but didn ' t achieve financial success for his art until late in life, when his images of yosemite and the american southwest became icons of both 20th - century photography and environmental awareness. like guitarist les paul, adams was known both as a technical innovator and a lifelong workhorse ; he kept taking photos up until his death at age 82. extra credit : according to a biography by william turnage, \" when adams was only four, an aftershock of the great [ san francisco ] earthquake and fire of 1906 threw him to the ground and badly broke his nose, distinctly marking him for life. \" copyright \u00a9 1998 - 2013 by who2?, llc. all rights reserved. more on ansel adams from fact monster : information please\u00ae database, \u00a9 2007 pearson education, inc. all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4180735751887481, "token_count": 318, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.922606"} {"text": "dwarfism, condition in which an animal or plant is less than normal in size and lacks the capacity for normal growth. dwarfism is deliberately produced and perpetuated in certain species ( e. g., in breeding miniature dogs and cultivating dwarf plants ). among humans, dwarfism usually results from a combination of genetic factors and endocrine malfunction. it can also be caused, however, by acquired conditions, such as kidney disease. pituitary dwarfism is caused by an insufficiency of the pituitary growth hormone ( hypopituitary dwarfism ). typically, the pituitary dwarf stops growing in early childhood but retains normal body proportion, mental capacity, and sexual development. pharmaceutical companies are cloning human growth hormone to stimulate growth in children afflicted with hypopituitary glands. this type of dwarf, who is completely normal except for size, is commonly called a midget. cretinism is a type of dwarfism accompanied by mental retardation and distortion of the body, resulting from an insufficiency of thyroid hormone. unlike cretinism and pituitary dwarfism ( which are thought to be caused by a combination of heredity and endocrine malfunction ), achondroplastic dwarfism is the result of a completely hereditary, dominant genetic trait. typically, the growth of the limbs is stunted, but the size of the trunk and mental capacity are normal. humans who range in height from 2 to 4 ft ( 5. 08 \u2013 10. 16 cm ) are generally classified as dwarfs. however, small size that is an inherited characteristic of race ( such as among african pygmies ) is not considered to be dwarfism since the individuals in such groups are physiologically normal. the columbia electronic encyclopedia, 6th ed. copyright \u00a9 2012, columbia university press. all rights reserved. more on dwarfism from fact monster : see more encyclopedia articles on : pathology", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5286577472581615, "token_count": 397, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.924522"} {"text": "( bpt ) - historically, the term \u201c digital divide \u201d has referred to the gap in technology levels between developing and first world countries ; however, it \u2019 s truly the divide between the more affluent and the underprivileged. while the divide has a worldwide reach, it \u2019 s important to remember that the gap is growing in america, too. improving technology in schools \u2013 and how it \u2019 s used in learning \u2013 is an important topic because it offers students a more effective way to achieve, fully preparing them to be skills - ready for a successful future. today, the majority of schools in america have computers of some kind. still, many schools, particularly rural schools and those with a high percentage of minority students, lack reliable internet access or have old computers that aren \u2019 t compatible with current software. concerned parents, teachers and educational leaders are rallying for change. providing students with modern, mobile computers and access to the internet at school and at home promotes hands - on learning that engages students. when children are interested and excited, the learning process comes naturally. across the country, one - to - one programs \u2013 meaning one computer is supplied for each student \u2013 are gaining interest and receiving funding. some districts have even approved byod programs, or bring your own device programs, that allow students to bring their own technology ( i. e. laptops, tablets, smartphones ) from home to use in the classroom. these technology enhancements are creating a 21st century classroom environment that focuses on today \u2019 s students \u2019 needs. rather than the teacher lecturing at the front of the classroom, students are taking the lead by exploring different topics, answering their own questions, and interacting with peers and their teachers by accessing information through technology. benefits abound : according to project red, an education research organization that analyzes technology in the classroom, schools with one - to - one programs have higher test scores, better graduation rates and fewer discipline problems. students aren \u2019 t the only ones that come out ahead \u2013 teachers benefit from technology, too. it actually enhances the teacher \u2019 s ability to connect with students, expands access to instructional material and allows the teacher to facilitate a richer, more meaningful classroom experience. for all the benefits of better classroom technology, funding can be an issue. while adding computers, maintaining hardware and software, and funding ongoing technology support can be costly, there is also the potential to save money through improved efficiency. in fact, according to project red, adding effective classroom technologies can result in increased efficiency and cost reductions \u2013 even when", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5027643663195805, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.934075"} {"text": ", maintaining hardware and software, and funding ongoing technology support can be costly, there is also the potential to save money through improved efficiency. in fact, according to project red, adding effective classroom technologies can result in increased efficiency and cost reductions \u2013 even when maintenance costs are included. for example, instructional materials contribute to this cost savings. traditional paper textbooks can be costly and become outdated quickly. digital content offers one effective solution to this problem by giving students and teachers access to the most up - to - date materials online, bringing the world into the classroom and often at a fraction of the cost. online courses, assessment and professional development are additional areas where cost savings can quickly add up. how to spearhead a technology change in the classroom whether you are a parent who wants computer access in your child \u2019 s classroom or you \u2019 re an educator who wants to enable an improved learning experience through better technology, here \u2019 s how you can start the conversation and make a difference : 1. use the k - 12 blueprint. found at www. k12blueprint. com and sponsored by intel corporation, this website is a free resource for planning and implementing technology initiatives in districts. you \u2019 ll find a plethora of useful information, including practical guidelines, funding advice, curriculum considerations and real - world success stories. 2. involve the people who care. start discussions with fellow parents, teachers, principals and even the educational board to create a vision and plan. discuss specific reasons for the technology improvements and benefits for the students as well as staff. 3. explore professional development opportunities. how we teach with technology is just as important as having technology in the classroom. ensure teachers in your community have the professional development opportunities they need so their students are learning with technology in the most effective way possible. 4. be patient to overcome challenges. technology isn \u2019 t a one - time investment \u2013 computer maintenance, software upgrades and continued professional development are important. providing teachers training and creating a support network can be a time commitment. patience and persistence are key to the success of eager students. technology in the classroom can help close the digital divide within the u. s., but it \u2019 s up to parents, grandparents, teachers, schools and entire communities to work together to make change a reality. when used properly, technology can provide students with a stronger education, paving the way for future innovations and research.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4507977356112194, "token_count": 478, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.936280"} {"text": "want to save this letter now that you ' ve found it? it ' s easy - just create your own collection of letters after signing up for a free account. united states ship princeton, sir : the united states ship princeton having received her armament on board, and being nearly ready for sea, i have the honour to transmit to you the following account of her equipment, & c. the princeton is a full - rigged ship, of great speed and power, able to perform any service that can be expected from a ship - of - war. constructed upon the most approved principles of naval architecture, she is believed to be at least equal to any ship of her class, with her sails. she has an auxiliary power of steam, and can make greater speed than any sea - going steamer or other vessel heretofore built. her engines lie snug in the bottom of the vessel, out of reach of an enemy ' s shot, and do not at all interfere with the use of the sails, but can at any time be made auxiliary thereto. she shows no chimney and makes no smoke, and there is nothing in her external appearance to indicate that she is propelled by steam. the advantages of the princeton over both sailing - ships and steamers propelled in the usual way are great and obvious. she can go in and out of port at pleasure, without regard to the force or direction of the wind or tide, or the thickness of the ice. she can ride safely with her anchors in the most open roadstead, and may lie to in the severest gale of wind with safety. she can not only save herself, but will be able to tow a squadron from the dangers of a lee - shore. using ordinarily the power of the wind, and reserving her fuel for emergencies, she can remain at sea the same length of time as other sailing - ships. making no noise, smoke, or agitation of the water, ( and, if she chooses, showing no sail, ) she can surprise an enemy. she can at pleasure take her own position and her own distance from the enemy. her engines and waterwheel being below the surface of the water, safe from an enemy ' s shot, she is in no danger of being disabled, even if her masts should be destroyed. she will not be at a daily expense for fuel, as other steamships are. the engines, being seldom used, will probably out last two such ships. these advantages make the princeton, in my opinion, the cheapest, fastest,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49510734950695867, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.943581"} {"text": "destroyed. she will not be at a daily expense for fuel, as other steamships are. the engines, being seldom used, will probably out last two such ships. these advantages make the princeton, in my opinion, the cheapest, fastest, and most certain ship - of - war in the world. the equipments of this ship are of the plainest and most substantial kind, the furniture of the cabins being made of white pine boards, painted white, with mahogany chairs, table, and side board, and an american - manufactured oil - cloth on the floor. to economize room, and that the ship may be better ventilated, curtains of american - manufactured linen are substituted for the usual and more cumbrous and expensive wooden bulkheads, by which arrangement the apartments of the men and officers may in an instant be thrown into one, and a degree of spaciousness and comfort is attained unusual in a ship of her class. the princeton is armed with two long 225 - pound wrought - iron guns and twelve 42 - pound carronades, all of which may be used at once on either side of the ship. she can consequently throw a greater weight of metal at one broad side than most frigates. the big guns of the princeton can be fired! with an effect terrific and almost incredible, and with a certainty heretofore unknown. the extraordinary effects of the shot were proved by firing at a target, which was made to represent a section of the two sides and deck of a seventy - four - gun ship, and timbered, kneed, planked, and bolted, in the same manner. this target was five hundred and sixty yards from the gun. with the smaller charges of powder the shot passed through these immense masses of timber, ( being fifty - seven inches thick, ) tearing it away and splintering it for several feet on each side, and covering the whole surface of the ground for a hundred yards square with fragments of wood and iron. the accuracy with which these guns throw their immense shot ( which are three feet in circumference ) may be judged by this : that six shot fired in succession at the same elevation struck the same horizontal plank in a target more than half a mile distant. by the application of the various arts to the purposes of war on board the princeton, it is believed that the art of gunnery for sea - service has, for the first time, been reduced to something like mathematical certainty. the distance to which these guns can throw their shot, at every necessary angle of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47485537726622, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.944687"} {"text": "of war on board the princeton, it is believed that the art of gunnery for sea - service has, for the first time, been reduced to something like mathematical certainty. the distance to which these guns can throw their shot, at every necessary angle of elevation, has been ascertained by a series of careful experiments. the distance from the ship to any object is readily ascertained with an instrument on board, contrived for that purpose, by an observation which it requires but an instant to make, and by inspection without calculation. by self - acting locks, the guns can be fired accurately at the necessary elevation, no matter what the motion of the ship may be. it is confidently believed that this small ship will be able to battle with any vessel, however large, if she is not invincible against any foe. the improvements in the art of war adopted on board the princeton, may be productive of more important results than any thing that has occurred since the invention of gunpowder. the numerical force of other navies, so long boasted, may be set at naught. the ocean may again become neutral ground, and the rights of the smallest as well as the greatest nations may once more be respected. all of which, for the honour and defence of every inch of our territory, is most respectfully submitted to the honourable secretary of the navy, for the information of the president and congress of the united states, by your obedient and faithful servant, r. f. stockton, captain u. s. navy. to hon. david henshaw, secretary of the navy. - robert f. stockton - a sketch of the life of com. robert f. stockton, 1856, derby", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48072708532323294, "token_count": 340, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.945309"} {"text": "the recycle logo ( or symbol ) appears on the products we buy on a daily basis. its purpose is to encourage people to participate in the recycling process and identifies that the packaging is recyclable. this internationally - recognized recycling symbol was created in the early 1970s as a part of the design contest that was initiated by the chicago - based container corporation of america ( cca ) at different high schools and colleges across the country. the purpose was to increase the awareness of the environmental issues and also to create a logo for their then - revolutionary recycled cardboard boxes. the contest was won by a 23 - year - old college student, gary anderson from the university of southern california, whose creation marked the first official earth day. his concept for the now famous logo basically originated from 19th century mathematician august ferdinand. the recycling logo is not a trademark and everyone can use it ; however restrictions do exist in some local areas as to how can one use it like for example, its use on non - recycled goods would be misleading or illusory. the cca originally applied for a trademark on the design, but the application was challenged, and the company chose to dispose of the claim. design elements of the recycle logo : the recycle logo is probably one of the most recognizable logos ever designed. it reminds people of the significance to make better use of the things around them to help save the environment. shape of the recycle logo : the recycle logo is composed of three chasing arrows forming a mobius strip that is twisted to take the shape of a triangle indicating that products should be recycled to help manufacture new products. the more we recycle the more beneficial it is to the environment. color of the recycle logo : the arrows in the recycle logo are filled with green and outlined in black. these colors signify renewal, health and environment. the recycle logo has a lot of significance because of the important message it conveys to us.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48023739864584747, "token_count": 400, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.947752"} {"text": "livestock have a variety of characteristics that make them important contributors to sustainable rural development. they directly enhance crop output through animal traction and improvement of soil fertility. they act as a store of wealth for future investment. furthermore, livestock provide marketable products, which are generally of higher value and less vulnerable to critical harvest timing than many crops. livestock products with relatively high income elasticities are particularly attractive as a means for rural households to participate in urban - based economic growth. despite the above advantages, livestock were widely seen as a poor investment for rural development. this view is gradually changing and a number of new initiatives, with a distinct focus on policies and institutions, are promoting livestock as a means to provide agricultural economies with the growth impetus required for broad - based rural poverty reduction. livestock policy can decisively influence microeconomic opportunities and decisions, and likewise other economic events and behaviour will influence household responses to livestock initiatives. however, in today \u2019 s world, economic linkages are so complex that it is unlikely that policy makers relying on intuition alone will achieve anything approaching optimality. in fact, much evidence suggests that indirect effects of many policies outweigh direct effects and, if not adequately understood, can substantially offset or even reverse them. in order to obtain deeper insights into the effectiveness of pro - poor livestock policies, data from senegal, a west african economy with high levels of smallholder poverty and livestock dependence, was used to examine the linkages between livestock and livelihoods. poverty and livestock dependency in senegal senegal broadly represents west africa, with high population shares in arid areas engaged in subsistence agriculture and significant levels of economic dependence on livestock. comparison of the standard extreme poverty headcount ( population living on less than 1 $ a day ) with its counterpart adjusted for livestock dependence of the population shows that poverty rates average nearly 20 percent higher among the livestock dependent. moreover, the disparity is highest in areas where rural subsistence populations predominate, such as kaolack and kolda. this higher representation among the poor by livestock dependent people reinforces the importance of livestock as a target for poverty alleviation. it is tempting to interpret this indicator adversely, yet it represents both disadvantages and advantages. livestock dependent households are also more subsistence oriented, which makes them less dependent on consumption of marketed commodities. advantages of the latter include lower consumption price risk, greater capacity for saving as a percent of income, and a host of social capital attributes. it is unlikely, however, that the market isolation advantages of subsistence outweigh the disadvantages of lower income. senegal \u2019", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5006061695068474, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.955229"} {"text": "latter include lower consumption price risk, greater capacity for saving as a percent of income, and a host of social capital attributes. it is unlikely, however, that the market isolation advantages of subsistence outweigh the disadvantages of lower income. senegal \u2019 s national poverty gap of about 35 percent shows the typical fiscal challenge developing countries face when contemplating poverty alleviation with transfer schemes. with this gap, senegal is unlikely to find a publicly financed transfer scheme that can significantly alleviate the nation \u2019 s poverty. poverty alleviation must therefore rely on productive engagement of the poor in the overall economy. participation of the poor in livestock value chains although lower income rural households receive smaller absolute gains from the livestock value chain than higher income groups, the relative benefits to them are greater. this further strengthens the case for livestock as a pro - poor policy instrument, as the marginal effect of improving livestock supply conditions will disproportionately benefit the country \u2019 s rural multiplier decomposition analysis reveals that the small absolute livestock - livelihood gain for the poorest comes almost entirely from direct production income. both rural quintiles 1 and 2 get more than three - quarters of their livestock related income directly from animal ( product ) sales, thus leaving the food value chain at the earliest stages. higher income rural households have very little direct participation in livestock production. despite this, they receive the largest absolute multiplier benefit, almost entirely indirectly from food processing and retailing. these more complex downstream linkages to food value creation are the key to higher aggregate income gains for this group and have important implications for the net results of sub - sectoral policies. given higher income groups generally have more indirect linkages to the livestock sector, they may capture a large percentage of gains, even from policies targeted elsewhere. lower income urban households display only limited participation in primary livestock production. over two thirds of the benefits this group enjoys from livestock are indirect, coming from engagement and employment in food processing services. although minor, these indirect benefits the urban poor derive from the livestock food economy are non - trivial. livelihood impacts of policy interventions two producer - oriented policies, namely doubling of livestock productivity over a ten year period and a 20 percent subsidy to capital that might facilitate innovation, efficiency and profitability were considered in ex ante assessments of likely impacts of policy interventions. a third scenario examined a generic case of trade liberalization for senegal, with an assumption that the country unilaterally abolishes import the scenario of productivity increase is the most stimulatory, with the greatest gains for most", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49144341565058625, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.956557"} {"text": "policy interventions. a third scenario examined a generic case of trade liberalization for senegal, with an assumption that the country unilaterally abolishes import the scenario of productivity increase is the most stimulatory, with the greatest gains for most income groups. however, an ironic but dramatic effect in this scenario is the value capture by higher income households. although they have limited participation in production, and the original policy is production oriented, greater producer cost efficiency apparently translates into more intense competition among producers, transferring profitability downstream in the food supply chain. by contrast, the predicted impacts of the capital subsidy are more modest, but more equal in their benefits. the poorest households, with little initial savings or capital, will not benefit, but middle income, more entrepreneurial producers are anticipated to gain from increasing investment. finally, trade liberalization has modest but positive effects across all household types, even the lower rural quintiles. as expected, urban populations and higher income rural households, who are more likely to be linked to external markets, benefit most. if the rural poor are to be effectively targeted by trade related policies, it appears that market access improvements should focus on local and regional markets. investments in infrastructure can improve the rural terms of trade from two directions, reducing the cost of urban agricultural supplies and making rural farm products more competitive in urban markets. livestock can make a substantial contribution to poverty reduction, but pro - poor policies need careful targeting. effective, market oriented livestock promotion has significant potential - increase output quantity, quality, and prices ; and to - improve margins with more efficient production and distribution in senegal, policies achieving the above would sharply improve the terms of market participation for smallholder producers of livestock and livestock products, who currently receive only a small fraction of the ultimate value of their output. it is essential to emphasize, however, that this is not a zero - sum bargaining problem. in addition to re - distributing value along the supply chain, greater market integration for smallholders can increase valuations at all stages. by improving product quality, reducing perishability, and reducing inventory and distribution costs, rural incomes can rise along with profits at every step in the food value chain.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4826818806257194, "token_count": 439, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.957598"} {"text": "- pest type : insect - crops affected : cotton, rice - scientific name : spodoptera praefica - pest order : lepidoptera larvae are usually green to brown caterpillars, commonly 1 - 1. 5 inches in length. adults are moths with a wingspan of about 1 - 1. 5 inches. the beet armyworm larvae are green or black, with a dark head, 5 pairs of prolegs, and on the second segment behind the head, there is a small black spot on each side of the body. fall armyworm larvae have a longitudinal, dark colored stripe along each side of the body and a wider, yellowish - gray strip runs down the back. the head of the fall armyworm larva is often marked with a pale, prominent inverted y. when less than 0. 25 inch, fall armyworm and bollworm are very similar in appearance. western yellowstiped armyworm larvae are dark colored with a broad yellow stripe on each side, they have a black spot on the side of the first abdominal segment, and they also have an inverted y, white in this case, on the front of the head. finally, the yellow - striped armyworm larvae have a pair of dorsal, triangular, black spots on most of the segments ; and they have 3 lines on the back - an outer bright orange stripe on each side of a median yellowish white line. called armyworms because during the damaging larval stage, they move in large numbers from field to field in the manner of armies. damage is caused by the larval, or caterpillar, stage which feeds on the foliage. the undersides of leaves and terminal growth are preferred feeding sites of young larvae. when populations reach high levels, armyworms can completely defoliate a field. feeding can also result in severe stunting or death of seedlings. armyworms feed on most crops and several weed species. in cotton, most damage occurs when larvae feed on developing bolls. in warm climates ( i. e., cotton growing areas ), armyworms are present most of the year, with 4 or more generations per year. under ideal, warm conditions, an entire generation can develop within only 3 weeks, but more frequently in 4 - 5 weeks. where winters are more severe, there are fewer generations per year. female armyworm moths lay eggs on plant foliage and those hatch to form small caterpillars, which immediately begin to feed. larvae pass through 5 or more instars ( molts", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4860347209964498, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.960562"} {"text": "you can take steps to decrease the impact of a disaster by planning in advance and learning about potential threats. it is important to make sure that your plans are adequate for your family \u2019 s situation. practice your plans regularly. having a basic kit on hand to sustain yourself and your family after an emergency is an essential part of preparation. think first about basic survival needs : fresh water, food, clean air, and warmth. store your supplies in a portable container as close as possible to an exit and review the contents of your kit at least once a year. include in your kit : - 3 - day supply of water : at least 1 gallon per person per day - 3 - day supply of non - perishable food - manual can opener and eating utensils - supplies to care for your pets including 3 - day supply of food and water, id tags, proof of vaccinations, and veterinarian contact information - portable, battery - powered radio - extra batteries - basic first aid kit and manual - warm clothing and blankets - filter face masks ( n95 rating ) - list of emergency contact information - photocopies of important documents ( birth certificate, licenses, insurance information, etc. ) - cash and coins - sanitation and hygiene items ( hand sanitizer, moist towelettes, feminine hygiene products, toilet paper, etc. ) - household chlorine bleach and medicine dropper : 9 parts water to 1 part bleach can be used as a disinfectant, 16 drops of bleach to 1 gallon of water can be used to treat water in an emergency ( do not use scented, color safe, or bleaches with added cleaners ) - items for infants ( formula, diapers, bottles, and pacifiers ) if applicable - see reallyready disabilities for more information on building a kit and making a plan if an individual in your family has special needs creating a plan will help you respond to an emergency and find your family if you become separated. be sure to share your plan with others and include a copy in your kit. - learn about potential threats. understanding the characteristics of an emergency and how to respond is critical to survival - identify your community \u2019 s plan for notifying citizens when a disaster is on its way or actually occurring. find local information. - learn about emergency response plans in locations you and your family members regularly spend time ( e. g. work, school ) create a communication plan - have an out - of - town contact that every member of your family will", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4310120135662122, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.965783"} {"text": ". find local information. - learn about emergency response plans in locations you and your family members regularly spend time ( e. g. work, school ) create a communication plan - have an out - of - town contact that every member of your family will call after a disaster - make sure everyone in your family knows this contact \u2019 s phone number create an evacuation plan - identify primary and secondary evacuation routes in buildings you frequent - identify family meeting places ; choose a location close to your home and another outside your neighborhood. - if you have a car, keep at least a half tank of gas in it in case you need to evacuate - if you do not have a car, plan how you will leave if you have to - become familiar with alternate routes and other means of transportation out of your area ( find local information ) - when evacuating : - if you are a member of a support network for a disabled individual, be sure to follow your plan to assist them - take your emergency supply kit with you - lock the door behind you and leave a note telling others when you left and where you are going - if there is time and space in your car, check with neighbors who may need a ride, especially those who are elderly or disabled create a sheltering plan - designate a safe room in your home ; it should be an interior room where you are able to close and seal all doors, windows, and vents - pets, except for service animals, are not allowed in public shelters ; if possible, plan your evacuation in advance to find lodging where you may take your pets - if you must go to a public shelter, leave your pet behind with plenty of food and water, and a note on the door learn about potential threats.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.39757458007843544, "token_count": 347, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.966940"} {"text": "primary documents - german reaction to the japanese capture of tsingtao, 8 november 1914 reproduced below is a commentary which appeared in a german newspaper on 8 november 1914, the day after the german - held territory of tsingtao fell into japanese control. the author of the article was rear - admiral schlieper, who had served in tsingtao some years earlier, and who had rejoiced in the territory ' s superior management by germany. in his article schlieper mourned the loss of tsingtao in passionate terms, and heaped scorn upon its joint conquerors, japan and britain. click here to read the ultimatum sent by japanese prime minister okuma to berlin shortly before war was declared between japan and germany. click here to read minister for foreign affairs baron kato ' s rationale for the decision to go to war. german reaction to the fall of tsingtao - a newspaper commentary by rear - admiral schlieper, 8 november 1914 \" we guarantee performance of our duty - to the last! \" a solemn heritage have these words become, these words which the governor, naval captain meyer - waldeck, just managed to have transmitted by telegraph to his commander - in - chief, from far - away kiau - chau as a characteristic german pledge. each one of us here in the fatherland, clearly realizing that the message voiced much bitter tragedy, was grateful in his inmost soul to the brave man. those of us, however, who had been permitted to witness that which out yonder had been undertaken and developed with enthusiasm and flaming love of country, will to - day, on the morning of november 8th, have felt especially sorrowful when they read these words : \" tsing - tau has fallen! \" the flags were yet waving in celebration of the german naval victory along the coast of chile off coronel - and already there comes in the quick succession of events the solemn tidings of the end of an heroic struggle, which was maintained on a rocky height against gigantic odds. we saw it coming - and yet our thoughts rebelled against the accomplished fact, our whole being revolted against so much baseness and deceit which a dual alliance, consisting of our white cousins and of wily yellow asiatics, had instigated against german possessions. a sudden pang may flash through us when we view so much german blood spilled, but at the same moment our hearts should beat in fervent gratitude for our heroes of tsing - tau. for seventeen years the german flag", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.391267616040052, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.990575"} {"text": "with german thought and german soundness. there it was demonstrated to foreigners, to those who have now stolen it from us. the german can colonize, even if he has pursued it only in recent years. seventeen years under the german flag! how everything developed during that time! german hydraulic architecture and energy called into existence an extensive harbour. lighthouses, casting their beams far and wide, were erected on points and steep ridges. one villa after another arose, not pretentious and obtrusive, no, rather tasteful and snug. soon whistled the locomotive ; the powerful step of our splendid marine artillery resounded on the well - cared - for new roads. where once upon a time bleak rocks stood out prominently against the sky, the green of german afforesting soon covered the bare surfaces. everything was furthered - even the annual stream of guests, who, coming especially from shanghai, disported themselves on the beach of tsing - tau. the governors, truppel and jaeschke, shaped a territory which a meyer - waldeck with his faithful followers was to defend to the knife in the past months. yes, everything flourished in kiau - chau ; but for this very reason, desire, greed, always came nearer and wished to taste, no, not to taste, to possess the whole of it. the opportunity for highway robbery could not have been more favourable. the world war had been enkindled - so quickly help yourself, for germania has her hands full at home. therefore act quickly ; for we ' ll never gain our object more easily, and our white colleague there under the union jack, who always acts as if he were so superior but who really fears us yellow folks out here, he is fighting on our side, wants to crush his cousin with us. so quickly send an ultimatum to germany, an insolent one to be sure, what does that matter. \" near is my shirt, but nearer is my skin \" ; and our colleague, john bull, he would so much like it. a disdainful rejection was the answer of germania and then meyer - waldeck drew his sword! \" war! war! \" was re - echoed in the region of tsing - tau, \" war against a fine pair of brothers! so let it be : we shall fight to the last drop of blood. \" and how they did fight! nothing came of the desire to present the fall of tsing - tau as a birthday present to the mikado on october", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4662394345242787, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.996022"} {"text": "pair of brothers! so let it be : we shall fight to the last drop of blood. \" and how they did fight! nothing came of the desire to present the fall of tsing - tau as a birthday present to the mikado on october 31st, as the japanese had planned. there was bitter fighting. the enemy often sustained bloody repulses. the warships, including the kaiserin elizabeth, of the austro - hungarian navy, valiantly assisted. the kaiserin elizabeth wanted at all events to fight with us, to conquer, or to sink. then on september 28th, tsing - tau was completely cut off by land ; the situation steadily became more serious. from far and near the compatriots had hastened there - they would not desert their dear tsing - tau at such a critical time. on september 27th combined japanese and english forces had advanced to the litsun river. in the ensuing engagements they left one hundred and fifty dead and wounded on the place of combat. on october 14th two german forts fell after a heavy bombardment on the part of the hostile warships. but the german guns answered smartly. a 20 - centimetre projectile strikes the deck of the english man - of - war triumph and causes heavy damage. in the meantime the german torpedo - boat s - 90 has destroyed the japanese cruiser takashiho in a bold attack. what does it matter that it had later on to sacrifice itself, as it would otherwise have fallen the prey of a large hostile superior force! it was able to save its crew. the odds steadily increase, the glances toward the german eagle become more covetous, as the latter, bleeding from many wounds, stakes his all to keep what he has acquired, but which under his protection only too readily has stirred up the envy of others, even as this despicable trait of our opponents is the real reason for the world war. a dreary, melancholy, grey november day without! gone is the decoration of flags and the rejoicing of the day of coronel! everything in its time! to - day the throb of our hearts belongs to you heroes out yonder, our whole mood, our whole sentiment ; for you have fought as german heroes have never been better able to do. but we here at home, we will continually repeat it to our children : do not forget november 7, 1914 : do not forget to pay back those yellow asiatics, who had learned so much from us, for the great wrong they have done to us, stirred", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4455286731254563, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:43.999218"} {"text": "enjoy the family pet while avoiding the germs parents have been asking me some peticular questions about whether or not a pet can pass an illness on to their child. while i am a strong proponent for pets, and believe they can teach children responsibility and respect for other living things, not to mention the companionship and affection they provide to children, they can also be a source for infection. so, let me spread some information, rather than spread germs, on this topic so pets can be welcome members of the family. first, be aware that pets do carry bacterial and viral germs that can spread to humans if proper precautions are not taken \u2013 especially to children less than five years old with developing immune systems, children with a break or cut in their skin, or if your child has cancer and is what we call \u201c immunocompromised \u201d. what kinds of diseases can be passed to a child from a dog or a cat? these can include a form of diarrhea, swollen glands, fever, flu - like symptoms, skin infections, muscle aches and headaches \u2013 all of which can be transmitted by a direct bite or indirectly by a tick that lives on the pet, or by handling of pet waste products without gloves. birds can pass fungus and bacterial germs as well \u2013 even if kept in a cage \u2013 due to inhalation of germs from bird droppings. reptiles and amphibians can be notorious for harboring salmonella, which can be passed to a child who handles their feces without washing afterward or wearing gloves beforehand. so what can you do to prevent these infections from occurring? make sure your pet has been checked out by the veterinarian and is up - to - date on its vaccines \u2013 just as it is important for children to have been vaccinated and up - to - date on vaccines. feed your pet fresh water and nutritious food recommended by the vet, and not raw meat which can contain infection. most importantly, you and your children should always wash your hands after touching the pet, handling its food, cleaning the cage or litter box, and wear gloves when cleaning up waste. if you have a bird, wear a dust mask over your nose and mouth to prevent inhaling urine or fecal particles, and don \u2019 t have younger children clean cages or litter boxes without adult supervision. keep their living area clean and free of waste, and pick up waste products if deposited in areas that kids play in ( such as the back yard ) so the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.409612623282058, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.004114"} {"text": "the special issue explores the type of decision frameworks that are needed to guide policy development for clean cooking fuels and to ensure that the provision of clean energy becomes a central component of sustainable development. additionally, it presents a research agenda and an action agenda to facilitate the development and adoption of cleaner cooking fuels and technologies and analyses why past programs to improve access to clean cooking fuels have succeeded or failed. universal access to clean energy is a stated goal of the united nations and is a key entry point for reducing emissions of black carbon and other particulates - known to negatively impact the climate. the scale of the issue and opportunity to minimise emissions through adoption of clean cooking fuels and stoves was highlighted in a new report from the un environment program released on friday 25th november and will be a focus of discussions at the unfccc climate talks commencing in durban today. while the use of biomass for cooking is in itself not a cause for concern, it is the unsustainable harvesting and dirty and inefficient burning of the wood that inhibits social and economic development, harms the environment, and takes a significant toll on human health. latest estimates from the international institute for applied systems analysis ( iiasa ) indicate that in 2005, over 2 million people, mostly woman and children, died prematurely due to household air pollution \u2013 soot and other particles that are emitted when biomass is burned indoors in poorly ventilated environments. \u201c the collection and burning of woody biomass to cook food has consequences on many levels, \u201d says co editor of the special issue and a lead author shonali pachauri from iiasa. \u201c it traps women [ in particular ] in poverty as they must devote much of their time to wood collection. it affects the environment and climate due to deforestation and the emission of black carbon and greenhouse gases that result from burning, and tragically it is costing the lives of many woman and children in the developing world, predominantly in india, sub - saharan african nations and china. \u201d the articles presented in the special issue consider the options for transitioning the nearly 2. 7 billion people globally who are reliant on traditional biomass fuels to cleaner cooking fuels, such as lpg, biogas, ethanol and biodiesel, as well as electricity. \u201c much of the emphasis to date has been on increasing access to electricity, which while important may be too slow a path and may not address cooking energy needs ( electricity is rarely used for cooking in many developing countries ). providing improved cooking stoves to households will have an immediate positive", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47721817373426356, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.009704"} {"text": "date has been on increasing access to electricity, which while important may be too slow a path and may not address cooking energy needs ( electricity is rarely used for cooking in many developing countries ). providing improved cooking stoves to households will have an immediate positive impact on people and the environment. the issue presents new research findings on many issues associated with resolving the challenge of improving access to clean fuels and cookstoves including ; how to measure and monitor energy poverty ; an evaluation of the health and climate benefits of cookstove replacement options ; how to improve the likelihood of adoption and sustained use of cleaner cooking stoves and fuels, and a cost - benefit analysis of reducing indoor air pollution. the research draws strongly on case studies conducted in india, nepal, kenya, sudan, indonesia and mexico. the issue also refers to several significant and recent initiatives established to raise awareness and improve access to clean cooking options and explains why they may or may not succeed. one example is the global alliance for clean cookstoves, an international program established in 2010 with a goal of equipping 100 million homes with clean cooking stoves and fuel by 2020. the program is based on the idea that carbon credits will encourage the adoption of clean cooking stoves. however, experience to date suggests that only international players with good contacts to international institutions will be able to access this money. this raises questions about how likely the program is to be adopted and persist at the community level, but also raises the more important issue of how business and the policy communities must work with communities to facilitate change. shonali pachauri, iiasa phone : + 43 ( 0 ) 2236 807 475 deutsche version dieser seite", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5340989107044392, "token_count": 338, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.010494"} {"text": "- browse by issue : one of the oldest conflicts in the american system of government is that between congress and the president over the right to formulate and implement foreign policy. is the president solely responsible for the conduct of external relations? is the congress an equal partner? or does congress have the right to shape u. s. policy by enacting legislation which proscribes a president ' s flexibility? these are not just debating points for historians and constitutional lawyers, but critical issues which need to be addressed if we are to see the successful exercise of american diplomacy in the 1980s. our effectiveness in dealing with the problems ahead, especially u. s. - soviet competition in the third world, will depend to a significant degree on our ability to resolve the adversary relationship between the president and congress. fifty - two americans were taken hostage in iran on november 4, 1979. ten days later, in circumstances to be related, president carter froze all assets of the government of iran in the united states and under the control of u. s. banks, businesses and individuals outside the united states. this action, and related measures taken later, deprived iran of the use of more than $ 12 billion in bank deposits, gold and other property. the president also cut off most export and other transactions between the united states and iran and asked the u. n. security council to vote similar sanctions. u. n. action was blocked by a soviet veto on january 13, 1980, but other nations gradually reduced their commerce with iran. as the hostage crisis dragged on, these sanctions deprived iran of critical supplies and spare parts and forced it into expensive deals with unreliable middlemen. the recent heated debate over the sale of airborne warning and control system ( awacs ) planes and f - 15 fighter components to saudi arabia was only one of a number of controversies involving u. s. arms sales. the next weapons transfer which will meet congressional resistance is that of f - 16 fighters to pakistan, a sale which some believe will give a renewed impetus to the arms race on the subcontinent and undermine nonproliferation efforts. serious questions are also being raised about the wisdom of the planned sale of f - 16s to venezuela, thereby crossing a technological threshold which in the past has restrained the transfer of the most advanced fighter aircraft to latin america. proposed new arms supply relationships with argentina, chile and guatemala will draw the ire of those who are concerned about the dropping of past restrictions based upon these countries ' human rights records. the reagan administration is faced with a tough decision regarding the sale of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48918446301627116, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.017028"} {"text": ". proposed new arms supply relationships with argentina, chile and guatemala will draw the ire of those who are concerned about the dropping of past restrictions based upon these countries ' human rights records. the reagan administration is faced with a tough decision regarding the sale of the fx fighter to taiwan. beijing has put washington on notice that it considers the proposed sale as a \" litmus test \" of future sino - american relations. but the same type of symbolism is attached to the sale by taipei, which would view the failure to sell as a sign of abandonment. since world war ii there has been a continuing debate on military doctrine concerning the actual utility of nuclear weapons in war. this debate, irrespective of the merits of the divergent points of view, tends to create the perception that the outcome and scale of a nuclear conflict could be controlled by the doctrine or the types of nuclear weapons employed. is this the case? introduction : since world war ii there has been a continuing debate on military doctrine concerning the actual utility of nuclear weapons in war. this debate, irrespective of the merits of the divergent points of view, tends to create the perception that the outcome and scale of a nuclear conflict could be controlled by the doctrine or the types of nuclear weapons employed. is this the case? since nuclear deterrence began, some of the forces providing deterrence for the west have been stationed in europe. in the early period, when delivery systems did not yet enjoy intercontinental range, european real estate was essential for america ' s strategic deterrent. but with new intercontinental ballistic missiles ( icbms ) and sea - based nuclear missiles, introduced in the late 1950s, the u. s. nuclear deterrent no longer required bases in europe : the age of geographic deterrence identity between the united states and its european allies had come to an end. the history of the atlantic alliance is a history of crises. but we must distinguish between the routine difficulties engendered by western europe ' s dependence on the united states for its security, as well as by the economic interdependence of the allies, and major breakdowns or misunderstandings which reveal not simply an inevitable divergence of interests but dramatically different views of the world and priorities. at the present time, complaints from west european leaders about the effects of high american interest rates on their economies, or about president reagan ' s skeptical approach to north - south economic issues, belong in the first category. the current controversy in europe over nuclear weapons belongs in the second, and now confronts the alliance with one of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5527719199893607, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.018058"} {"text": "high american interest rates on their economies, or about president reagan ' s skeptical approach to north - south economic issues, belong in the first category. the current controversy in europe over nuclear weapons belongs in the second, and now confronts the alliance with one of its most dangerous tests. under charles de gaulle, french foreign policy as seen from washington had a \" nuisance value \" at a time when france ' s domestic choices were much more in tune with those of her allies and neighbors. under francois mitterrand, the radical nature of the domestic changes in france ( e. g., nationalization of major industries and banks, decentralization of the administration of the country ) have virtually changed french foreign policy into a reassuring value. at a time when pacifism is sweeping northern europe, and the federal republic of germany in particular, france, with her firmness vis - a - vis the soviet union, her nuclear striking force, her strong defense budget and weak pacifist movement, seems an oasis of continuity. the problem mounts, the experts are in near agreement as to how to resolve it, and yet another president gives it high priority. however, despite all of the above, the united states may fail to enact a new national immigration policy in the near future. the seriousness and care with which congress is considering the issue are cause for encouragement, but president reagan is in the process of finding out, as president carter did before him, that there is little political capital to be made in this policy area. the united states recently \" discovered \" mexico. potential oil reserves of 200 billion barrels helped focus our attention and sparked interest in forging some kind of special relationship with our southern neighbor. concrete proposals range from a north american accord or common market to less dramatic package deals that would swap petroleum for increased mexican access to u. s. markets. relations between canada and the united states have become more strained than at any time in recent memory. there have been many earlier periods of tension, but the policy orientations of the two capitals in late 1981 appear to be far more divergent than in the past. the two governments seem to be on a collision course, in a context that political leaders cannot fully control. russia today is a mighty world power, with the largest territory of any state, a population of 260 million, great mineral resources in a resource - hungry world, and a geopolitical position that gives it a large role in both european and asian affairs. it is a military superpower with intercontinental and intermediate - range nuclear missiles in large numbers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5086506537480758, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.019288"} {"text": "fifty years ago, on may 25, 1961, president john f. kennedy told a joint session of congress that \" this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the moon and returning him safely to the earth. \" his vision became nasa ' s apollo program, which conducted six successful manned lunar landings during 1969 - 72 and brought the crews and the moon rocks that they collected safely home. as kennedy intended, the apollo program established the nation ' s preeminence in spaceflight, but it also produced a revolution in scientific understanding of the moon, sparking a debate that continues today about the relative merits of manned and robotic exploration. kennedy ' s call to action was viewed as a largely geopolitical maneuver, intended to achieve u. s. supremacy in rocketry and space travel at a time when the soviet union had gained a huge head start by launching sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite, and yuri gagarin - - the first man to orbit earth. there were defense implications : rockets that launch manned capsules into orbit could also propel nuclear weapons across intercontinental distances. whether apollo had a strong scientific purpose at first or not, the president ' s speech \" was tremendously influential, \" said retired astronomer william e. howard, who served in military, academic, and intelligence organizations. \" [ it ] inspired a lot of people to go into science. \" richard vondrak was a high school senior in 1961. now a nasa physicist, vondrak said that the excitement kindled by the new space program led him to a research career. donald bogard was a college student when kennedy spoke. he said that by 1969, when the first rocks from the moon arrived, he was a scientist \" behind the quarantine barrier in the lunar receiving lab \" at nasa ' s manned spacecraft center ( now the johnson space center ) in houston. bogard retired last year as chief scientist for astromaterials at the center, and recently said that \" apollo science set the stage for the golden era of planetary exploration. \" since apollo, robotic spacecraft have been the main sources of new information on the moon and planets. scientific objectives were established at the outset for the apollo project, although many scientists doubted that the missions would be worth the expense. the late robert jastrow, a nuclear physicist who led early nasa lunar science planning, wrote in his book \" journey to the stars \" that \" my fellow scientists never liked the apollo project. \" he added that they \" much", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.490425399120022, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.027953"} {"text": "worth the expense. the late robert jastrow, a nuclear physicist who led early nasa lunar science planning, wrote in his book \" journey to the stars \" that \" my fellow scientists never liked the apollo project. \" he added that they \" much preferred sending instruments into orbit \" than people. humans are expensive to keep alive in space, and their movements onboard a spacecraft can disturb delicate scientific equipment. prior to apollo, scientists were divided about the nature of the moon, said g. jeffrey taylor, a planetary geosciences professor at the university of hawaii in honolulu. some experts claimed the lunar surface was formed by volcanism, others thought it was molded by the impacts of thousands of meteoroids, and some, like physicist harold urey, a nobel laureate, contended that the moon was a cold, dead world with a surface of primordial materials from the era when the solar system formed, about 4. 5 billion years ago. urey ' s view was adopted by nasa ' s jastrow, who contended that the lunar surface should be explored as the \" rosetta stone of the solar system. \" if the moon had formed cold as urey claimed, there were no volcanoes to erupt and disturb the surface, no forces to fold the crust and throw up mountains, and, since there is no liquid water nor any wind, no erosion to alter the landscape. all of those effects obliterated the original surface of the earth over geologic time, leaving no trace of its original condition. so if apollo could collect rocks from the lunar surface, they supposedly would reveal the nature of moon when it formed, and perhaps what the newborn earth was like as well. but urey and jastrow were wrong. lunar soil gathered by the first men on the moon, neil armstrong and edwin \" buzz \" aldrin of the apollo 11 mission, hinted that the moon was anything but a primordial body, a conclusion confirmed from later samples and studies. in the soil, composed largely of broken shards of dark rock, there were white fragments of a different substance that hinted at the real history of the moon. the white rock - - which is also less dense than the dark material - - is now understood as evidence that soon after the moon formed, something melted the whole lunar surface. a brief era of very intense bombardment by asteroids and meteoroids may have done the trick. the molten rock layer extended down at least 60 miles, perhaps a great deal deeper. in this \" magma ocean \" layer, the original moon rock", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5164285320377385, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.029021"} {"text": "lunar surface. a brief era of very intense bombardment by asteroids and meteoroids may have done the trick. the molten rock layer extended down at least 60 miles, perhaps a great deal deeper. in this \" magma ocean \" layer, the original moon rock was destroyed and new minerals crystallized as magma cooled. this created the light, white rock, which rose to the top as denser rock sank into the depths of the moon. any trace of the primordial lunar surface was destroyed. later, large asteroids collided with the moon at intervals, creating huge impact basins and weakening the crust where, even later, dark lava would well up from the still hot lunar interior. this made the dark, flat lunar maria or seas such as the sea of tranquility, where apollo 11 landed. rough terrains of the white crustal rock, called lunar highlands, remain and are the likely sources of white rock chips at tranquility base and elsewhere. taylor said that apollo solved the mystery of how the moon ' s surface formed and \" revolutionized our whole view of the solar system. \" a half century after kennedy initiated the apollo program, scientists are still studying the moon, currently with robotic spacecraft. during apollo, astronauts circling the moon in a command module discovered a puzzling sight, moon dust rising well above the lunar surface, although there is no wind to loft it. vondrak, now the project scientist for nasa ' s lunar reconnaissance orbiter, said that the orbiter will gather new data on the strange dust phenomenon this summer. meanwhile, politicians, engineers, scientists and astronauts disagree about what nasa should do next for human spaceflight. \" we should use the moon of mars, phobos to assemble a base, \" said aldrin, pausing in a busy week of appearances at events marking the anniversary. that base could be installed afterward on the surface of mars. some experts favor returning to the moon as a stepping stone for a human voyage to mars and back, but those plans have bogged down due to inadequate funding. others call for a journey to an asteroid. many scientists, as in jastrow ' s day, prefer for nasa to concentrate on robotic exploration. john c. brandt, a retired nasa division chief who worked on the hubble space telescope, said he thinks the expense of manned missions makes robotic missions superior, but acknowledges that \" i was the principal investigator of a hubble instrument that was rescued by astronauts. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4975891476671436, "token_count": 493, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.030175"} {"text": "skip to comments. nasa rocket to create clouds tuesday posted on 09 / 15 / 2009 6 : 25 : 43 pm pdt by free thinkerny a rocket experiment set to launch tuesday aims to create artificial clouds at the outermost layers of earth ' s atmosphere. the project, called the charged aerosol release experiment ( care ), plans to trigger cloud formation around the rocket ' s exhaust particles. the clouds are intended to simulate naturally - occurring phenomena called noctilucent clouds, which are the highest clouds in the atmosphere. \" this is really essentially at the boundary of space, \" said wayne scales, a scientist at virginia tech who will use computer models to study the physics of the artificial dust cloud as it ' s released. \" nothing like this has been done before and that ' s why everybody ' s really excited about it. \" the experiment is the first attempt to create artificial noctilucent clouds. a previous spacecraft, called aeronomy of ice in the mesosphere ( aim ), launched in 2007 to observe the natural clouds from space. care is slated to launch tuesday between 7 : 30 and 7 : 57 p. m. edt ( 2330 and 2357 gmt ) from nasa ' s wallops flight facility in virginia. noctilucent means \" night shining \" in latin. although difficult to spot with the naked eye, the clouds are best visible when earth ' s surface is in darkness and sunlight from below the horizon illuminates the high - altitude clouds. these clouds, also known as polar mesospheric clouds, are made of ice crystals. the natural ones tend to hover around 50 to 55 miles ( 80 to 90 km ) above the earth. care will release its dust particles a bit higher than that, then let them settle back down to a lower altitude. \" what the care experiment hopes to do is to create an artificial dust layer, \" scales told space. com. \" hopefully it ' s a creation in a controlled sense, which will allow scientists to study different aspects of it, the turbulence generated on the inside, the distribution of dust particles and such. \" ( excerpt ) read more at livescience. com... if it works, obambi \u2019 s science advisor can continue to push his demented scheme ( releasing sulfur - rich aerosols to combat the \u201c greenhouse effect \u201d ). wonder if these will be visible. normally i ' d say \" wow, this is kinda a cool experiment by nasa \"... but", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5388825656503098, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.033819"} {"text": "push his demented scheme ( releasing sulfur - rich aerosols to combat the \u201c greenhouse effect \u201d ). wonder if these will be visible. normally i ' d say \" wow, this is kinda a cool experiment by nasa \"... but given their recent penchant for bowing towards the global warming\u2122 crowd, i would put reservations on the purpose of this near - space experiment. color mm as ' skeptical ' as to the motive for this it doesnt pay to screw around with mother nature. yep. i ' m all wee - weed up. if the dust were made of shredded hr3200 i might be more interested. i am going to make an assumption that the real intent of this experiment is to buy ourselves more time before the threat of man made global warming kills us all. it \u2019 s just a pile of dust from the vacuum cleaners of a few nasa offices. there is the scary operative phrase - - - \" hopefully.... \" wilhelm reich, please call your office. i remember that ad in the 70 \u2019 s. it would be followed up by and irish spring and then maybe you can call me ray or you can call me jay or maybe plop plop fiz fiz oh what a relief it is. didn \u2019 t they used to do something like this at wallops island back in the early days of nasa? oh, wonderful, now they are experimenting with climate control, just what we need. as in a nuclear scientist saying, \" this experiment could trigger a chain reaction and destroy the world, hopefully my calculations are correct and it won ' t \". a few months ago a shuttle launch made one of these clouds. disclaimer : opinions posted on free republic are those of the individual posters and do not necessarily represent the opinion of free republic or its management. all materials posted herein are protected by copyright law and the exemption for fair use of copyrighted works.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5123404050847253, "token_count": 388, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.034691"} {"text": "what is a web application? by \" web applications \", i mean interactive programs which run on any platform, and use, process or ( often ) display data available on a server. one important characteristic of such applications is that they run within the browser. doing so has several important implications - - most of them security related. web applications can only connect to the server they came from. if that weren ' t the case, i could create a web page with the \" small \" side effect of getting unaware visiting users to launch denial of service attacks against anybody. also, an application that runs within the browser can ' t access directly the local hardware and file system in order to prevent viruses and spyware. loser # 1 : java java was created by sun microsystems, and - - most importantly - - was included in netscape navigator in 1995. that ' s 13 years ago! java uses a virtual machine ; this means that java programs will run anywhere as long as a java virtual machine is available. java allows developers to create \" java applets \" and \" java applications \". the main difference is security ( see the textbox ) : java applets are expected to be found embedded in web pages, rather than installed, and therefore don ' t have full access to the underlying hardware. in 2008, i don ' t remember having seen a web page which included a java applet for at least 5 years. java has its niche markets : java server pages ( to create web applications ala php ) and mobile devices ( to create small applications ). android will probably push java further ( although it only uses java as a language, rather than using the java virtual machine ). however, again, java is nowhere to be seen in web pages. why? because for the first 12 years of its life, java ' s been proprietary. ( things are changing now. \" too little, too late \". ) courageous people tried to write free, competing virtual machines, and managed. however, the problem was in the important java libraries which sun kept under a closed license for years and years and years. i am convinced that this problem also had technical repercussions on java as a platform : java applet were famous for crashing people ' s browsers in 1995 - - and they are still famous today for being immensely heavy and memory - hungry. i can only wonder how much better java would be if the whole community were able to improve it and its libraries. many also argue that the java virtual machine - - and java as a language - - is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47557744505593863, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.041014"} {"text": "for being immensely heavy and memory - hungry. i can only wonder how much better java would be if the whole community were able to improve it and its libraries. many also argue that the java virtual machine - - and java as a language - - is hardly fixable : the post i hate java summarises some of the problems. ( but, it is biased! ) so, java had all of the ingredients to become king in the web application domain : it was first, it was available in windows and gnu / linux, and it was ready. and yet, it was a closed platform and it had arguably big technical problems. loser # 2 : flash just like java, flash was available very early, in 1997. web authors could develop nice animations and more. it was better than java ( it didn ' t kill your browser ) and it was easier to program. fast - forward 11 years : flash ' s main use is in video playing, and very little more. adobe ( which owns flash ) realised the potential of internet applications, and ( about three years ago ) released flex. flex, in oversimplifying terms, can be seen as a way for developers to create flash files, using advanced libraries and advanced tools. flex is absolutely fantastic. the problem is that while the flash player is \" free \" ( that is, it doesn ' t cost anything although its source code is not available ), flex is outrageously expensive. and proprietary. [ update : no, it ' s not expensive. it ' s been open sourced, and you don ' t need a flex server to deploy flex applications - - thanks ben forta! ] and it creates applications running in a proprietary player ( flash ). i have seen flex. i have met some of the programmers who worked on it. they knew what they were doing. they were smart. they knew the internet - - i considered them internet magicians. however, nobody likes to fork out large sums of money in order to buy ( or deploy ) the development tools [ update : this is no longer an issue ], and nobody likes the idea of depending completely on the financial health and ethical principles of a single company. i think flash and flex are way superior to anything i have ever seen. if the flash player were released under the gpl, its specifications fully documented [ note : this is still absolutely crucial ], and flex was released under a free license ( maybe bsd - like? ), then there could be a big chance of a huge market shift towards adobe '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4614730771369257, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.042145"} {"text": "the gpl, its specifications fully documented [ note : this is still absolutely crucial ], and flex was released under a free license ( maybe bsd - like? ), then there could be a big chance of a huge market shift towards adobe ' s technologies. trouble is, it ' s not going to happen - - and it might even be too late. loser # 3 : silverlight. net is microsoft ' s answer to java : it compiles things into bytecode, it ' s multi - platform, etc. technically, many argue that it ' s \" java as it should have been \".. net isn ' t free : while the virtual machine and the language itself are ecma standards, microsoft ' s gui libraries and other key components aren ' t. this means ( surprise surprise ) that you can ' t write a. net program for microsoft windows, and run it under gnu / linux, even though there is a. net virtual machine for gnu / linux ( called \" mono \" ). if. net is microsoft ' s answer to java, silverlight is microsoft ' s answer to flash. silverlight allows you to run. net applications within your browser. the site silverlight. net is silverlight ' s official web page. although it ' s defined \" multi platform \" by microsoft itself, gnu / linux is completely ignored ( there are windows and apple downloads ). silverlight might erode flash ' s tiny market. i don ' t think there ' s any difference between flash and silverlight : two competing products which are losing the web application race. why did such an unlikely combination win such an important war? because it ' s based on available, open, free technologies. people don ' t have to spend thousands of dollars to write flex applications. people don ' t have to install microsoft visual studio for silverlight. and don ' t have to battle the technical difficulties of java ( if it were still an option ). welcome to 2008.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48105547567242807, "token_count": 399, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.042979"} {"text": "nasa, along with other international space agencies, seem to be pretty good at putting things into earth \u2019 s orbit, but they are not so good when it comes to bringing things down. as a result, earth \u2019 s orbit has been cluttered with space junk which has put other spacecraft, include those which are manned, in danger of a possible catastrophic collision. the solution may be in the form of technology called a solar sail. a solar sail is a form of spacecraft propulsion system which uses radiation pressure, which can come from a star like our own sun, or from an artificial source like a laser. it also has the ability to act as a parking brake to slow down spacecraft for de - orbit by skimming the top of our atmosphere. such technology has been successfully tested by nasa this month on board a small spacecraft called nanosail - d. at first, nasa believed the mission was a failure before it even began. that \u2019 s because the small spacecraft was stuck inside its mothership called the fast, affordable, science and technology satellite ( fastsat ), which was launched in november. luckily, and for an unknown reason, the nanosail - d spacecraft ejected from its mothership on january 17. a few days later, on january 20, the nanosail - d unfurled its solar sail. the sail consists of a thin polymer sheet of reflective material which covers a 10 m2 area. the solar sail will provide enough aerodynamic drag to allow the nanosail - d to de - orbit within 70 to 120 days. this will test the possibility of including solar sails on future nasa satellites to allow them to return to earth and harmlessly disintegrate in the atmosphere. such a technique could prevent the build - up of future space junk. of course, a solar sail does have an accelerator pedal in addition to a brake which is why nasa engineers will be measuring the pressure of sunlight on the sail as well. read more at nasa", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5277040254696126, "token_count": 393, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.046126"} {"text": "nge > > the arts > > architecture, landscape architecture, and historic preservation > > landscape > > gardens > > vernacular gardens vernacular gardens, by definition, are gardens of ordinary people, not those designed by professionals or owned by the elite. the vernacular garden is a result of community - held beliefs about gardening aesthetics and utility as well as the traditional use of space and how it should function. a general homestead plan some southern regional generalities can be seen, but no set pattern in georgia becomes evident, other than a distinction between coastal and mountain locales. in the rolling hills of north georgia, dooryard paths were often lined with privet hedges to prevent erosion, but in the lower regions of the state, the yard was traditionally swept bare to avoid giving snakes and other pests a place to hide. in the twentieth century, with the advent of the lawnmower, the dooryard evolved into a grass lawn. no description of a southern rural farmhouse can omit the porch \u2014 a shady place to work and rest in a hot climate, as well as a means of cooling the interior of the house. the porch railings would sport containers of houseplants or colorful annuals planted in unserviceable household vessels. front pathways to the porch were often lined with white - painted river rocks, lighting the way in the moonlight. scuppernong or muscadine grapes were grown to be used for juice, preserves, and in some homes, wine. most georgian rural homesteads had some type of arbor for the greenish red scuppernong or the blue - black muscadine grape. the arbor, built very high, was located to receive full sun at the side of the house or barn and to provide a screen for some of the less attractive outbuildings. today, the grape arbor is one of the most important clues for identifying a vernacular garden of the rural south. orchards were planted close to the house as well. pears, peaches, figs, pomegranates, and damson plums, also known as \" bullace, \" were pollinated by bees, usually kept in hives along the fence bordering the orchard. women ' s roles in the garden european americans also worked according to an accepted division of labor. for women in rural georgia, the traditional role was to plant, tend, and use the \" kitchen \" gardens and yards. this was distinct from the masculine role, which was to care for the large acreage of crops and numerous animals. the european origins of the white", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48291934233506684, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.053239"} {"text": "georgia, the traditional role was to plant, tend, and use the \" kitchen \" gardens and yards. this was distinct from the masculine role, which was to care for the large acreage of crops and numerous animals. the european origins of the white farmer ' s wife, who began a homestead on a more or less wild plot of land, influenced what types of plants she put in the ground and where she planted them. seeds, carefully protected and carried from other long - lost homesites, and hardy cuttings of shrubs and trees were planted near the door of the house. plants were scouted from the wilderness surrounding the farm ' s clearing. fruit trees, vegetables, and beehives were placed around the perimeter of the clearing. the women of the family were subsequently responsible for harvesting the fruit and vegetables and preserving them. gardens raised by white rural settlers tended to reflect their practical outlook : an occasional whirligig or gourd birdhouse might be evident in the neatly clipped yards, but the overall appearance was generally utilitarian. various descriptions of slave quarters and plantation life document garden plots in which slaves raised produce to supplement their diets. most often tended by women, who could not depend on men to be available, the garden provided an area of self - reliance. this independence was carried forward upon emancipation. the garden practices and traditions learned in slavery were handed down orally to subsequent generations. richard westmacott, the author of african - american gardens and yards in the rural south, identifies three major functions of the rural garden for free african americans : its contribution to subsistence ; its utility as a kitchen extension for household chores ; and its use for entertainment, recreation, and display. vernacular gardens today the heritage of a handed - down culture of gardening in the rural south, both european and african american, can be characterized as coming from folk or nonscholarly sources. these rural gardening traditions have been the farmer ' s basis for adapting and viewing the spatial functioning of a dooryard from the last century to the present. the layout of today ' s southern farms is based on these cultural principles, and an observant traveler can still see the characteristics of a folkway landscape in the rural areas of georgia. steve bender and felder rushing, passalong plants ( chapel hill : university of north carolina press, 1993 ). john dixon hunt and joachim wolschke - bulmahn, eds., the vernacular garden ( washington, d. c. : dumbarton oaks research library and collection, 1993 ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45189512298206835, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.054545"} {"text": "the importance of babatunde olatunji in spreading awareness of african music throughout the world is incalculable. at a time when westerners were exposed to almost nothing of african culture, olatunji \u2014 he went solely by his surname early in his career \u2014 entered the mass consciousness with an album called drums of passion. recorded in 1959, it remains, with over five million copies sold, one of the most successful african albums of all time. that olatunji lived and recorded in the united states at the time is immaterial \u2014 for many, he was the sound and face of africa. born in 1927 in ajido, a small fishing village in nigeria, olatunji came to america in 1950 to study political science in atlanta. in 1954 he transferred to new york university graduate school of public administration. already an accomplished drummer, he arranged for the 66 - piece orchestra african fantasia to perform at radio city music hall. the show caught the ear of the legendary columbia records talent scout john hammond, who heard in him a sound that begged to be shared. drums of passion, the first african album to be recorded in the u. s., and the first in stereo, was highly influential in intellectual and artistic circles ( john coltrane was one who was moved by it and santana \u2019 s \u201c jingo \u201d came from it. ). its drum - and - vocal chants may seem slick or even inauthentic by today \u2019 s standards, but there is no mistaking the album \u2019 s role in the nascent black pride movement \u2014 even many african - americans had never heard the music of the motherland until olatunji, a man transplanted into the heart of american segregation at the dawn of the civil rights era, came along. he was hardly prolific over the years but his contribution to the dissemination of african percussion - based music continued. he founded and taught at the center for african culture in harlem in the late 1960s. he also remained active in the peace movement throughout his life \u2014 in 1996, he was responsible for assembling thousands of drummers at the washington monument, prior to bill clinton \u2019 s election, to participate in drum dance and pray for peace. one major olatunji booster was the grateful dead \u2019 s mickey hart, who produced him for rykodisc \u2019 s \u201c the world \u201d series. olatunji died in 2003. drums of passion ( columbia / legacy ) drums of passion : the beat ( rykodisc )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4392239710435663, "token_count": 506, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.058036"} {"text": "the u. s. energy information administration ( eia ) recently posted updated information on u. s. dependence on foreign oil. some of the facts may surprise you. more than half ( 51 % ) of all the oil we consume is produced in the usa. almost half ( 49 % ) of the oil we import comes from western hemisphere countries. as a share of total u. s. oil imports, canada \u2019 s contribution ( 25 % ) is more than double that of saudi arabia ( 12 % ). the top five foreign suppliers ( again, as a share of total imports ) were : saudi arabia ( 12 % ) u. s. reliance on imported oil \u201c declined dramatically since peaking in 2005, \u201d eia says. indeed, as a share of total consumption, imports declined from more than 60 % in 2005 to 49 % in 2010 \u2013 an 18 % drop in oil import reliance. eia says several factors account for the dramatic change : there is no single explanation for the decline in u. s. oil import dependence since 2005. rather, the trend results from a variety of factors. chief among those is a significant contraction in consumption. u. s. oil product deliveries declined by 1. 7 million barrels per day ( bbl / d ) to 19. 1 bbl / d in 2010, from 20. 8 million bbl / d in 2005. this decline partly reflects the downturn in the underlying economy after the financial crisis of 2008. not surprisingly, demand has bounced back somewhat from a low of 18. 8 million bbl / d in 2009, when the u. s. economy bottomed out. but the downward trend in consumption started two years before the 2008 crisis and reflects factors such as changes in efficiency and consumer behavior as well as patterns of economic growth. shifts in supply patterns, including increases in domestic biofuels production, ngl output and refinery gain, also played an important role in moderating import dependence. u. s. ethanol net inputs grew from 230, 000 bbl / d in 2005 to 779, 000 bbl / d in 2010, helping to displace traditional hydrocarbon fuels and so reducing petroleum import needs. strong gains in the deepwater gulf of mexico and the bakken formation brought decades of contraction in domestic oil production to a sudden halt, and even led to a rebound. u. s. crude oil output increased by an estimated 334, 000 bbl / d between 2005 and 2010, further eroding the need for imported crude oil. it is reasonable to assume that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45316512464185343, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.060983"} {"text": "stonehenge builders had geometry skills to rival pythagoras. golden golden ratio and the stonehenge. stonehenge satellite image in google earth. successive golden rectangles dividing a golden rectangle into squares stonehenge builders had geometry skills to rival pythagoras may 26, 2008. source independent. co. uk by david keys stone age britons had a sophisticated knowledge of geometry to rival pythagoras \u2013 2, 000 years before the greek \" father of numbers \" was born, according to a new study of stonehenge. five years of detailed research, carried out by the oxford university landscape archaeologist anthony johnson, claims that stonehenge was designed and built using advanced geometry. the discovery has immense implications for understanding the monument \u2013 and the people who built it. it also suggests it is more rooted in the study of geometry than early astronomy \u2013 as is often speculated. mr johnson believes the geometrical knowledge eventually used to plan, pre - fabricate and erect stonehenge was learnt empirically hundreds of years earlier through the construction of much simpler monuments. he also argues that this knowledge was regarded as a form of arcane wisdom or magic that conferred a privileged status on the elite who possessed it, as it also featured on gold artifacts found in prehistoric graves. the most complex geometrical achievement at stonehenge is an 87 - metre diameter circle of chalk - cut pits which mark the points of a 56 - sided polygon, created immediately within the monument ' s perimeter earthwork. mr johnson used computer analysis and experimental archaeology to demonstrate that this outer polygon was laid out using square and circle geometry. he believes the surveyors started by using a rope to create a circle, then laid out the four corners of a square on its circumference, before laying out a second similar square, thus creating an inner octagon. the points of the octagon were then utilised as anchors for a surveyor ' s rope which was used to \" draw \" arcs which intersected the circumference so as to progressively create the sides of a vast polygon. indeed, his work has demonstrated that a 56 - sided polygon is the most complex that can easily be created purely through square and circle geometry using a single piece of rope. it is likely that this basic limitation determined the number of sides of stonehenge ' s outer polygon \u2013 and may also have led to the 56 - sided polygon concept becoming important within wider european religious belief. ancient greek classical mythology associated just such a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49723588450067757, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.065393"} {"text": "is likely that this basic limitation determined the number of sides of stonehenge ' s outer polygon \u2013 and may also have led to the 56 - sided polygon concept becoming important within wider european religious belief. ancient greek classical mythology associated just such a 56 - sided polygon with zeus ' s great rival for divine supremacy, the weather god typhon. johnson ' s research, published as a book this week, shows that stonehenge derived its design from geometrical knowledge and features no less than six concentric polygons \u2013 a 56 - sided outer one built around 2950bc ; a regular octagon built around 2500bc ) inside that ; two concentric ( though partly inaccurate ) 30 - sided polygons built around 1650bc, which were based on a series of hexagons ; a 30 - sided inner polygon ( the sarsen stone ring which was built around 2500bc ) also based on hexagonal geometry ; and two probable 40 - sided concentric polygons ( probable former blue stone positions built around 2600bc ) that were later modified to 30 - sided ones. they also created the famous central stone \" horseshoe \" utilizing the survey markers used to create the thirty - sided sarsen polygon. the experimental archaeology demonstrates that most of the monument was pre - planned and that the great stones were pre - fabricated off - site and then installed by surveyor - engineers. \" for years people have speculated that stonehenge was built as a complex astronomical observatory. my research suggests that, apart from mid - summer and mid - winter solar alignments, this was not the case, \" said mr. johnson. \" it strongly suggests that it was the knowledge of geometry and symmetry which was an important component of the neolithic belief system. \" \" it shows the builders of stonehenge had a sophisticated yet empirically derived knowledge of pythagorean geometry 2000 years before pythagoras, \" he said. a leading british prehistorian, sir barry cunliffe, from oxford university, believes that anthony johnson ' s research is \" a major step forward in solving the puzzle of stonehenge \". the golden rectangle and the a golden rectangle is a rectangle whose side lengths are in the golden ratio, one - to - phi, that is, approximately 1 : 1. 618. a distinctive feature of this shape is that when a square section is removed, the remainder is another golden rectangle, that is, with the same proportions as the first. square removal can", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5327345718996073, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.066589"} {"text": "corn, beans, sweet potatoes \u2026 it ' s hard to say which crop sets contributor anthony boutard ' s heart aflutter more. here he offers a basic guide to the beans he and carol grow at ayers creek farm and how to cook them to best enjoy their flavor. dried legumes have a relatively short life. typically, after two years, chickpeas and garden beans become stale and eventually they may not even soften up no matter how much they are cooked. they are in their prime for six months after harvest, and good for a year. anthony and the roto - fingers pea - bean sheller. the bean is a seed and the two halves within the seed coat are storage leaves bridged by a stalk supporting the root and a shoot which will grow into the plant. the cotyledons store a mixture of carbohydrates ( long chains of sugar molecules ) and proteins ( long chains of amino acids ) that were originally formed in special seed tissue called the endosperm. in grains, the endosperm is retained, but in legumes and many other plants, it is entirely absorbed into the cotyledons. this repackaging of these long molecules apparently makes them vulnerable to tangling, sort of like the way that elastic bands, string and paper clips left in a drawer will eventually form a knotted mass. as the carbohydrates and proteins get tangled up they become harder and then impossible to separate into digestible units by heat or enzymatic action. this repackaging problem is probably why beans have a shorter shelf life than grains. soaking the beans. we always soak our legumes overnight or a bit longer. as the seed draws in water, enzymes are released which start to chop apart its proteins and carbohydrates into smaller units. in our experience, allowing the seed ' s natural enzymes to start the process yields a sweeter and smoother cooked bean. the next day, we drain off the soaking water. seeds must germinate in a relatively hostile environment. to fend off hungry invertebrates, fungi and bacteria, they release nasty compounds that make life unpleasant for these creatures and us. there is a myth that the soaking water contains valuable nutrients ; taste it and decide for yourselves. we dump the water, rinse the beans and start cooking them in fresh water. harvesting the beans. beans cook best in a nearly neutral ph, which makes water the best cooking medium. in some areas, it is customary to add a pinch", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4394232934793713, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.073617"} {"text": ". we dump the water, rinse the beans and start cooking them in fresh water. harvesting the beans. beans cook best in a nearly neutral ph, which makes water the best cooking medium. in some areas, it is customary to add a pinch of \" soda \" to raise the ph of the water. acidic ingredients such as tomatoes should be added after the beans are cooked. some people believe salt impedes the cooking of beans. whether or not this is true, we always salt our beans after cooking. judy rodgers ' advice in the zuni cafe cookbook is to salt the cooking liquid to taste after the beans are done and let them rest. this works well for us. finally, the cooking liquid of all of our beans is really delicious and, if the recipe calls for draining the cooked beans, retain the liquid for some other recipe or enjoy it as you would a cup of stock. the bean roster we sell both pole and bush beans. the pole beans ( borlotto, tarbais, black basque ) cost more to grow because they must be trellised, so we package them in 3 / 4 pound packages. bush types come in 1 - pound packages. over the last decade, we brought more than 50 types to the market. we have settled on this group of ten which provides a manageable level of diversity and includes our favorites. borlotto bean stew. borlotto lamon : this is a classic italian pole bean from the veneto. traditionally used for la jota. the flavor is nutty with a very fine, silky texture, our choice for a desert island bean. several years ago, a virus brought in by some seeds purchased for a different variety destroyed our crop. we bought new seed but it had declined in quality ; the beans were highly variable, with about 90 % off - type, and ripened over a five week period. as there is no substitute for the variety, we have spent the last three years reselecting the crop in order to improve its quality. we have invested well over $ 2, 000 in the effort, and we are very pleased with the result. ayers creek tarbais beans. tarbais : a flat, white pole bean traditionally used for cassoulet. also great with kale and cabbage dishes. black basque : a black pole bean from northern spain. it is a slightly sweet bean with a delicate flavor. unlike other black beans, it is best prepared with a light hand on the seasonings, and served simply in its own bro", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.41484402955332345, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.074592"} {"text": "cabbage dishes. black basque : a black pole bean from northern spain. it is a slightly sweet bean with a delicate flavor. unlike other black beans, it is best prepared with a light hand on the seasonings, and served simply in its own broth with some good bread. zolfino : a white bush bean with a yellowish cast. like the previous bean, go easy on the seasoning, just a sprig of sage or rosemary is enough. we add a splash of vinegar and olive oil before serving. purgatorio : a small white bean traditionally served with fish. we have it courtesy of our sister - in - law, shirin. many years ago, we had dinner at al covo, a restaurant that specializes in fish, and the person serving us noted that she was from texas and wanted to know where we lived and what we did. we introduced ourselves as bean farmers from oregon. a few minutes later her husband, cesare benelli, came out and told us how much he loved beans. the chef then turn serious and told us that we should grow the bean from gradoli, as it is the best bean for serving with fish. he checked in the kitchen, but had run out of the beans. a few months later, shirin sent us a box with several types of beans, including ' purgatorio ', the bean of gradoli. this week, we enjoyed them as a soup in their own broth with some oregon bay shrimp sauteed with a bit of cumin and lots of freshly ground cayenne. black turtle : the standard black bean for cuban and mexican dishes. holds it own in the company of strong seasonings and whatever else you fling at it. gorgeous dutch bullets. dutch bullet : a golden round bean with a red eye. good for soup, perhaps with some escarole added. the late dutch plant breeder, kees sahin, recommended that we grow these beans as they are a favorite in holland. our friend, alice doyle of log house plants, brought kees to the farm and we spent a whole evening tasting and talking about beans and other vegetables. by coincidence, our neighbors grew several acres ' bull ' s blood ' beet for seed this year which is one of kees ' s varieties. vermont cranberry : a red kidney bean with dark streaks. use as you would other red kidney beans. the common name is a misnomer as cranberry beans are round and red like the fruit. this type of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42040168613969064, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.075460"} {"text": "last spring, the city launched a pilot program to provide a free laptop for every student at seven middle schools on the upper west side the \u201c one - to - one in ten \u201d program ( so named because it takes place in school district 10 and aims to achieve a one - to - one student to laptop ratio ) had a modest beginning. but city councilmember gale brewer, the chair of the council \u2019 s technology committee who championed the program and represents most of the upper west side, hopes that every public middle school student in new york city some day will have access to a laptop at school. eventually some advocates thought the students might even be able to take their computers home at night. brewer \u2019 s enthusiasm is based upon research that shows that using laptops encourage students to engage more deeply with their coursework. the so - called one - to - one programs also seek to prepare students for the technologically driven world in which they live and to close the digital divide between students who have computers and those whose families may not be able to afford them. but a problem has arisen : there is little evidence that students who use laptops in class do better on standardized tests than students who do not. since president george w. bush signed the no child left behind act in 2002, a school \u2019 s aggregate performance on standardized tests has become of foremost concern for school administrators. given this reality, a national backlash against laptops in the classroom is brewing just as new york city has begun to embrace the trend. putting laptops in schools new york city is far from alone in using laptops for educational purposes. maine has launched a similar program, and many maine teachers who worked in one - to - one laptop initiatives are now advising others about how to begin similar programs. a study of 2, 500 of the country \u2019 s largest school districts conducted last year found an increasing number gave all students and teachers computers connected to the internet, sometimes for use at home as well as at school. do computers do more harm than good? in general, though, evidence seems to be emerging that technology is not a cure - all for the nation \u2019 s classroom. a recent department of education study, for example, while not considering the laptop programs, looked at 15 software programs used in schools and found that they did not lead to higher test scores. on the other hand, as the times recently reported, school district are seeing a downside to the computers. many districts find that they spend too much time and money fixing and maintaining the computers. one letter writer to the times", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.464008627366562, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.080537"} {"text": "to higher test scores. on the other hand, as the times recently reported, school district are seeing a downside to the computers. many districts find that they spend too much time and money fixing and maintaining the computers. one letter writer to the times pointed out that maintenance is a greater problem with windows machines than apple products. but regardless of the type of computer, students use them to access educationally trivial ( and sometimes pornographic ) web sites. students at one suburban syracuse school, the times found, used the laptops to exchange test answers and view pornography. when the school tried to stop that, some students found a way around the increased security a\u20ac \u201c and used the computers to tell their fellow students how to do that. faced with all of this, school districts that serve a diversity of student populations \u2014 some affluent, some poor, and with various ethnic groups \u2014 are abandoning their laptops beyond test scores so, have the defenders of laptops in the classroom lost the debate? is it time to revert to the chalkboard and the fundamentals of reading, writing, and arithmetic? not so fast, argues bruce lai. lai is brewer \u2019 s chief of staff and an expert on how to increase broadband internet access in underserved areas of new york city he points out that many of schools abandoning their laptops programs have students who have ready access to broadband internet connections at home. he worries, though, that taking a similar step in new york city \u2019 s school will \u201c consign working - class students \u201d to a technological apartheid. according to a recent report by the pew internet and american life project, only 21 percent of households with an annual income of $ 30, 000 or less had a broadband connection at home in 2006. lai and educational research consultant saul rockman also question some of the reasoning that has led schools to abandon laptops. the goal of laptop learning, they say, is not to improve standardized test scores, but rather to capture the imagination of students as they work on projects that would either be impossible or much more difficult without a computer. for example, the students in maine reportedly used laptops to create a book in spanish for children in guatemala, an activity whose benefits are difficult to quantify with standardized tests. the teacher \u2019 s role another barrier to the success of laptop programs is teacher resistance. instructors who are used to teaching the traditional way may resent the introduction of laptops into their classrooms. \u201c the box gets in the way, \u201d liverpool, new york, school board president mark lawson told the times.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45270334416347835, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.081644"} {"text": "laptop programs is teacher resistance. instructors who are used to teaching the traditional way may resent the introduction of laptops into their classrooms. \u201c the box gets in the way, \u201d liverpool, new york, school board president mark lawson told the times. teachers who perceive a potential benefit for laptops in their classrooms and are willing to change their teaching style to allow for increased student control of learning are more likely to take a positive view of one to - one laptop programs. laptop programs should take this into account. lai points out that meaningful plans for integrating technology into the classroom a\u20ac \u201c and addressing resistance to change among teachers \u2014 are just as important to the success of the computing plan as the laptops themselves. such cultural changes take a long time to occur but some are working on it. teaching matters is a new york based non - profit that seeks to hasten the process. believing that technology can improve learning if it is used properly, they provide assistance in the classroom as well as workshops and on line help so teachers can make better use of technology in the meantime, researchers from fordham university \u2019 s regional educational technology center have begun to evaluate the efficacy of the \u201c one - to - one in ten \u201d initiative. surely there is room for improvement, but one hopes it will find some signs of greater student engagement with their own learning. but that might not be enough. in today \u2019 s world, educational assessment is driven by standardized exams, and classroom laptop programs may fail the test. a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5026742438312892, "token_count": 298, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.082259"} {"text": "back to news room more on invasive species invasive asian carp caught near lake michigan the nightmare scenario of asian carp entering the great lakes through chicago waterways is closer to reality as the asian carp regional coordinating committee announced wednesday the capture of an invasive bighead carp in lake calumet, six miles away from lake michigan. the fish \u2019 s capture bolsters repeated environmental dna tests which have shown that the carp have evaded an electrical barrier intended to prevent their movement out of canals artificially connecting the great lakes and mississippi river system. scientists and government regulators agree that the invasive fish pose a dire threat to the lakes because of their size and voracious appetites. environmental groups throughout the great lakes have been advocating for quick action to impede the carp \u2019 s headlong swim towards lake michigan, even as federal officials and business interests have questioned the validity of cutting edge science that pointed to the invasive species \u2019 presence. news of tuesday ' s capture brings a renewed call for more agile efforts to prevent the carp \u2019 s movement. many organizations have called for hydrologic separation of the two systems, first outlined in a 2008 alliance study, to ensure the movement of the carp and other invasive species is stopped. the u. s. army corps of engineers recently said that a study of this solution will take five to seven years. \" a year of dna testing has shown the asian carp are in the chicago waterways, and now we know they ' re a hop, skip and jump from lake michigan, \" said joel brammeier, president of the alliance for the great lakes. \" invaders will stop at nothing short of bricks and mortar, and time is running short to get that protection in place. \" the 34. 6 - inch - long, nearly 20 - pound male fish was caught live by a commercial fisherman contracted by the illinois dnr to conduct routine sampling in the area. act now! > > joint press release > > idnr \u2019 s statement > > asian carp fact sheet > >", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.3997238855384504, "token_count": 397, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.084430"} {"text": "become a fan of h2g2 the word ' phlogiston ' 1 is derived from the greek language. it is the neuter form of the word phlogistos, meaning ' inflammable '. this word is in turn derived from phlogizein meaning ' to set on fire ', derived from phlox, or phlog -, meaning flame. burning, as can be seen, is at the root of this area of scientific thought. the theory of phlogiston arose in the late 17th century when it was proposed by johann becher ( who referred to it as ' inflammable earth ' ). it was continued in the work of georg stahl. the theory postulates that in all flammable materials the elusive substance phlogiston is present, a substance without colour, odour, taste or weight, which is given off when materials are burnt. all materials could have three basic parts : phlogiston, impurities and the purest form of the material. anything that could be burned to nothing would be considered to have been completely composed of phlogiston - such as charcoal or sulphur. so, for example, wood when burnt leaves ash. it was, therefore, deemed that wood was composed of pure wood ( ash ) and phlogiston. iron on the other hand consisted of rust, the pure form of the metal and phlogiston. the impurities arose where the remains could not be defined as either the pure material or phlogistonated air. gases that dissolved in water were a prime example of this kind of impurity, materials that did not meet the criteria of either pure base or phlogiston. the theory maintained its position in scientific thought for 100 years, though throughout that period loopholes were identified and then carefully patched up with new variations and terms, like the impurities of fixed and foul air. objections were consistently countered with new information from phlogistonists who were not keen to see their theories blown apart. ultimately it was the work of french scientist antoine laurent lavoiser, in the late 18th century, which led to the systematic tearing apart of the phlogiston theory. his astute and systematic experimentation gave weight to gathering force of the antiphlogistonist movement. what replaced it were theories around oxygen and the reactions experienced by materials in the presence of this life - giving gas. experiments switched from purely observational efforts to quantitative analysis that tried to qualify changes and reactions without giving in to notions of fancy expanded from what the eyes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5956948644089136, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.092598"} {"text": "| harvard university library website | ( insert missing post, a. k. a. - the naturalization act of 1790 ) this act is short and sweet ( if only it were so today ). residency in the us for 2 years ( and don ' t be naughty ) and you and your children are considered citizens. now i was always taught that a wife ' s citizenship was also tied to the husband, but i see no mention of this in the act. could it be that naturalization wasn ' t always this way for women? could it be that women were considered even less significant than children to not even warrant being mentioned? is it automatically an assumption that wives are included due to the era of the legislation? if anyone knows, please share. \" congress of the united states : at the second session, begun and held at the city of new - york, on monday the fourth of january, one thousand seven hundred and ninety. an act to establish an uniform rule of naturalization. be it enacted by the senate and house of representatives of the united states of america, in congress assembled, that any alien, being a free white person, who shall have resided within the limits and under the jurisdiction of the united states for the term of two years, may be admitted to become a citizen thereof, on application to any common law court of record, in any one of the states wherein he shall have resided for the term of one year at least, and making proof to the satisfaction of such court, that he is a person of good character, and taking the oath or affirmation prescribed by law, to support the constitution of the united states, which oath or affirmation such court shall administer, and the clerk of such court shall record such application, and the proceedings thereon ; and thereupon such person shall be considered as a citizen of the united states. and the children of such person so naturalized, dwelling within the united states, being under the age of twenty - one years at the time of such naturalization, shall also be considered as citizens of the united states. and the children of citizens of the united states that may be born beyond sea, or out of the limits of the united states, shall be considered as natural born citizens : provided, that the right of citizenship shall not descend to persons whose fathers have never been resident in the united states : provided also, that no person heretofore proscribed by any state, shall be admitted a citizen as aforesaid, except by an act of the legislature of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44677331663776776, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.096984"} {"text": "data & measures data and measures developed by mn epht are made available through : mnph data access is a web - based query and information system designed to provide public access to minnesota data about health, the environment, and other risk factors that may impact public health. these data may be used to : - help people and communities make healthy choices - protect children, the environment, and future generations - evaluate and measure the effectiveness of public health actions and policy see tracking in action for examples of how mn epht data may be used. ultimately, the goal of mnph data access is to support the minnesota department of health ' s mission - - to protect, maintain, and improve the health of all minnesotans. background : data & measures nationally consistent data and measures ( ncdms ) are developed by mn epht in colaboration with the national environmental public health tracking network ( national tracking network ). the following are core content areas of the national network : - air quality - birth defects - carbon monoxide poisoning - childhood lead poisoning - drinking water quality - heart attacks - heat - related illness - reproductive outcomes mn epht has developed additional state - specific data and measures for : - chemicals in people : biomonitoring - chronic obstructive pulmonary disease - environmental tobacco smoke in addition, mn epht is developing and evaluating data for : - population characteristics ( income / poverty, health insurance ) - pesticide poisonings - private wells ( arsenic, nitrate ) - developmental disabilities data and measures are aggregated to protect data privacy. for more information about data and measures, see the links below or contact mn epht.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49949339570568513, "token_count": 326, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.100415"} {"text": "stiffness in a joint ; pain - joints ; arthralgia follow prescribed therapy in treating the underlying cause. for nonarthritis joint pain, both rest and exercise are important. warm baths, massage, and stretching exercises should be used as frequently as possible. anti - inflammatory medications may help relieve pain and swelling. consult your health care provider before giving aspirin or nsaids such as ibuprofen to children. what is \" devil ' s claw, \" and can it be used for osteoarthritis? devil ' s claw ( harpagophytum procumbens ) is a plant that grows in... read more \u00bb those of us who remember those days when the only treatment for rheumatoid arthritis was aspirin and hot paraffin, also remember that to... read more \u00bb my life has been pretty much like the title of the play \" stop the world - - i want to get off! \" in spite of my detailed records and... read more \u00bb a common cause of knee pain in young athletes is called patellofemoral pain syndrome ( pfps ). the patella ( kneecap ) moves up and down over the femur... read more \u00bb source : harvard decision guide besides the symptoms of ibd on the intestinal tract ( such as bloody diarrhea, crampy abdominal pain and fever ), people with the arthritis of ibd have... read more \u00bb", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43790624049184473, "token_count": 301, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.101833"} {"text": "though some older adults don \u2019 t respond to initial treatments for depression, most eventually find treatment that works : trying new treatments until you find the right one is essential research in the journal of the american medical association depression is common among older adults, and while it is treatable, about half of older people with depression don \u2019 t get relief from the first treatment their healthcare provider prescribes. there are many treatments for depression, however, so when this happens, it \u2019 s important to let a healthcare provider know, so he or she can recommend another treatment. the good news is that most older people who didn \u2019 t get relief with their first treatment, do get relief with other treatments, according to a report in the september issue of the journal of the american medical association ( jama ). about five percent of older adults who live in the community, and as many as half of those who are in long - term care, suffer from depression. typical signs of depression include : feeling depressed or \u201c low, \u201d loss of interest and pleasure in life, sleeping too little or too much, unintentional weight gain or loss, low energy, difficulty concentrating, feeling guilty or worthless, and thoughts of death or suicide. some older adults, however, don \u2019 t have typical symptoms of depression. instead, they have \u201c atypical \u201d symptoms. they may be anxious, feel uncomfortable around other people, or worry that they have physical or cognitive ( thinking ) problems, the jama article explains. depression can sometimes make it difficult to think clearly, but thinking should return to normal once the depression is treated. older adults with atypical symptoms need treatment too. if you or an older adult you care for has symptoms of depression, talk to a healthcare provider as soon as possible and get help. medicare and medicaid cover depression screenings and the earlier depression is diagnosed and treated, the better. when evaluating an older patient for depression, healthcare providers should ask if he or she has thoughts of harming himself or herself, or about committing suicide. if so, the healthcare professional should take steps to keep him or her safe, the report \u2019 s authors, jurgen unutzer, md, mph, ma, and mijung park, phd, rn, explain. even if a depressed older adult isn \u2019 t suicidal, he or she needs treatment, the authors add. if untreated, depression in later life can become long - lasting and disabling, there are many effective treatments for depression. more than 25 medications have been approved for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4641466506669607, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.108144"} {"text": "isn \u2019 t suicidal, he or she needs treatment, the authors add. if untreated, depression in later life can become long - lasting and disabling, there are many effective treatments for depression. more than 25 medications have been approved for treatment of depression by the food and drug administration, and there are a number of effective forms of psychotherapy ( or \u201c talk therapy \u201d ). some patients benefit from combinations of medications and talk therapy. because older adults are more likely to have side effects when taking drugs than younger adults are, healthcare providers should watch for adverse effects when treating older patients and adjust treatment as needed. older adults should also alert their healthcare provider if they develop side effects. if you are having trouble finding a treatment that works, your healthcare provider may refer you to a psychiatrist - - a physician who specializes in mental health. some people who don \u2019 t benefit from medications, psychotherapy, or both may get relief with a treatment called \u201c electroconvulsive therapy \u201d ( ect ), drs. unutzer and park note. when providing ect, a specially trained healthcare provider briefly introduces a short, very low electrical current to the patient \u2019 s brain while he or she is anesthetized. some older adults \u2013 including those who are seriously depressed, or who have severe depression and anxiety \u2013 may have a harder time finding effective treatments than other people. but even such \u2018 treatment - resistant \u2019 forms of depression can be treated. the report in september \u2019 s jama describes a 69 - year - old woman who suffered from severe treatment - resistant depression. she had been living independently in her own home but - - during a very difficult time in her life, when her son and husband both died - - she developed a depression so severe that she couldn \u2019 t take care of herself and had to be hospitalized and transferred to a nursing home. she continued to try new treatments, however, and finally got relief from a combination of medication, talk therapy, and ect. the therapy was so successful that she was able to once again live independently at home and enjoy her life. if a healthcare provider concludes that an older patient is depressed, he or she should also check whether the patient has ever had a period where they experienced symptoms of mania., drs. unutzer and park note. people with mania have periods during which they have enormous energy, become excessively \u2018 hyper \u2019 or irritable, have little need for sleep, speak very quickly and sometimes nonstop, and do things that seem risky. patients", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4689322158895497, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.109181"} {"text": "##utzer and park note. people with mania have periods during which they have enormous energy, become excessively \u2018 hyper \u2019 or irritable, have little need for sleep, speak very quickly and sometimes nonstop, and do things that seem risky. patients with both depression and mania have what is called \u201c manic depression, \u201d or \u201c bipolar disorder. \u201d the treatment for bipolar disorder \u2013 mood - stabilizing medications \u2013 is different than treatment for depression, so it \u2019 s very important that healthcare professionals check for a history of or current signs of mania in an older person who presents with symptoms of depression. what should you do? remember : if you or someone for whom you care has symptoms of depression, contact a healthcare provider as soon as possible. if the treatment your provider prescribes doesn \u2019 t seem to be working, let him or her know. again, most older adults eventually get relief from depression with treatment. don \u2019 t give up until you find treatment that works for you. this summary is from the full report titled, \u201c older adults with severe, treatment - resistant depression. \u201d it appears in the september 5, 2012 issue of the journal of the american medical association. the report is authored by jurgen unutzer, md, mph, ma, and mijung park, phd, rn.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4461788389960407, "token_count": 266, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.109841"} {"text": "learn about the shuttle pallet satellite, also known as the spas, which is a reusable space platform. read the full transcript \u00bb learn about the shuttle pallet satellite a european pay load called spas or shuttle pallet satellite provided this magnificent views. it \u2019 s a unique reusable space platform built by west german aerospace company. in addition to having film and tv cameras mounted on spas, ten experiments belonging to the west german government, the european space agency and nasa we \u2019 re on the platform. the test for spas was to prove that satellite design validity and that experiment could be operated successfully while spas was free flying. nasa wanted to show that the remote manipulator system could handle the two and half ton pay load. the orbiters ability to station keep with spas was also demonstrated. at this point there are 1, 000 featured parts. here spas and the shuttle are 200 feet apart ; thrusters on board the shuttle were fired to record the effect on spas. finally, spas is rebirth for return to earth. the shuttle crew also deployed two communication satellites, a canadian satellite for pay tv operations and an indonesian satellite to help with telecommunication services to the islands many remote locations. shuttle flight seven was to be the first shuttle flight to touch down in the kennedy space center but bad weather conditions did not allow it. challenger landed instead at edwards \u2019 s air force base in california. the pre - designated alternate landing site, during the period of communications black out usually lasting about 15 minutes temperatures on the vehicle surface reached their peak. the temperature of the red hot blows seen through challengers front window was about 2400\u00b0f. one astronaut described the view as being inside a furnace.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4924113085053419, "token_count": 348, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.111739"} {"text": "for immediate release : sept. 21, 2012 communication office, vermont department of health vermont agency of agriculture, food and markets the vermont agency of agriculture, food and markets was notified on september 21 that a horse located in pittsford, vermont has tested positive for eee. the horse began showing signs of illness on september 16 and was euthanized the next day. the horse was not vaccinated for eee. this is the second horse that tested positive for eee in vermont, and this is the first time eee virus has been detected in the town of pittsford. people who live in pittsford and the surrounding communities may be at increased risk for infection and should take precautions to prevent mosquito bites. the area where this horse lives was not treated with pesticide during the aerial spray that occurred the first week in september. eee is a mosquito - borne, viral infection that can cause severe neurologic disease in horses, with mortality rates approaching 100 percent. although horses are the animals most susceptible to eee, the virus can also cause disease in other mammals such as llamas and alpacas and in emus. in animals, the onset of clinical signs is generally three to 10 days after a bite by an infected mosquito. mammals infected with eee most commonly exhibit neurologic signs including ataxia or incoordination, inability to stand, limb weakness or paralysis, seizures and death, while infected emus often develop hemorrhagic diarrhea. mammals infected with eee generally do not transmit eee to other animals or to people. vermont cases of eee in animals are required to be reported to the office of the state veterinarian. \u201c all horses in vermont should be vaccinated for eee, regardless of their travel frequency \u201d stated dr. shelley mehlenbacher, vermont assistant state veterinarian. \u201c even horses that spend the majority of their time on isolated properties are susceptible, and those horses should be vaccinated. horse owners and veterinarians should work together to develop appropriate vaccination plans. \u201d while vaccination is the most effective tool for preventing eee in horses, owners may also protect their horses from infection by using an acceptable insect repellent seasonally and mechanical barriers such as fly sheets and face nets. changing out water troughs regularly and removing other items that hold water will help to reduce mosquito breeding areas. because humans are also susceptible to eee, vermonters are encouraged to take the following actions to protect themselves from mosquito bites and risk of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.49527066561980715, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.114755"} {"text": "congestive heart failure is a life - threatening condition. as the heart loses its ability to pump blood efficiently throughout the body, says ihab hajjar, m. d., associate director of the cardiovascular research program at hebrew seniorlife ' s institute for aging research, other organs, including the liver and lungs, can be damaged because they don ' t receive enough oxygen and nutrients to function properly. a condition in which the heart does not pump as well as it should to deliver oxygen - rich blood to the body ' s cells weak pumping action of the heart, which causes buildup of fluid in the lungs and other body tissues left - sided congestive heart failure - shortness of breath - buildup of fluid in the lungs - cough, especially at night right - sided congestive heart failure - buildup of fluid in veins - swelling of feet, ankles and legs - chest pain - weight gain from excess fluid - fast or irregular heart beat - previous heart attack - coronary artery disease - heart valve disease - congenital heart defects - alcohol or drug abuse - physical exam - chest x - ray - nuclear scan - blood tests - angiotensin - converting enzyme ( ace ) inhibitors - angiotensin ii receptor blockers - beta blockers - diuretics ( water pills ) - adolsterone agonists - implantable cardioverter defibrillator - cardiac resynchronization therapy - heart pump ace inhibitor - a drug that helps blood vessels relax by blocking the formation of naturally - occurring chemicals that narrow the blood vessels. aldosterone agonists - drugs that regulate the balance of salt and water in the body. angiotensin ii receptor blocker - a drug that blocks the action of angiotensin ii, allowing blood vessels to relax and widen, which lowers blood pressure. angiogram - an x - ray of blood vessels. arrhythmia - an abnormal heart rhythm. beta blocker - a drug that decreases the heart rate and force of the heart ' s contractions to lower blood pressure. cardiac resynchronization therapy - the placement of a pacemaker that sends timed electrical impulses to both of the heart ' s lower chambers so they pump together and in a more efficient, coordinated manner. coronary artery disease - a disease that begins when cholesterol substances called plaques are deposited within a coronary artery and obstruct the flow of blood to the heart. digoxin - a drug that strengthens heart muscle contractions and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48878140532676906, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.118756"} {"text": "coronary artery disease - a disease that begins when cholesterol substances called plaques are deposited within a coronary artery and obstruct the flow of blood to the heart. digoxin - a drug that strengthens heart muscle contractions and tends to slow the heart beat. diuretic - a drug that acts on the kidneys to help eliminate sodium and water from the body, thus reducing blood volume. echocardiogram - an ultrasound of the heart that provides an accurate assessment of the heart ' s overall health and can diagnose abnormalities. electrocardiogram - a recording of the heart ' s electrical activity. heart attack - the death of heart muscle due to loss of blood supply. heart pump - a mechanical device implanted into the abdomen and attached to a weakened heart to help it pump. heart valve disease - a condition in which the valves separating the heart ' s four chambers do not operate efficiently. hypertension - a medical condition in which blood pressure ( the force applied to the walls of arteries as the heart pumps blood through the body ) is consistently higher than 140 systolic and 90 diastolic. implantable cardioverter defibrillator - a device implanted under the skin and attached with small wires to monitor heart rhythm and, if irregular, to shock it back to a normal rhythm. nuclear scan - a diagnostic procedure that uses a safe radioactive agent to help diagnose heart diseases. american heart association - http : / / www. americanheart. org / national heart, lung & blood institute - http : / / www. nhlbi. nih. gov / the information contained on this web site is intended for general consumer understanding and education. the information is provided as a resource only and is not a substitute for professional diagnosis and treatment. access to the information on this site is voluntary. we advise users to consult their physician or other qualified health - care professional if they have questions regarding personal health and medical conditions. hebrew seniorlife expressly disclaims responsibility, and shall have no liability, for any damages, loss, injury or liability whatsoever suffered as a result of your reliance on the information contained on this site. by visiting this site, you agree to the foregoing terms and conditions, which may from time to time be changed or supplemented by hebrew seniorlife.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5664023485814966, "token_count": 468, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.119672"} {"text": "by j. ashley roach, captain, jagc, u. s. navy ( ret. ), office of the legal adviser, u. s. department of state. ( material contained herein is made available for the purpose of peer review and discussion and does not necessarily reflect the views of the department of the navy or the department of defense. ) at the present time there is hardly any object which cannot be located and explored on the sea - bed. sophisticated equipment can pinpoint any anomaly on the sea - bed, and advanced technology enables the lifting of most objects. 2 this technology, pioneered for the exploration of natural resources, is now in use by salvors, marine archaeologists and marine historians, whose interests are not necessarily viewed as being compatible. 3 the cost of this technology is dropping rapidly and can be used by \" treasure hunters \", the main interest of many of whom is the recovery of commercially valuable material without regard to the methods of archaeological excavation. 4 furthermore, much of the underwater cultural heritage which remains unexplored is on the outer reaches of the continental shelf or on the deep sea - bed beyond the limits of coastal state jurisdiction over sunken shipwrecks which, under the los convention, is limited to 24 miles from the baseline. 5 there is, however, at present no multilateral treaty governing the treatment of sunken ships located in those areas beyond coastal state jurisdiction, 6 nor is there any multilateral treaty governing the particular case of sunken warships or military aircraft. as described in the following paragraphs, there is, nevertheless, a moderately well - developed body of customary international law governing the treatment of sunken warships and military aircraft ( as opposed to other vessels and aircraft not entitled to sovereign immunity ). 7 warships, naval auxiliaries, and other vessels owned or operated by a state and used at the time they sank only on government non - commercial service, are state vessels. 8 aircraft used in military, customs and police services are state aircraft. 9 international law recognizes that state vessels and aircraft, and their associated artifacts, whether or not sunken, are entitled to sovereign immunity. 10 in addition, such shipwrecks and sunken aircraft are historical artifacts of special importance and entitled to special protections. many such ships and aircraft have unique histories making them important parts of their country ' s traditions. 11 in addition, these ships and aircraft may be the last resting places of many sailors and airmen who died in the service of their nations. 12 the practice of states confirms the well - established rule of international law that title to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5315852368971611, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.138309"} {"text": "country ' s traditions. 11 in addition, these ships and aircraft may be the last resting places of many sailors and airmen who died in the service of their nations. 12 the practice of states confirms the well - established rule of international law that title to such vessels and aircraft is lost only by capture or surrender during battle ( before sinking ), 13 by international agreement, 14 or by an express act of abandonment, gift or sale by the sovereign in accordance with relevant principles of international law and the law of the flag state governing the abandonment of government property. 15 once hostilities have ended, belligerents do not acquire any title to such vessels or aircraft through the act of sinking them. likewise, title to such vessels and aircraft is not lost by the mere passage of time. 16 a coastal state does not acquire any right of ownership to a sunken state vessel or aircraft by reason of its being located on or embedded in land or the seabed over which it exercises sovereignty or jurisdiction. 17 access to such vessels and aircraft and their associated artifacts located on or embedded in the seabed of foreign archipelagic waters, territorial seas or contiguous zones, is subject to coastal state control in accordance with international law. 18 it is the policy of most governments to honor requests from sovereign states to respect, or to authorize visits to, such sunken vessels and aircraft. 19 access to sunken state vessels and aircraft and their associated artifacts located on or embedded in the continental shelf seaward of 24 miles from the baseline is subject to flag state control and is not subject to coastal state control. 20 access to sunken state vessels and aircraft and their associated artifacts located on or embedded in the seabed seaward of 24 miles from the baseline is subject only to flag state control. 21 except for opposing belligerents while hostilities continue, no person or state may salvage or attempt to salvage sunken state vessels or aircraft, or their associated artifacts, wherever located, without the express permission of the sovereign flag state, whether or not a war grave. 22 once hostilities have ended, sunken state vessels and aircraft containing crew remains are also entitled to special respect as war graves and must not be disturbed without the explicit permission of the sovereign. 23 the flag state is entitled to use all lawful means to prevent unauthorized disturbance of the wreck or crash site ( including the debris field ) or salvage of the wreck. 24 disturbance of any shipwreck or crash site is necessarily a destructive process. in virtually every instance, once recovery activities are undertaken, the site cannot be restored or replicated. any recovery effort which disturbs", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5061036231857026, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.140256"} {"text": "field ) or salvage of the wreck. 24 disturbance of any shipwreck or crash site is necessarily a destructive process. in virtually every instance, once recovery activities are undertaken, the site cannot be restored or replicated. any recovery effort which disturbs the site denies other properly authorized persons the opportunity for scientific discovery and study. 25 accepted principles of marine archaeology, naval history and environmental protection require thoughtful research design, careful site surveys, minimal site disturbance consistent with research requirements, adequate financial resources, preparation of professional reports, and a comprehensive conservation plan before artifacts should be permitted to be recovered and treated. 26 these principles apply particularly to sunken state vessels and aircraft. 27 these rules do not affect the rights of a territorial sovereign to engage in legitimate operations, such as removal of navigational obstructions, prevention of damage to the marine environment, or other actions not prohibited by international law, ordinarily following notice to and in cooperation with the state owning the vessel or aircraft or otherwise entitled to assert the sovereign immunity of the wreck. 28 2 strati, the protection of the underwater cultural heritage : an emerging objecitvf of the contemporary law of the sea 344 - 345 ( 1995 ) [ hereinafter, strati ]. see, e. g., ballard, the discovery of the titanic ( rev. ed. 1989 ) ( sank on april 15, 1912, in 12, 500 feet of water ) ; ballard, the bismarck found, nat ' l geog., nov. 1989, at 622 ( sunk in battle on may 27, 1941, some 300 miles west of brest, france, in 15, 617 feet of water ). 3see, e. g., columbus - american v. atlantic mutual ins., 742 f. supp. 1327 ( e. d. va. 1990 ), rev ' d 974 f. 2d 450 ( 4th cir. 1992 ), cert. denied 61 l. w. 352 ( mar. 23, 1993 ) ( wreck of s. s. central america, which sank in a hurricane on sept. 12, 1857, located in 8, 000 feet of water 160 miles off the south carolina coast, and its cargo of gold recovered ) ; broad, \" lost japanese sub with 2 tons of axis gold found on floor of atlantic \", n. y. times, july 19, 1995, cl, c7 ; \" the treasure of the 1 - 52 \", newsweek, july 31, 1995, at 64 ; hubinger, \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5227911970586425, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.141288"} {"text": "of axis gold found on floor of atlantic \", n. y. times, july 19, 1995, cl, c7 ; \" the treasure of the 1 - 52 \", newsweek, july 31, 1995, at 64 ; hubinger, \" we got that sonofabitch! \", 9 naval history, nov. / dec. 1995, at 17. 4 strati identifies a number of conflicting interests in the protection of underwater cultural heritage. at the national level, she identifies the main interest groups as the identifiable owners, archaeologists, commercial salvors, hobby - divers, collectors, auctioneers and the state. at the international level, she identifies as the main actors the flag state of the wreck, the coastal state, the flag state of the vessel which undertakes research or recovery operations, the state of origin if different from the flag or coastal state, and the international community. strati 19 - 20. 5 as the sovereignty of a coastal state extends beyond its land territory and internal waters to the adjacent territorial sea, which may extend no more than 12 nautical miles from the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured, los convention, articles 2 and 3, the coastal state has jurisdiction to regulate underwater cultural heritage located within its internal waters and territorial sea. while los convention gives the coastal state no jurisdiction over submerged cultural resources seaward of the territorial sea, the coastal state is authorized to presume that the removal of archaeological and historical objects from the sea - bed of the contiguous zone, which may extend no more than 24 nautical miles from the baselines, without its approval would result in an infringement of its customs laws, and thus may exercise the control necessary to prevent and punish such infringement. los convention, article 33. a few states have claimed jurisdiction over submerged cultural resources on their continental shelves or located within their eezs seaward of 24 miles from the baseline : australia, historic shipwrecks act, no. 190 of 1976, sec. 28, quoted in strati 259 ( continental shelf, subject to the constraints of international law ) ; cape verde, law no. 60 / iv / 92, dec. 10, 1992, article 28, which may be found in un, los bull., no. 26, oct. 1994, at 29 ( eez and continental shelf ) and declaration ii on ratification of the los convention, which may be found in un, multilateral treaties deposited 855 ; cyprus ( continental shelf ) ; ireland, national monuments ( amendment ) act 1987, no", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4933936200312392, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.142289"} {"text": "at 29 ( eez and continental shelf ) and declaration ii on ratification of the los convention, which may be found in un, multilateral treaties deposited 855 ; cyprus ( continental shelf ) ; ireland, national monuments ( amendment ) act 1987, no. 17 of 1987, sec. 3 ( l ), quoted in strati 289 n. 95 ( continental shelf ) ; jamaica, act 33 of 1991, art. 4 ( c ) ( i ), which may be found in un, current developments no. iii, at 47 ( eez ) ; morocco, act no. 1 - 81, dec. 18, 1980, art. 5, which may be found in un, national legislation on the eez 196 ( eez ) ; norway royal decree of dec. 8, 1972 relating to exploration and exploitation of petroleum in the seabed and substrata of the norwegian continental shelf, quoted in strati 261 ; portugal, law no. 289 / 93, aug. 21, 1993, referred to in strati 289 n. 95, which does not appear to be published in english ( continental shelf ) ; spain, law 16, 1985, on spanish historical heritage, june 26, 1985, art. 40, quoted in strati 289 n. 95 ( continental shelf ) ; yugoslavia, act concerning the coastal sea and the continental shelf, july 23, 1987, art. 24 ( 3 ), which may be found in un, current developments no. 111, at 139 ( continental shelf ). 6 united nations convention on the law of the sea 1982 : a commentary, para. 303. 10, at 161 - 162 ( nordquist, rosenne and sohn eds., 1989 ) : beyond the 24 nautical miles, the coastal state has no particular standing under this convention. its rights and duties will be governed by general international law and applicable international treaties.... archaeological research does not come within the purposes for which \" sovereign rights \" are granted to the coastal state as set forth in parts v and vi of the convention.... [ t ] here is no provision regarding the expanse of sea, seabed, and subsoil between the outer - 24 - nautical - mile line and the outer limit of coastal state sovereign rights or jurisdiction... presumably, in the course of time, this incipient new branch of law will be completed by the competent international organization, above all unesco, and by state practice. accord, oxman, marine archaeology and the international law of the sea, 12", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4957242394306053, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.143309"} {"text": "presumably, in the course of time, this incipient new branch of law will be completed by the competent international organization, above all unesco, and by state practice. accord, oxman, marine archaeology and the international law of the sea, 12 colum. - vla j. l. & arts 353, 365 - 370 ( 1988 ) ( \" [ t ] he convention does not establish coastal - state jurisdiction as such over marine archaeology, wrecks or cultural artifacts in the exclusive economic zone or the continental shelf \" ) ; un, law of the sea : report of the secretary - general, un doc. a / 43 / 718, \u00b6 \u00b6 42 - 44 ( 1988 ) ( \" there is a need to clarify through an international agreement the issue of jurisdiction regarding wrecks lying between the contiguous zone and the international sea - bed area \" ) ; giorgi, underwater archaeological and historical objects, in a handbook on the new law of the sea 570 - 572 ( dupuy & vignes eds., 1991 ). to fill this gap, the international law association ( ila ) has prepared a draft convention on the protection of the underwater cultural heritage, which has been forwarded to unesco for its consideration. 25 ocean dev. & int ' l l. 391 ( 1994 ) ; strati, supra n. 2, at 437 - 446. the ila draft would, inter alia, establish a new zone of coastal state jurisdiction over underwater cultural heritage out to 200 miles from the baseline, while exempting sunken warships and state aircraft from its coverage. the united kingdom and the united states are opposed to the creation of such a new zone, which was expressly considered and rejected at the third un conference on the law of the sea. oxman, the. third united nations conference on the law of the sea : 7he ninth session ( 1980 ), 75 am. j. int ' l l. 211, 240 ( 1981 ). international law, nevertheless, permits a state to legislate and enforce its laws relating to under - water cultural heritage that apply to its nationals and vessels flying its flag wherever located, and to persons of any nationality located in its territory and to all persons and vessels using its ports that are not entitled to sovereign immunity. states may also agree among themselves to do so likewise. see, e. g., n. 23 infra regarding the wreck of the m / s estonia. unesco has decided to review the ila draft convention with a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49305139882599847, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.144364"} {"text": "entitled to sovereign immunity. states may also agree among themselves to do so likewise. see, e. g., n. 23 infra regarding the wreck of the m / s estonia. unesco has decided to review the ila draft convention with a view to determining whether to convene a diplomatic conference for the adopting of a convention affording protection to underwater cultural property. 7 see letter from the deputy legal adviser, u. s. department of state to the deputy general counsel, maritime administration, dec. 30, 1980, reprinted in 1980 digest of u. s. practice in international law 999 - 1006 ( 1986 ) [ hereinafter, digest ]. 8 los convention, articles 95 - 96 ; 1958 high seas convention, articles 8 - 9. 9 convention on international civil aviation, chicago, dec. 7, 1944, t. i. a. s. no. 1591, 3 bevans 944, 15 u. n. t. s. 295, article 3. 10 29 japanese ann. int ' l l. 186 ( 1986 ) ( soviet note of oct. 3, 1980, regarding the admiral nakhimov sunk on may 28, 1905 ) ; 1958 high seas convention, articles 8 - 9 ; los convention, articles 95 - 96 ; queneudec, chronique de droit de la mar, 23 annuaire franqais de droit international 735 ( 1977 ). contra, caflisch, submarine antiquities and the international law of the sea, 13 neth. y. b. int ' l l. 3, 22 n. 74 ( 1982 ) ; migliorino, the recovery of sunken warships in international law, in essays on the new law of the sea 250, at 251 ( b. vukas ed., 1985 ) ( as sunken warships no longer meet the definition of warship ). strati, supra n. 2, at 221, takes the view that immunity is debatable, although ownership is not lost unless abandonment is proven. 11 strati, supra n. 2, at 348. 12 droingoole & gaskell, \" who has a right to historic wrecks and wreckage?, 2 intl j. cultural prop. 217, at 230 - 231 ( 1993 ). 131980 digest 999 ; 29 japanese ann. int ' l l. 185 - 187 ( 1986 ) ( russian cruiser admiral nakhimov sank one hour after being captured on may 28, 1905, by japanese imperial", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48750366816704716, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.145309"} {"text": "230 - 231 ( 1993 ). 131980 digest 999 ; 29 japanese ann. int ' l l. 185 - 187 ( 1986 ) ( russian cruiser admiral nakhimov sank one hour after being captured on may 28, 1905, by japanese imperial navy ). 14 for example, the treaty of peace with japan, sept. 8, 1951, provides in chapter v, article 14 ( a ) 2 ( i ) that each of the allied powers \" shall have the right to seize, retain, liquidate or other - wise dispose of all property, rights and interests \" of japan \" which on the first coming into force of the present treaty were subject to its [ the allied powers ] jurisdiction. \" 3 u. s. t. 3181. 15 i oppfnheim ' s international law 1165 \u00a7 560 n. 2 ( jennings & watts eds., 9th ed. 1992 ) ; dromgoole, supra n. 12, at 226 - 227 ( 1993 ). the procedures for abandonment of sunken u. s. warships and aircraft located outside the territory of the united states are set forth in 10 u. s. code \u00a7 \u00a7 7305 - 7306 & 7545 ( 1988 ) and its implementing regulation, 32 c. f. r. parts 172 & 736 ( 1994 ), and for other u. s. vessels, 40 u. s. code \u00a7 484 ( i ) and 46 u. s. code app. \u00a7 1158. for example, in 1989, the u. s. maritime administration sold the ss john barry to a group of investors, in return for a share of any proceeds from the salvage of any of its cargo, reputed to be tons of silver. this world war 11 liberty ship was torpedoed about 125 miles off the east coast of oman on august 28, 1944, by a japanese submarine. 16 1980 digest 1004 ; simon v. taylor and another, 1 malaysian l. j. 236 ( singapore high ct. 1975 ), 56 int ' l l. rep. 40 ( 1980 ) ( u - 859, sunk by a british submarine in 1944, remains the property of the german state ) ; dromgoole, supra n. 12, at 234 - 235 ; naval historical center, u. s. department of the navy, policy fact sheet : sunken naval vessels & naval aircraft wreck sites ( undated ). 17 29 japanese ann. int ' l l. 115 ( 1986 ) ( objects located on chinese territorial seabed recovered from japanese", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4831833325593643, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.146262"} {"text": ". s. department of the navy, policy fact sheet : sunken naval vessels & naval aircraft wreck sites ( undated ). 17 29 japanese ann. int ' l l. 115 ( 1986 ) ( objects located on chinese territorial seabed recovered from japanese troopship awa maru sunk during world war 11 remained property of japan ) ; roach, france concedes united states has title to css alabama, 85 am. j. int ' l l. 381 ( 1991 ) ; dromgoole, supra n. 12, at 225 - 226. 18 exchange of notes constituting an agreement between the government of the united kingdom of great britain and northern ireland and the government of italy regarding the salvage of h. m. s. spartan, rome, nov. 6, 1952, 158 u. n. t. s. 432 ( 1952 ) ( spartan was sunk on jan. 29, 1944, in anzio bay ) ; agreement between the government of the united kingdom of great britain and northern ireland and the government of the republic of south africa regarding the salvage of h. m. s. birkenhead, pretoria, sept. 27, 1989, u. k. t. s. no. 3 ( 1990 ), cm. 906, 60 brit. y. b. invl l. 671 ( 1990 ) ( sank in feb. 1852, off the cape colony ) ; agreement between the government of the french republic and the government of the united states of america concerning the wreck of the css alabama, paris, oct. 3, 1989, t. i. a. s. no. 11687, un, los bull. no. 20, mar. 1992, at 26 ( 41abama was sunk on june 19, 1864, some seven miles off cherbourg during the u. s. civil war by uss kearsarge ). see also dromgoole, supra n. 12, at 228, regarding the birkenhead agreement. 19 1980 digest 999 & 1006. 20 strati, supra n. 2, at 262. 21 this rule is of particular relevance to the cases of the bismarck and 1 - 52. 22 1980 digest 1003 - 1004. 23 see dromgoole, supra n. 12, at 230 - 232 ; agreement regarding h. m. s. birkenhead, supra n. 18 ( 445 lives lost ) ; 1980 digest 999, 1005 & 1.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44518596506489694, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.147112"} {"text": "##goole, supra n. 12, at 230 - 232 ; agreement regarding h. m. s. birkenhead, supra n. 18 ( 445 lives lost ) ; 1980 digest 999, 1005 & 1. 006 ; british protection of military remains act, 1986, ch. 35. a different situation pertains for non sovereign - immune vessels. see e. g. the agreement between the republic of estonia, the republic of finland and the kingdom of sweden regarding the m / s estonia, signed feb. 23, 1995, imo circ. itr 1959, nov. 16, 1995. this roll on - roll off ferry, with over 900 passengers on board, sank on september 28, 1994, in 230 feet of the baltic sea while en route from tallinn to stockholm, more than 24 miles from the nearest land, oto island, finland. the signatories agreed that the wreck and the surrounding area shall be regarded as a final place of rest for victims of the disaster and as such shall be afforded appropriate respect ; undertook to institute legislation aiming at the criminalization of any activities disturbing the peace of the final place of rest, in particular any diving activities with the purpose of recovering victims or property from the wreck or the seabed ; and urged the public and all states to afford appropriate respect to the site of the m / s estonia for all time. 24 see united states v. steinmetz, 763 f. supp. 1293 ( d. n. j. 1991 ), aff ' d 973 f. 2d 212 ( 3d cir. 1992 ), cert. denied 113 s. c. 1578 ( mar. 22, 1993 ) ( unauthorized salvage of the css alabama ship ' s bell ) ; karppi, rare aircraft recovered, naval history, jan. / feb. 1996, at 57 ( u. s. navy retains title to douglas tbd - 1 devastator torpedo bomber buno 0353 which sank in 1943 in 500 feet of atlantic water ). 25 strati, supra n. 2, at 14 - 18, 344 - 345. 26 id., at 36 - 40, and sources cited therein. 27 whipple, aircraft as cultural resources : 7he navy approach, 18 crm, no. 2, at 10 ( 1995 ). 28 1980 digest 999 & 1005.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4921467457728341, "token_count": 492, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.148063"} {"text": "by 1934, albert speer was \" hitler ' s architect, \" and he also held several official posts. in january 1937, speer added the title of inspector general of construction for berlin. he reported directly to hitler and impressed the nazi leader by completing the reichs chancellery in only nine months. in january 1938, hitler made speer the first commissioner for the chancellery. he now controlled all building and industrial materials as well as the transport and labor \u2014 some 65 million workers \u2014 associated with them. in 1941, speer offered his services to the army reserve and became chief of defense construction. when fritz todt died in a plane crash in february 1942, hitler again turned to speer. on 15 february speer was sworn in as the new minister for armament and munitions. his brief also covered most aspects of construction and transportation. between 1942 and 1944, speer tripled overall german armament output. ammunition production increased 300 percent, and tank output rose 600 percent. by 1943, he was in charge of naval armaments as well as german rocket and atomic programs. many saw him as hitler ' s successor, since the two shared a close acquaintance based on their mutual interest in architecture. the workload, however, took its toll on speer. it also brought him into contact with the concentration camps and the conditions of slave labor, which speer claimed to have found abhorrent. after touring facilities in the northeast, speer fell gravely ill in the winter of 1943 \u2013 1944. he remained hospitalized until early may 1944. when he returned, speer found his influence diminished. his name appeared on the list of putative ministers during the attempted coup of 20 july 1944 ; his friendship with hitler and the fact that he was listed as someone to be approached after the attempted coup saved him. speer remained at his posts and was made responsible for the construction of germany ' s western defenses. yet speer was now less than committed to the nazi cause. he spoke publicly of final victory and promised miracle weapons, but he privately doubted both. when hitler adopted a scorched - earth policy, speer sought to undermine it, and he involved himself in several wild schemes to assassinate or eliminate the top nazi leadership. on 23 april 1945, speer visited hitler in his bunker. he then flew to join admiral karl donitz ' s successor government at flensburg as minister of economics and production. while there, following the german surrender, speer was debriefed for the u. s. strategic bombing survey before being arrested", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.40646777760705277, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.152160"} {"text": "he then flew to join admiral karl donitz ' s successor government at flensburg as minister of economics and production. while there, following the german surrender, speer was debriefed for the u. s. strategic bombing survey before being arrested by the british on 23 may 1945. he then became one of the main defendants at the nuremburg trials. speer adopted the strategy of accepting collective responsibility while simultaneously denying personal culpability. found guilty, he received 20 years ' imprisonment and served the full sentence. while he was in prison, speer wrote the accounts of his work and experiences in nazi germany that would make him both famous and infamous. he remained a significant literary and historical figure until his death in paddington, england, on 1 september 1981. timothy c. dowling fest, joachim. speer : the final verdict. trans. ewald osers and alexandra dring. new york : harcourt, 2002. ; schmidt, matthias. albert speer : the end of a myth. trans. joachim neugroschel. new york : collier, 1982. ; sereny, gitta. albert speer : his battle with truth. new york : vintage, 1996. ; speer, albert. inside the third reich : memoirs. trans. richard and clara winston. new york : touchstone, 1997.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4005164360799808, "token_count": 270, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.152792"} {"text": "for health care providers the 5 a ' s for patients unwilling to quit these strategies are designed to be brief ( < 3 minutes of direct clinician time ). they need not be delivered by the same clinician ; for example, a clinic nurse may ask about tobacco use, whereas a prescribing clinician ( eg, md, pa, or np ) may advise, assess, and assist, with referral to another provider for counseling services. - all patients about tobacco use at every clinic visit : - if a patient has never used, you do not need to ask again. - if a patient quit years ago, congratulate and check in periodically. - consider making it a part of your office practice to ask about and record tobacco use while patients are having vital signs recorded. - smokers with clear, strong, and personalized suggestions : - clear : \" i think it is important that you quit smoking. i can help. \" - strong : \" quitting smoking is one of the most important things you can do to protect your health. \" - personalized : associate smoking with something that is important to the patient, such as exposure of children to tobacco smoke, the expense of cigarettes, or pulmonary and cardiovascular comorbidities. \" remember the time you had that terrible pneumonia? \" \" do you realize that you can save almost $ 2, 000 a year on cigarette expenses if you quit? \" - smokers ' readiness to quit within 30 days : \" are you willing to give quitting a try in the next 30 days? \" - if not ready, consider using motivational interviewing to increase patient ' s readiness to quit ( see the 5 r ' s for patients unwilling to quit, below * ). - if ready, assist and arrange ( following ). - a patient ' s preparations for quitting : - setting a quit date. ideally, the quit date should be within 2 weeks. - telling family, friends, and coworkers about quitting, and requesting understanding and support. - anticipating challenges to the upcoming quit attempt, particularly during the critical first few weeks. these include nicotine withdrawal symptoms. - removing tobacco products from the environment. before quitting, avoiding smoking in places where a lot of time is spent ( eg, work, home, car ). making the home smoke free. - offer nicotine replacement or, if appropriate, bupropion, varenicline, or other medication ( see below for more details on medication options ). - provide practical counseling ( problem", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4069578265670069, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.157195"} {"text": ", car ). making the home smoke free. - offer nicotine replacement or, if appropriate, bupropion, varenicline, or other medication ( see below for more details on medication options ). - provide practical counseling ( problem - solving / skills training ; see below ). - offer intensive treatment options ( smoking cessation intervention programs and groups ). - offer readily available counseling and support services : phone support, clinic counselors. - enrollment in a vha - based smoking cessation clinic, if the patient wishes. - referral to appropriate counseling services. - referral to evidence - based cessation program in the community or to phone quit lines if vha - based interventions are not convenient for the patient or if the patient is interested ( 800 - quit - now is a national portal for state programs ). - follow - up contact during the first week after quit date ( in person or by phone ). - follow - up visit 1 month after quit date. - subsequent follow - up visits ; congratulate upon success in quitting ; anticipate further support with relapses ( approximately 35 - 40 % patients relapse 1 - 5 years after quitting ). from smoking cessation primary care of veterans with hiv office of clinical public health programs veterans health administration, 2009", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42651418689931586, "token_count": 269, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.157883"} {"text": "josefov ( also jewish quarter ; josephstadt in german ) is a town quarter and the smallest cadastral area of prague, today czech republic, formerly the jewish ghetto of the town. it is completely surrounded by old town. the quarter is often represented by the flag of prague ' s jewish community, a yellow magen david ( star of david ) on a red field. jews are believed to have settled in prague as early as the 10th century. the first pogrom was in 1096 ( the first crusade ) and eventually they were concentrated within a walled ghetto. in 1262 premysl otakar ii issued a statuta judaeorum which granted the community a degree of self administration. in 1389 one of the worst pogroms saw some 1, 500 massacred at easter sunday. the ghetto was most prosperous towards the end of the 16th century when the jewish mayor, mordecai maisel, became the minister of finance and a very wealthy man. his money helped develop the ghetto. around this time the maharal was supposed to create the golem. in 1850 the quarter was renamed \" josefstadt \" ( joseph ' s city ) after joseph ii, holy roman emperor who emancipated jews with the toleration edict in 1781. two years before jews were allowed to settle outside of the city, so the share of the jewish population in josefov decreased, while only orthodox and poor jews remained living there. most of the quarter was demolished between 1893 and 1913 as part of an initiative to model the city on paris. what was left were only six synagogues, the old cemetery, and the old jewish town hall ( now all part of the jewish museum and described below ). with only six synagogues, the old cemetery, and the old jewish town hall the nazi german occupation could have been expected to complete the demolishment of the old ghetto. however the area was preserved in order to provide a site for a planned \" exotic museum of an extinct race \". this meant that the nazis gathered jewish artifacts from all over central europe for display in josefov. currently josefov is overbuilt with buildings from the beginning of the 20th century, so it is difficult to appreciate exactly what the old quarter was like when it was reputed to have over 18, 000 inhabitants. - franz kafka ' s birthplace. - high synagogue ( vysoka synagoga ) : 16th century synagogue. - jewish town hall ( zidovska radnice ) : 18th century rococo town", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3702667420754866, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.160829"} {"text": "halifax - its very name remains a powerful metaphor for the folly of human pride a century after its sinking. the titanic ' s legacy abounds in more than 1, 100 books, scores of films, 81 million google hits and, on this anniversary weekend, countless commemorations and souvenir sales. it wasn ' t the worst of nautical disasters \u2014 not by far. as tragedies go, it was but a footnote in the prelude to the first world war. no, the ill - fated story of the titanic has endured for many other reasons, not the least of which is the fact that it foundered on its maiden voyage, having already won renown for being the largest, most opulent luxury liner ever built. in short, the pride of the white star line died young and beautiful, a fact that helped cement its celebrity status for decades to come. as well, its first - class passengers were celebrities in their own right. at the turn of the century, when class distinctions were more firmly entrenched, the many millionaires strutting along the promenade deck would have been considered the a - list superstars of their time. for those in second class and steerage, many of whom bought one - way tickets, rms titanic was already a symbol of unbridled optimism in the future. on a more cerebral level, the titanic ' s fate has become synonymous with hubris because the epic failure of its state - of - the - art design \u2014 described at the time as unsinkable \u2014 clearly demonstrated that even the best technology can fail. \" it was touted as being invincible, \" says jill scott, a professor at queen ' s university in kingston, ont., who has studied the social dynamics of public mourning. \" this belief in the ability of technology to free humans from everyday suffering, that was a reality at the time. it was in full swing at that point. it had the industrial revolution behind it. \" these themes resonate to this day, scott says. \" every time the story ( of the titanic ) is told, it ' s told differently, \" she says. \" the way that we ' re telling this story today is really very much about our own anxieties.... today, there is a general kind of skepticism of where technology has led us. \" growing concern about global warming, for example, calls to mind the notion that rapid progress is sometimes fraught with unseen danger. \" it speaks to our ability to invent technologies that will eventually lead", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4256332307258481, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.165189"} {"text": "kind of skepticism of where technology has led us. \" growing concern about global warming, for example, calls to mind the notion that rapid progress is sometimes fraught with unseen danger. \" it speaks to our ability to invent technologies that will eventually lead to our peril, \" scott says. jim wellman, a newfoundland broadcaster and author of several books about shipwrecks, says the titanic ' s demise remains a potent reminder of human fallibility. \" no matter how huge we build something, there ' s still a bigger force out there that ' s going to give us a slap in the face and remind us that we ' re only human, \" he says. wellman says the public ' s fascination with the titanic has grown over the years because the story continues to be shrouded in mystery. recent scientific studies have suggested the titanic might have shrugged off its encounter with an iceberg had its builders used less brittle but more expensive steel. another researcher opined this week that the lookouts posted to watch for icebergs may have been fooled by a mirage caused by freak atmospheric conditions. the point is that the debate over what caused the sinking shows no sign of letting up. \" as long as there are questions being raised, this cloud of mystery that hangs over the word titanic, it will go on forever, \" wellman says. to be sure, the discovery of the wreck in 1985 helped revive the brand, as did the 1987 release of james cameron ' s blockbuster film. \" there ' s no doubt that james cameron had a very large hand in re - igniting the public imagination about this incredible story, \" wellman says. \" in the end, it ' s those human stories that will keep us interested in this. \" as for cameron, he has said that titanic ' s legacy will endure because the tale is as romantic as it is tragic. \" the heart - wrench of literally hundreds of woman being separated from their husbands, having to get into lifeboats and see them on the deck for the last time as they ' re being lowered away into the darkness \u2014 that ' s one of the enduring images of the real titanic story, \" cameron said in an interview shortly after the film debuted. \" i thought, if i make that the backdrop of a love story... how much more of a turbocharged experience of passion and heartbreak that might be. that was my gut feeling that drew me to the arena of titanic. \" however, there ' s another side to the titanic allegory that gives it great", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4773979906589507, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.166322"} {"text": "of the friends of emancipation, held in london in 1840 joseph sturge, the founder of the british and foreign anti - slavery society, proposed the calling of a world ' s anti - slavery convention, and the proposal was promptly seconded by the american anti - slavery society. the call was addressed to \" friends of the slave of every nation and of yes, let them gather! summon forth the pledged philanthropy of earth. from every land, whose hills have heard the bugle blast of freedom waking ; or shrieking of her symbol - bird from out his cloudy eyrie breaking where justice hath one worshipper, or truth one altar built to her ; where ' er a human eye is weeping o ' er wrongs which earth ' s sad children know ; where ' er a single heart is keeping its prayerful watch with human woe thence let them come, and greet each other, and know in each a friend and brother! yes, let them come! from each green vale where england ' s old baronial halls still bear upon their storied walls the grim crusader ' s rusted mail, battered by paynim spear and brand on malta ' s rock or syria ' s sand! and mouldering pennon - staves once set within the soil of palestine, by jordan and gennesaret ; or, borne with england ' s battle line, o ' er acre ' s shattered turrets stooping, or, midst the camp their banners drooping, with dews from hallowed hermon wet, a holier summons now is given than that gray hermit ' s voice of old, which unto all the winds of heaven the banners of the cross unrolled! not for the long - deserted shrine ; not for the dull unconscious sod, which tells not by one lingering sign that there the hope of israel trod ; but for that truth, for which alone in pilgrim eyes are sanctified the garden moss, the mountain stone, whereon his holy sandals pressed, - - the fountain which his lip hath blessed, - - whate ' er hath touched his garment ' s hem at bethany or bethlehem, or jordan ' s river - side. for freedom in the name of him who came to raise earth ' s drooping poor, to break the chain from every limb, the bolt from every prison door! for these, o ' er all the earth hath passed an ever - deepening trumpet blast, as if an angel ' s breath had lent its vigor to the instrument. and wales,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41825827951838196, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.173810"} {"text": "chain from every limb, the bolt from every prison door! for these, o ' er all the earth hath passed an ever - deepening trumpet blast, as if an angel ' s breath had lent its vigor to the instrument. and wales, from snowden ' s mountain wall, shall startle at that thrilling call, as if she heard her bards again ; and erin ' s \" harp on tara ' s wall \" give out its ancient strain, mirthful and sweet, yet sad withal, - - the melody which erin loves, when o ' er that harp, ' mid bursts of gladness and slogan cries and lyke - wake sadness, the hand of her o ' connell moves! scotland, from lake and tarn and rill, and mountain hold, and heathery bill, shall catch and echo back the note, as if she heard upon the air once more her cameronian ' s prayer and song of freedom float. and cheering echoes shall reply from each remote dependency, where britain ' s mighty sway is known, in tropic sea or frozen zone ; where ' er her sunset flag is furling, or morning gun - fire ' s smoke is curling ; from indian bengal ' s groves of palm and rosy fields and gales of balm, where eastern pomp and power are rolled through regal ava ' s gates of gold ; and from the lakes and ancient woods and dim canadian solitudes, whence, sternly from her rocky throne, queen of the north, quebec looks down ; and from those bright and ransomed isles where all unwonted freedom smiles, and the dark laborer still retains the scar of slavery ' s broken chains! from the hoar alps, which sentinel the gateways of the land of tell, where morning ' s keen and earliest glance on jura ' s rocky wall is thrown, and from the olive bowers of france and vine groves garlanding the rhone, - - \" friends of the blacks, \" as true and tried as those who stood by oge ' s side, and heard the haytien ' s tale of wrong, shall gather at that summons strong ; broglie, passy, and he whose song breathed over syria ' s holy sod, and, in the paths which jesus trod, and murmured midst the hills which hem crownless and sad jerusalem, hath echoes whereso ' er the tone of israel ' s prophet - lyre is known. still let them come ; from quito ' s walls, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4918061778409633, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.179656"} {"text": "jesus trod, and murmured midst the hills which hem crownless and sad jerusalem, hath echoes whereso ' er the tone of israel ' s prophet - lyre is known. still let them come ; from quito ' s walls, and from the orinoco ' s tide, from lima ' s inca - haunted halls, from santa fe and yucatan, - - men who by swart guerrero ' s side proclaimed the deathless rights of man, broke every bond and fetter off, and hailed in every sable serf a free and brother mexican! chiefs who across the andes ' chain have followed freedom ' s flowing pennon, and seen on junin ' s fearful plain, glare o ' er the broken ranks of spain the fire - burst of bolivar ' s cannon! and hayti, from her mountain land, shall send the sons of those who hurled defiance from her blazing strand, the war - gage from her petion ' s hand, alone against a hostile world. nor all unmindful, thou, the while, land of the dark and mystic nile! thy moslem mercy yet may shame all tyrants of a christian name, when in the shade of gizeh ' s pile, or, where, from abyssinian hills el gerek ' s upper fountain fills, or where from mountains of the moon el abiad bears his watery boon, where ' er thy lotus blossoms swim within their ancient hallowed waters ; where ' er is beard the coptic hymn, or song of nubia ' s sable daughters ; the curse of slavery and the crime, thy bequest from remotest time, at thy dark mehemet ' s decree forevermore shall pass from thee ; and chains forsake each captive ' s limb of all those tribes, whose hills around have echoed back the cymbal sound and victor horn of ibrahim. and thou whose glory and whose crime to earth ' s remotest bound and clime, in mingled tones of awe and scorn, the echoes of a world have borne, my country! glorious at thy birth, a day - star flashing brightly forth, the herald - sign of freedom ' s dawn! oh, who could dream that saw thee then, and watched thy rising from afar, that vapors from oppression ' s fen would cloud the upward tending star? or, that earth ' s tyrant powers, which heard, awe - struck, the shout which hailed thy dawning, would rise so soon, prince, peer, and king, to mock thee with their welcoming,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43184513826233184, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.182885"} {"text": "would cloud the upward tending star? or, that earth ' s tyrant powers, which heard, awe - struck, the shout which hailed thy dawning, would rise so soon, prince, peer, and king, to mock thee with their welcoming, like hades when her thrones were stirred to greet the down - cast star of morning! \" aha! and art thou fallen thus? art thou become as one of us? \" land of my fathers! there will stand, amidst that world - assembled band, those owning thy maternal claim unweakened by thy, crime and shame ; the sad reprovers of thy wrong ; the children thou hast spurned so long. still with affection ' s fondest yearning to their unnatural mother turning. no traitors they! but tried and leal, whose own is but thy general weal, still blending with the patriot ' s zeal the christian ' s love for human kind, to caste and climate unconfined. a holy gathering! peaceful all no threat of war, no savage call for vengeance on an erring brother! but in their stead the godlike plan to teach the brotherhood of man to love and reverence one another, as sharers of a common blood, the children of a common god yet, even at its lightest word, shall slavery ' s darkest depths be stirred : spain, watching from her moro ' s keep her slave - ships traversing the deep, and rio, in her strength and pride, lifting, along her mountain - side, her snowy battlements and towers, her lemon - groves and tropic bowers, with bitter hate and sullen fear its freedom - giving voice shall hear ; and where my country ' s flag is flowing, on breezes from mount vernon blowing, above the nation ' s council halls, where freedom ' s praise is loud and long, while close beneath the outward walls the driver plies his reeking thong ; the hammer of the man - thief falls, o ' er hypocritic cheek and brow the crimson flush of shame shall glow and all who for their native land are pledging life and heart and hand, worn watchers o ' er her changing weal, who fog her tarnished honor feel, through cottage door and council - hall shall thunder an awakening call. the pen along its page shall burn with all intolerable scorn ; an eloquent rebuke shall go on all the winds that southward blow ; from priestly lips, now sealed and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4468317745263526, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.186218"} {"text": "and council - hall shall thunder an awakening call. the pen along its page shall burn with all intolerable scorn ; an eloquent rebuke shall go on all the winds that southward blow ; from priestly lips, now sealed and dumb, warning and dread appeal shall come, like those which israel heard from him, the prophet of the cherubim ; or those which sad esaias hurled against a sin - accursed world! its wizard leaves the press shall fling unceasing from its iron wing, with characters inscribed thereon, as fearful in the despot ' s ball as to the pomp of babylon the fire - sign on the palace wall! and, from her dark iniquities, methinks i see my country rise not challenging the nations round to note her tardy justice done ; her captives from their chains unbound ; her prisons opening to the sun but tearfully her arms extending over the poor and unoffending ; her regal emblem now no longer a bird of prey, with talons reeking, above the dying captive shrieking, but, spreading out her ample wing, a broad, impartial covering, the weaker sheltered by the stronger oh, then to faith ' s anointed eyes the promised token shall be given ; and on a nation ' s sacrifice, atoning for the sin of years, and wet with penitential tears, the fire shall fall from heaven!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41628430445917175, "token_count": 292, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.188466"} {"text": "the advantages of a controlling position in norway, so strongly urged on the fuhrer by admiral raeder, were not unappreciated in whitehall. from the end of november 1939, when the russians attacked finland, the possibilities of fishing profitably in scandinavian waters were seriously considered by the british government. of the voices that were raised in favour of active measures of this sort, one in particular was clear and insistent \u2014 the voice of mr. churchill, then first lord of the admiralty ; for norway \u2014 or some of it \u2014 was within easy reach of the navy. clearly the allies had every justification for supporting finland. the wanton aggression committed against a weak and unoffending neighbour by a vast dictatorial power on terms of intimacy with the nazis cried for redress in the name of morality and the democratic cause. cries for redress, however, are apt to pass unheard until they fall on willing ears. in this case the ears were already well down to the ground. for some time past the allies had been studying the possibilities of depriving germany of the high - grade iron - ore which is found so abundantly in sweden, and which is so important in the manufacture of armaments. when the russians attacked the finns it was at once seen that allied intervention, by establishing a military force in scandinavia, might achieve this desired end. the prize was not one to be despised. all our economic surveys pointed to the peculiar significance of swedish iron - ore in the german war economy ; the least optimistic estimate of its worth was that without it the german war effort would collapse within a year ; and a confidential memorandum to the french government from fritz thyssen, frankenstein fearful of his own creation, only confirmed the verdict. nor has post - war research done anything to upset these conclusions. according to recent german admissions, during the opening months of the war iron - ore from sweden and norway in fact supplied two - thirds of germany ' s total consumption of the product. the iron - ore of sweden is found in two widely separated areas \u2014 the fields around grangesberg, within easy access of stockholm, and those around kiruna and gallivare, in the extreme north. it is the latter which produce in such great quantities the high grade phosphoric ores. the export of the ore from the fields in the south presents no difficulty, for these are served by the network of railways covering southern sweden ; but the export of ore from kiruna and gallivare is another matter. from both these towns there is railway communication to the port", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44985364801763883, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.307523"} {"text": "from the fields in the south presents no difficulty, for these are served by the network of railways covering southern sweden ; but the export of ore from kiruna and gallivare is another matter. from both these towns there is railway communication to the port of lulea, at the head of the gulf of bothnia ; but from mid - december to mid - may lulea is ice - bound. much of the ore in consequence travels by a single - track railway, overhung by great rocks and mountains, to the norwegian port of narvik, which remains open to traffic all the year round. thence it proceeds by sea to its destination. and in the early months of the war its destination was largely germany \u2014 by way of norway ' s territorial waters. the approach of the war cabinet to what could now be considered the combined problems of finland and the swedish iron - ore was hesitant. sabotage, though it might help, could not interfere seriously with the trade with germany ; only the occupation of the ore - fields and the communications on which they depend would suffice. but a naked seizure of the ore - fields would set all scandinavia by the ears, alienate neutral opinion generally, and violate the principles for which we were fighting. moreover, since the fact of german control over the baltic meant that we should have to approach the ore - fields by way of the scanty communications and mountain barriers of central and northern norway, a mere descent in force would be militarily unsound. the expedition must thus be undertaken unobtrusively, in the course of carrying aid to the finns, and only if both norway and sweden agreed to cooperate \u2014 or at least, not to oppose. and even this would be risking war with russia. it was with these difficulties in mind that the war cabinet in december 1939, after agreeing as a first step to send some aircraft to the finns, considered the proposal of the first lord of the admiralty that we should interrupt the traffic from narvik to germany inside norwegian territorial waters by a combination of mine - laying and naval action. in accordance with the cabinet ' s determination not to offend scandinavian opinion, mr. churchill ' s proposal was accepted only to the extent of inquiring how the norwegian and swedish governments would regard such measures. the reply was entirely unfavourable. there, for a few weeks, the matter rested. by february 1940, however, it was clear that without substantial bomber airfield at dusk the crews go out to their wellingtons hurricanes on patrol a flight of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4561881726773159, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.308559"} {"text": "the reply was entirely unfavourable. there, for a few weeks, the matter rested. by february 1940, however, it was clear that without substantial bomber airfield at dusk the crews go out to their wellingtons hurricanes on patrol a flight of no. 73 squadron over france during the ' phoney war ' the altmark spotted coastal command reconnaissance discovers the prison - ship in josing fjord on 24th february 1940 seven years afterwards the wreckage of one of no. 263 squadron ' s gladiators, still visible on the shores of lake lesjaskog in 1947 reinforcements the finns could not hold out against russia for more than a matter of weeks. the prospect of having ' the great barbarians ' within easy reach of the swedish iron - ore and the north sea being more than little distasteful, it was decided to ask norway and sweden to allow the transit of allied units across their territory into finland \u2014 units formed on the model of the italian ' volunteer ' brigades in spanish civil war. the necessary military and air forces were detailed, and in early march the request was duly made. once again the only result was a blank refusal. faced with this, and with the continued insistence of the norwegians and swedes on maintaining their exports to germany, the first lord of the admiralty then reverted to the lesser project of mining the route from narvik. since this was at best only a partial solution of the problem \u2014 the narvik route accounted, as we now know, for one third of germany ' s total imports of iron - ore from scandinavia \u2014 it was once more rejected by the cabinet. the allies had not reached this point without german suspicions ; indeed our intention at least to carry help to finland had been proclaimed to the world. on 12th december 1939, when hitler formally decided to secure control of norway, he was not yet sure how far he could achieve his object by fostering the influence of the traitor quisling. during the ensuing months he had accordingly catered for both contingencies, at once encouraging the norwegian nazis and at the same time preparing a military expedition. the news that the british were actually contemplating intervention in scandinavia, coupled with our violation of norwegian territorial rights during the altmark incident, now convinced hitler and his naval staff that they must act swiftly if they were to safeguard their supplies of iron - ore and obtain their desired vantage - points for the air and sea war against england. as quisling, by his own admission, could not produce the goods in time, on 4th march hitler ordered the german armed forces", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4340055531493177, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.309568"} {"text": "to safeguard their supplies of iron - ore and obtain their desired vantage - points for the air and sea war against england. as quisling, by his own admission, could not produce the goods in time, on 4th march hitler ordered the german armed forces to make ready with all speed. hostilities between the russians and the finns ended on 13th march 1940. the following day the british war cabinet considered mr. churchill ' s view that we should still proceed with our scandinavian expedition, partly to secure the ore - fields, partly to forestall an eventual russian advance to the atlantic. but once more the cabinet, in default of norwegian and swedish consent, rejected extreme courses. indeed, it now decided to disperse the forces thus far collected \u2014 forces which included, among the royal air force units, an air component headquarters, two bomber squadrons, three fighter squadrons, one and a half army cooperation squadrons, a balloon squadron and an observer screen. after the signature of the russo - finnish peace treaty the germans sensed some relaxation in the british preparations, and at the end of march admiral raeder gave his opinion that a british descent on norway was no longer imminent. but at the same time he urged that the germans must ultimately take over norway, and that they should do so sooner rather than later. the fuhrer was entirely of the same mind. on 26th march the german ' d - day ' for operation weserubung \u2014 the ' weser ' exercise, or occupation of norway and denmark \u2014 was fixed for the period of the next new moon. meanwhile the allies, almost equally reluctant to abandon the chance of a cheap strategic success, were haggling. the french, sensitive to the loss of ' face ' over finland, urged that some positive action to control norwegian territorial waters, either by naval measures or by seizing norwegian ports, would have a tonic effect on neutral opinion. the british countered that scandinavian cooperation was essential, even for the most limited project ; but at a meeting of the supreme war council on 28th march, some ground was yielded on both sides, and agreement was reached. fresh notes were to be addressed to norway and sweden informing them that their interpretation of neutrality had worked against our interests : that they must not oppose us if we decided to carry aid to finland in a future struggle : and that we reserved the right to take such measures as we though necessary to prevent vital resources flowing to germany. this message delivered, mines were to be laid in norwegian territorial waters along the route from narvik, and operations were to be undertaken against german shipping thus forced", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46310958418174897, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.310670"} {"text": "the right to take such measures as we though necessary to prevent vital resources flowing to germany. this message delivered, mines were to be laid in norwegian territorial waters along the route from narvik, and operations were to be undertaken against german shipping thus forced out to sea. should these measures provoke a german invasion of southern norway, or should there be clear evidence that such an invasion was intended, and should the norwegians then welcome our support, a few units retained from the original expeditionary force would be rushed across to occupy narvik, trondheim and bergen, and to effect demolitions at stavanger. with the germans forestalled at the key points on the west coast, further forces could then be despatched to norway as necessary \u2014 or as available. in all this the royal air force was expected to bear no great part. ' no air forces ', wrote the chiefs of staff, ' need accompany the \u2026 army forces in the first instance. we may, however, have to despatch the air contingent which was included in the original narvik plan, if the opportunity to move to gallivare should subsequently arise. a decision on this can be deferred. ' the warning notes were presented to the norwegian and swedish governments on 5th april 1940 \u2014 two days after the first supply ships of the german expeditionary have quietly set sail. the swedes immediately complained that the british notes ' brought our countries very close to war '. the reply of the norwegians was still awaited when the progress of events made it superfluous. * * * a few hours after the allied notes were delivered in oslo and stockholm, most of the forces intended to cover the mine - laying left scapa. the operation, scheduled for the early hours of 8th april, was to take place in two areas ; one field was to be sown in the vest fjord, on the direct approach to narvik, the other farther south. while the vessels for these tasks proceeded towards norway, the troops who were to forestall the germans at the west coast ports embarked in transports and cruisers, ready to sail, if need be, as soon as the mines were laid. by 8th april, however, the situation had lost its pristine clarity. by that time reports of unaccustomed movements by german naval units had been coming in for many hours. on 6th april a sizable german force, including the scharnhorst and the gneisenau, had been photographed at anchor in the wilhelmshaven roads ; but in the course of the evening", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41807912723696433, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.312511"} {"text": "units had been coming in for many hours. on 6th april a sizable german force, including the scharnhorst and the gneisenau, had been photographed at anchor in the wilhelmshaven roads ; but in the course of the evening it sailed, and the leading ship, the cruiser hipper, was reported during the night by bomber command aircraft as proceeding on a northerly course twenty miles north of heligoland. the following morning \u2014 the 7th \u2014 coastal command hudsons were ordered to search for this vessel. they spotted a cruiser and attendant destroyers on a northerly course, but were driven of by german aircraft. their information, however, was good enough to warrant an attack, and at 1325 hours twelve bomber command blenheims of no. 107 squadron came up with the target. unfortunately, their bombs missed ; but their sighting report was of the highest value, for it now gave the composition of the force as a battleship, a pocket battleship, two or three cruisers, and a large destroyer escort. this estimate was not entirely accurate, for the force in fact consisted of two battlecruisers ( scharnhorst and gneisenau ), a cruiser ( hipper ) and destroyer escort ; but at least it was clear that a very substantial number of german warships was proceeding north. a further attempt to impeded its progress was accordingly made later in the afternoon by two squadrons of wellingtons. bad visibility robbed them of success. while the blenheims were attacking what in fact was the german expedition for the seizure of trondheim and narvik, a signal was on its was from the admiralty to the commander - in - chief, home fleet. it ran thus : ' recent reports suggest german expedition is being prepared. hitler is reported from copenhagen to have ordered unostentatious movements of one division in ten ships by night to land at narvik with simultaneous occupation of jutland. sweden to be left alone. \u2026 date give for arrival at narvik was 8th april. ' this was a very significant warning ; so significant, that the information was also passed to the norwegian government. it was, perhaps, a little unfortunate that the signal went on to say : ' all these reports are of doubtful value and may well be only a further move in the war of nerves. ' nevertheless its general purport, coupled with the news of the large german force proceeding north and the failure of our bombing attacks, determined the commander - in - chief to put to sea that evening in an effort", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41524748997482674, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.313662"} {"text": "move in the war of nerves. ' nevertheless its general purport, coupled with the news of the large german force proceeding north and the failure of our bombing attacks, determined the commander - in - chief to put to sea that evening in an effort to intercept the enemy. at the same time, for fear of a clash with powerful forces, the admiralty recalled the more southerly mine - laying group. the following day \u2014 the 8th \u2014 anxious to free as many ships as possible for the forthcoming battle in the north sea, the admiralty turned the waiting expeditionary battalions and their stores out of the cruisers in the forth, so that these vessels might join the fray. when 8th april dawned, one british mine - laying expedition was thus completing its work off narvik ; another was on its way home with its mission unfulfilled ; a powerful german naval force was heading north ; and the commander - in - chief, home fleet, as yet with scanty resources, was hastening east to intercept. throughout the day, the royal air force continued its efforts to throw further light on the situation. patrols by hudsons and sunderlands covered as many areas and contingencies as possible, but in a day of mist and rain only one contact was made with enemy. a sunderland of no. 204 squadron, detailed to escort the home fleet in its progress east, had been diverted by the commander - in - chief to search for the german force. the aircraft reached the norwegian coast, flew coast - wise to ulla, near kristiansund, and thence proceeded due north. visibility at this time was no more than one to two miles in constant rain, with 10 / 10ths cloud at 800 feet. suddenly the captain, who was sitting in the second pilot ' s seat, saw warships about one mile ahead. seizing the controls, he turned steeply to starboard, then ordered the second pilot to fly round the force at visibility distance. it was instantly recognized to be german and was judged to consist of a battlecruiser, two cruisers and two destroyers. within a few minutes the flying - boat had paid for its discovery by receiving a stream of bullets in the hull and petrol tanks ; but despite this damage it succeeded in drawing clear of the vessels and reporting to base their composition, course and speed. unfortunately the course was reported without qualification as 270 degrees ( due west ), thought the crew of the aircraft, under fire and manoeuvring rapidly, were hardly in a position to make sure, and the second pilot disagreed with the estimate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42426441318781116, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.314700"} {"text": ". unfortunately the course was reported without qualification as 270 degrees ( due west ), thought the crew of the aircraft, under fire and manoeuvring rapidly, were hardly in a position to make sure, and the second pilot disagreed with the estimate. this report misled the commander - in - chief, home fleet, in two important respects. the vessels in fact were the cruiser hipper and four destroyers, which had broken off from the larger force reported earlier ; and they were heading north - east for trondheim, not west of the atlantic. but in view of the sunderland ' s report of a powerful force steering west, and the failure of later reconnaissance that day to regain contact on account of the persistent bad weather, the commander - in - chief placed himself in the path of a break - out into the atlantic. he thus remained far to the west of his quarry. meanwhile admiral whitworth, who had been covering the mine - layers further north, was warned to guard the approaches to narvik ; but though he had a brush with the scharnhorst and gneisenau, the two battlecruisers had already parted company with the destroyers bound for narvik, and so the narvik expedition itself eluded him. this preoccupation with the german units in the north sea, coupled with the extremely bad weather, resulted in the remaining german forces escaping detection from the air. these, as it proved, were destined for bergen, egersund, kristiansand, arendal and oslo. but in conditions of very low visibility aircraft of bomber command failed to notice any unusual activity in the heligoland bight ; while those of coastal command, finding visibility nil in the skagerrak, had to return home with their task unaccomplished. strong enemy forces were reported by the naval attache in copenhagen passing up towards the kattegat in the afternoon of 8th april, and during the evening british submarines reported enemy vessels steering west past the tip of jutland ; but these were thought to be shaping to follow the other enemy units into the north sea. the norwegian government, indeed, took warning at the last moment from the fact that a german vessel bound for bergen, and sunk by submarine, turned out be carrying large numbers of soldiers ; by the time, however, that the cabinet had met and decided upon partial mobilisation it was past 9. p. so it came about that, in spite of the many signs and portents, and in spite of our glimpse", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41258059872447084, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.315722"} {"text": "of soldiers ; by the time, however, that the cabinet had met and decided upon partial mobilisation it was past 9. p. so it came about that, in spite of the many signs and portents, and in spite of our glimpses of the various task forces, the german warships achieved a large measure of surprise when, less than three hours later, they began to appear off the norwegian ports. the german vessels entered norwegian territorial waters under cover of darkness. only in oslo fjord, where the minelayer olaf trygvesson damaged the emden, and a stiff fight off the island fortress of oskarsborg disposed of the blucher, were the enemy ' s plans disrupted. elsewhere the german navy, despite gallant opposition by norwegian ships, had matters all its own way. arendal and egersund, almost undefended, were there for the taking ; at kristiansand the first attack was beaten off, but enemy destroyers later gained an unopposed entry by flying the french flag ; at bergen merchant vessels lying peacefully in harbour suddenly ran up the swastika and revealed themselves as supply ships for the expedition ; at trondheim the batteries at the entrance to the fjord were undermanned, short of ammunition, and baffled by a snow - storm ; at narvik the bravery of the norwegian naval units was stultified by the treachery of the local military commander \u2014 a supporter of quisling \u2014 who handed over the town without resistance. everywhere brutal force and base cunning swiftly attained their ends. by daybreak on 9th april, despite the failure of the attack upon oslo fjord, the german minister had presented himself at the norwegian foreign office to demand the country ' s instant capitulation. meanwhile an impressive bonfire of documents in the gardens of the british legation was being extinguished with great promptitude by the oslo fire brigade. three hours later the luftwaffe, somewhat delayed by fog, appeared on the scene. for weserubung nearly six hundred operational and over six hundred transport aircraft had been made available, and powerful forces of twin - engined fighters now swept in and overwhelmed the small norwegian air force at stavanger / sola and oslo / fornebu airfields. next came clouds of parachutists, to be followed almost immediately by airborne infantry ; indeed, at fornebu some of the aircraft bearing the latter actually landed before the paratroops \u2014 the one mishap in an otherwise perfectly timed programme. by midday oslo / kjeller airfield was also in enemy hands, and both at oslo and st", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3833035003706053, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.316654"} {"text": "fornebu some of the aircraft bearing the latter actually landed before the paratroops \u2014 the one mishap in an otherwise perfectly timed programme. by midday oslo / kjeller airfield was also in enemy hands, and both at oslo and stavanger / sola \u2014 which was captured entirely from the air \u2014 transport aircraft were streaming in with men and supplies, while bombers, fighters and reconnaissance machines were already taking off in support of the german troops. during the afternoon enemy forces moved into oslo itself and by nightfall the german stranglehold was complete. within a few hour king haakon and his cabinet, having appealed to the allies and rejected the german demand to surrender power to quisling, were vainly seeking some stable seat of government north of oslo. from successive refuges they now strove to mobilize their army \u2014 a desperately difficult task with the capital, the main railway terminals and the chief ports all in german hands. meanwhile the almost bloodless occupation of denmark had assured german of easy access by air and sea to the new theatre of war. * * * the full implications of the enemy ' s initial success were not at first generally appreciated in england. instead, there was some tendency to believe that, since hitler had committed his forces across the water, and since britannia ruled the waves, german communications would be rapidly severed and the whole expeditionary brought to disaster. unfortunately such agreeable anticipations were to be quickly dashed to the ground. for the regrettable truth of the matter was that the sea routes from german and denmark to southern norway were controlled, not by the royal navy, but by the german navy and the german air force : that the germans had seized control of every airfield and port of consequence in the whole of norway : and that the luftwaffe was now either based in norway or could refuel there, or could operate from danish bases no more than 200 miles away. the allies, on the other hand, were faced with the problem of operating over sea lines of communication anything from 600 to 1, 000 miles lone ; and they would be compelled to rely \u2014 unless they could recapture a major port \u2014 on tiny harbours and exiguous railways. without airfields in a country in which there ware few natural landing grounds, britain and france could not possibly bring to bear anything like the weight of air effort which the germans were capable of applying. once, then, the enemy had succeeded in his first swift blows, the situation was in fact highly unpromising. while the allies concerted their military plans, the royal air force and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44432586654798567, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.317637"} {"text": "the weight of air effort which the germans were capable of applying. once, then, the enemy had succeeded in his first swift blows, the situation was in fact highly unpromising. while the allies concerted their military plans, the royal air force and the royal navy took what immediate measures were possible. the first concern was to hunt down the german warships which had been engaged in the expedition, and which were under orders to return go their home ports as soon as they had discharged their troops and stores. from 9th april to 12th april coastal command accordingly strained every nerve to spot the enemy vessels. on 9th april, though tasks in other areas were not neglected, coastal aircraft flew extensive patrols over a large part of the north sea and the norwegian coast and repeatedly reconnoitred the occupied ports. five sorties were over bergen during the day, confirming the presence of two cruisers \u2014 the koln and the konigsberg1 ; two sorties reports a light cruiser \u2014 the karlsruhe \u2014 in kristiansand ; and a sunderland of no. 204 squadron confirmed the presence of another cruiser \u2014 the hipper \u2014 in trondheim. urgent naval requests also led to the despatch of a sunderland \u2014 the only coastal aircraft with the necessary range \u2014 on a task which was particularly unsuitable for a flying boat ; for the crew were instructed to make landfall at german - occupied stavanger, cross the 150 - odd miles of mountains to oslo, and search for naval vessels in the neighbouring fjords. not unexpectedly, the aircraft ' failed to return '. acting on the information thus gathered, bomber command rapidly despatched twelve wellingtons of nos. 9 and 115 squadrons against the two cruisers at bergen. their attack, according to the enemy, was ' vigorously pressed home ', but it resulted in nothing better than some near misses and a few wounded german sailors. the koln made good her escape that evening, but the konigsberg had been damaged by the norwegian shore batteries during her approach ; and after a dawn reconnaissance by an aircraft of coastal command had established that she was still there the following morning \u2014 april 10th \u2014 fleet air arm skuas from hatston caught her with two well and truly aimed bombs, and so earned the distinction of being the first aircraft to sink a major warship in battle. apart from this, the karlsruhe, sailing from kristiansand in the evening of 9th april, was sunk by a british submarine ; and the destroyers which had carried the landing parties to narvik were disposed of by the naval actions of 10th and 13th april. almost", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43992159102119166, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.318635"} {"text": "the karlsruhe, sailing from kristiansand in the evening of 9th april, was sunk by a british submarine ; and the destroyers which had carried the landing parties to narvik were disposed of by the naval actions of 10th and 13th april. almost all the remaining german naval forces regained their home ports in safety. early in the morning of the 12th the scharnhorst and gneisenau \u2014 now joined by the hipper, which had left trondheim on the night of the 10 / 11th \u2014 were picked up by hudsons of coastal command off the south - west coast of norway ; but the striking forces despatch the same day, amounting in all to ninety - two aircraft, were once more frustrated by the weather. as a last resort twelve of these machines \u2014 hampdens of nos. 44 and 50 squadrons \u2014 tried to attack a warship in kristiansand. they were caught by german fighters, and having no defence against a beam attack were ' hacked down from the wing man inwards ' until half their number had perished. thus ended the first phase of the invasion of norway. the german navy had got there in safety ; had landed enough troops and supplies to capture all the key points ; and had subsequently suffered loses which were severe in relation to german naval strength, but insignificant when weighed against the hazards, and the success, of the venture. the allies could take consolation, however, from the fact that the most daring part of the stroke could not be repeated. though the german troops in southern norway could be supplied both by sea and air, the luftwaffe alone must revictual the isolated units at trondheim and narvik. and supply on this scale purely by air, if it was accomplished, would mark a new achievement in the history of warfare. * * * the attempt to bomb the german navy on its return voyage having failed, our air attacks were now convinced against the german - held airfields. of these, the most immediately important to the enemy was oslo / fornebu, since the main german advance northwards would be directed from that area. as far as our own needs were concerned, however, the most important was the ill - developed but commodious landing ground at vaernes, near trondheim ; for whereas allied forces could not possibly sail through the skagerrak and land near oslo, they had ever prospect of securing a lodgement in the neighbourhood of trondheim. moreover, trondheim was perhaps the best centre of communication for the country as a whole ; it was the third largest port in norway", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.38863456421775644, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.319684"} {"text": "through the skagerrak and land near oslo, they had ever prospect of securing a lodgement in the neighbourhood of trondheim. moreover, trondheim was perhaps the best centre of communication for the country as a whole ; it was the third largest port in norway ; and the german force in occupation was both small and isolated. to put the luftwaffe out of business at vaernes would therefore be of the utmost benefit to our plans. unfortunately, however, neither fornebu nor vaernes was within the effective striking distance of our daylight bombers ; the former was 580 miles away from our nearest bomber bases, the latter 760 miles. only the whitleys could strike at this range without undue risk, and these had to operate by night, when the chances of identifying an airfield in norway were slender. the result was that our main air effort came to be directed against the airfield which was easiest to reach, to locate, and to attack \u2014 that of stavanger / sola, where for once the mountains of norway sweep down, not to the sea, but to an open coastal flat. stavanger / sola, 450 miles from our bomber bases on the east coast, was raided for the first time of 11 / 12th april, and more heavily on 14th april. thereafter it was bombed regularly ; for by 14th april british forces were landing on norwegian soil, and the bombing of stavanger was one of the few available means of reducing the weight of german air attack against them. the key to recovery in norway was of course trondheim. if we could recapture this large and flourishing port, with vaernes airfield no great distance away, the northern half of norway could almost certainly be held \u2014 for near trondheim the country narrow sharply, and the distance across to sweden is only sixty miles. forces could then be built up for a subsequent advance to the south. with this in mind, and with the knowledge that the german troops in possession numbered as yet no more than two thousand, the norwegians therefore urged the allies to undertake an immediate and direct assault. but an operation of this kind could not be carried out without heavy losses among our ships, and though the plan was adopted in principle it was not applied. instead a beginning was made with a subsidiary movement \u2014 an overland advance on trondheim from two directions. one wing of this was to land at the small harbour of namsos, 125 north of trondheim, the other at the equally small harbour of aandalsnes, 200 miles by road to the south. meanwhile, a third and entirely independent force was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42078883743436146, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.321069"} {"text": "one wing of this was to land at the small harbour of namsos, 125 north of trondheim, the other at the equally small harbour of aandalsnes, 200 miles by road to the south. meanwhile, a third and entirely independent force was to recapture the remote and isolated port of narvik. the first naval party put ashore at namsos on 14th april. the same day british forces began to land near harstad in vaags fjord, the base selected for operations against narvik ; and on 17th april an advanced party disembarked at aandalsnes. all these landings were unopposed, and since some initial progress was quickly made from namsos and aandalsnes the plan of a direct assault on trondheim up the fjords was abandoned with relief, and all efforts were concentrated on the advance over land. the troops at namsos were under the command of major general carton de wiart, v. c., a soldier whose gallantry from the day of the boer war onwards had become almost a legend. de wiart, who arrived by sunderland flying - boat on 15th april to the accompaniment of german bombs, lost no time in pushing forces south through the vital defile of steinkjer. a halt then ensued while further troops \u2014 a french demi - brigade \u2014 were brought into namsos on 19th april. but the frenchmen were no sooner landed and the ships withdrawn than the luftwaffe, whose activities over this area had thus far been sporadic, appeared on the scene in strength. in the absence of anti - aircraft defences their task was not difficult, and by nightfall on 20th april namsos was virtually destroyed. ' the whole place ', wrote a naval eyewitness, ' was a mass of flames from end to end, and the glare on the snows of the surrounding mountains produced an unforgettable spectacle '. the railway station, the rolling stock and the storehouses on the jetties all suffered in the general devastation, and the road transport disappeared with the evacuating norwegian population. the lesson of this was not lost on de wiart. the following morning he signalled the war office ' i see little chance of carrying out decisive, or indeed, any operations, unless enemy air activity is considerably restricted '. two days later, after german forces shipped along the fjords from trondheim had landed on the flank of his advanced troops, and after the luftwaffe had twice subjected the forward units and the town of steinkjer to the same treatment as the base at namsos, de wiart put", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3735731572927712, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.322692"} {"text": "forces shipped along the fjords from trondheim had landed on the flank of his advanced troops, and after the luftwaffe had twice subjected the forward units and the town of steinkjer to the same treatment as the base at namsos, de wiart put it more strongly \u2014 that there was ' no alternative to evacuation ' unless he could have superiority in the air. from this point onwards the general could act only on the defensive, and his best hope, that when the order to withdraw was given, was that he would succeed in getting his forces back on namsos. the advance on trondheim from the north had failed. meanwhile, the other jaw of the would - be pincers was trying in vain to operate from aandalsnes. the first formation to land consisted of some sixteen hundred men, containing a very high proportion of raw troops and a very low proportion of transport and guns. before advancing north the brigade was ordered to secure the vital junction of dombaas, where the railway from oslo divides for aandalsnes and trondheim. the bulk of the norwegian army was at this time well south of the junction, fighting a stout delaying action against the main german drive from oslo ; and if this advance could be halted before it reached dombaas our own movement towards trondheim could be conducted without interference. but the hard - pressed norwegians were naturally reluctant to see our troops merely consolidating a position in their rear, and it was to meet their requests that brigadier morgan pushed his men well down the valley past dombaas to the advanced positions around lillehammer. before our men were properly established in the line, however, the forward norwegian troops had been driven back. at the limit of endurance they succumbed to the combined assault of german land and forces ; for the pilots of the luftwaffe, taking advantage of a settled spell of fine weather most unusual in norway at this time of the year, were flying up and down the snow - bound valleys at will, selecting their targets with the greatest deliberation. the full shock therefore fell on morgan ' s brigade, who at first fared little or no better than the norwegians. while they strove to restore the situation, a second brigade which had been landed at aandalsnes was rushed down to give them support. the aandalsnes expedition, so far from driving north against trondheim, was thus desperately engaged in trying to hold off the germans to the south. while our troops were struggling to establish themselves in central norway the royal air force had not been idle. it had repeatedly bombed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4095620228371782, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.324983"} {"text": "the norwegian route only eight or nine percent of their shipping and only 1, 000 of the 100, 000 officers and men transported. the mining and the attacks on airfields had their value, but it was not apparent to troops who were spending their time dodging german bombs. our men in norway, ludicrously short of anti - aircraft guns, were also desperately in need of fighter protection. the problem was easier stated than solved. no royal air force units had been detailed for central norway ; all known airfields had been seized by the enemy ; and emergency landing grounds could hardly be constructed with any great speed in mountainous country several feet under snow. to achieve what was possible in the circumstances, the aircraft carriers glorious and ark royal were recalled from the mediterranean and despatched on 23rd april to give support off namsos and aandalsnes ; and on board the glorious went one fighter squadron of the royal air force. it was no. 263, from filton ; it was chosen because its obsolescent gladiator biplanes could operate from small landing grounds. the selection of an operation site for the gladiators had been no easy task. in that wild and mountainous country, where a forced landing is an impossibility and the parachute is the pilot ' s sole hope in emergency, only a frozen lake offered any chance of a flat surface. at lake vangsmjosa, where there was very little snow, some remnants of the norwegian air force were operating off skis. to squadron leader whitney straight, who had been sent to explore the district, the best solution the best solution seemed for the gladiators to join the norwegians there ; but the chiefs of staff rejected the recommendation on the ground that the site was exposed to a german advance and could be supplied only a separate and dangerous route. instead, they approved straight ' s second choice, lake lesjaskog, which lies in the valley connecting aandalsnes and dombaas, and was therefore along our existing lines \u2014 or line \u2014 of communication. this decision taken, straight at once got down to business. within two hours of his arrival at lesjaskog he had 200 civilians \u2014 an almost incredible number in a place so sparsely populated \u2014 hard at work on the task of clearing a runway through the two feet of snow that covered the ice. 2 shortly before midnight on 22nd april a royal air force advanced party under wing commander keens arrived at aandalsnes. its function, until a full royal air force headquarters could be set up, was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4049178433497572, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.329594"} {"text": "two feet of snow that covered the ice. 2 shortly before midnight on 22nd april a royal air force advanced party under wing commander keens arrived at aandalsnes. its function, until a full royal air force headquarters could be set up, was to establish a base at the port and servicing facilities at lake lesjaskog. the night was spent in clearing stores from the jetty, and the following morning some of the servicing facilities at lake lesjaskog. the night was spent in clear stores from the jetty, and the following morning some of the servicing party proceeded up the valley of the lake. there they arranged fuel dumps around the newly cleared runway and in the woods which go down to the water ' s edge. twenty - four hours later, at midnight on the 23rd, the servicing equipment arrived at aandalsnes. it was rapidly unloaded, but only two lorries \u2014 impressed form the local population, for the british authorities had none \u2014 were available to transport it up to the valley to the lake. only the most vital items could go forward ; and this meant opening every box to examine its contents, since no schedule of equipment had been provided. but by midday on the 24th the equipment had been provided. but by midday on the 24th the essential gear and the remainder of the servicing flight had left for the lake, and during the afternoon wing commander keens signalled the waiting carrier \u2014 by way of the air ministry \u2014 that the gladiators could land at 1800 hours. when the time came for squadron leader donaldson, the commanding officer of no. 263 squadron, to fly his aircraft off, the glorious was 180 miles from the shore in the thick of a heavy snowstorm. donaldson was a brave man, but he had little relish for the task that lay before him ; for his squadron, with four maps between them and no more navigational facilities than those usually to be found in fighters, had to make their first take - off from the deck of a carrier, locate in poor visibility an unknown spot set among mountains, and land on ice. he asked the captain if a fleet air arm skua might lead the squadron to the lake. the request was readily granted ; the eighteen gladiators flew off without mishap and without mishap they landed on lake lesjaskog. what they found at lesjaskog might have dismayed less cheerful hearts. the valley being wide at this point, there was no difficulty about the approach, and the single road and railway from aandals", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44185043191313933, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.332133"} {"text": "landed on lake lesjaskog. what they found at lesjaskog might have dismayed less cheerful hearts. the valley being wide at this point, there was no difficulty about the approach, and the single road and railway from aandalsnes ran close to the lake. but the prepared runway was some distance from the shore, for the ice at the edges was already beginning to melt ; the only transport available to take stores from the road to the runway was an occasional horse - drawn sledge ; the servicing party, designed and equipped simply to operate until the squadron ground staff arrived, had no petrol - bowser and only two refuelling troughs ; the starter trolley batteries were uncharged and had no acid ; and there was no warning system to report the approach of hostile aircraft. it was to conditions of this sort that the gladiators arrived, in a district over which german aircraft swarmed at will ; indeed, the preparations on the lake had already been systematically observed by the enemy. but, though their commanding officer had noted with apprehension the bomb damage along the railway, the pilots of no. 263 squadron were far from downcast. they were young, they were amid the glittering beauty of the snow and the ice and the stars, they were comfortably housed in the little summer hotel nearby, they were at last on the threshold of action, they were superbly cheerful. they would have been still more cheerful that evening but for the bore of having to disperse their aircraft. their outlook was that of the british solider in aandalsnes who, seeing them fly over on their way to the lake, remarked to a local inhabitant, ' here come our fighters \u2014 no more german bombers now '. the dawn brought swift disillusion. the gladiators were put up a patrol over the dombaas area at 0300 hours. but the sharp frost of the spring night had frozen the carburettors and the controls, and ice locked the wheels to the runway. only after two hours ' struggle did the first pair of aircraft get off the lake and proceed to dombaas, where their appearance over our lines put fresh heart into the troops. meanwhile, the desperate efforts of the squadron to start up the rest of the gladiators were surveyed by two german aircraft, which dropped a few ineffectual bombs. two hours later the serious business began. in relays of threes, unescorted ju. 88 ' s and he. 111 ' s returned again and again, while the engines of the glad", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40789937528660336, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.334943"} {"text": ", which dropped a few ineffectual bombs. two hours later the serious business began. in relays of threes, unescorted ju. 88 ' s and he. 111 ' s returned again and again, while the engines of the gladiators still defied attempts to wake them to life. at length some accumulators were commandeered from passing lorries, and under attack from bombs and machine - guns two more gladiators managed to start up and take off. while they circled the lake others succeeded in joining them, and from then on the squadron was able to give a good account of itself. starting up, however, was merely the first of its difficulties ; for the part included only one armourer, and with the limited equipment available and the enemy constantly overhead, refuelling and re - arming was a painful, lengthy and dangerous process. such conditions could have only one end. despite the pilots ' best effort in the air and despite the heroic work of a small naval party manning two oerlikon guns near the lake, by midday ten of the eighteen gladiators had been put out of action on the ground. it says everything for the pilots of the squadron that in conditions such as these they were able to make upwards of thirty sorties during the day, to fight many combats, and to shoot down several of the enemy. but one day was enough. towards evening, when the runway as well as the squadron was virtually destroyed, the squadron commander flew down to setnesmoen, near aandalsnes, and landed on a small plateau which was being hastily cleared as an emergency landing ground. finding it reasonably satisfactory, and well placed to reflect the base, if far removed from the front line, he ordered the four remaining gladiators to join him. during the night the few available lorries brought down to the coast such fuel, stores and ammunition as remained ; and when the morning sun rose on lesjaskog, it revealed only a scene of smashed and splintered ice, broken trees and burnt - out aircraft. 3 from setnesmoen on 26th april the surviving gladiators made their last effort. between them the five carried out a useful reconnaissance and a patrol over the forward lines ; then there were three. these three attempted to engage the german aircraft which attacked aandalsnes at leisure throughout the day, but with no oxygen the pilots were completely unable to operate at the 20, 000 feet from which the enemy, respecting their presence, chose to bomb.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4004808347047599, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.336969"} {"text": "these three attempted to engage the german aircraft which attacked aandalsnes at leisure throughout the day, but with no oxygen the pilots were completely unable to operate at the 20, 000 feet from which the enemy, respecting their presence, chose to bomb. finally, one gladiator alone remained doubtfully serviceable ; and for this there was no petrol. nothing remained but to withdraw the pilots in a cargo vessel. surviving several attacks from german bombers they reached scapa flow safely on 1st may \u2014 exactly ten days after they had sailed to norway from the same place. their adventure had been brief, and expensive in aircraft, but at least well rewarded in experience. for the story of no. 263 squadron as lesjaskog will forever stand witness to the futility of exposing a handful of machines, with hastily contrived and inadequate arrangements on the ground, to the full blast of operations by a powerful enemy. the destruction of no. 263 squadron meant that there was now little hope of keeping aandalsnes in use ; for the gallant and skilful work of the fleet air arm pilots of the glorious between 24th april and 27th april could not avail to save the base from the frightful effects of german air superiority. in the words of the naval officer in charge, ' \u2026 the wooden quays destroyed, the area surrounding the single concrete quay devastated by fire, the roads pitted by bomb craters and disintegrated by the combined effect of heavy traffic and melting snow, the recurrent damage to the railway, the machine - gunning of road traffic \u2014 all made it patent to those on the spot that it was only a question of time for the port activities to diminish to such an extent that the line of communication could not be maintained. ' with the neighbouring port of molde in no better case, our ships in harbour in constant danger, and namsos \u2014 despite fine work by the aircraft of the ark royal \u2014 as badly hit as aandalsnes, the end was indeed certain. though everywhere hard - pressed and withdrawing, our troops in contact with enemy ground forces could have held on longer ; it was the air bombardment of their bases which threatened disaster complete and irreparable. recognizing this, lieutenant - general massy, the commander - in - chief of the expeditionary force \u2014 whose headquarters were still in london \u2014 regarded the destruction of no. 263 squadron as decisive ; almost as soon as he heard of it, on 27th april, he advised the chiefs of staff to abandon the entire central norwegian project. the following", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.36074224805853095, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.340126"} {"text": "expeditionary force \u2014 whose headquarters were still in london \u2014 regarded the destruction of no. 263 squadron as decisive ; almost as soon as he heard of it, on 27th april, he advised the chiefs of staff to abandon the entire central norwegian project. the following day the local commanders received the order to withdrawn their forces. the function of the royal air force during the evacuation was to reduce the enemy ' s air activity by bombing his airfields, and to give what cover it could to the withdrawal from aandalsnes. the second part of this task demanded what we so conspicuously lacked at the time \u2014 a good long - range fighter. the makeshift blenheim fighter was all that we could boast in this category ; and of these only one squadron was available for operations. the intention was that these aircraft should land and refuel at setnesmoen, but before they could do so the luftwaffe had put the landing ground out of action. all operations were accordingly carried out from this country, with the result that each sortie could spend no more than an hour near aandalsnes. as for namsos, this was quite beyond the range of any royal air force fighters ; but protection was to be given by the ark royal and the glorious, which had returned home to refuel and were due back off norway on 1st may. in accordance with this plan bomber command attacked stavanger / sola and oslo / fornebu airfields by day and night throughout the entire period of the evacuation, besides directing a less number of sorties against the danish airfields of aalborg and rye. the heaviest raid was on the night of 30th april / 1st may, when twenty - eight wellingtons and whitleys bombed stavanger at a cost of five aircraft. this effort, coming on top of those already undertaken, had its effect, for by 1st may the germans were confining the use of the surface to emergency landings. during the critical days the weight of enemy air attack on aandalsnes and namsos was therefore materially less. all the same, there was plenty of activity against our ships at sea \u2014 so much, in fact, that when the two aircraft carriers duly reappeared off norway on 1st may, and were promptly selected for special attention by the luftwaffe, they were soon ordered home. this meant that our forces had to make good their escape from namsos with no air cover whatsoever. in spite of the scanty measure of protection that could be supplied by the blenheims the evacuation from aandalsnes went well.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42062920342291144, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.341577"} {"text": ". this meant that our forces had to make good their escape from namsos with no air cover whatsoever. in spite of the scanty measure of protection that could be supplied by the blenheims the evacuation from aandalsnes went well. the enemy air force made no attempt to interfere with the embarkation during the hours of darkness, the final parties were cleared on the night of 1st / 2nd may, and all vessels reached british ports safely. up to this point the germans, strangely enough, seem to have been unaware of our intentions ; having captured the plan for building up our forces through aandalsnes, they perhaps imagined that we were still coming, not going. but on 2nd may, before de wiart ' s men at namsos had even begun to embark, chamberlain announced in the house that we had withdrawn from aandalsnes. the inference that we might also be withdrawing from namsos was not difficult to make, and perhaps because of this the luftwaffe was able to subject the allied convoys to repeated assaults on their homeward passage. two destroyers were sunk. only when our ships came within the orbit of coastal command did the attacks. * * * while central norway was witnessing the first of those evacuation which were to feature so prominently in our military efforts during 1940 and 1941, the expedition in the north was in a fair way to success. for whereas namsos and aandalsnes were within easy reach of airfields held by the enemy, narvik was not. the port of narvik is some 600 miles north of oslo as the aeroplane flies, and 400 miles north of trondheim. within the arctic circle and set amidst mountains wild to the last degree, it gives the impression of some desperate triumph of man over nature. the port remains open throughout the year, but between september and the beginning of may the country is entirely covered with snow and ice, and in mid - winter the only light of day consists of two hours of murk and gloom. remote and inhospitable, narvik has few communications with southern norway : the single track railway runs directly east to the swedish orefields, and the traveller who attempts the journey south by road \u2014 if road it may be called \u2014 faces the prospect of shipping his car across several fjords. even the all - conquering aeroplane which bids fair to ' put a girdle about the earth in forty minutes ', is at a disadvantage. a flight between north and south norway is usually marked by swift and treacherous changes of weather which may spell death to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4106919020463689, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.342737"} {"text": "- conquering aeroplane which bids fair to ' put a girdle about the earth in forty minutes ', is at a disadvantage. a flight between north and south norway is usually marked by swift and treacherous changes of weather which may spell death to the airman who ventures on ; great down - draughts snatch at the aircraft as it tops the mountain peaks or noses its way through the defiles ; and there are few places within fifty miles of narvik where anything other than a float - plane or flying - boat could possibly alight. of such landing grounds as there were in 1940, though one or two of them were normally occupied by small detachments of the norwegian air force, none could be dignified with the name of airfield. the british element of the narvik expedition sailed on 12th april, a few hours before admiral whitworth disposed of the german destroyers by his action in the fjords. the military commander was major general mackesy, who instructions were to establish a base at harstad, a small fishing port on an island in vaags fjord, fifty - five miles by sea from narvik. when the news of whitworth ' s victory reached the commander of the naval forces, admiral of the fleet the earl of cork and orrery, he at once proposed that the harstad project should be cancelled in favour of an immediate and direct assault on narvik ; but the suggestion made on appeal to mackesy, whose brigade had embarked for an unopposed landing, had been neither trained nor equipped for movement over snow, and would have had to advance unsupported through snow waist deep in the face of enemy gunfire. although the german forces at narvik were small, our troops therefore landed, as originally intended, at harstad. a plan was then made to capture the ground north and south of the peninsula on which narvik stands so that the port itself might be taken from the rear. this involved waiting for reinforcements \u2014 and the thaw. the reinforcements, consisting of french alpine troops under general bethouart, foreign legionaries and poles, began to arrive on 27th april. thus far, enemy aircraft had not been unduly troublesome \u2014 many of those that appeared were float - planes carrying stores. with the luftwaffe rapidly establishing itself at trondheim / vaernes airfield, however, we could soon expect attack of a far heavier order \u2014 attack which could be countered only by land - based fighters. while the allied troops improved their positions, two royal air force officers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42595505941520817, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.343854"} {"text": "luftwaffe rapidly establishing itself at trondheim / vaernes airfield, however, we could soon expect attack of a far heavier order \u2014 attack which could be countered only by land - based fighters. while the allied troops improved their positions, two royal air force officers, of whom the senior was wing commander r. k. r. atcherley, were accordingly sent out from england to examine the landing grounds \u2014 or sites for landing grounds \u2014 in the neighbourhood of narvik. the arrival of atcherley ' s sunderland at harstad coincided with an enemy air raid, which it inadvertently scared away. after reporting to general mackesy, whom he found in a half - dressed state retrieving possessions from the headquarters building, which had just been hit, atcherley went onto explain his mission to the local norwegian army commander. his reception was not encouraging. the news of the evacuation of aandalsnes had just reached the norwegian forces in the north, and atcherley was asked to sign a formal undertaking not only that large quantities of british supplies would be available for the norwegians but also that the royal air force did not intend ( in atcherley ' s phrase ) ' to cut and run '. eventually the general was pacified \u2014 the staff officer bearing his representations apparently succumbed to a judicious mixture of eloquence and whisky from lord cork \u2014 and the reconnaissance proceeded. deep snow made the task one of the utmost difficulty, but fortunately the norwegians placed a ship, and lord cork a walrus amphibian at atcherley ' s disposal. even so, the searchers were compelled to confine their investigation to places of good local report. in the end the most promising sites were found to be the existing norwegian landing grounds at bardufoss and banak, and some undeveloped ground at skaanland. the last of these was the best placed geographically, being only fifteen miles by air from harstad and twenty - five from narvik. bardufoss, at fifty - five and fifty miles respectively, was also within fighter range of both base and objective ; but banak, over two hundred miles north - east of narvik, would be useful only for bombers. what was achieved at bardufoss gives some idea of the appalling obstacles that were overcome. the local authorities having gathered together an impressive, if predominantly amateur, labour force ( first of norwegian territorials and later of civilians ) on 4th may work began. atcherley was in charge, and he was assisted by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4065143705164633, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.345023"} {"text": "repaired. two hundred hastily recruited mules speeded the painful progress of supplies. the crises which arose in the course of these herculean labours were frequent and acute. food gave out, there were too few tools, the weekly walrus failed to arrived from harstad the drop the labourers ' wages. but every setback was triumphantly overcome by the combined efforts of the three services and the norwegians, and within the incredibly short space of three weeks bardufoss was fit for use. skaanland, too, was declared ready ; while at banak all difficulties yielded before the cheerful onslaught of a thousand lapps under the inspired direction of one british able seaman. all this time the headquarters of somewhat grandiloquently styled royal air force components of the north - western expeditionary force was waiting to sail. formed at uxbridge on 22nd april under the command of group captain m. moore, it was originally designed to control air operations both in central and northern norway. with their field of activity now confined to the narvik area, the headquarters staff sailed on 7th may. the same vessel carried lieutenant - general auchinlek, whose instructions were to assume command ( if he thought fit ) of the allied troops, and to report on the forces needed for the tasks of holding northern norway as the seat of king haakon ' s government, stopping german supplies of iron - ore through narvik, and interfering with shipments from lulea. the general landed at harstad on 11th may, just twenty - four hours after the german invasion of france and the low countries had knocked the bottom out of his mission. the threat of a german offensive in the west had throughout gravely handicapped allied efforts in scandinavia. now the act proved decisive. the forces which auchinlek considered necessary to hold northern norway \u2014 he dismissed as impracticable any idea of interfering with the ore shipments from lulea \u2014 included seventeen infantry battalions, one hundred and four heavy and ninety - six light anti - aircraft guns, and four squadrons of aircraft. these could not possibly be spared at a time when the allied armies were reeling under the impact of the german blows in belgium and france. even the small but steady effort of bomber command against the enemy - occupied airfields in norway and denmark had now to be abandoned in favour of sterner tasks elsewhere. so, when the chief of staff made their final survey on 21st may \u2014 it was on the day on which the enemy first gazed across the english channel at his next objective \u2014 their summary of the position", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.38982220506717, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 26, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.359363"} {"text": "be abandoned in favour of sterner tasks elsewhere. so, when the chief of staff made their final survey on 21st may \u2014 it was on the day on which the enemy first gazed across the english channel at his next objective \u2014 their summary of the position was very clear : ' the security of france and the united kingdom is essential ; the retention of northern norway is not. ' they accordingly recommended to the war cabinet that the allied force should proceed to capture narvik, that the harbour and its installations should be demolished, and that the expedition should be withdrawn. it was while these matters were approaching decision in london that no. 263 squadron, with a fresh supply of gladiators, once more appeared on the norwegian scene. the pilots had sailed in the furious on 14th may, and had spent some days waiting offshore while the final preparations were made at bardufoss. in the early morning of 21st may the first flight took off. but visibility was no more than three hundred yards, the savage outlines of the coastal peaks were obscured by low cloud, and the navigating swordfish, slightly off course, led the first section straight into a mountain side. two of the gladiators crashed, and the pilot of a third saved himself only by turning violently as the white and black mass suddenly loomed up before him ; the remainder turned back to face the further peril of their first deck landing \u2014 assuming they could find the carrier. fortunately all landed safely. the next day, in better weather, the squadron establish itself successfully at bardufoss and flew nearly fifty sorties before the brief arctic twilight called a halt to operations. by this time the allied ground forces were well enough placed \u2014 numerically, administratively and geographically \u2014 to make their attack on narvik. the enemy ' s frequent air attacks, mounted from trondheim / vaernes ( and its neighbouring fjords ) 400 miles to the south, had made matters unpleasant for our ships, but had not prevented our forces gather strength. before long, however, these attacks might be many times heavier ; for german troops were forcing their way up the coast from trondheim towards bodo, where there was flat ground suitable for an airfield within thirty minutes ' flight of narvik. tactical as well as strategic considerations therefore dictated an immediate move by the allied forces. advanced detachments accordingly attempted to hold the enemy south of bodo while the assault on narvik was prepared. the thaw had arrived, and the attack was to begin as soon as the rest of the fighters assigned to the expedition \u2014 the hurricanes of no", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41874101080296056, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 27, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.382155"} {"text": "advanced detachments accordingly attempted to hold the enemy south of bodo while the assault on narvik was prepared. the thaw had arrived, and the attack was to begin as soon as the rest of the fighters assigned to the expedition \u2014 the hurricanes of no. 46 squadron \u2014 were established at skaanland. the hurricanes had already made the passage to northern norway with no. 263 squadron, and had been sent back because skaanland was not then ready. they returned to norway in the glorious on 26th may. when they came in to land at skaanland they found the runway soft and patchy, and after three aircraft had gone up on their noses the remainder of the squadron was ordered to join no. 263 at bardufoss. this meant that both squadrons had to face some fifty miles of mountain mist and cloud before they could appear over harstad, narvik or the fleet anchorage at skaanland. but distance and climate were by no means the only obstacles to efficient operation. a fighter depends not merely on its own powers of performance but on information of the enemy ' s movements ; and in norway arrangements for reporting enemy aircraft were primitive in the extreme. the nature of the coast was such that radar could not be installed without the most prolonged trials ; the royal air force and norwegian observer posts, valuable as they were, possessed in such country an extremely restricted field of view ; and the w / t and the r / t then in use were ineffective among high iron - bound mountains. reports over the ordinary telephone system from the observer posts provided useful warning at harstad and bardufoss ; but the information they gave was neither quick nor continuous enough for fighters to be controlled from the ground, even had the r / t worked properly. for the most part our aircraft were thus forced to rely on the wasteful method of standing patrols. despite all these handicaps, no. 263 squadron had already enjoyed considerable success by the time it was joined by no. 46. for several days the gladiators had kept up a daily average of over forty sorties to the benefit of harstad, skaanland and their own base. what spirit animated their pilots may be seen from one brief episode. at midday on 26th may three gladiators took off from bardufoss for bodo, where a hastily prepared landing ground was now available for the support of our troops resisting the german advance north. the leader was flight lieutenant caesar hull, an extraordinarily skilful pilot and a lively character for whom, in the words of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41296052382118076, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 28, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.427773"} {"text": ", where a hastily prepared landing ground was now available for the support of our troops resisting the german advance north. the leader was flight lieutenant caesar hull, an extraordinarily skilful pilot and a lively character for whom, in the words of a fellow - pilot, ' every night was guest night ' ; the other two aircraft were flown by pilot officer jack falkson and lieutenant anthony lydekker, a fleet air arm armament officer with flying experience, who had volunteered to take the place of a sick pilot during the voyage out to norway. after surviving a few shots from two passing he. 111 ' s en route, the three gladiators came in to land on the newly constructed runway. they were immediately caught fast in the mud. frantic taxying brought them to somewhat drier soil, the aircraft were eventually refuelled from four - gallon tins, and the softest patches in the runway were laboriously covered with wooden snow - boards. while this as going on a he. 111 appeared on the scene. disregarding the state of the runway, lydekker, whose tanks were less full than others, promptly got his aircraft off the ground and engaged. then hull and falkson, who had meanwhile been briefed by wing command maxton, the officer in charge of the landing ground, prepared to follow. hull ' s diary records the events of the new few hours : the wing commander explained that the army were retreating up a valley east of bodo, and were being strafed by the huns all day. sounded too easy, so i took off just as another heinkel 111 circled the aerodrome. god! what a take - off! came unstuck about fifty yards from the end and just staggered over the trees. jack followed and crashed. i though the expedition was doomed to failure and that i had better to as much damage as i could before landing again to told tony to land over the blower, and set off towards the valley. saw some smoke rising, so investigated, and found a heinkel 111 at about 600 feet. attacked it three times, and it turned south with smoke pouring from fuselage and engines. broke off attack to engage a junkers 52, which crashed in flames. saw heinkel 111 flying south, tried to intercept and failed. returned and attacked two junkers 52 ' s in formation, number one went into clouds, number two crashed in flames after six people had baled out. attacked heinkel 111 and drive it south with smoke pouring from it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40467852533880966, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 29, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.429414"} {"text": "to intercept and failed. returned and attacked two junkers 52 ' s in formation, number one went into clouds, number two crashed in flames after six people had baled out. attacked heinkel 111 and drive it south with smoke pouring from it. ammunition finished, so returned to base. the troops were very cheered by the report, and i thought another patrol might produce more fun. the wing commander didn ' t like the idea of risking another take - off, but after a lot of persuasion he agreed to it. it was quite shattering, in spite of some wooden planks laid across the bad patches. this time the valley was deserted, and the only thing i could do was amuse the troops by doing some aerobatics. they all cheered and waved madly every time i went down low \u2014 i think they imagined that at last we had air control and their worries were over. vain hope! the state of the runway made further operations distinctly inadvisable. but some of the troops were being withdrawn by sea during the night, and the tiny royal air force contingent at bodo was determined to give what help it could. all hands fell to the task of laying down more snow - boards, until these covered almost the entire runway, and an hour before midnight lydekker took off again. at midnight hull followed, and in the absence of enemy aircraft amused himself by ' beating up ' the retiring vessels \u2014 much to the delight of the troops. two hours later he was relieved by falkson, after which, convinced that further attempts to use the runway would end only in the loss of valuable aircraft, he asked maxton to call off the patrols. the wing commander agreed ; and hull and lydekker, having despatched a well - earned breakfast, were enjoying \u2014 at readiness \u2014 the cheering warmth of the morning sunshine, when they experienced something all too familiar to those members of the squadron who had been at lesjaskog. hull ' s diary again tells the story : suddenly at 0800 hours the balloon went up. there were 110 ' s and 87 ' s all round and the 87 ' s started dive - bombing a jetty about 800 yards from the aerodrome. tony ' s aircraft started at once and i waved him off, then after trying mine a bit longer got yellow and together with the fitter made a dive into a nearby barn. from there were watched the dive - bombing in terror until it seemed that they were not actualy concentrating on the aerodrome. got the gladiator going and shot off without", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.39164943698746757, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 30, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.431339"} {"text": "got yellow and together with the fitter made a dive into a nearby barn. from there were watched the dive - bombing in terror until it seemed that they were not actualy concentrating on the aerodrome. got the gladiator going and shot off without helmet or waiting to do anything up. circled the ' drome climbing and pinned an 87 at the bottom of a dive. it made off slowly over the sea and just as i was turning away another 87 shot up past me and his shots went through me windscreen knocking me out for a while. cam to, and was thanking my lucky stars when i heard rat - tat behind me and felt my gladiator hit. went into right - hand turn and dive but could not get out. had given up hope at some 200 feet when she centralized and i gave her a burst of engine to clear some large rocks. further rat - tats from behind, so gave up hope and decided to get her down. held off, and then crashed. with hull out of the combat \u2014 and on his way to hospital \u2014 lydekker received the full attention of the enemy. wounded, and with his aircraft badly shot up, he managed by skilful evasive action to get back to bardufoss, where his machine was promptly classed as a complete ' write - off '. all three gladiators had now been put out of action ; but the luftwaffe was taking no risks. that evening that returned to bodo in force. he. 111 ' s laid was the town and twelve ju. 87 ' s and four me. 110 ' s made a systematic job of wrecking the runway. so ended the brief history of bodo landing ground. the attempt to use it had brought about its destruction ; but the gladiators had shot down at least three enemy aircraft, and, at a highly critical moment, had diverted many more attacks on the allied troops. while the luftwaffe was concentrating on bodo the allies were beginning the final moves against narvik. french and norwegian forces were now firmly establish along the farther side of rombaks fjords, north of the narvik peninsula ; and the plan was to cross the fjord, gaining a footing on the peninsula \u2014 where the enemy was in no great strength \u2014 and approach the town from the rear. at the same time the poles would launch an attack in the ankenes peninsula, to the south. the task of the two fighter squadrons, beginning some hours before the initial assault, was to maintain continuous patrols at a strength of three aircraft over", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.40617755335161265, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 31, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.432570"} {"text": ". at the same time the poles would launch an attack in the ankenes peninsula, to the south. the task of the two fighter squadrons, beginning some hours before the initial assault, was to maintain continuous patrols at a strength of three aircraft over the area of operations. the patrols during the evening and night of 27th may, when the allied troops made their landing, were agreeably uneventful. early the following morning fog descended on bardufoss, and for a brief spell our aircraft were grounded. during this time the luftwaffe \u2014 which was now reported to have ju. 87 dive - bombers operating from an emergency ground at mosjoen, only 200 miles to the south \u2014 appeared on the scene. the admiral ' s flagship was damaged ; then one of our patrols came up and drove away the attacking aircraft. after that the hurricanes and gladiators combined with the misty weather to hold off the enemy, and before the day closed narvik was in allied hands. nothing remained but to destroy the facilities of the port \u2014 and withdraw. the destruction was well and truly accomplished. no cargo of iron - ore left narvik for germany until january 1941. the evacuation presented problems of greater complexity. in the first place our intention to withdraw had to be kept secret from all except the principal commanders ; the remainder \u2014 including the norwegians \u2014 were to be encouraged to believe, until the last moment, that we were preparing to move to other bases in norway. secondly, to allow time for the arrangements, and to reduce the difficulties in which the norwegian ground forces would find themselves by a sudden withdrawal of the british, french and poles, the evacuation was not to begin until 3rd june, and was then to be spread over five days. the work of the two royal air force squadrons was thus by no means finished. from 29th may to 1st june they were busy, but mainly with single enemy aircraft. then, on 2nd june, the luftwaffe arrived in force. through the day wave after wave of a dozen our shipping and the base at harstad ; but the gladiators and hurricanes so harassed every attempt that the german crews either jettisoned their bombs or aimed them wide. by the end of the day the two squadrons had flown seventy - five sorties, fought twenty - four engagements, and brought down at least nine enemy aircraft, all for no loss to themselves. many of the actions took place in full view of the troops ; and general auchinlek was moved to send a handsome message of thanks. that evening the norwegian", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3796420483799036, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 32, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.434060"} {"text": ", and brought down at least nine enemy aircraft, all for no loss to themselves. many of the actions took place in full view of the troops ; and general auchinlek was moved to send a handsome message of thanks. that evening the norwegians were informed of our intention to withdrawn, and the following morning the evacuation began. the movement presented a most tempting series of targets, for many of the troops had to be picked up by the local ' puffers ', taken out to destroyers in the fjords, and then transferred to liners standing off the coast. but a kindly cloak of mist and low cloud concealed the vessels for many hours, and until the last day the enemy ' s effort in the air was very small. such as it was, it was well contained by nos. 46 and 263 squadrons, and by the aircraft of the glorious and the ark royal, which had returned to take part in the evacuation. the orders under which the royal air force operated during the final phase were clear and precise. patrols were to be flown over the vital areas until evacuation was virtually complete ; the gladiators were then to fly on to the glorious ; the hurricanes, which could not, it was then thought, land on a carrier ' s deck, were to be destroyed ; and bardufoss airfield, with the exception of a small strip for the use of the few surviving norwegian fokkers, was to be thoroughly demolished. this programme was duly completed, but with one significant exception. the commanding officer of no. 46 squadron, squadron leader k. b. cross, begged that is ten remaining hurricanes should be allowed to attempt a landing on the glorious. the risk appeared considerable ; for unsuccessful tests had been made with hurricanes when the squadron was being shipped to norway, with the result that the aircraft had finally been hoisted abroad from lighters. in norway, at the tail end of the evacuation, and with their airfield far distant from the waters where the carrier lay, the squadron could clearly not re - embark in the same fashion. the only alternative to destruction was thus to hazard the aircraft and their pilots in a deck - landing. mindful that britain stood in need of every hurricane she could muster, group captain moore agreed to cross ' s request and a call was made for volunteers. every one of the eighteen pilots responded. so, in the clear arctic midnight of 7th june, the hurricanes took off from bardufoss for their last flight. by then the gladiators had left, led by swordfish, and were already stowed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4193796420865205, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 33, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.435281"} {"text": "one of the eighteen pilots responded. so, in the clear arctic midnight of 7th june, the hurricanes took off from bardufoss for their last flight. by then the gladiators had left, led by swordfish, and were already stowed away in the glorious. an hour ' s flight and the hurricanes too came on, each to an admirable landing. fate was to mock this last achievement. the scharnhorst and the gneisenau, moving up the norwegian coast under orders to penetrate the fjords around narvik, had learnt from air reconnaissance and intercepted wireless messages that traffic was heavy between northern norway and scotland. they had learnt too, that the glorious and the ark royal were at sea. no hunter could neglect so splendid a quarry. the two battlecruisers headed up for the convoy routes, and in the afternoon of 8th june they sighted the glorious and her attendant pair of destroyers. the german crews, noting with alarm that a number of aircraft were already visible on the flying decks of the carrier, hastened to open fire. their first salvoes found the mark, and all the valiant efforts of the destroyers could only postpone the end. after two hours the glorious, blazing furiously, rolled over beneath the waves ; and with her went the pilots who had crowned their triumph over the luftwaffe by their determination to bring their aircraft home. only squadron leader cross and one other, gaining a carley float, and defying arctic cold, the promptings of despair, and the sight of twenty - five of their fellow survivors on the raft dying before their eyes, were picked up later by a passing fishing vessel. * * * the expeditions to central and northern norway had one fundamental point of difference. the former was conducted form poor bases and along exiguous lines of communication within easy reach of strong forces of the luftwaffe, and beyond the effective range of the royal air force ; it therefore came to swift disaster. the latter was conducted, for most of the time, within effective range of only a single enemy air base, while in its later and more critical stages it enjoyed the protection of royal air force fighters ; it had therefore achieved a fair degree of success when the situation on the western front demanded its recall. this lesson was certainly not ignored by the commanders concerned, who spoke up with remarkable unanimity of voice. major general paget, whose forces could have held on longer had their base at aandalsnes not been destroyed by the luftwaffe, wrote thus : my considered view in the light", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4239022229184287, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 34, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.436470"} {"text": "commanders concerned, who spoke up with remarkable unanimity of voice. major general paget, whose forces could have held on longer had their base at aandalsnes not been destroyed by the luftwaffe, wrote thus : my considered view in the light of experience remains that which i expressed to the d. q. m. g. before i embarked. it is that the possibility of maintaining any force through the single port of aandalsnes depended primarily upon whether or not local air superiority could be established and maintained. to that view i would add that, since the necessary degree of air superiority could scarcely be expected to exist throughout the whole length of the line of communication, and since that line was peculiarly vulnerable to both air action and to seasonal changes, the aandalsnes project was not administratively practicable. operationally, therefore, it was doomed to failure. very similar views were expressed by major general carton de wiart about the fighting at namsos : then came the air situation, which was the dominating factor. we had no a. a. defence at all were completely at the mercy of enemy planes. only twice in the course of operations did we have any british planes over us, and then the enemy planes cleared off at once. lieutenant general auchinlek, too, though he bore witness to the difference at harstad when the two royal air force squadrons arrived, was powerfully impressed with the performance of the luftwaffe in supply narvik by air, in landing small detachments at strategic positions along the coast, and in blasting our troops out of the bodo area : the predominant factor in the recent operations has been the effect of air power \u2026 the first general lesson to be drawn is that to commit troops to a campaign in which they cannot be provided with adequate air support is to court disaster. in all of this general jodl, in his official report to the fuhrer, wholeheartedly concurred. ' the air force, ' wrote jodl, ' proved to be the decisive factor in the success of the operation. ' the campaign in norway witnessed the first completely conclusive employment of air power. around narvik two squadrons of royal air force fighters held at bay an enemy operating from long range ; elsewhere it was the enemy, swiftly and strongly established on all the available airfields, who dictated events. the royal air force at home, too far away, too small, and too much handicapped by the need to conserve its effort for the western front, was unable to intervene effectively. and though there were", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.457306685141214, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 35, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.439252"} {"text": "on all the available airfields, who dictated events. the royal air force at home, too far away, too small, and too much handicapped by the need to conserve its effort for the western front, was unable to intervene effectively. and though there were many purely military factors in our defeat in central norway, nearly all of them applied the more sharply because of the presence of an enemy air force which, at the peak - point, employed in weserubung no less than 615 bombers, fighters and reconnaissance machines, and 650 air transports. the primary and overriding importance of air power was not new as a conception. the air ministry, of course, had harped on it for years ; and had always given the clearest warnings, whenever intervention in scandinavia was discussed, that the luftwaffe by virtue of its size and proximity to the theatre of operations must enjoy a powerful advantage. if now new as a theory, however, it was new as a fact \u2014 new as a fact so abundantly plain, for instance, to the military. and though the navy had escaped with comparatively light losses for the outstanding work it had accomplished and the many perils it had run, even the saltiest of sea - dogs could, if he chose, now read the writing on the wall. contents * previous chapter ( iii ) * next chapter ( v ) 1 the identifications of these ships are as established from german records. the aircraft at the time reported the class of the vessel, not the identity. 2 this was done by sheer manual labour. straight did not enjoy the good fortune of a small remnant of the norwegian air force from vaernes, which was faced with the problem of clearing even deeper snow from a lake in a still less populated district. while the dispirited norwegians wondered how to begin, three thousand reindeer happened to pass nearby on their annual spring journey from the valleys to the mountains. their keep, a lapp with a weakness for strong drink, responded to the bribe of 100 percent alcohol offered by the medical officer \u2014 no weaker form being available \u2014 and consented to direct his herd across the lake. following their leader, a highly - trained white reindeer, the beasts dutifully pounded the snow into a hard, compressed mass six inches thick. from this the aircraft could have taken off admirably, had there been any petrol. 3 the skeletons of some of these aircraft could still be seen on the shores of the lake, and protruding above its surface, as late as 1947. they are probably still visible to this day", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44987761544276983, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 36, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.441047"} {"text": "archived \u2014 exemplary practices 2008 information identified as archived on the web is for reference, research or recordkeeping purposes. it has not been altered or updated after the date of archiving. web pages that are archived on the web are not subject to the government of canada web standards. as per the communications policy of the government of canada, you can request alternate formats on the \" contact us \" page. teaching the big history \u2026 and the little stories christian lagueux teaches at the polyvalente de saint - georges in saint - georges, quebec and his brother jean - pierre teaches at the polyvalente belanger in saint - martin, quebec. for a long time, they have collaborated to make learning about history and it ' s cultural context a more immediate and stimulating activity for young people. their project involving the reproduction of historical objects is a perfect example. jean - pierre lagueux explains that the activity requires four types of inter - disciplinary skills. the students develop their ability to synthesize information while searching for facts about the object they have chosen to recreate. while making the object, they use their creativity and artistic talents. their language skills are challenged as they prepare fact sheets on what they have created. and in the final step, they publish their achievements on the web, and in the process, expand their knowledge of information technologies. for the past seven years, their students ' historical creations have been exhibited at the christmas in new france event in quebec city, where thousands of visitors have admired the artefacts. \" the artefacts our students made for the christmas in new france event seemed so genuine that some visitors wanted to buy them, \" christian lagueux said proudly while displaying some of the youngsters ' creations. the sculptures, pots, ceramics, fabrics, clothing, documents, pictures and dishes all reflect daily life in new france between 1608 and 1759. \" we take this very seriously, \" christian lagueux points out. \" students have to use the materials and the methods of the era, and beware anachronisms! \" jean - pierre lagueux says that this teaching method puts students in touch with the daily lives of people from that era. \" some of them decided to embroider an alphabet book, as the young students of the ursulines did, to learn their abcs. back then, school was run by the catholic church and the nuns demanded perfection. if you made a mistake when you embroidered a letter, you had to do it over again until it was perfect. the same rule applied to our students", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.479328285791233, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.450017"} {"text": "their abcs. back then, school was run by the catholic church and the nuns demanded perfection. if you made a mistake when you embroidered a letter, you had to do it over again until it was perfect. the same rule applied to our students, who quite quickly grasped the importance of a job well done. \" the two teachers stress practical learning to help their students discover their own social universe. knowing that few young people understood the parliamentary system of government in quebec and canada, the langueux brothers restructured the student council to encourage students to follow the parliamentary model of governance. \" this project generated lively interest and was adopted all over quebec, \" jean - pierre lagueux explains. \" the national assembly was so impressed by the activity that it now provides support for schools that want to try the experiment. \" always looking for hands - on learning opportunities for their students, the lagueux brothers began working with partners and have now expanded the scope of their projects. they have collaborated with the national battlefields commission and have even developed a project that allowed their students, via the internet, to \" accompany \" christian in tunisia, where he was taking part in archeological digs. \" this was done as part of a general course in ancient history, \" mr. lagueux explains. \" the subject matter was egypt, rome and the birth of europe. it was a real pleasure, for example, to be able to show them mosaics that no one else had seen for 2, 000 years. \" christian lagueux hopes to be able to repeat the experience, because even in the last few years, technology has advanced considerably, he explains, and as a result he would be able to make the experience an even more immediate one for the students.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4712177058734739, "token_count": 353, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.451467"} {"text": "fission tracks in zircons : evidence for abundant nuclear decay by andrew a. snelling, ph. d. rate ii : radioisotopes and the age of the earth : results of a young - earth creationist research initiative, ( volume ii ), l. vardiman et al., eds. ( san diego, ca : institute for creation research and the creation research society, 2005 ) fission tracks are a physical record of in situ nuclear decay, their density being directly proportional to the amount of nuclear decay that has occurred. the aim of this study was to investigate whether the amounts of fission tracks in zircon grains in targeted rock units ( that is, their fission track \u201c ages \u201d ) matched the radioisotope \u201c ages \u201d of those rocks. stratigraphically well - constrained volcanic ash or tuff beds located in the grand canyon - colorado plateau \u201c type section \u201d of the flood strata record were chosen \u2014 the cambrian muav and tapeats tuffs from the western grand canyon ( early flood ), jurassic morrison formation tuff beds, southeastern utah ( middle flood ), and the miocene peach springs tuff, southeastern california and western arizona ( late flood or post - flood ). the fission track \u201c ages \u201d of zircon grains separated from samples of these tuff units were determined by a specialized professional laboratory using the external detector method and a zeta ( \u03b6 ) calibration factor. the observed fission track densities measured in all the zircons ( and thus the fission track \u201c ages \u201d ) from the samples of the jurassic and miocene tuffs, and in some of the zircons from the muav and tapeats tuffs, were found to exactly equate to the quantities of nuclear decay measured by radioisotope determinations of the same rock units. though thermal annealing of fission tracks had occurred in some zircon grains in the two cambrian grand canyon tuffs, the u - pb radioisotope system had also been thermally reset, the resulting reset ages in both instances coinciding with the onset of the laramide uplift of the colorado plateau. the fact that the thermal annealing of the fission tracks and the thermal resetting of the u - pb radioisotope system in those zircon grains were exactly parallel is unequivocal confirmation that the radioisotope ratios are a product of radioactive decay, in just the same way as the fission tracks are physical evidence of nuclear decay. furthermore, because the reset", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5198669330292205, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.455969"} {"text": "in those zircon grains were exactly parallel is unequivocal confirmation that the radioisotope ratios are a product of radioactive decay, in just the same way as the fission tracks are physical evidence of nuclear decay. furthermore, because the resetting of the u - pb radioisotope system in zircons will only occur at elevated temperatures, the fact that it has been reset in these zircons could therefore be due to them having been heated by accelerated nuclear decay. even so, in spite of this thermal annealing and resetting, there remains sufficient strong evidence to conclude that both the fission tracks and radioisotope ratios in the zircons in the cambrian grand canyon tuff beds record more than 500 million years worth ( at today \u2019 s rates ) of nuclear and radioisotope decay during deposition of the phanerozoic strata sequence of the grand canyon - colorado plateau region. given the independent evidence that most of this strata sequence was deposited catastrophically during the year - long global flood about 4500 years ago, then 500 million or more years worth ( at today \u2019 s rates ) of nuclear and radioisotope decay had to have occurred during the flood year about 4500 years ago. thus, the fission tracks in the zircons in these tuffs are physical evidence of accelerated nuclear decay. fission tracks, nuclear decay, thermal annealing, zircons, rate ii for full text please see the download pdf link above for the entire article.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5110966056476091, "token_count": 307, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.457222"} {"text": "fossil discoveries disrupt evolutionary timescales by brian thomas, m. s. * conventional geology assumes that different rock layers represent different periods of time. paleontologists assess the age of fossilized creatures by the rock layers in which they are found. so, a fossil found in a lower rock layer is considered to have lived in a much earlier time than one found in a higher ( \" younger \" ) stratum. but frequently, fossils of the same creatures are discovered in rock layers far above or below the layers in which they were initially found. very often, they are discovered in almost exactly the same form in both places, and they even look just like their living counterparts. 1 that forces evolutionary scientists to constantly reassess the time periods assigned to fossilized life forms. the institute for creation research has reported on several fossil discoveries that have challenged conventional evolutionary timescales, including a spider web trapped in an amber deposit that was located in a rock layer supposedly 100 million years older than the time spiders were assumed to have evolved. 1 and the web was just like that made by orb - weavers today. another example is the discovery in japan of a fossilized tooth of what was essentially a small t. rex. such a find would not normally make headlines, but this tooth was located in a rock layer that predated the assigned t. rex \" age \" by 60 million years. 2 even human artifacts - - including jewelry, tools, and glue - - have appeared in sedimentary layers far below the strata in which they had been previously known. 3 finds like these represent a huge upset to the evolutionary story. in fact, one recent discovery was so out - of - step with evolution ' s story that the evidence was not even allowed to speak for itself. in 2009, scientists discovered amber that had been made from angiosperm - - or flowering - - tree resin. the problem was that according to the evolutionary timescale, it predated angiosperms by an incredible 195 million years. clinging to their age assignments at all costs, evolutionists were forced to speculate that the amber came from an unknown tree that made the same resin as today ' s angiosperms, but was itself not an angiosperm! 4 two more discoveries have likewise shocked adherents of deep geologic time. a distinctly mammalian hair was found in \" 100 million - year - old \" amber. though a few mammal fossils had been known from nearby layers, what came as a surprise was \" that the shape and structure of mammal hair has", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4870262404568079, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.461811"} {"text": "of deep geologic time. a distinctly mammalian hair was found in \" 100 million - year - old \" amber. though a few mammal fossils had been known from nearby layers, what came as a surprise was \" that the shape and structure of mammal hair has remained unchanged over a vast period of time, \" according to a bbc news report. 5 it is as if mammals were specially created, complete with hair from the beginning. in a separate study, the oldest fossil representation of a pelican had a beak that looked very much like pelican beaks do today. bbc news reported, \" what has surprised [ researchers ] most about this ancient pelican is that it is almost identical to modern species. \" 6 these are only a few of a steady stream of discoveries that continues to extend the ranges of flora and fauna throughout earth ' s rock layers. and each fulfills a distinct prediction of the creation model, which uses the bible to build a historical framework. among other tenets, creation science holds that creatures were originally made in stable, basic forms that should have remained fundamentally unchanged since the beginning. clearly, the fossil evidence supports this predictive tenet. - thomas, b. amber - trapped spider web too old for evolution. icr news. posted on icr. org november 20, 2009, accessed june 15, 2010. - thomas, b. t - rex cousin evolved 60 million years too early. icr news. posted on icr. org september 29, 2009, accessed june 15, 2010. - thomas, b. boats and jewelry : ' stone age ' people were surprisingly modern. icr news. posted on icr. org january 25, 2010, accessed june 16, 2010. - thomas, b. ancient amber discovery contradicts geologic timescale. icr news. posted on icr. org october 19, 2009, accessed june 15, 2010. - walker, m. prehistoric mammal hair found in cretaceous amber. bbc news. posted on bbc. co. uk june 14, 2010, accessed june 15, 2010, reporting on research published in vullo, r. et al. 2010. mammalian hairs in early cretaceous amber. naturwissenschaften. 97 ( 7 ) : 683 - 687. - walker, m. oldest prehistoric pelican also had big beak. bbc news. posted on bbc. co. uk june 11, 2010, accessed june 15, 2010, reporting on research published in louchart, a., n. tourment and j.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4976240533874461, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.463145"} {"text": "gerald j. posakony \u2019 s contributions to ultrasonics enabled the technology to move from curiosity to an important tool for medical diagnosis and nondestructive evaluation. in the early 1950s he was the lead engineer on an ultrasonic diagnostic imaging system for investigating disease processes in the human body. the device was considered experimental at the time, but the technology served as the basis for most of the ultrasonic devices in use today. mr. posakony \u2019 s expertise in transducer design, the \u201c critical component \u201d of an ultrasound system, is highly sought after, as he understands the materials, their limitations and capabilities and the circuits and systems needed to excite the transducers and measure and display the data. for nondestructive evaluation, he has found solutions to problems where there was no standard test method available and developed the needed ultrasonic technology. he created a program for the electric power research institute to conduct inspections of nuclear power plant components using an ultrasonic phased array system. the system needed to be built from scratch, and posakony designed, fabricated and tested the phased arrays. he also developed a transducer to test for aging in the sparrow solid rocket motor, enabling the u. s national inventory to be screened and aged motors to be identified and removed, avoiding possible failures and improving overall safety. mr. posakony is currently a senior research scientist in advanced ultrasonic wave propagation and sonochemistry at pacific northwest national laboratory, where he continues to work on designing and testing novel methods for delivery of high - power ultrasonic fields for treating cells and processing fluid streams.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5347851451376967, "token_count": 328, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.464996"} {"text": "physical activity kit [ pak ] program type : local effort - programs and / or activities that have not been evaluated but are identified by local programs as producing positive results. the prevalence of obesity and overweight has increased dramatically among american indians and alaska native populations within the last 30 years. to address one of the modifiable risk factors that contribute to overweight and obesity, the indian health service and the university of new mexico, prevention research center, partnered to increase opportunities for physical activity for all ages to develop the physical activity kit [ pak ] staying on the active path in native communities \u2026 a lifespan approach that is designed to promote culturally appropriate physical activity for all ages through games, movement and dance. the kit contains fun and interactive physical activity breaks, modified american indian games, and group activities for young people, adults / family and older adults and includes various levels of activity such as : strength, flexibility, and cardiovascular physical activities. the kit was field - tested in eleven field site teams consisting of a broad range of disciplines. the feedback from the teams demonstrated that pak was successful in promoting positive changes related to physical activity, was easy to implement, and it was fun and engaging. pak was rolled out nationally in 2009, and over 450 individuals from across the indian country have been trained to implement the kit in the community, school, worksite, and elderly programs to encourage individuals of all ages to adopt an active lifestyle. infants, toddlers, children, adolescents, adults, elderly community, clinic / health center, home, school, work site, other : elder center, family events, etc., cardiovascular disease, diabetes, health education, physical activity name : theresa clay site or location name : i. h. s. albuquerque area 5300 homestead rd ne albuquerque, nm 87110", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5361432057809913, "token_count": 358, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.469713"} {"text": "disaster planning and response for food processors disaster : the word alone congers images of your facility in the worst possible condition ; people not understanding what happened, not knowing how to respond to the event or what to tell the media, if anything, and more. but it doesn ' t have to be that way if you have an emergency plan in place. what is an emergency versus a disaster? by definition, a disaster is any event causing great harm or damage, a catastrophe ; while an emergency is an occurrence demanding immediate actions. an emergency should come with a response plan but a disaster is a situation with no forethought or plan to cover it. when it comes to emergency planning, you need to involve as many people as possible in framing not only the type and scope of an emergency but also in building a comprehensive plan of action for each of the situations that may arise. there is nothing outside the realm of possible scenarios for an emergency plan. if you want to plan for a meteor landing in the middle of your operation ( which is up to you ) you need to remember that a plan without a response falls into the category of disaster. natural disasters such as hurricanes, floods, and earthquakes, often impact wide geographic areas and therefore can overwhelm local and state response agencies. this leaves individuals and businesses on their own to deal with the immediate aftermath. businesses wanting to reopen after such disasters must have comprehensive plans in place to address, at a minimum, the following primary areas : damaged food products, physical facilities, pest control, equipment, and employees. damaged food products the simplest form of advice for damaged food products, following a disaster, is \" when in doubt, throw it out. \" all food products that were submerged in flood waters must be thrown out. the one exception is canned food where the cans are hermetically sealed and no damage has occurred to the can ' s seal. the cans must be undamaged, commercially prepared foods, in all - metal cans or retort pouches. do not salvage food packed in containers with screw - caps, snap - lids, crimped - caps, twist - caps, flip - top, snap - open, and similar type closures that have been in plastic, paper, cardboard and similar containers that have been submerged or have water damaged packaging. condemned food items must be safely disposed of in a manner consistent with federal, state, and local solid waste storage, transportation, and disposal regulations. these products must not reappear as damaged or salvaged merchandise for human consumption. physical", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4929687327922101, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.485141"} {"text": "damaged packaging. condemned food items must be safely disposed of in a manner consistent with federal, state, and local solid waste storage, transportation, and disposal regulations. these products must not reappear as damaged or salvaged merchandise for human consumption. physical facilities & equipment when possible, all salvageable structural surfaces and equipment should be thoroughly decontaminated and sanitized with procedures using chemical sanitization, e. g., chlorine bleach at a concentration of 100 - 200 ppm ( 1 tablespoon of bleach in 1 gallon of potable water ), quaternary ammonium at a concentration of 200 ppm or other approved sanitizers. - all filters on equipment should be replaced. - flush all water lines, including steam water lines and ice machine water lines, for 10 - 15 minutes. - discard all ice in ice machines ; clean and sanitize the interior surfaces ( ice making compartment and storage bin ) ; run the ice through three cycles ; and discard ice with each cycle. - run the dishwasher through the wash - rinse - sanitize cycle three times to flush the water lines and assure that the dishwasher is cleaned and sanitized internally before using it. - prior to restocking verify that that all refrigerators and freezers are capable of consistently maintaining cold holding temperatures ( 41\u00b0f or in a frozen state ). - specialized food processing equipment should be cleaned and sanitized. - mold contamination is also a concern. structural components of the building ( e. g., walls, piping, ceiling, and hvac systems ) affected by flood waters or other damage from the hurricane, should be cleaned, repaired, and disinfected, where possible. remove and destroy wall board that has been water damaged. - cement walls that have mold damage can be reconditioned. ensure that any pests that may have entered the facility are no longer present. remove dead pests and sanitize any food - contact surfaces that have come in contact with pests. seal all openings into the facility to prevent future entry of pests. dispose of contaminated or spoiled foods products in closed containers for removal to prevent rodent and fly food sources and harborage. when disasters strike, understand that your employees are likely affected in their personal lives too. they will have family responsibilities and additional stress that should be considered. there will be limitations in staffing and scheduling, so it would be wise not to put all areas back into production, scaling", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47173906478678107, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.486514"} {"text": "that your employees are likely affected in their personal lives too. they will have family responsibilities and additional stress that should be considered. there will be limitations in staffing and scheduling, so it would be wise not to put all areas back into production, scaling production based on the number and type of employees available. prior to 2001, food security and food safety were viewed as the same. large food manufacturers were geared to protect their assets : materials, physical plants, employees, information systems and operations. shipments, incoming and outgoing, were locked to protect from theft. plants had gates with limited access, employees had identification systems or security guards to check identities, and formulas, product development and equipment designs were not widely distributed. since the events of september 11, all food manufacturers had to begin gearing up, thinking about persons who wanted to injure large numbers of people from a single incident or damage an entire brand with negative media attention. nobody can afford to be reactive any more. the bar is higher now and you cannot think it sufficient to say that you have taken all of the steps toward protecting against those issues as in the past. most people focus on the issue of bio - terrorism ; more specifically, the intentional incorporation of a pathogen into a food product. the first documented food - related bio - terroristic action in the united states took place in oregon in 1984, when the rajneeshpuram community wanted to incapacitate the voting population of the town in order to further their zoning agenda. over 750 individuals became ill with salmonella. two perpetrators were indicted, convicted and spent 29 months in federal prison. since 9 / 11, the anthrax - laced envelopes and assessments of our vulnerability in our food and water supplies, a rule - out of bio - terrorism is somewhat standard practice in the investigation of food and water - borne disease outbreaks. the fbi responds when a local or state department of health and / or agriculture or another federal agency suspects bio - terrorism. when we think of bio - terrorism, immediately the infliction of disease by a biological agent is conjured up. however, of equal importance is that of agri - terrorism against either our crops or our animals that are raised for food. clearly there is concern, especially in the important areas such as the salinas valley in california, if someone were to spray our fruit and vegetable crops with a plant pathogen that would cause the crop to fail. in this example, the cost to human health would be negligible but the cost from economic and nutritional perspectives could be disastrous. therefore", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4501811890046201, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.488736"} {"text": ", if someone were to spray our fruit and vegetable crops with a plant pathogen that would cause the crop to fail. in this example, the cost to human health would be negligible but the cost from economic and nutritional perspectives could be disastrous. therefore, bio - security needs to be in place literally from the farm to the fork. simply adding a biological or chemical agent that looks like any ordinary ingredient could contaminate our products. we start with the incoming ingredients that show up in bulk, bag or box. seals on trucks are a must for large manufacturing or matching the invoice to the actual products that show up on the dock or the back door. open bags, boxes, missing seals for bulk deliveries, improper invoices could all be signs of product tampering and should be reported immediately to supervision. under no circumstances should the employee alone determine that product is okay to be used. another layer of defense relates to vendors, visitors and even auditors that would gain access to some of the most sensitive areas of the facility. suspicion is not limited to people outside the normal staff either. plants need to be aware of any changes in the normal actions and reactions of employees to the everyday occurrences. we have vulnerability in our food supply from farm to fork whether it be from a natural disaster or from those trying to do us personal, societal or economic damage via terrorism. every single employee, manager and owner of every single company is on the front lines of food defense and food safety. eha corporate group ( baltimore, md ) has over 30 years of experience working with the food industry, specializing in crisis management, risk assessment and risk reduction. for more information, visit eha at www. ehagroup. com or contact them at email @ example. com.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5030684836555341, "token_count": 356, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.490451"} {"text": "encouraging healthy relationships april is about spring and renewal, a chance to start anew in our daily lives. this year, let \u2019 s resolve to use this month to begin exploring healthy sexuality and to having healthier relationships! april is sexual assault awareness month, and the theme this year is \u201c it \u2019 s time \u2026 to talk about it. \u201d most of us can identify unhealthy relationship behaviors but have difficulty defining what exactly constitutes healthy relationship behaviors. it \u2019 s time to start talking about it! the more we discuss healthy sexuality and relationship behaviors, the better we will understand them and the more likely we will be to practice and model them. and let \u2019 s not forget that the identification and promotion of consensual and respectful relationships and interactions naturally leads to the primary prevention of sexually violent behavior. that \u2019 s something we can all feel good about! so what exactly is healthy sexuality? glad you asked! according to the national sexual violence resource center ( nsvrc ) : \u201c healthy sexuality means having the knowledge and power to express sexuality in ways that enrich one \u2019 s life. it includes approaching sexual interactions and relationships from a perspective that is consensual, respectful and informed. healthy sexuality is free from coercion and violence. \u201d raising awareness of women ' s use and abuse of alcohol this month also marks a nationwide focus on the health effects of alcohol with the national council on alcoholism and drug dependence, inc. ' s campaign of \" healthy choices, healthy communities : prevent underage drinking. \" the world health organization calls attention to the issue by stating that \" the harmful use of alcohol [ is ] a global problem which compromises both individual and social development. it results in 2. 5 million deaths each year. alcohol is the world ' s third largest risk factor for premature mortality, disability, and loss of health. \" and while the centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ) estimates the economic cost of alcoholism and alcohol abuse to be $ 223. 5 billion ( $ 746 per person ), because of society ' s collective affection for beverage alcohol, we do not get overly alarmed. the cdc costs relate to a drop in workplace productivity, health care expenses, law enforcement expenses and motor vehicle crash costs from impaired driving. in indiana the statistics are equally concerning. the 2010 behavioral risk factor surveillance system ( brfss ) data show that 8. 8 % of female respondents reported having four or more drinks on one occassion and the highest rate was among women aged 25 - 34, notably of childbearing years", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4583464324056993, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.496497"} {"text": "2010 behavioral risk factor surveillance system ( brfss ) data show that 8. 8 % of female respondents reported having four or more drinks on one occassion and the highest rate was among women aged 25 - 34, notably of childbearing years, which showed that 13. 7 % of the women in this age range report having four or more drinks on one occassion. while moderate alcohol consumption may have some health benefits primarily related to reducing risk of cardiovascular disease, excessive drinking can lead to many adverse health and social consequences including injury, violence, risky sexual behavior, alcoholism, unemployment, liver diseases and various cancers. and, despite being less likely to binge drink or drink heavily, women tend to face alcohol - related problems at a lower drinking level than men do due to differences in body size and other biological factors. the national prevention strategy, released in june 2011 by the national prevention, health promotion and public health council, recommends promoting efforts to encourage young people not to drink or use other drugs, and supports certain restrictions added to current alcohol policies and laws. the council also recommends strategies to identify alcohol and other drug abuse disorders early and encourages providers to implement screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment ( sbirt ) services. additionally, the council has set a 10 year goal to reduce the proportion of adults aged 18 years and older who reported that they engaged in binge drinking during the past month to 24. 3 % from the current percentage of 27. 0 %. to learn more about services and resources available to hoosiers who seek information on addiction and / or mental health and recovery, please visit http : / / www. in. gov / fssa / dmha / index. htm are you ready to put wheels to the road? the indiana state department of health ' s division of nutrition and physical activity staff recently particpated in a webinar opportunity on empowering women to bicycle for transportation hosted by the association of pedestrian and bicycle professionals. the session outlined how women are currently underserved in the united states as part of the bicycling public. owh found a website recommended to be a wealth of information for women interested in bicycling. the site includes a synopsis of a 2011 washington post best books winner on the history of women in the bicycling movement, results from a recent survey on women ' s cycling garnering 13, 000 + responses and a link to the above - mentioned webinar. if you enjoy cycling already or are considering taking up", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4504561199038177, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.497651"} {"text": "history of women in the bicycling movement, results from a recent survey on women ' s cycling garnering 13, 000 + responses and a link to the above - mentioned webinar. if you enjoy cycling already or are considering taking up cycling for recreation or physical activity, you will not want to miss this great resource : http : / / www. womencyclingproject. info / for women who wish to feel more confident and learn about bicycle maintenance, the evansville - area trails coalition has organized a bicycle maintenance and safety class for women that will be free to attend and will include instruction from sgt. jason cullum of the evansville police department, a certified instructor. the class will cover the basics of bike repair, from how to change a tire to when to adjust the gears and is being offered on saturday, april 14 at 10 a. m. at garvin park near the shelter by the greenway trailhead and on monday, april 16 at 6 p. m. near the evansville museum parking lot in downtown evansville. helmets are required for participation. sgt. cullum will lead a bike ride at the conclusion of each class! to register, visit email @ example. com. happy biking! thank you, jessica owh staff thanks jessica martin, indiana university school of medicine student, for presenting findings and recommendations from her month - long hpv study at owh ' s booth at the 2012 joint national public health week conference last week! jessica studied the laws and policies of rhode island and other states with comparitively high vaccination rates to review what state laws or policies were in place to help increase hpv vaccinations. jessica gave 10 recommendations for steps that indiana might take to achieve similar results. we greatly appreciate her hard work.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46470797267540376, "token_count": 363, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.498476"} {"text": "west bengal is located on the north - eastern part of india. it is bounded in the north by bhutan and the state of, in the west by the state of, in the east by bangladesh, in the northeast by the state of, in the south by the bay of bengal, in the southwest by the state of orissa, in the northwest by nepal, and in the west by the state of bihar. although west bengal ranks among the smaller states of india in area, it is one of the largest in population. the capital is kolkata, the largest city in the country. other important cities and towns are howrah about three quarters of the population live in villages. of the different religions, hinduism, with its substrata of castes and aboriginal tribes, constitutes more than three - fourths of the population, most of the remainder being muslims. west bengal has about 40 recognized tribal communities. bengalis have always fostered literature, art, music, and drama. bengali literature dates back to the 12th century. the important festivals are the gangasagar mela, kenduli mela, jalpesh mela, vasanta utsav, naba barsho, paus mela and jagaddhatri puja. west bengal is well - known for its arts and crafts made of silk, ivory, shola, conchshell, dhokra and beautiful clay models. the hilly areas specialize in blankets and woolen knitted garments, decorative kukris, and copper plates studded with stones and engravings of replicas of deities. agriculture plays a pivotal role in the state ' s revenue, and nearly three out of four persons are directly or indirectly involved in agriculture. the important crops include potatoes, oilseeds, tobacco, wheat, barley and maize. west bengal also occupies a leading position among the principal rice growing states of india, by contributing 15 percent of the total production of rice.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4902256437256795, "token_count": 390, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.501703"} {"text": "wends or sorbs, slavic people ( numbering about 60, 000 ) of brandenburg and saxony, e germany, in lusatia. they speak lusatian ( also known as sorbic or wendish ), a west slavic language with two main dialects : upper lusatian, nearer to czech, and lower lusatian, nearer to polish. the towns of bautzen ( upper lusatia ) and cottbus ( lower lusatia in modern silesia ) are their chief cultural centers. in the middle ages the term wends was applied by the germans to all the slavs inhabiting the area between the oder river in the east and the elbe river and the saale river in the west. german conquest of their land began in the 6th cent. and was completed under charlemagne ( 8th cent. ). a coalition of wendish tribes in the 10th cent. and again in the early 12th cent. temporarily halted german expansion. a crusade against the pagan wends was launched in 1147 under the leadership of henry the lion of saxony and albert the bear of brandenburg. the crusade itself was, on the whole, a failure, but in subsequent years henry the lion, aided by waldemar i of denmark, albert the bear, and other princes, carried out a systematic campaign of conquest. by the end of the 12th cent. nearly all germany except east prussia had been subjected to german rule and was christianized. however, a group of slavic - speaking wends has maintained itself to the present day in lusatia. they call themselves srbi and hence are known also in english as lusatian sorbs or serbs. see g. stone, the smallest slavonic nation : the sorbs of lusatia ( 1972 ). more on wends from infoplease : see more encyclopedia articles on : peoples ( except new world )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4580416514385567, "token_count": 383, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.506798"} {"text": "internationalizing the high school english curriculum with russian and eastern / central european literature produced by joyce e. sharp, granada hills high school, 1994 published : thursday, april 28, 2005 overview / description of the unit these \" internationalized \" lesson plans will be \" infused \" into my curriculum / core literature of all english classes ( grades 9 - 12 ), to some degree ; however, the specific lessons presented in this paper will be utilized in my english 9 and to a greater extent in my english 9 honors classes. my main objectives in doing so are to broaden the scope of my students ' thinking, in terms of prejudices, racism and the consequences of the conflicts which result from ethnocentric thinking. i wish to expand their awareness, and promote in them a greater, more worldly view of ethnic conflicts while teaching them the basic english skills of reading, writing, researching, listening, speaking and oral reporting, as well as an appreciation of literature from many traditions. they will be learning cooperative group learning skills while becoming increasingly aware of current world events, and the fact that literature is an expression and outgrowth of the socio - political and cultural experiences of each author, and the country / society / ethnic culture from which each has come. this unit will enhance the core literature and skill - based lessons already in place by expanding the reading choices and experiences of the students and by giving them a greater appreciation of the experiences of their contemporaries in far - flung areas of the world. these reading experiences should also enhance their studies in history, and other social science classes. it will also widen their appreciation and understanding of some of the most recent additions to our populace, and the great upheaval in russia, eastern / central european countries which brought them to our shores. it is hoped that through greater knowledge, understandings and appreciation of our differences, that further conflict in our community ( the \" salad bowl \" of los angeles ) can be avoided. a. multicultural objectives : - students will enjoy and appreciate a modernized and expanded core literature to include both fiction and non - fiction, contemporary and historical literature ( short stories, novels and novel excerpts, poetry drama, essays, etc. ) written by russian and eastern / central european authors. these selections will be added to materials read and presented in class, as well as to enhance suggested reading lists for outside reading and book reports. - to increase students ' awareness and enhance their understanding of the viewpoints of others who may come from and / or live in a culture very different from theirs ; to increase empathy and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5205055173496916, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.522981"} {"text": "well as to enhance suggested reading lists for outside reading and book reports. - to increase students ' awareness and enhance their understanding of the viewpoints of others who may come from and / or live in a culture very different from theirs ; to increase empathy and appreciation of contributions of russian and eastern / central europeans to our american culture, and of the plight of those new to our society. - to help students to understand the roots of ethnic conflict, the ethnocentric, traditional view espoused in most \" old world \" groups, the current trend in eastern / central europe toward nationalism, and the very different socio - political philosophy of the united states, where every ethnicity and culture shares in the \" american dream \". - to give students an understanding that conflict can be resolved in a non - violent, positive manner. b. language arts objectives : - reading : students will read a variety of selections ( biography, fiction - novels, short stories, other non - fiction - essays, letters, etc., poetry, drama ) by authors from many different countries / cultures of eastern and central europe, in addition to their other core literature selections. - writing : students will respond in writing to questions on literary selections, as well as writing in journals. they will write reports, poems and prose, \" freewrites \" and essays. they will be able to analyze / synthesize presented materials, compaxe and contrast characters, situations, and writing styles, and express their opinions in a persuasive and cogent manner, in written form. - listening and viewing : students will listen to stories told by the teacher ( and by ethnic storytellers arranged by the teacher ), listen to fellow students read aloud as they follow along with the text, and watch videos on russian and european culture and literature / authors. they will also take notes on oral reports given by fellow classmates, as they watch and listen to presentations. - speaking : students will discuss written materials and present oral reports. - research skills : students will be able to become familiar with the high school library rules and resources ( catalogues, computer, periodical guide, references etc. ) through a scheduled series of library days and lessons with the librarian. students also will learn how to write a research paper, including format for paper, bibliography format, etc. this unit may take up to six weeks, depending upon the level of the students ' abilities. it may be interspersed with other language arts activities throughout the semester, as a general theme for the semester, or the poetry,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5177818619265904, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.525599"} {"text": ", bibliography format, etc. this unit may take up to six weeks, depending upon the level of the students ' abilities. it may be interspersed with other language arts activities throughout the semester, as a general theme for the semester, or the poetry, short stories, and other written materials may be introduced according to either theme or genre. i. introduce thematic unit : a. introduce new vocabulary words from reading selections, as well as words such as immigration, emigration, ethnic, ethnicity, foreign, foreigner, alien, quotas, nationalism, conflict, etc. - - - discuss the feelings these terms may evoke. b. journal entries or \" freewrite \" on being a newly arrived immigrant to a new culture ( describe sights, sounds, tastes, odors, etc., which may be new or foreign to you ), and tell how you may be treated by others or looked upon by others already here. imagine that you speak very little or none of the native tongue ; how would you try to communicate your needs? how might you be able to learn more about the culture, acceptable gestures or other polite behaviors? or imagine what it would be like for you to come to los angeles, specifically, as a new immigrant, speaking no english, and knowing very little or nothing at all about our customs, slang, gestures, the significance of various clothing styles, etc.? c. read aloud from volunteers ' journals, or in some other way provoke discussion. this is a good springboard for role - playing or short skits worked out cooperatively by small groups of two or three. d. using a map and / or a globe ( preferably, for better perspective ), discuss and show students - or better yet, let students find and show the class - where russia and specific eastern and central european countries are located. utilizing the lists of former ussr countries and their accompanying statistics, which we received in our summer institute, discuss and show students recent areas of conflict ( especially in the former yugoslavia and other countries where conflict has been reported in the news ), recent patterns of immigration to the u. s. from these places, and cite and discuss reasons for immigration quotas, fairness of quotas, reasons why people would want to leave their homeland, why they would choose the u. s. as their destination, etc. e. assign oral, cooperative learning group reports ( this will be both in class and homework assignment over several days - two weeks ). arrange for class trip ( s ) to school library, or for small groups to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5070109943817986, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.527463"} {"text": ". as their destination, etc. e. assign oral, cooperative learning group reports ( this will be both in class and homework assignment over several days - two weeks ). arrange for class trip ( s ) to school library, or for small groups to be sent for twenty to thirty minutes each to the library to gather information. assign each group to report on gathered information on a different ethnic group in eastern and central europe ( including background or historical information, culture, traditions, etc., as well as on what conflicts with their neighbors they may have ). as a group they must decide who will report on what, and in which order, and who will work on the accompanying large artwork / poster which they will use as a visual aid during their oral presentation. each student will be graded individually by both the teacher and their group leader, whom they will select, and graded also, as a group, by the teacher alone. grades will be based upon participation, quality of research and presentation, etc. f. interviews with immigrants from russia and eastern / central european countries may be done for extra credit, and will be worth two grades for both written and oral reports to the class. ii. introduce literature and reading assignments involving russian and central / eastern european authors or locales, as well as literature by other authors which involve ethnic conflict and resolution of conflict. a. assign independent book reports ( due in three weeks ). hand out suggested reading lists ( this list may be further enhanced with the assistance of your school librarian ), and guidelines, requirements, format, etc. for the book report. b. read, orally, as a class, short stories, novel excerpts, biographical and other non - fiction excerpts from several representative cultures - and follow up with discussion on conflict ( reasons for, and resolution of ). c. give short answer quizzes on each story or excerpt, utilizing the gamut of question levels / types from multiple choice, and fill - in short answers, through analytical, higher level thinking skill, short essays. d. daily, as students enter class, have journal entry questions on the blackboard or overhead projector, which ask for reactions to various characters and / or situations presented in the stories read previously in class or assigned for homework. \" beyond \" literature ( includes \" debrief \" and \" evaluation \" ) iii. assessment of learning, and of increased empathy for new immigrants to our community, as well as increased awareness of the cause of ethnic conflict in both our community and globally, and the potential for its resolution.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48402209743613567, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.528658"} {"text": "##brief \" and \" evaluation \" ) iii. assessment of learning, and of increased empathy for new immigrants to our community, as well as increased awareness of the cause of ethnic conflict in both our community and globally, and the potential for its resolution. a. show videos, such as the pbs special, \" romeo and juliet in sarajevo \", and read, as a class, \" a child ' s diary of war \" ( zlata ' s diary, excerpted in newsweek, february, 1994 ). follow up with oral discussion, or use in comparison with shakespeare ' s \" romeo and juliet \" and the diary of anne frank, both of which are core literature selections. how are these children like / unlike you? how is their life like / unlike yours? why? could these things happen here in l. a. ( or in the u. s.? ) b. give essay test ( s ) on the previous questions regarding ethnic conflict in both the literary selections, and in regard to our own community. ask students to always cite specific examples from the reading selections to support any statements they make in their essays. - utilize questions of synthesis, analysis, comparison and contrast, etc. - topics may also include : why is there conflict between ethnic groups - - in the eastern european nations? in our community? can and how can these conflicts be resolved so we may all live in peace as a community? and as a global community? - - - and probably the most relevant to our students, what can i do as an individual to avoid / resolve conflict in my life and community? - 3. have students read \" the sniper \" by liam o ' flaherty ( about an ira sniper who accidentally shoots and kills his own brother while on night patrol in dublin ), and have students write an essay / reaction paper regarding the horrors of war / armed conflict. c. assessment / grades will be based upon : journal ( graded periodically ), dialectic journal ( annotated during silent reading / notetaking, during oral reports, etc. ), short answer quizzes on reading selections, oral reports ( group ), vocabulary and spelling tests ( based on literature selections read in class ), and essays, as well as on participation in class reading and discussion, and book reports. * * * another excellent essay / discussion question : if i have pride in the group to which i belong, must i then, also, feel superior to members of other groups? ( a good one for students - and adults - to ponder! )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46545252670596166, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.529810"} {"text": "managing migration for the benefit of all the international organization for migration ( iom ) established in 1951, iom is the leading inter - governmental organization in the field of migration and works closely with governmental, intergovernmental and non - governmental partners. with 127 member states, a further 17 states holding observer status and offices in over 100 countries, iom is dedicated to promoting humane and orderly migration for the benefit of all. it does so by providing services and advice to governments and migrants. iom works to help ensure the orderly and humane management of migration, to promote international cooperation on migration issues, to assist in the search for practical solutions to migration problems and to provide humanitarian assistance to migrants in need, including refugees and internally displaced people. the iom constitution recognizes the link between migration and economic, social and cultural development, as well as to the right of freedom of movement. iom works in the four broad areas of migration management : iom activities that cut across these areas include the promotion of international migration law, policy debate and guidance, protection of migrants ' rights, migration health and the gender dimension of migration. statement on diversity the international organization for migration undertakes to reflect the rich diversity of the population - at - large of the republic of moldova. in november 2010, the united nations country team decided to review diversity in all aspects of its hiring, management and related issues. the united nations in moldova welcomes suggestions to improve its policies and work in this area.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4491237216481097, "token_count": 295, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.531502"} {"text": "xxviii. in tajikistan modern education in tajikistan developed as the country emerged as a soviet socialist republic, under the soviet policy of standardizing the educational system throughout the soviet union, with language as virtually the only variable. in tajikistan, as in other central asian republics, this policy brought about nearly universal literacy and establishment of institutions of secondary and higher education that provided training in a wide range of occupations required by the local economy. before the soviets consolidated their control of central asia in 1924 the territory of tajikistan was divided between the emirate of bukhara ( q. v. ) and the province of samarkand in russian turkestan. three parallel educational systems functioned in these areas. the first was a centuries - old system of traditional schooling in maktabs and madrasas ( see iii, iv, above ; central asia ix ), which had gained strength through the 19th century. the curriculum usually included arabic conjugation and syntax ( sarf wa nahw ), theology ( kalam ), natural philosophy and theosophy ( hekmat - e tabi\u02bfi wa elahi ), and islamic laws ( feqh ). those who wished to study literature and arithmetic usually did so privately. the language of instruction was persian, and textbooks were predominantly in persian and arabic ( \u02bfayni, 1362 s. / 1983, pp. 163 - 65 ). in 1910 there were ninety maktabs and madrasas in kojand, with a population of 40, 000 ; total enrollment was 1, 380 ( obidov, 1965, p. 10 ; medlin et al., pp. 10 - 45 ; wheeler, pp. 198 - 200 ). the second system comprised the \u201c russian - native \u201d schools, founded by russian officials and missionaries after the annexation of turkestan. both russian and native children were taught reading, writing, and arithmetic, as well as elementary geography and history. native students received instruction in both russian and local languages ; religion was taught by local muslim clerics. in 1911 there were ten such schools with 369 students on the present territory of tajikistan ( obidov, pp. 10 - 12 ). the third system consisted of schools operated on \u201c new principles \u201d ( maktabha - ye osul - e jadid ), founded by activists of the jadid movement whose modernizing objectives included educational reform. in order to create a generally literate civil society, jadid educators broadened the traditional curriculum to include geography, natural sciences", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4721360106207521, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.552338"} {"text": "- e jadid ), founded by activists of the jadid movement whose modernizing objectives included educational reform. in order to create a generally literate civil society, jadid educators broadened the traditional curriculum to include geography, natural sciences, and arithmetic ; even reading and writing were taught by modern methods, and there was strong emphasis on the islamic religion ( allworth, pp. 130 - 40 ). prominent among these educators was sadr - al - din \u02bfayni ( q. v. ), who, as a member of the semisecret jam\u02bfiyat - e tarbia - ye atfal ( association for children \u2019 s education ), encouraged the establishment of new schools and wrote textbooks suited to modern curricula, for example, tadhib al - sebyan ( 1909 ). such textbooks, emulating tatar models, included poems and edifying tales, emphasizing the virtues of love for one \u2019 s parents, telling the truth, and so on ( allworth, pp. 130 - 40 ; \u02bfayni, pp. 801 - 04 ). teaching in these schools, which grew rapidly after the turn of the century, was generally bilingual in tajik and uzbek, the latter under the influence of the tatars of russia, who had promoted nationalism among central asian turks. both the russian authorities in turkestan and the bukharan clergy took a negative view of jadid schools and occasionally shut them down. nevertheless, they seem to have attracted more students than the russian - native schools, though no reliable data are available on their number or enrollment in tajikistan ( medlin et al., pp. 46 - 62 ; shorish, 1972, pp. 80 - 100 ). the russian - native and jadid schools produced many of the teachers of the soviet period. all three of these systems were integrated into the new soviet system within a decade after 1917. the soviet government gave public education a high priority, particularly in regions with low literacy rates. between 1917 and 1919 the following educational objectives were adopted : universal literacy, nationalization of schools, provision of free coeducational instruction, instruction in native languages, abolition of religious instruction, and training of productive labor ( holmes, 1979 ). in tajikistan the literacy campaign was launched in 1925 with the organization of the state agency nist bad bisawadi ( down with illiteracy ) ; by the end of that year this agency had established forty - seven schools for adults. five years later there were 1,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4543136789775601, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.553405"} {"text": "campaign was launched in 1925 with the organization of the state agency nist bad bisawadi ( down with illiteracy ) ; by the end of that year this agency had established forty - seven schools for adults. five years later there were 1, 111 schools, attended by about 80, 000 men and women. classes were often held outdoors or in open cay - kanas ( q. v. ). the campaign gained momentum in the 1930s, when students and teachers were actively recruited in almost every village. because there was a shortage of teachers, each ministry, trade union, and communist organization was required to provide a certain quota. students were sent to villages to teach during their vacations, and many volunteers were recruited. outstanding teachers were rewarded with money or public recognition. attendance at literacy classes rose to a peak of 296, 000 in 1936. clerical opposition to this campaign, resulting from the conversion of many mosques into schools and from the atheistic content of teaching, proved ineffective. reported literacy for the group aged nine to forty - nine years jumped from 3. 8 percent in 1926 to 82. 8 percent ( 87. 4 percent of men, 77. 5 percent of women ) in 1939 ( shorish, 1972, pp. 170 - 86 ). two changes in alphabet, from persian arabic to roman in 1929 and then to cyrillic in 1940 ( borjian ), must have taxed the abilities even of people who were already literate. nevertheless, literacy was reported at 92. 6 percent in the 1959 census and above 99 percent in 1970, including men and women in both urban and rural areas ( narodnoe obrazovanie, nauka, p. 22 ; personal interviews ). the magazine jehan - e now ( new world ) and other periodicals introduced more effective teaching methods to teachers and provided texts for students, as well as promoting soviet \u201c patriotism \u201d and the latest social and economic plans of the communist party ( shorish, 1972, p. 184 ). a remarkable example of the textbooks used in the 1930s is panj dar car, referring to the completion of a five - year government economic plan in four years, owing to the hard work of ordinary citizens. during the first two decades of soviet rule the emphasis was on universal primary education. although a great majority of children had received elementary education by 1940, few continued on to secondary schools ( table 1 ). secondary - school enrollment rose rapidly in the following decades, however, and the numbers of schools and teachers increased. enrollment increased even more rapidly when laws", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.531261806038307, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.556186"} {"text": "majority of children had received elementary education by 1940, few continued on to secondary schools ( table 1 ). secondary - school enrollment rose rapidly in the following decades, however, and the numbers of schools and teachers increased. enrollment increased even more rapidly when laws were passed making seven and then ten years of schooling compulsory, in the mid - 1950s and mid - 1970s respectively ( rakhimov et al. ; iusufbekov ; nove and newth, pp. 69 - 72 ). in the late 1920s and the 1930s a network of vocational and \u201c specialized \u201d secondary schools was created on the russian model, in order to train skilled workers and technicians for rapid industrialization and mechanization of agriculture in tajikistan. the first teachers \u2019 - training institutions ( dar al - mo\u02bfallemin ) were opened in the 1920s in tashkent and samarkand, both now in uzbekistan. the first on what is now tajik territory was established in dushanbe in 1925. between 1931 and 1954 teachers \u2019 training was consolidated in five higher pedagogical institutes in dushanbe, kojand ( leninabad ), and kulab. two of them, in dushanbe and kojand, were at first exclusively for women but were merged with their male counterparts in the late 1950s ( shorish, 1972, pp. 287 - 331 ). by 1980 seven more institutions of higher education had opened in dushanbe, including the state university of tajikistan, inaugurated in 1948 ( table 2 ). the number of students attending institutions of specialized and higher education increased sharply after the early 1960s, with the spread of correspondence and evening courses designed to permit workers to continue at their jobs while completing their education ( pennar et al., pp. 62 - 67 ; thompstone ). the percentage of employees in tajikistan with either specialized secondary or higher education grew from 9. 5 in 1960 to 22. 8 in 1987 ( narodnoe obrazovanie i kul \u2019 tura, p. 16 ). women \u2019 s education in tajikistan was particularly successful, at least in quantitative terms. whereas girls comprised less than 2 percent of all students in 1927 ( shorish, 1972, p. 211 ), in the academic year 1988 - 89 47 percent of students in specialized secondary education and 41 percent in institutions of higher learning were women. most women studied education, hygiene, and home economics. women constituted 38 percent of all schoolteachers ( 63 percent in urban areas, 29 percent in rural areas ; narodnoe", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4999411691599823, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.557628"} {"text": "secondary education and 41 percent in institutions of higher learning were women. most women studied education, hygiene, and home economics. women constituted 38 percent of all schoolteachers ( 63 percent in urban areas, 29 percent in rural areas ; narodnoe obrazovanie i kul \u2019 tura pp. 139, 176, 227 ). the educational system encompassed nursery schools and kindergartens ; elementary schools ; academic, vocational - technical, and specialized secondary schools ; and institutions of higher education. education at all schools from the elementary level on up was free, and at specialized and higher levels stipends were available ; fees might be charged for meals and lodging at boarding schools, however. although nursery schools ( ) and kindergartens ( bagcaha - ye bacagan ) are neither free nor compulsory, they were heavily subsidized by the state from the early soviet period ( panachin ; kashin ). children under the age of three years attended nursery schools, and those from three to seven years of age attended kindergartens. in 1989 there were 894 nursery schools and kindergartens in tajikistan, with a total enrollment of 153, 000, 79 percent in urban areas, yet in 1988 only 16 percent of all children in the republic received preschool education. there was thus a significant disparity between urban and rural areas. in dushanbe ( q. v. ), where the population was predominantly russian, the figure was 56 percent, but in rural areas, where more than three - quarters of ethnic tajiks lived, it was only 5 percent ( narodnoe obrazovanie i kul \u2019 tura pp. 29 - 36 ). general education was divided into three phases : elementary ( grades 1 - 3 ), intermediate ( miana - ye naporra, grades 4 - 8 ), and secondary ( grades 9 - 11 ) ; before 1980 fourth grade was part of the elementary level. full - time attendance was compulsory through the eighth grade, after which there were several options : three years of academic training in preparation for higher education, three to four years of technical training in specialized secondary school ( providing additional general education, along with technical training for the certificate of \u201c specialist with intermediate qualifications \u201d ), two to four years of practical skills training in vocational - technical school ( to qualify as technician or skilled laborer ), and immediate entry into the labor force ( with the obligation of completing the required ten years of schooling in an evening or correspondence program ). during the 1980s the ratio of applications to admissions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49670512486919266, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.558766"} {"text": "- technical school ( to qualify as technician or skilled laborer ), and immediate entry into the labor force ( with the obligation of completing the required ten years of schooling in an evening or correspondence program ). during the 1980s the ratio of applications to admissions for both specialized secondary schools and institutions of higher learning was approximately 3 to 1 ( narodnoe obrazovanie i kul \u2019 tura, pp. 180, 230 ). the quality of schools varied considerably with location. in dushanbe several had the benefit of well - trained instructors, many of them russian. on the other hand, unsatisfactory buildings, shortages of equipment and textbooks, and poorly trained teachers have been persistent problems in rural areas. in those areas children were generally able to attend only elementary grades, after which they had to continue at boarding schools, which charged fees. some secondary schools operated seasonally in villages and on collective farms ( sheehy ; rakhimov et al. ). the language of instruction also varied ; it could be one of the local languages or russian. during the academic year 1988 - 89 66 percent of students attending general day schools ( grades 1 - 11 ) were taught in tajik, 22. 9 in uzbek, 9. 7 in russian, 1. 1 in kirgiz, and 0. 3 in turkmen ( narodnoe obrazovanie i kul \u2019 tura, p. 91 ). these figures correspond closely to the proportions of language groups in the republic overall. russian - language schools were also attended by native students, as in most fields access to higher education was impossible for those who did not know russian ( bilinsky ). in those schools the main foreign language taught was english, though it was also possible to study french and german ; the study of tajik was optional. in other schools courses in russian were provided from the first grade ( from the second grade before the 1970s ; shorish, 1976 ; rakowska - harmstone, 1970, pp. 241 - 50 ). instruction in russian was generally of poor quality in rural areas, owing to the poor training of the instructors. a few schools in dushanbe also offered, in the fourth through eighth grades, optional courses in persian as a language different from tajik and using the persian arabic alphabet. some textbooks, particularly those on tajik language, literature, and history, were in tajik, and some russian textbooks were translated into tajik. the quality of textbooks in tajik", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5235679385463985, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.559716"} {"text": "). both were formed in the 1920s with a view toward training the future builders of a communist society, and their memberships were drawn from families that had shown loyalty to the communists. at first the pioneriya recruited members from among students aged nine to fourteen years, later ten to fifteen years. komsomol membership included youths in their later teens and twenties. these organizations proved effective in the effort to eradicate illiteracy, in organizing students to work on crop harvests and construction projects, and ultimately in preparing them for party membership ( medlin et al., pp. 195 - 210 ). particularly during the early soviet period the komsomols sought to spread antireligious propaganda by organizing local associations like kodanasenasan ( lit., \u201c nonbelievers in god, \u201d or atheists ; shorish, 1972, p. 157 ). subsequently youth organizations opened membership to all young people within specified age groups. during the school year and at summer camps, as well as in the \u201c pioneer palaces \u201d ( qasrha - ye pioneran ), they organized extracurricular activities like theater programs, sports, music, chess, clubs for young naturalists and engineers, and discussion groups, as well as sponsoring children \u2019 s libraries and museums. these organizations published three periodicals : the thrice - weekly komsomoli tojikiston ( founded 1930, now javononi tojikiston ), of which 124, 000 copies were printed in tajik and 35, 500 in russian in 1980 ; pioneri tojikiston ( 1932 ), a biweekly with 281, 000 copies printed in 1983 ; and mas\u02bfal ( 1952 ), a monthly for elementary - school children, with 105, 000 copies printed in 1981 ( entsik - lopediyai iii, p. 421 ; v, p. 603 ; vi, pp. 227 - 28 ). since tajikistan obtained its independence in 1991 the educational system developed by the soviets has remained unchanged in essentials. the number of schools in which russian is the language of instruction has declined sharply, owing to emigration of russian residents. the tajik government has mandated that tajik again be taught in the persian arabic alphabet. the tajik ministry of education continues to produce the educational weekly omuzgor ( amuzgar ), formerly gazetai muallimon ( gazeta - ye mo\u02bfalleman ), which has provided guidance for teachers since 1932, though its cycle", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4973547176294699, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.563286"} {"text": "utilize transportation tools in communications, traffic control, and monitoring and prediction to maximize the ability of the highway network to support evacuation operations. experience nationwide in the successful use of the transportation network in emergency evacuations with advance notice. communication tools. a critical element in emergency evacuations is the ability of emergency response officials to communicate to all segments of the population in the evacuation zone. the following communication tools can help emergency management communicate to the public : - traveler information - dial 511 is the single traffic information telephone number in use by states and local jurisdictions ( since 2000 ). as of 2008, nearly half of the states and metropolitan areas have 511 services. nationwide availability of 511 is expected by 2010. the service is provided free of charge or the cost of a local telephone call. in addition to telephone information, many states provide comprehensive traveler information on 511 information websites. evacuees with mobile or landline telephones ( or an internet connection ) can dial 511 to access current information for specific routes and roadway segments, including anticipated travel delays, traffic accidents, roadway blockages and lane closures. roadside sensors that monitor traffic along highways permit the calculation of travel times. - loud speakers that are located in the community can be used to alert people within a specific location, and loud speakers mounted on vehicles ( e. g., roving police cars ) can broadcast emergency information across different neighborhoods. - siren systems are used to alert people when immediate action or cover is required ( e. g., tornadoes or tsunamis ). - handouts providing evacuation information ( such as emergency preparedness steps, evacuation routes and locations for shelter and food ) can be distributed at highway rest areas, transit stops, turnpike service plazas, gas stations, hotels, etc. - reverse 911 enables emergency management to place thousands of phone calls simultaneously to residents to provide evacuation information. the service also enables communication with the hearing impaired with an optional telephone device for the deaf. - variable message signs ( vms ) are either pre - installed or portable, and they can be used to display information to direct motorists to the evacuation route and shelters. - commercial and public media are a critical resource for emergency management because they reach most segments of the population. after emergency response agencies brief the media, the media broadcasts this information through television networks, radio stations, newspapers, and websites. - emergency alert system ( eas ) enables the president and the heads of state and local government to provide immediate communications with the public. - public access cable television operated by local governments can broadcast emergency information", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4434504370526345, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.577197"} {"text": "networks, radio stations, newspapers, and websites. - emergency alert system ( eas ) enables the president and the heads of state and local government to provide immediate communications with the public. - public access cable television operated by local governments can broadcast emergency information to the public. - cell phones are an increasingly useful and accessible means of communication. real - time traffic information can be broadcast directly to cell phone users who subscribe to traveler information services and travelers can use their phones to dial 511 and other information resources. - call centers located at state and local agencies can provide real - time information on the status of the emergency, tips for preparedness and evacuation routes. - traffic incident management ( tim ) assets enable jurisdictions to respond to incidents, which is particularly important during evacuations because of the priority on mitigating causes of congestion. - traffic counting devices are used to determine highway congestion levels. these data are relevant to decisions in regards to developing and using alternate routes and preparing for the number of people seeking shelter. - traffic signals that are controlled by traffic management centers ( tmcs ) can be optimized by tmcs for throughput on evacuation routes. traffic signals not controlled by tmcs must be changed at the location of the intersection. controlling traffic at intersections during evacuations may require police presence at major intersections for directing traffic. some jurisdictions include intersection control in their emergency planning. for example, the city of portland \u2019 s emergency management plan has provisions for controlling traffic at critical intersections. - traffic signal timing planning for emergency evacuations ahead of time expedites operations during the actual event. an important component to preparedness is sharing signal timing plans with law enforcement so that police can prepare for changes in traffic patterns. - traffic signal pre - emption devices change the traffic signal when an emergency vehicle approaches to allow it to proceed unimpeded through the intersection. - ramp meters allow for the timed entry of vehicles by stopping traffic on an interval basis, improving the efficiency of vehicles merging onto highways. - ramp gates prevent traffic from entering or exiting highways are used during contraflow operations. - traffic signs designate evacuation routes, contraflow patterns and the location of shelters. flip - down signs have emergency information on the flipped - down part of the sign ; the sign is flipped back up when conditions return to normal. similarly, pre - installed signs with signs attached to their back can display contraflow information to motorists. - pavement markings indicate when a road is an evacuation route or when a restricted lane can be used in an emergency. - high -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4797767655844555, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.578501"} {"text": "to normal. similarly, pre - installed signs with signs attached to their back can display contraflow information to motorists. - pavement markings indicate when a road is an evacuation route or when a restricted lane can be used in an emergency. - high - occupancy vehicle ( hov ) lanes can be used by non - hov vehicles or as an ingress lane for emergency vehicles in emergencies. - frontage roads with limited or controlled access and that are adjacent highways can be used by emergency vehicles. - reversible lanes can be switched to accommodate travel moving in the direction of the evacuation. - tmcs facilitate the safe movement of people and goods on surface roads during evacuations. - clarus is an effort of the u. s. department of transportation \u2019 s its joint program office and the federal highway administration ( fhwa ) road weather management program. it is supports traffic planning by predicting weather conditions in terms of its impact on transportation. - consequence assessment tool set / joint assessment of catastrophic events ( cats / jace ) provides disaster analysis in real time with contingency and logistical planning and consequence management. the cats program helps assess collateral damage to facilities, resources, and infrastructure, and it creates mitigation strategies for responders. - dynamic network assignment - simulation model for advanced road telematics ( planning version ) ( dynasmart - p ) is a state - of - the - art dynamic network traffic operational planning tool developed under the fhwa \u2019 s dynamic traffic assignment ( dta ) research project. it supports transportation network planning and traffic operations decisions through the use of simulation - based dynamic traffic assignment. - evacuation traffic information systems ( etis ) helps forecast where emergency transportation situations may arise and uses data from previous hurricane evacuation studies to estimate probable roadway congestion. - evacuation travel demand forecasting system. this system leverages internet - connected sensors and cameras along roads and highways to improve the surface transportation aspect of evacuation. the system proposes efficient evacuation algorithms that dynamically generate evacuation plans for both single and multiple incidents scenarios, based on real - time traffic information obtained from sensor data available through the internet. - hazard u. s. \u2013 multihazard ( hazus - mr2 ) is a software program that estimates potential losses from earthquakes, hurricane winds, and floods. developed by the federal emergency management agency ( fema ) under contract with the national institute of building sciences ( nibs ), it uses geographic information systems ( gis ) software to map and display hazard data and the results of damage and economic loss estimates for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4828781836502288, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.579735"} {"text": "by the federal emergency management agency ( fema ) under contract with the national institute of building sciences ( nibs ), it uses geographic information systems ( gis ) software to map and display hazard data and the results of damage and economic loss estimates for buildings and infrastructure. estimating losses provides a basis for emergency response and recovery planning. - hurricane and evacuation ( hurrevac ) is a restricted - use computer program for government emergency managers to track hurricanes and assist in evacuation decision - making for their communities. - mass evacuation ( massvac ) uses macroscopic traffic flow models to forecast hurricane evacuation performance. - network emergency evacuation ( netvac ) models traffic flow in emergency evacuation conditions. - oak ridge evacuation modeling system ( orems ) models evacuation operations and planning and management scenarios for a variety of disasters. - plume modeling tools predict the behavior of a cloud of toxic material released into the environment. - sea, lake, and overland surges from hurricanes ( slosh ) is a computerized model run by the national hurricane center ( nhc ) to estimate storm surge heights and winds resulting from historical, hypothetical, or predicted hurricanes. - traffic estimation and prediction system ( treps ) analyzes real - time traffic data from different sources to select strategies for meeting traffic control, management, and operation objectives. author : houston, nancy published by : prepared by booze allen hamilton for the usdot fhwa source date : december 2006 other reference number : fhwa - hop - 06 - 109url : http : / / ops. fhwa. dot. gov / publications / evac _ primer / primer. pdf average user rating intelligent transportation systems > emergency management > response & recovery > evacuation & re - entry management intelligent transportation systems > emergency management > response & recovery > response management intelligent transportation systems > transportation management centers > permanent tmcs", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.479869269894311, "token_count": 369, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.580578"} {"text": "the harts of quebec the first jewish settlers in the area now known as quebec ( but which was referred to as \u201c lower canada \u201d by the british ) arrived with the british soldiers during the \u201c french and indian war \u201d ( 1754 - 1763 ). ( jews and other non - catholics had not been permitted in new france. ) one of four jewish officers in the british army, lieutenant aaron hart ( born 1724, london, england ) had been living in new york. after the war, however, hart settled in the canadian town of trois - rivieres ( three rivers ). this scion of a mercantile family, it was not long before hart achieved success as a businessman and a landholder. as the jewish population in lower canada grew, hart became active in the community and was a founding member of montreal \u2019 s shearith israel synagogue. hart was equally blessed in his family life ; after his death at age 76, he was survived by his wife, catherine, four sons and four daughters. three of his sons were also fascinating historical figures : moses hart was a successful businessman whose political aspirations continually ended in failure. although his jewishness may have kept him from office, his failure at politics may also have been the result of his personal life \u2013 his wife left him due to his infidelity, he was excessively fascinated by steam ships, and he published philosophical tracts on judaism and deism. ezekiel hart, on the other hand, was very successful in politics. he was elected to the parliament of lower canada in 1807, but, after taking the oath of office on a hebrew bible, was made to stand down. when he was elected a second ( and third ) time, and recited the traditional oath of office, the legislature still pushed him out of office. benjamin hart suffered similar discrimination. the local militia commander felt that christians could not serve with or under a jew. during the war of 1812, however, benjamin served first as a private and eventually rose to the rank of lieutenant - colonel, a position of which he was stripped when he signed the annexation manifesto calling for political union with the united states. copyright \u00a9 2011 national jewish outreach program. all rights reserved. email this post", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4135306384335936, "token_count": 440, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.582974"} {"text": "historical records reveal a queer side to saint francis of assisi, one of the most beloved religious figures of all time. the 13th - century friar is celebrated for loving animals, hugging lepers, and praying for peace, but few know about his love for another man and his gender nonconformity. his feast day is today ( oct. 4 ). when francis ( 1181 - 1226 ) was a young man, he had an unnamed male companion whom he dearly loved - - and who was written out of history after the first biography. other franciscan friars referred to francis as \u201c mother \u201d during his lifetime. he also liked to be greeted as \u201c lady poverty. \u201d he encouraged his friars to live as mothers with children when in hermitage together, and used other gender - bending metaphors to describe the spiritual life. also known as ( see full image below ) early evidence of these and ways that francis crossed gender boundaries are gathered in the ground - breaking unpublished master \u2019 s thesis \u201c gender liminality in the franciscan sources \u201d by kevin elphick, a franciscan scholar and a supervisor on a suicide prevention hotline in new york. he wrote the thesis for a master \u2019 s degree in franciscan studies from st. bonaventure university in new york. francis \u2019 love for another man is described in his earliest biography, the first life of st francis of assisi by thomas of celano, a follower of francis who knew him personally. the biography was completed by 1230, just four years after francis died. celano says that when francis was in his 20s, before embracing a life of poverty, he dearly loved a special male friend : \u201c now there was a man in the city of assisi whom francis loved more than any other, and since they were of the same age and their constant association and ties of affection emboldened francis to share his secret with him, he would often take this friend off to secluded spots where they could discuss private matters and tell him that he had chanced upon a great and precious treasure. his friend was delighted and, intrigued by what he had heard, he gladly accompanied francis wherever he asked. there was a cave near assisi where the two friends often went to talk about this treasure. \u201d in his thesis, elphick points out, \u201c because homosexuality and \u2018 gay \u2019 identities are modern constructs, it is impossible and inaccurate to attempt to read these modern categories into the personalities of historical figures. \u201d instead he uses the word \u201c homoaffectional \u201d to describe the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45060949786373955, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.590849"} {"text": "points out, \u201c because homosexuality and \u2018 gay \u2019 identities are modern constructs, it is impossible and inaccurate to attempt to read these modern categories into the personalities of historical figures. \u201d instead he uses the word \u201c homoaffectional \u201d to describe the relationship of francis and his beloved companion. \u201c the relationship is inescapably homoaffectional, describing a shared intimacy between two medieval men. that this first companion disappears from the later tradition is cause for suspicion and further inquiry.... the tone in celano \u2019 s earliest account captures the flavor and intimacy of this relationship, perhaps too much so for an increasingly homophobic church and society. \u201d francis and his beloved friend are seldom depicted by artists, but they are shown together in the rare and hard - to - find image above : \u201c they shelter in a cave \u201d ( se cobijan en una cueva ) by spanish painter jose benlliure y gil. it is the 8th in his series of 74 images from the life of saint francis. the series was published by franciscans in valencia, spain, in 1926 in a book to mark the 700th anniversary of the saint \u2019 s death. a commentary in spanish about the picture is available online. elphick finds many more examples of what he calls \u201c gender liminality \u201d in historical documents on francis. he defines liminality as \u201c crossing the threshold of gender, either symbolically, or by actions within a person \u2019 s life that breach the social boundaries of gender. \u201d francis was born to a wealthy italian family in 1181 or 1182. as a young man he renounced his wealth, even stripping off his clothes, and devoted himself to a life of poverty in the service of christ. he connected with nature, calling all animals \u201c brother \u201d and \u201c sister \u201d and celebrating them in his famous canticle of the sun. | \u201c st. francis \u2018 neath the bitter tree \u201d | by william hart mcnichols \u00a9 fatherbill. org | \u201c st. francis and the sultan \u201d | by brother robert lentz, trinitstores. com in 1219 francis went to damietta, egypt, with the european armies during the fifth crusade. he hoped to discuss religion peacefully with the muslims. he tried to prevent crusaders from attacking muslims at the battle of damietta, but he failed. francis was captured and taken to the sultan malek al - kamil. at first they tried to convert each other, but each man soon recognized that the other already knew and loved", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4781163096944565, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.591902"} {"text": "attacking muslims at the battle of damietta, but he failed. francis was captured and taken to the sultan malek al - kamil. at first they tried to convert each other, but each man soon recognized that the other already knew and loved god. they remained together, discussing spirituality, for about three weeks between sept. 1 and sept. 26. robert lentz celebrates their meeting as a model of interfaith dialogue in the icon \u201c st. francis and the sultan, \u201d pictured here. | \u201c st francis of assisi receiving the stigmata \u201d | by kevin raye larson \u00a9 1991, krayel. com along with the stigmata came other health problems. when francis sensed death approaching, he called for jacoba de settesoli, a roman noblewoman devoted to him and his teachings. francis stayed in her house when in rome. celano \u2019 s 13th - century account in the \u201c treatise on the miracles of blessed francis \u201d reports that francis greeted the news of her arrival at the male - only cloister with a decidedly queer statement that breaks gender rules : : \u201c blessed be god, who has guided the lady jacoba, our brother, to us. open the door and bring her in, for our brother jacoba does not have to observe the decree against women. \u201d francis died a few days later on oct. 3, 1226. two years after francis \u2019 death, pope gregory ix declared him a saint and commissioned celano \u2019 s biography, the one that includes the love between francis and his male companion. elphick adds an intriguing footnote about how the queer side of francis has manifested outside official christianity. francis is venerated in the yoruba religion of africa as orunmila, the orisha of wisdom, patron of animals and a transgendered deity who engages in same - sex eroticism. at the end of his thesis, elphick concludes that breaking gender rules is an extraordinary god - given power or \u201c charism \u201d that franciscans offer to the church and the world. \u201c what are the lives of figures like mother francis, brother jacoba and mother juana de la cruz revealing to us in our own day? i think that the franciscan charism of gender liminality has much to teach our church and fellow community of humans in our day. in a church divided over issues of ordination of women, inclusive language, and sexual orientation, i believe that the franciscan tradition has important figures to hold up and from whom to learn. for issues which we have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44141309554493274, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.592916"} {"text": "and fellow community of humans in our day. in a church divided over issues of ordination of women, inclusive language, and sexual orientation, i believe that the franciscan tradition has important figures to hold up and from whom to learn. for issues which we have not even yet begun to explore theologically in authentic ways, issues such as hermaphroditism, transsexuality, genderedness and sexual orientation, i believe the franciscan voice can be prophetic. \u201d call to artists : more images of francis with his beloved male companion are needed. please create them and send them to kittredge cherry for posting here at jesus in love. this profile is part of the glbt saints series by kittredge cherry at the jesus in love blog. saints, martyrs, mystics, prophets, witnesses, heroes, holy people, deities and religious figures of special interest to lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender ( lgbt ) and queer people and our allies are covered on appropriate dates throughout the year. animal blessing events are happening all over the world this month for the feast of st. francis, the patron saint of animals. click here for our animal blessing prayer. do you want an artist to draw a portrait of your dog or cat? the jesus in love blog is offering personalized pet portraits again this year in honor of st. francis day. click here for details.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44630813041687983, "token_count": 278, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.593531"} {"text": "recycling programs prevent outdoor gear from piling up in landfills each day, people in the united states throw away enough trash to fill 63, 000 garbage trucks, according to the clean air council. the vast majority of refuse, including all types of outdoor gear, winds up in landfills. \u201c i don \u2019 t think the average consumer understands what happens to all the things that go into the trash bin, \u201d said kim coupounas, chief sustainability officer for golite. to prevent gear from joining the huge mounds of trash at the dump, outdoor companies have launched initiatives to help consumers recycle and repair clothing and equipment. this year, golite launched an \u201c i \u2019 m not trash \u201d recycling program, jetboil launched a device for recycling fuel canisters, and chaco continues to pour resources into an in - house sandal repair department - - one that returns the shine to beloved years - old footwear. even in europe, klattermusen of sweden is a brand that has launched a program that allows its used products to be returned to retailers - - for cash. educating the public many products make their way to the landfill simply because people lack the knowledge on how or where to recycle certain things, and this has been the case with fuel canisters. \u201c hundreds of thousands of fuel canisters, maybe up to a million worldwide, end up in landfills, \u201d chris lussier, vice president of sales and marketing for jetboil ( www. jetboil. com ) told snews\u00ae. \u201c there just hasn \u2019 t been a clear, safe and easy way to recycle them. \u201d he said that rei and other outdoor retailers told jetboil that their customers had been bringing canisters into stores and asking how they could dispose of them in the most environmentally friendly manner. to reduce waste in landfills, jetboil this month introduced the crunchit tool, a small device that allows people to puncture fuel canisters safely and easily so that the canisters are ready to be recycled in commercial and municipal recycling programs. the crunchit tool not only allows a person to puncture a canister safely, but it also helps the people picking up recyclables on the curb recognize that a canister is good to go. \u201c if you puncture the canister in two or three places, people picking up recyclables can easily see the canister is safe for recycling, \u201d said lussier. also, jetbo", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.40648710690248535, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.600364"} {"text": "canister is good to go. \u201c if you puncture the canister in two or three places, people picking up recyclables can easily see the canister is safe for recycling, \u201d said lussier. also, jetboil is working on promotional programs for the crunchit, and this will begin with educational materials for consumers. \u201c the first step is education, because consumers need to know how easy and safe it can be to recycle butane canisters, \u201d said lussier. the company also hopes to involve retailers in the process, and it might create recycling bins for shops, so that consumers can deposit canisters in the same place they purchase them. no need for junking one key in getting people to recycle their gear is to make them realize that their jackets, packs and other items don \u2019 t have to become part of the trash heap. in february, golite launched its \u201c i \u2019 m not trash \u201d program in which it takes back any golite item that consumers purchase so that the products can be reused, recycled or stored for future recycling. through its website, golite also offers consumers advice on how they might repair or recycle products, or where they can donate items in their local community, rather than putting stuff in the trash. now, each golite product hangtag has the \u201c i \u2019 m not trash \u201d message and directs consumers toward info on repurposing or recycling their gear. \u201c we try to help customers prioritize, \u201d said coupounas of golite ( www. golite. com ). \u201c the best option is to repair a product or repurpose it locally. there are so many local charities that accept clothing and gear. if it \u2019 s something they can \u2019 t repurpose and can \u2019 t donate locally, they can send it back to us. \u201d coupounas said that the company \u2019 s sustainability task force collects the items and determines whether they can be repaired. if that \u2019 s not possible, the company donates items to non - profits, or dissects the products and ships the pieces to repurposing companies near the company \u2019 s headquarters in boulder, colo. to encourage people to participate, golite offers those who send in items a one - time, 20 - percent discount on a future purchase. \u201c it \u2019 s a way of saying to people that we appreciate that they \u2019 re doing something good, \u201d said coupounas. reasons to recycle it \u2019", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4249310964632092, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.601310"} {"text": "in items a one - time, 20 - percent discount on a future purchase. \u201c it \u2019 s a way of saying to people that we appreciate that they \u2019 re doing something good, \u201d said coupounas. reasons to recycle it \u2019 s natural to assume that most outdoor enthusiasts would recycle their gear primarily to limit their environmental footprint. but other factors also come into play. some folks stretch the life of gear simply to save a few bucks. as snews reported last year, the repair market has flourished since the recession, which has helped divert outdoor gear from reaching landfills. ( click here to read the march 2009 story, \u201c repair and care market thrives in tattered economy. \u201d ) but some people refuse to trash their gear for sentimental reasons. when 22 - year - old edward snow finally blew out the webbing on his chaco sandals, he sent them to the manufacturer to be repaired partly because he didn \u2019 t want to part with them. \u201c i guess there \u2019 s a sentimental value to them, \u201d snow told snews, explaining that he \u2019 s worn the sandals every day possible for more than three years. during school, he wears them around the montana state university campus in bozeman, and when school is not in session, he wears them while working as a kayaking instructor for back of beyond in bainbridge isle, wash. when snow sent his sandals to chaco ( www. chacousa. com ), he became the 10, 000th person to have his sandals repaired this year as part of the rechaco program. each year, chaco fixes the webbing and soles on about 15, 000 pairs of sandals in its facility in rockford, mich. the program, which includes 12 year - round employees, is unusual because few outdoor footwear companies have in - house repair operations. most companies outsource repairs to cobblers such as dave page in seattle ( www. davepagecobbler. com ). mike gavle, chaco \u2019 s director of customer service and operations, said the rechaco program has prevented about 28, 000 pounds of material from going into landfills. but the repair service has other benefits as well. for one thing, it keeps the company more in - touch with consumers. \u201c it \u2019 s easy for a footwear company to look at repairs as just an expense, but for chaco, it gives us a chance to have conversations with customers, \u201d said gavle. \u201c talking with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4664436535761526, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.602252"} {"text": "in - touch with consumers. \u201c it \u2019 s easy for a footwear company to look at repairs as just an expense, but for chaco, it gives us a chance to have conversations with customers, \u201d said gavle. \u201c talking with them is the best part of the job. there seems to be an interesting story behind every pair of sandals, and we want to continue those conversations. \u201d of course, another benefit of the rechaco program is that it can save consumers a few bucks. rather than spending up to $ 90 for a new pair of sandals, a person can spend $ 40 to have the soles repaired, or $ 36 to have the webbing fixed. snow said he decided to have his sandals repaired not only because he was attached to them, but also because it seemed like a good deal. \u201c honestly, it seemed cheaper than getting a new pair, \u201d he said. plus, he likes the idea that he \u2019 s at least doing a small part to prevent another piece of footwear from being pitched into a landfill. in europe, high - end swedish outdoor brand klattermusen ( www. klattermusen. se ) launched a program in spring 2010 called recover. it allows its retailers to take back used klattermusen products, for which the company has placed a return value of euro 1 - 20 ( about usd $ 1. 50 - 30 ), depending on its initial value. retailers will gather the items and return them postage paid to klattermusen, which will recycle or donate them as appropriate. each item has a tag sewn into it that shows the value, which the retailer can then rip off to show it \u2019 s been returned, returning that money to the consumers. sure, in the grand scheme of global consumerism, the amount of material outdoor and sporting goods companies divert from landfills is relatively small - - considering that just one person in the u. s. creates about 1, 700 pounds of trash each year. but, hey, every pound counts.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42123770494376456, "token_count": 416, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.603005"} {"text": "arizal & chaim vital isaac luria ( 1534 \u2013 july 25, 1572 ) ( hebrew : yitzhak lurya ), also called yitzhak ben shlomo ashkenazi and known as \" the ari \", \" ari - hakadosh \", or \" arizal, \" meaning \" the lion, was a foremost rabbi and jewish mystic in the community of safed in the galilee region of ottoman palestine. he is considered the father of contemporary kabbalah. he is known for the mysticism and interpretation of his teachings in kabbalah known as lurianic kabbalah. while his direct literary contribution to the kabbalistic school of safed was extremely minute ( he wrote only a few poems ), his spiritual fame led to their veneration and the acceptance of his authority. the works of his disciples compiled his oral teachings into writing. lurianic kabbalah gave a revolutionary new account of kabbalistic thought that its followers synthesised with, and read into, the earlier kabbalah of the zohar that had disseminated in medieval circles. lurianic kabbalah describes new doctrines of the origins of creation, and their cosmic rectification, as well as a new descriptive paradigm of preceding kabbalistic teaching. the main popularizer of luria ' s ideas was rabbi hayyim ben joseph vital, who claimed to be the official interpreter of the lurianic system, though this was disputed by some. previous interpretation of the zohar had culminated in the first complete intellectual synthesis of kabbalah, in the rational school of moshe cordovero in safed, immediately before isaac luria. both schools gave kabbalah a philosophical depth of theology to rival earlier medieval jewish philosophy ( \" hakira \" ). under the influence of the esoteric mystical developments of jewish thought in 16th - century safed, kabbalah replaced hakira as the main jewish theology, both in scholarly circles, and in the popular imagination. lurianic thought, seen by its followers as harmonious with, and successively more advanced than cordoveran, mostly superseded it, and became the mystical dimension of most orthodox theology until today, with the later hasidic and mitnagdic movements differing in their interpretations of it. the sabbatean mystical heresy would also derive its source from lurianic messianism, but distort the kabbalistic interdependance of mysticism with halacha. hayyim ben joseph", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4569535670230445, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.609053"} {"text": "their interpretations of it. the sabbatean mystical heresy would also derive its source from lurianic messianism, but distort the kabbalistic interdependance of mysticism with halacha. hayyim ben joseph vital hayyim ben joseph vital ( calabria, 1543 \u2013 damascus, 23 april 1620 ) was a foremost exponent of kabbalah. born in calabria, italy, as a young boy, hayyim vital was educated by the scholar, rabbi moses alshech. other than that, most of his early life is full of legends. for instance, it is claimed that at the age of twelve, he was told by a chiromancer that when he reached the age of twenty - four, he would find himself standing before two roads, and would rise or fall according to his choice. rabbi joseph karo is said to have paid special attention to vital ' s early talents and in 1557 requested that alshech take special care in his education as he was destined to succeed his teacher in the world of torah study. that same year, vital first became acquainted with the kabbalist rabbi lapidot ashkenazi, who would have a lasting influence on him. hayyim vital apparently married at a young age. according to one legend, his first wife was hannah, the daughter of a certain moses saadia. it was an unhappy marriage, and when he left his wife, the prophet elijah appeared to him in a dream and led him to a beautiful garden, where he saw the pious of all ages, in the form of birds, flying through the garden and studying the mishnah. in the center of the garden was god himself, seated on a throne that was surrounded by the pious, resting on elaborate tapestries. convinced by this vision that he was destined to become a kabbalist, rabbi chaim vital devoted the following two and a half years to the study of alchemy. upon completing his studies, elijah appeared to him again in a vision, and told him that he would succeed in his efforts and write a commentary on the zohar. from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4518420932921627, "token_count": 438, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.610021"} {"text": "the community relations service is the department ' s \" peacemaker \" for community conflicts and tensions arising from differences of race, color, and national origin. created by the civil rights act of 1964, crs is the only federal agency dedicated to assist state and local units of government, private and public organizations, and community groups with preventing and resolving racial and ethnic tensions, incidents, and civil disorders, and in restoring racial stability and harmony. with passage of the matthew shepard and james byrd, jr. hate crimes prevention act, crs also works with communities to employ strategies to prevent and respond to alleged violent hate crimes committed on the basis of actual or perceived race, color, national origin, gender, gender identity, sexual orientation, religion or disability. crs facilitates the development of viable, mutual understandings and agreements as alternatives to coercion, violence, or litigation. it also assists communities in developing local mechanisms, conducting training, and other proactive measures to prevent racial / ethnic tension and violent hate crimes committed on the basis of actual or perceived race, color, national origin, gender, gender identity, sexual orientation, religion, or disability. crs does not take sides among disputing parties and, in promoting the principles and ideals of non - discrimination, applies skills that allow parties to come to their own agreement. in performing this mission, crs deploys highly skilled professional conciliators, who are able to assist people of diverse backgrounds. for more than 45 years, crs has been asked to provide its experienced mediators to help local communities resolve conflicts and disturbances relating to race, color, or national origin. each year crs ' highly skilled conciliators bring hundreds of community - wide conflicts to peaceful closure across america and its territories. crs lends its services when requested or accepted by the parties. the service uses impartial mediation practices and conflict resolution procedures to help local leaders resolve problems and restore stability. crs has no law enforcement authority and does not impose solutions, investigate, prosecute, or assign blame and fault. all crs mediators are required by law to conduct their activities in confidence, without publicity, and are prohibited from disclosing confidential information. crs conciliators work with state and local officials and community leaders to provide a wide variety of services to address racial issues and prevent violent hate crimes committed on the basis of race, color, national origin, gender, gender identity, sexual orientation, religion, or disability. crs ' services include : - contributing expertise and guidance on methods", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4870650057237383, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.614927"} {"text": "variety of services to address racial issues and prevent violent hate crimes committed on the basis of race, color, national origin, gender, gender identity, sexual orientation, religion, or disability. crs ' services include : - contributing expertise and guidance on methods and policies that calm tension and conflicts associated with race, color, or national origin or with preventing and responding to violent hate crimes committed on the basis of actual or perceived race, color, national origin, gender, gender identity, sexual orientation, religion, or disability. - enhancing strategies of state and local governments and community groups to prevent and respond to civil disorders. - improving lines of communication between parties experiencing tension or conflict, including federal, state, and local officials, community leaders and residents. - helping schools and universities effectively deal with incidents of tension or violence associated with race, color, or national origin or with preventing and responding to violent hate crimes committed on the basis of actual or perceived race, color, national origin, gender, gender identity, sexual orientation, religion, or disability. crs assists willing parties and explores opportunities to develop and implement local strategies that can help law enforcement, local officials, civil rights organizations, and interested community groups respond to alleged hate crimes and find ways to prevent future incidents. state and local law enforcement officials and community leaders may contact crs to request assistance in improving communication between law enforcement and community members in the aftermath of a hate crime. crs may help facilitate dialogues between law enforcement and community members to increase mutual understanding about the investigative and prosecutorial process as well as the concerns of people in the community. crs improves community response mechanisms, by facilitating the development of community capacity to help prevent hate crimes with services and programs that include : conciliation, mediation, training, technical assistance, and other tension reduction techniques. crs may introduce the community to representatives of agencies that respond to hate crimes, including federal, state, and local law enforcement officials, local government resources as well as community organizations ( advocacy organizations, and other service organizations ). crs also responds to requests for assistance from law enforcement and community organizations for contingency planning and self - marshalling training before large protests or events to help keep events safe. we facilitate meetings between all parties involved, and serve as a neutral entity to ensure logistics are coordinated and that information is shared appropriately.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4753540047728117, "token_count": 469, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.616714"} {"text": "today marks this year \u2019 s dr. martin luther king day. governments and many businesses are closed today to let citizens reflect on mlk \u2019 s contribution throughout his civil rights movement. many ponder on this day on what dr. king would do, had he not been assassinated in 1968 and is still alive today facing the challenges of our time. many children at our schools are asked to write and present the current day version of his famous \u201c i \u2019 ve a dream \u201d speech. no, i \u2019 m not going to write such a speech to address the apparent social gaps we have between various groups in our neighborhood. during the past november campaign, i had several opportunities to talk to our neighbors on this and covered the issue in this post. the extreme racial segregation that dr. king fought hard during the civil rights era may have gone now, but we do have social gaps between various groups in our ever changing communities \u2013 between latinos and non - latinos, between students and landlords, between immigrants and non - immigrants. let \u2019 s all recognize that. the only way to bridge that gap is to \u201c communicate \u201d \u2013 to reach out. and reaching out to the other sides needs means finding places or events where neighbors of different groups and ethnic origins can get together. there have been suggestions of launching major annual multi - ethnic events, or even several small block parties, in addition to the existing avenues we have \u2013 such as monthly meeting at the ncpca. i \u2019 d like to be part of organizing events such as these, as much as i can. however what is more importantly needed, is a true desire and attitude of reaching out to our fellow neighbors. instead of expecting the other side coming to us, let \u2019 s go out and talk to the other side. here are two examples that should give some hints what i \u2019 m talking about. ( 1 ) if we attend the ncpca monthly meeting at davis hall, let \u2019 s find and sit next to someone who we don \u2019 t know. let \u2019 s say \u2018 hi \u2019, introduce ourselves, let \u2019 s find more about him or her. this should eliminate kind of suspicion many of us had the past about the fellow members. ( 2 ) if we \u2019 re part of a neighborhood watch program, let \u2019 s make a habit of going door to door introducing ourselves to our neighbors. let \u2019 s exchange our contact information. let \u2019 s talk a little about the neighborhood that we both share. these are only two examples. i \u2019 m sure we can be creative in finding more avenues", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45495324593798525, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.619852"} {"text": "sweet corn season posted aug 17, 2012 - is summer even possible without fresh corn? there are those first tender local ears snapped up at the farmers market or grocers, the giant roasted corn - on - the - cob sold at the state fair, and the butter - slathered corn served at any number of backyard barbecues and holiday weekend picnics. so enjoy sweet corn while it ' s in season. and when you ' ve had enough straight off the cob, try some of these recipes for different takes on a summer favorite. three things to know about corn - - corn is considered america ' s first crop. native to north america, corn was cultivated in what ' s now mexico more than 6, 000 years ago. corn still ranks as the no. 1 crop in the united states, prompted by demand for corn for fuel ( ethanol ) as well as food. corn is also used as fiber and in bioplastics. - - production is on the rise. in 2009, u. s. farmers produced 13. 1 billion bushels of corn, an all - time record and 20 percent more than was produced in 2000. less than 1 percent is sweet corn - - the type people like to eat. an estimated 80 percent of the crop goes to feed livestock in the united states and overseas. - - a lot of grain is packed into every ear. a typical ear of sweet corn holds 800 kernels in 16 rows. a pound of corn equals about 1, 300 kernels. sweet corn averages 48 ears per bushel, a traditional measure the size of a round laundry basket equal to 9. 3 gallons. in 2009, u. s. corn farmers averaged almost 165 bushels per acre. for the best corn to shuck or not to shuck? during summer, at farmers markets and in grocery stores, shoppers go elbow to elbow over piles of sweet corn. some customers shuck all their corn on the spot. others yank back the husk to take a gander at the kernels. but corn farmers advise keeping the husk on : it protects the tender kernels and keeps them moist. fresh sweet corn starts losing sweetness as soon as it ' s picked, as sugar content starts turning to starch. refrigerate the ears until you ' re ready to cook them. in corn shopping etiquette, don ' t pull back the husk unless you intend to buy that ear. signs of freshness are a pale green ( not white or brown ) stem end and silks", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3908905888386145, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.626733"} {"text": "schools are often the place where germs are spread easily from student to student and then, eventually home to you. that includes the flu virus. and as if the cold weather hasn ' t created enough problems for kids, now we have to factor in the increase in flu cases. \" [ i \u2019 m ] trying to encourage students to throw away their kleenexes, \" kindergarten teacher tara oltmanns said. oltmanns is not only teaching students the basics of reading, writing and arithmetic, she ' s also coaching them on how to stay healthy. \" make sure when they use restrooms, they take those times to wash their hands and use soap and water and scrub. we have a song we use in kindergarten to teach them those steps, \" oltmanns said. \" [ we \u2019 ve ] definitely hearing a lot about the stomach flu. we have heard about influenza out there, \" sioux falls public schools health services supervisor molly satter said. satter says ways staff try to stop the spread of the flu include cleaning all surfaces with hospital - grade disinfectants and educating parents about the signs and symptoms of the illness. school officials also ask that students to stay home as long as they ' re infected. \" they can return to school once they ' ve been fever - free for 24 hours without any fever - reducing medication, \" satter said. another precaution many students and staff have taken is getting a flu shot. around half of the staff at sioux falls public schools have gotten their flu shot. oltmanns is one of the teachers who got a shot because she ' s learned a lesson or two about how easily young kids can spread germs. \" they can get spread easily as the kids are younger too and maybe less immune. if they ' re taught the skills to keep each other healthy, they do a great job at it, \" oltmanns said. satter says another misconception some parents and students have is that the flu is the same thing as the stomach flu. the flu, also known as influenza, often causes high fevers, body aches and a dry cough, not vomiting and diarrhea. influenza symptoms ( cdc ) :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4030503820049618, "token_count": 446, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.631562"} {"text": "simple equations introduction to basic algebraic equations of the form ax = b use this menu to view and help create subtitles for this video in many different languages. you ' ll probably want to hide youtube ' s captions if using these subtitles. - let ' s say we have the equation seven times x is equal to fourteen. - now before even trying to solve this equation, - what i want to do is think a little bit about what this actually means. - seven x equals fourteen, - this is the exact same thing as saying seven times x, let me write it this way, seven times x, x in orange again. seven times x is equal to fourteen. - now you might be able to do this in your head. - you could literally go through the 7 times table. - you say well 7 times 1 is equal to 7, so that won ' t work. - 7 times 2 is equal to 14, so 2 works here. - so you would immediately be able to solve it. - you would immediately, just by trying different numbers - out, say hey, that ' s going to be a 2. - but what we ' re going to do in this video is to think about - how to solve this systematically. - because what we ' re going to find is as these equations get - more and more complicated, you ' re not going to be able to - just think about it and do it in your head. - so it ' s really important that one, you understand how to - manipulate these equations, but even more important to - understand what they actually represent. - this literally just says 7 times x is equal to 14. - in algebra we don ' t write the times there. - when you write two numbers next to each other or a number next - to a variable like this, it just means that you - are multiplying. - it ' s just a shorthand, a shorthand notation. - and in general we don ' t use the multiplication sign because - it ' s confusing, because x is the most common variable - used in algebra. - and if i were to write 7 times x is equal to 14, if i write my - times sign or my x a little bit strange, it might look - like xx or times times. - so in general when you ' re dealing with equations, - especially when one of the variables is an x, you - wouldn ' t use the traditional multiplication sign. - you might use something like this - - you might", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.540283018430336, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.642855"} {"text": "xx or times times. - so in general when you ' re dealing with equations, - especially when one of the variables is an x, you - wouldn ' t use the traditional multiplication sign. - you might use something like this - - you might use dot to - represent multiplication. - so you might have 7 times x is equal to 14. - but this is still a little unusual. - if you have something multiplying by a variable - you ' ll just write 7x. - that literally means 7 times x. - now, to understand how you can manipulate this equation to - solve it, let ' s visualize this. - so 7 times x, what is that? - that ' s the same thing - - so i ' m just going to re - write this - equation, but i ' m going to re - write it in visual form. - so 7 times x. - so that literally means x added to itself 7 times. - that ' s the definition of multiplication. - so it ' s literally x plus x plus x plus x plus x - - let ' s see, - that ' s 5 x ' s - - plus x plus x. - so that right there is literally 7 x ' s. - this is 7x right there. - let me re - write it down. - this right here is 7x. - now this equation tells us that 7x is equal to 14. - so just saying that this is equal to 14. - let me draw 14 objects here. - so let ' s say i have 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, - 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14. - so literally we ' re saying 7x is equal to 14 things. - these are equivalent statements. - now the reason why i drew it out this way is so that - you really understand what we ' re going to do when we - divide both sides by 7. - so let me erase this right here. - so the standard step whenever - - i didn ' t want to do that, - let me do this, let me draw that last circle. - so in general, whenever you simplify an equation down to a - - - a coefficient is just the number multiplying - the variable. - so some number multiplying the variable or we could call that - the coefficient times a variable equal to - something else. - what you want to do is just divide both sides by 7 in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5670005265647797, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.643774"} {"text": "just the number multiplying - the variable. - so some number multiplying the variable or we could call that - the coefficient times a variable equal to - something else. - what you want to do is just divide both sides by 7 in - this case, or divide both sides by the coefficient. - so if you divide both sides by 7, what do you get? - 7 times something divided by 7 is just going to be - that original something. - 7 ' s cancel out and 14 divided by 7 is 2. - so your solution is going to be x is equal to 2. - but just to make it very tangible in your head, what ' s - going on here is when we ' re dividing both sides of the - equation by 7, we ' re literally dividing both sides by 7. - this is an equation. - it ' s saying that this is equal to that. - anything i do to the left hand side i have to do to the right. - if they start off being equal, i can ' t just do an operation - to one side and have it still be equal. - they were the same thing. - so if i divide the left hand side by 7, so let me divide - it into seven groups. - so there are seven x ' s here, so that ' s one, two, three, - four, five, six, seven. - so it ' s one, two, three, four, five, six, seven groups. - now if i divide that into seven groups, i ' ll also want - to divide the right hand side into seven groups. - one, two, three, four, five, six, seven. - so if this whole thing is equal to this whole thing, then each - of these little chunks that we broke into, these seven chunks, - are going to be equivalent. - so this chunk you could say is equal to that chunk. - this chunk is equal to this chunk - - they ' re - all equivalent chunks. - there are seven chunks here, seven chunks here. - so each x must be equal to two of these objects. - so we get x is equal to, in this case - - in this case - we had the objects drawn out where there ' s two of - them. x is equal to 2. - now, let ' s just do a couple more examples here just so it - really gets in your mind that we ' re dealing with an equation, - and any operation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5623889269659397, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.644653"} {"text": "where there ' s two of - them. x is equal to 2. - now, let ' s just do a couple more examples here just so it - really gets in your mind that we ' re dealing with an equation, - and any operation that you do on one side of the equation - you should do to the other. - so let me scroll down a little bit. - so let ' s say i have i say i have 3x is equal to 15. - now once again, you might be able to do is in your head. - you ' re saying this is saying 3 times some - number is equal to 15. - you could go through your 3 times tables and figure it out. - but if you just wanted to do this systematically, and it - is good to understand it systematically, say ok, this - thing on the left is equal to this thing on the right. - what do i have to do to this thing on the left - to have just an x there? - well to have just an x there, i want to divide it by 3. - and my whole motivation for doing that is that 3 times - something divided by 3, the 3 ' s will cancel out and i ' m just - going to be left with an x. - now, 3x was equal to 15. - if i ' m dividing the left side by 3, in order for the equality - to still hold, i also have to divide the right side by 3. - now what does that give us? - well the left hand side, we ' re just going to be left with - an x, so it ' s just going to be an x. - and then the right hand side, what is 15 divided by 3? - well it is just 5. - now you could also done this equation in a slightly - different way, although they are really equivalent. - if i start with 3x is equal to 15, you might say hey, sal, - instead of dividing by 3, i could also get rid of this 3, i - could just be left with an x if i multiply both sides of - this equation by 1 / 3. - so if i multiply both sides of this equation by 1 / 3 - that should also work. - you say look, 1 / 3 of 3 is 1. - when you just multiply this part right here, 1 / 3 times - 3, that is just 1, 1x. - 1x is equal to 15 times", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.528347111349427, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.645754"} {"text": "also work. - you say look, 1 / 3 of 3 is 1. - when you just multiply this part right here, 1 / 3 times - 3, that is just 1, 1x. - 1x is equal to 15 times 1 / 3 third is equal to 5. - and 1 times x is the same thing as just x, so this is the same - thing as x is equal to 5. - and these are actually equivalent ways of doing it. - if you divide both sides by 3, that is equivalent to - multiplying both sides of the equation by 1 / 3. - now let ' s do one more and i ' m going to make it a little - bit more complicated. - and i ' m going to change the variable a little bit. - so let ' s say i have 2y plus 4y is equal to 18. - now all of a sudden it ' s a little harder to - do it in your head. - we ' re saying 2 times something plus 4 times that same - something is going to be equal to 18. - so it ' s harder to think about what number that is. - you could try them. - say if y was 1, it ' d be 2 times 1 plus 4 times 1, - well that doesn ' t work. - but let ' s think about how to do it systematically. - you could keep guessing and you might eventually get - the answer, but how do you do this systematically. - let ' s visualize it. - so if i have two y ' s, what does that mean? - it literally means i have two y ' s added to each other. - so it ' s literally y plus y. - and then to that i ' m adding four y ' s. - to that i ' m adding four y ' s, which are literally four - y ' s added to each other. - so it ' s y plus y plus y plus y. - and that has got to be equal to 18. - so that is equal to 18. - now, how many y ' s do i have here on the left hand side? - how many y ' s do i have? - i have one, two, three, four, five, six y ' s. - so you could simplify this as 6y is equal to 18. - and if you think about it it makes complete sense. - so this thing right here, the 2y plus the 4y is 6", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5213299286917996, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.646802"} {"text": "five, six y ' s. - so you could simplify this as 6y is equal to 18. - and if you think about it it makes complete sense. - so this thing right here, the 2y plus the 4y is 6y. - so 2y plus 4y is 6y, which makes sense. - if i have 2 apples plus 4 apples, i ' m going - to have 6 apples. - if i have 2 y ' s plus 4 y ' s i ' m going to have 6 y ' s. - now that ' s going to be equal to 18. - and now, hopefully, we understand how to do this. - if i have 6 times something is equal to 18, if i divide both - sides of this equation by 6, i ' ll solve for the something. - so divide the left hand side by 6, and divide the - right hand side by 6. - and we are left with y is equal to 3. - and you could try it out. - that ' s what ' s cool about an equation. - you can always check to see if you got the right answer. - let ' s see if that works. - 2 times 3 plus 4 times 3 is equal to what? - 2 times 3, this right here is 6. - and then 4 times 3 is 12. - 6 plus 12 is, indeed, equal to 18. be specific, and indicate a time in the video : at 5 : 31, how is the moon large enough to block the sun? isn ' t the sun way larger? have something that ' s not a question about this content? this discussion area is not meant for answering homework questions. share a tip when naming a variable, it is okay to use most letters, but some are reserved, like ' e ', which represents the value 2. 7831... have something that ' s not a tip or feedback about this content? this discussion area is not meant for answering homework questions. discuss the site for general discussions about khan academy, visit our reddit discussion page. flag inappropriate posts here are posts to avoid making. if you do encounter them, flag them for attention from our guardians. - disrespectful or offensive - an advertisement - low quality - not about the video topic - soliciting votes or seeking badges - a homework question - a duplicate answer - repeatedly making the same post - a tip or feedback in questions - a question in tips & feedback - an answer that should be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5103306649998072, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.647853"} {"text": "interesting facts about apples \u2022 apples come in all shades of reds, greens, yellows. - \u2022 2500 varieties of apples are grown in the united states and 7500 varieties of apples are grown throughout the world. \u2022 the pilgrims planted the first united states apple trees in the massachusetts bay colony. \u2022 apples are a member of the rose family. \u2022 the most nutritious part of the apple is the skin. need some help in picking out the perfect apple for eating, baking or a recipe? sometimes it can be confusing when deciding which apples to take home from the produce isle or farm stand! this will help... the following information comes from \" the apple journal \" \u2022 arkansas black is well named with a deep red, almost black skin. it is rock hard, sweet and tart and a long storage apple. this apple is renowned for its long shelf life. it ' s good for making sauce and baking. \u2022 braeburn has high impact flavor. the crisp, aromatic braeburn blends sweetness and tartness just right for snacks and salads. it ' s also good in baking, applesauce and for freezing. braeburn color varies from greenish - gold with red sections to nearly solid red. braeburn was discovered as a chance seedling near nelson, new zealand in 1952. its probable parents are lady hamilton and granny smith. \u2022 criterion apples should be firm with smooth and clean skin. the criterion has the distinctive shape of a red delicious, but has a bold yellow color, often with a red blush. test the firmness of the apple by holding it in the palm of your hand. ( do not push with your thumb ). it should feel solid and heavy, not soft and light. \u2022 elstar is a firm apple with a reputation for its intense, sweet, tangy flavor, which is especially good for making applesauce. they are a distinctive apple for snacking, in salads and fruit trays. they tend to retain their effervescent flavor and hold up well during cooking. \u2022 fuji ' s spicy, crisp sweetness and firm flesh make it an excellent fresh eating apple. it ' s also good in baking or applesauce and stores well. fuji flavor improves in storage like fine wine. fuji skin color varies from yellow - green with red highlights to very red. it was bred from a cross between red delicious and ralls janet varieties in japan. \u2022 gala is a favorite for fresh eating. it is heart - shaped with distinctive yellow - orange skin with red striping", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43927724675915103, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.654474"} {"text": "- green with red highlights to very red. it was bred from a cross between red delicious and ralls janet varieties in japan. \u2022 gala is a favorite for fresh eating. it is heart - shaped with distinctive yellow - orange skin with red striping. gala is just the right size for snacking and is great in salads, good for baking and very good in applesauce. \u2022 ginger gold sweet, tangy and juicy, ginger gold apples are an early apple, harvested in august and available until september. this is a crisp and juicy apple with excellent taste. the ginger gold apples are round with a smooth green - yellow skin that has a slight red blush. ginger gold apples were discovered in a virginia orchard in the foothills of the blue ridge mountains. \u2022 golden delicious has firm, white flesh and sweet crisp flavor. it is the preferred \" all purpose \" cooking apple since it retains its shape and rich, mellow flavor when baked or cooked. its skin is so tender and thin that it doesn ' t require peeling for most recipes. golden delicious is very good in fresh salads and freezes well. great as a snack or a lunchbox treat. \u2022 granny smith has crisp mouth - watering tartness. bright green granny smith has a pink blush. its tartness really comes through when baked and sauteed. \u2022 gravenstein is a terrific sauce and pie apple. it is a roundish, irregularly shaped apple with a very short stem. the color varies, but is usually a greenish yellow background covered with broad red stripes. the gravenstein is crisp, juicy, aromatic and full of old - fashioned tart - sweet flavor. \u2022 jonagold is a blend of jonathan and golden delicious apples, offering a unique tangy - sweet flavor with firm flesh. jonagold is excellent both for eating fresh and for cooking. jonagolds make great fried apples. simply saute in a little butter and add a little cinnamon. no sugar needed! \u2022 jonathan apples are generally small to medium in size and dark to bright red. their flesh is yellowish - white, occasionally with red veins and they are crisp, tender, juicy, aromatic and moderately tart. jonathan apples are another all - purpose apple for cooking, baking or fresh eating. \u2022 mcintosh is a very popular variety that is shiny red in color and has a juicy, sweet, and slightly tart flavor, and is used as a snack or in salads and desserts. the peak time of year for its availability is from early fall to late winter. \u2022", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41228701269237744, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.659206"} {"text": "that is shiny red in color and has a juicy, sweet, and slightly tart flavor, and is used as a snack or in salads and desserts. the peak time of year for its availability is from early fall to late winter. \u2022 mutsu, also called crispin, is sweet, firm and crisp. it is good for sauce, pies and fresh eating. the mutsu is a japanese apple and can be substituted in recipes with the granny smith variety if mutsu are not available in your area. \u2022 red rome apples are referred to as the \" baker ' s buddy, \" this apple was discovered as a chance seedling in the early 1800s on a farm near rome township, ohio. famed for its storage qualities, this mildly tart apple is primarily used for cooking and is especially good baked or sauteed. the rome apple is typically available beginning in september. \u2022 winesap is the apple with old - fashioned flavor. winesap has a spicy almost wine - like flavor that makes it the cider maker ' s first choice. violet red in color, it ' s great as a snack and in salads. apple tasting and charting! bring in a large variety of apples. ( during peek season there are many - many! ) have the children taste them and see which one they like the best. with older kids you can chart and tally the results........ you can also do this with applesauce ( flavored vs. unflavored and also taste test cider vs. apple juice. apples snacks and recipes great for kids! apple theme of art, crafts, games, diversity, and more... apples from left to right are ~ granny smith, mcintosh, fugi, braeburn, gala, and golden delicious...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4070252319491349, "token_count": 366, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.660341"} {"text": "1. since the first slaves arrived from africa in 1619, there was a tremendous need for the protection and enforcement of a person ' s civil rights. 2. in 1808, congress bans the importation of slaves from africa. 3. in 1863, president lincoln issues the emancipation proclamation, declaring \" that all persons held as slaves \" within the confederate states \" are, and henceforward shall be free. \" 4. on may 17, 1954, the united states supreme court in brown v. board of education of topeka, kansas, declares that racial segregation in schools is unconstitutional. 5. on december 1, 1955, rosa parks refused to give up her seat at the front of the \" colored section \" of a bus to a white passenger. in response to her arrest montgomery ' s black community launched a successful year - long bus boycott. montgomery ' s buses were desegregated on dec. 21, 1956. 6. in early 1957, the southern christian leadership conference, a civil rights group, is established by martin luther king, charles k. steele, and fred l. shuttlesworth. 7. martin luther king is arrested and jailed during anti - segregation protests in birmingham, ala. he writes \" letter from birmingham jail, \" which advocated nonviolent civil disobedience. 8. on august 28, 1963, the march on washington for jobs and freedom is attended by about 250, 000 people, the largest demonstration ever seen in the nation ' s capital. martin luther king delivers his famous \" i have a dream \" speech. the march builds momentum for civil rights legislation. 9. on july 2, 1964, president johnson signed the civi rights act. this act was the most sweeping civil rights legislation since reconstruction. it prohibited any kind of discrimination based on race, religion, color, or national origin. 10. in november 2009, barack obama, an african - american senator from illinois, is voted in as the 44th president of the united states. on february 2, 2009, eric holder is elected in a vote of 75 to 21 as the first african - americna attorney general of the united states.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4300177672669409, "token_count": 430, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.663216"} {"text": "derived from the renowned multi - volume international encyclopaedia of laws, this concise exposition and analysis of the essential elements of law with regard to family relations, marital property, and succession to estates in india covers the legal rules and customs pertaining to the intertwined civic status of persons, the family, and property. after an informative general introduction, the book proceeds to an in - depth discussion of the sources and instruments of family and succession law, the authorities that adjudicate and administer the laws, and issues surrounding the person as a legal entity and the legal disposition of property among family members. such matters as nationality, domicile, and residence ; marriage, divorce, and cohabitation ; adoption and guardianship ; succession and inter vivos arrangements ; and the acquisition and administration of estates are all treated to a degree of depth that will prove useful in nearly any situation likely to arise in legal practice. the book is primarily designed to assist lawyers who find themselves having to apply rules of international private law or otherwise handling cases connected with india. it will also be of great value to students and practitioners as a quick guide and easy - to - use practical resource in the field, and especially to academicians and researchers engaged in comparative studies by providing the necessary, basic material of family and succession law. the author. list of abbreviations. preface. general introduction. selected bibliography. part i. person chapter 1. the status of a person. chapter 2. registration of civil status. chapter 3. personality right. chapter 4. names. chapter 5. nationality. chapter 6. domicile and residence. chapter 7. mentally handicapped persons. part ii. family law chapter 1. marriage. chapter 2. divorce. chapter 3. cohabitation without marriage. chapter 4. filiation. chapter 5. adoption. chapter 6. parental authority. chapter 7. guardianship. chapter 8. kinship and relationship of affinity. part iii. matrimonial property law chapter 1. rights and obligations of part iv. succession law introduction. chapter 1. intestate succession. chapter 2. testamentary succession. chapter 3. acts inter vivos related to the estate. chapter 4. acquisition and administration of the estate. list of enactments and rules. index of cases. general index", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5294668720722093, "token_count": 463, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.666678"} {"text": "by steve graham, networx it \u2019 s a shame to see rows of bagged fall leaves on trash day, even if homeowners use cute orange jack - o - lantern bags. there are so many beneficial uses for autumn leaves that are better than sending them to the landfill. granted, the leaves will break down fairly quickly in the landfill, but it \u2019 s still a waste. here are 10 better options for autumn leaves, along with an important warning. 1. make a garden path : this is perhaps the simplest way to use leaves, as they do not need to be shredded. mix whole leaves with gravel or wood chips to create a dry, weed - blocking path through garden spaces. 2. make mulch : shredded leaves are a perfect organic mulch. the leaves can limit weeds and help retain winter moisture. in mild climates, a bed of leaves can insulate some tender plants from winter \u2019 s chills. as the leaves break down, they will also add nutrients to the soil. be sure to shred the leaves, as whole leaves might block water and starve the plants. also don \u2019 t pile up the leaves against the plants. give them room to breathe, and limit leaf cover to a couple of inches. any more can be too much of a good thing. 3. mix leaves into the soil : if you don \u2019 t plan to maintain the vegetable garden or annual flowerbeds through winter, till shredded leaves into the garden. the decomposing leaves will add nutrients, boost the organic content, improve the soil structure and encourage earthworms and other beneficial creatures, leading to less work in the spring to prepare for another growing season. though the leaves will add nitrogen, experts also suggest adding some slow - release nitrogen fertilizers to hasten the decomposition of the leaves. 4. add to compost heap : if you are already composting, you can make an even more valuable soil amendment by adding shredded leaves to the compost bin or pile, as suggested by hgtv ' s kimberly lacy on hometalk. com, a home improvement social network. whole leaves work, but they will take longer to decompose. leaves add an important carbon - rich balance to food scraps and grass clippings. in the vernacular of composting, the leaves add good \u201c browns \u201d to the \u201c greens \u201d in the mix. if home composting seems stinky and daunting, you can also look for local companies or city departments that collect autumn leaves for large", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.3627461241931074, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.670751"} {"text": "of composting, the leaves add good \u201c browns \u201d to the \u201c greens \u201d in the mix. if home composting seems stinky and daunting, you can also look for local companies or city departments that collect autumn leaves for large - scale composting projects. 5. save for spring compost : if you are composting your autumn leaves, you may also consider saving a couple of bags of leaves. \u201c brown \u201d carbon - rich materials can be tough to find in the spring and summer, when you might be adding more fresh fruit scraps and grass clippings to the compost mix. dumping in some dried - out fall leaves can quickly provide some balance. 6. make lasagna ( for the garden ) : this is basically yet another way of composting the leaves. also known as sheet composting, lasagna gardening is a simple and effective way to transform a lawn or weed patch into a rich garden bed. start with cardboard or a few layers of newspaper. soak this layer, then pile on layers of \u201c browns \u201d and \u201c greens. \u201d alternate leaves and shredded newspaper ( browns ) with food scraps and grass clippings ( greens ). 7. make leaf mold : if you have more patience, you can create leaf mold, an extra rich type of compost, out of leaves and water. leaf mold retains water well, and is packed with beneficial fungi, as well as calcium and magnesium. however, be warned that leaf mold can take up to three years to make. simply pile leaves into a large bin, thoroughly wetting down the leaves. put a tarp or other cover over the bin and let fungi do their thing. mary robson of washington state university cooperative extension suggests that the bottom of the leaf pile will have decomposed into black leaf mold within six to 12 months, but the whole pile may take up to three years to break down.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3845866845467686, "token_count": 390, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.672987"} {"text": "a mineral formula to support healthy brain development, learning and concentration in children. children often have low levels of nutrients necessary for healthy development. studies have shown that some school children have low iodine levels, which may impair iq and school performance. features and benefits - contains iodine which is necessary for iq development - contains minerals necessary for school performance - no artificial sweeteners - tooth - friendly formula - great tasting, chewable, strawberry flavoured tablet - helps with the metabolism of omega - 3s - for best results, blackmores recommends that you use this product with kids fruity fishies\u2122 how it works the development of the brain continues throughout childhood and adolescence and requires a steady supply of many nutrients including essential minerals. mineral deficiencies are more common than is often believed and can negatively impact the development and function of the growing brain. iodine deficiency may be more common than most people realise. studies on the effects of iodine deficiency in children conclude that iodine deficiency can lower the iq of school - aged children by 13. 5 points. healthy iodine levels are required for iq development and school performance. iron is found in high levels in brain tissue, and has multiple roles in the function of neurotransmitters in the brain. low blood iron levels have been linked to poorer maths performance in a large, nationwide study of over 5, 000 american children. zinc helps to support concentration, reasoning and cognition in children. low levels of zinc may be linked with reduced reading ability. magnesium is highly concentrated in brain tissue and is required for proper nerve function. other nutrients have a vital role to play in the developing brain. vitamin b12 is required for proper nerve development. vitamin c, as well as assisting in iron absorption, is involved with the synthesis of neurotransmitters. zinc and vitamin b6 have a role in the metabolism of essential fatty acids including epa and dha which are found in fish oil. children 2 - 6 years - chew ( do not swallow whole ) 1 tablet a day with a meal, or as professionally prescribed. children 7 - 12 years - chew ( do not swallow whole ) 2 tablets a day with a meal, or as professionally prescribed. not suitable for children under 2 years. contraindications and cautions always read the label. use only as directed. active ingredients per tablet vitamin b6 ( pyridoxine hydrochloride ) vitamin b12 ( cyanocobalamin ) vitamin c ( ascorbic acid from calcium ascorbate dihydra", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.508582479325566, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.675914"} {"text": "for more information on kpfa ' s archiving policy go here : learn more. exploration is an hour long science program heard nationally on the ku national radio satellite the show features half - hour commentary and interviews with top scientists and environmentalists. | \u00ab previous month | explorations - april 25, 2006 at 2 : 00pm japanese scientists have spent two years drilling in the south pole to extract the oldest ice ever found on the surface of the earth. is eating red meat bad for the environment? david helvar, author... explorations - april 18, 2006 at 2 : 00pm the emerging crisis over iran and are we heading for a nuclear confrontation with the middle east? special guest dr. joel primack and nancy ellen abrams who jointly wrote a book about the origin of the universe and our place in it, discussing a explorations - april 11, 2006 at 2 : 00pm a startling united nations report claims that humans are causing the worst mass extinction of life on earth since the destruction of the dinosaurs. scientists believe that they have isolated the gene... explorations - april 4, 2006 at 2 : 00pm the melting of the glaciers of the planet and the effect that will cause sea levels to rise. is it possible to merge brain cells with silicon? dr. tom jones, former astronaut and author of a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4489216397931024, "token_count": 265, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.677276"} {"text": "information contained on this page is provided by companies via press release distributed through pr newswire, an independent third - party content provider. pr newswire, worldnow and this station make no warranties or representations in connection therewith. source kaiser permanente oakland, calif., feb. 27, 2013 / prnewswire / - - according to the centers for disease control and prevention, about 68 million people - 1 in 3 u. s. adults - have high blood pressure. also known as hypertension, high blood pressure can lead to a stroke or heart attack. as american heart month ends, kaiser permanente notes it ' s good for people to remember all year that high blood pressure is preventable and controllable. kaiser permanente is recognized as a national leader in reducing and preventing heart attacks and strokes. kaiser permanente colorado was recently hailed as a 2012 million hearts\u2122 hypertension control champion. in northern california, 87 percent of kaiser permanente members have their hypertension under control, while nationally, only 46 percent of people with hypertension have it under control. joseph young, md, a kaiser permanente internal medicine physician and the clinical hypertension lead with the permanente medical group, answers a few questions and offers advice on how to keep your blood pressure in check. can you give us a quick ' blood pressure 101 '? blood pressure is just the pressure of blood flowing inside the body ' s blood vessels. the top number is the pressure when the heart pumps at its peak. the bottom number is the pressure when the heart is relaxing and filling back up with blood. an ideal blood pressure is 119 / 79 or lower. a top number between 120 and 139 or a bottom number between 80 and 89 is called ' prehypertension. ' what is high blood pressure? if your blood pressure is 140 / 90 or higher, you have high blood pressure, also known as hypertension. as an aside, in a healthy, active person, what might seem like low blood pressure is often normal. in the united states, 29 percent of the adult population, or roughly 70 million people, has high blood pressure. being overweight, lack of physical activity, too much salt or alcohol, stress, older age, genetics and family history, and various diseases all can contribute to high blood pressure. the good news is that it is easy to treat high blood pressure with a healthy lifestyle and a number of well - tolerated, once - daily medications. what are the main guidelines for healthy practices that can reduce risk? regular physical activity", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4683547913357883, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.683847"} {"text": "high blood pressure. the good news is that it is easy to treat high blood pressure with a healthy lifestyle and a number of well - tolerated, once - daily medications. what are the main guidelines for healthy practices that can reduce risk? regular physical activity is very important and helps to lower blood pressure. pick something you enjoy - that will make it easier to stick with it. and it doesn ' t have to be fancy. you could just walk briskly at least 150 minutes a week, for example. limit salt intake, too, because salt causes fluid retention, which increases blood pressure. many people don ' t realize that most salt doesn ' t come out of a salt shaker ; it ' s from processed and restaurant food. so, cook with unprocessed fresh fruits, vegetables and lean sources of protein at home, and limit how often you eat out to no more than one to two times a week. don ' t drink too much alcohol. if you smoke, quitting is the most important thing above anything else that you could do for your overall health. smoking does not increase blood pressure, but smoking combined with high blood pressure or with any other risk factor is especially dangerous. what is the role of medication with high blood pressure? medications are very important for most people with high blood pressure. the medications we ' ve used to treat high blood pressure have been around for decades. what has changed is how we use them. over time we ' ve learned that combining medications in low doses works best and causes the fewest side effects. today, most people with high blood pressure who need medications can control their condition with a once - a - day regimen with minor to no side effects. do you have any parting words of advice? high blood pressure in and of itself is just a number. we care about it because we know if the number is high, there is an increased risk of stroke, heart problems and kidney problems. even more important is the fact that we know that lowering blood pressure when it is high greatly reduces those risks. if you have high blood pressure, have it checked regularly and have frequent adjustments made in your treatment regimen until it ' s well controlled. if you don ' t have a history of high blood pressure, it ' s still best to have your blood pressure checked every two years. kaiser permanente ' s commitment to reduce hypertension, strokes and heart attacks historically, hypertension has disproportionately affected african americans. research shows that african americans develop high blood pressure more often, and at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.419571158963857, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.685768"} {"text": "pressure checked every two years. kaiser permanente ' s commitment to reduce hypertension, strokes and heart attacks historically, hypertension has disproportionately affected african americans. research shows that african americans develop high blood pressure more often, and at an earlier age, than whites and latinos. kaiser permanente is committed to eliminating this disparity. kaiser permanente northern california is a leader in reducing heart attacks within its large, ethnically diverse population. kaiser permanente ' s successful approach was featured in a study in the new england journal of medicine in 2010. as mentioned earlier, kaiser permanente colorado was recognized by the u. s. department of health and human services for sharply increasing its hypertension control rate among members from 61 percent to 82. 6 percent over three years. the video below explains what made kaiser permanente a 2012 million hearts\u2122 hypertension control champion. * for questions or advice about a specific condition, always consult with your physician. about kaiser permanente kaiser permanente is committed to helping shape the future of health care. we are recognized as one of america ' s leading health care providers and not - for - profit health plans. founded in 1945, our mission is to provide high - quality, affordable health care services and to improve the health of our members and the communities we serve. we currently serve more than 9 million members in nine states and the district of columbia. care for members and patients is focused on their total health and guided by their personal physicians, specialists and team of caregivers. our expert and caring medical teams are empowered and supported by industry - leading technology advances and tools for health promotion, disease prevention, state - of - the - art care delivery and world - class chronic disease management. kaiser permanente is dedicated to care innovations, clinical research, health education and the support of community health. for more information, go to : kp. org / newscenter. thursday, may 23 2013 2 : 59 am edt2013 - 05 - 23 06 : 59 : 26 gmt reno aces release 5 / 22 / 2013 lhp tyler skaggs dealt his team - leading sixth quality start of the season on wednesday night, as the reno aces won 6 - 2 over the round rock express at the dell diamond. skaggsmore > > tyler skaggs dealt his team - leading sixth quality start of the season on wednesday night. more > >", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.45908108715536844, "token_count": 483, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.687983"} {"text": "ancient greece, ancient greece pictures, ancient greece photos, ancient greece images, ancient greece maps, greece foods the ancient greece ( mainly the athenians ) were a singular people. they deemed that individuals ought to be free once they acted inside the laws of greece. this allowed them the opportunity to score well in any direction they chose. individuality, on the grounds that the greeks viewed it, was the basis with their society. the ability to shoot for excellence, no matter what the challenge, was what the athenians so dearly supported. this shoot for excellence was the method from which they achieved such phenomenal accomplishments. these accomplishments astound us to this day. additionally, they supported the balance of mind and body. although a lot of of which strove being soldiers and athletes, others ventured into philosophy, drama, pottery along with the arts. the two most important concepts that the ancient greeks followed put together inscribed about the great shrine of delphi, which read \u201c nothing in excess \u201d and \u201c know thyself \u201d. this philosophy greatly affected the greek civilization. athens was the mental center of greece. it was one of the first city - states of its time, and is still world renowned as the most well - known cities on the globe. it was named after athena, the goddess of wisdom as well as city \u2019 s patron. in 508 bc, athens became among the initial societies in history to establish democracy. democracy originated from the greek words, demos, meaning people, and kratein, meaning to rule. this form of government was used within a meeting place that the greeks known as the assembly. here the individuals of athens met monthly and reviewed the affairs of state. there have been no decisions made by govt without first asking the assembly. ancient greece map the state of greece is located in southeastern europe, on the southern end from the balkanic peninsula. greece is encircled about the north by bulgaria, the fyrom and albania ; to the west from the ionian sea ; towards the south through the mediterranean sea and the east with the aegean sea. the state ranges somewhere around in latitude from 35\u00b000 \u2032 n to 42\u00b000 \u2032 n and longitude from 19\u00b000 \u2032 e to 28\u00b030 \u2032 e. consequently, it has substantial weather variation, as discussed below. ancient greece map, ancient greek map, ancient greece maps for kids, ancient greece map athens, greeks cities the country includes a large landmass ; the peloponnese, a peninsula connected to the mainland by the isthmus of co", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48073933701111166, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.753280"} {"text": ". ancient greece map, ancient greek map, ancient greece maps for kids, ancient greece map athens, greeks cities the country includes a large landmass ; the peloponnese, a peninsula connected to the mainland by the isthmus of corinth ; and around 3000 islands, including crete, rhodes, corfu, the dodecanese and the cyclades. greece has 15000 km \u2019 s ( 9300 miles ) of coastline. 80 % of greece is mountainous, and also the country is likely one of the most mountainous countries of europe. western greece contains lakes and wetlands. the pindus mountains lie from the country \u2019 s center, by having an average elevation of 2650 m. they continue because the islands of kythera, antikythera and result in the islands of crete and rhodes. ancient greece religion historic ancient greek faith was polytheistic, significance that there were many gods and actresses. there was a structure of deities, with zeus, the master of the gods, having a stage of management over all the others. each deity usually had dominion over a certain element of dynamics, for example, poseidon determined over the sea and artemis determined over the celestial satellite. other deities determined over an summary idea, for example aphrodite was the goddess of really like. some gods were also particularly associated with a certain town. in particular, athena was associated with the town of athens, apollo with delphi and delos, zeus with olympia, and artemis with ephesus. whilst being underworld, the gods were not all highly effective. they had to respect luck, which overrided all. in particular, in mythology, it was odysseus \u2018 luck to go back house to ithaca after the trojan viruses war, and the gods could only expand his voyage and create it tougher for him, but they could not end him. the most highly effective gods were known as the olympians, of which there were 12. they were considered to stay at the top of support olympus. the 12 deities were zeus, god of magic and the sky, hera, goddess of the loved ones, poseiden, god of the sea, demeter, goddess of the soil and bounty, ares, god of war, hermes, god of business, hephaestus, god of metalcraft, aphrodite, goddess of affection, athena, goddess of people, artemis, goddess of the celestial satellite, hestia, goddess of the house, and apollo, god of lumination", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4694564893210494, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.759165"} {"text": "hephaestus, god of metalcraft, aphrodite, goddess of affection, athena, goddess of people, artemis, goddess of the celestial satellite, hestia, goddess of the house, and apollo, god of lumination. though there were also many other essential \u2018 lesser \u2019 dieties, such as dionysis, the god of wines, and asclepius, the god of remedies. ancient greece religions, ancient greece gods, ancient greek gods and goddesses, ancient greek images towards the end of the established age and during the hellenistic age, a variety of historic greek philosophers started to concern the conventional mythologies of their forefathers and provide substitute hypotheses to the source of the galaxy. aristotle ( 384 bc \u2013 322 bc ) postulated the everyday living of 1 substantial being usually known in his publication metaphysics as the \u201c prime mover \u201d or the \u201c unmoved mover \u201d, though whether he meant to mean that the \u201c prime mover \u201d was really a aware being or a power of dynamics is start to decryption. ancient greece government pericles was the best choice of athens for thirty years. he wasn \u2019 t a monarch or despot. the people of athens elected him year after year. he declared that athens was a democracy. in athens, power was \u201c in the hands of several as opposed to the few. \u201d pericles was correct about stating that athens would have been a democracy after that. compared to other ancient governments, athens was democratic, nevertheless it won \u2019 t seem that way today. when he spoke of government from the people, he needs said government through the citizens. citizens had more rights in greeks cities than any of the others. they could do just about anything they desired to do. they could own property, indulge in politics additionally, the law. most in the men in greece were citizens, but women, slaves, and foreigners would not be. in sparta only rich men were citizens. citizenship was being a family. it trusted birth. only kids of citizens could be citizens them selves. children that lived in athens all of their lives are not citizens if their parents originated other places. athens seems undemocratic to us because women didn \u2019 t have voice in government. ancient greece government, ancient greece government buildings, ancient greece politics government, ancient greece democracy, ancient greece government pictures slaves were normally captured prisoners of wars. they were sold to individuals and whoever bought them owned them. some slaves lived good lives with their owners.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47479323554496333, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.763921"} {"text": "greece government, ancient greece government buildings, ancient greece politics government, ancient greece democracy, ancient greece government pictures slaves were normally captured prisoners of wars. they were sold to individuals and whoever bought them owned them. some slaves lived good lives with their owners. others lived in terrible conditions or toiled in mines until death. unlike slaves in america, slaves in greece got paid and in case they saved their funds they might be capable to buy their own freedom. athens \u2019 growing power startled sparta. war broke out between sparta and athens in 413 b. c. even though athens was powerful at sea, sparta was more powerful on land. for this reason, this war, referred to as the peloponnesian war, has been called a fight involving the elephant along with the whale. both sparta and athens attemptedto get support from the persians in the course of the pelopenesian war. the persian were thrilled to see greeks fighting both and supported sparta with money for ships. as soon as sparta shaped a fleet, they defeated the athenians in 405 b. c. the end of your pelopennesian war didn \u2019 t mean a long duration of peace in greece. arguments and quarrels still thorough among for an additional 50 years. ancient greece clothing ancient greek clothing was sometimes homemade and the same piece of homespun fabric that \u2019 s used as a type of garment, or blanket. from greek vase pictures and sculptures, you can tell the fabrics were bitterly colored and usually decorated with elaborate designs. clothing for men and women contains two main garments - a tunic ( the peplos or chiton ) as well as a cloak ( himation ). the peplos would be a large rectangle of heavy fabric, usually wool, folded over over the upper edge so your over fold ( apoptygma ) would reach to your waist. it was placed throughout the body and fastened at the shoulders with a pin or brooch. there were armholes were on each side, and the open side on the garment was either left that way, or pinned or sewn to create a seam. ancient greek clothing, ancient greece clothing for men, ancient greece clothing for women the chiton was made of a much lighter material, normally linen. it was obviously a very long and incredibly wide rectangle of cloth sewn up at the sides, pinned or sewn with the shoulders, and frequently girded round the waist. usually the chiton was wide enough to allow for sleeves which are fastened along the upper arms with pins or buttons. the peplos", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44237699662087543, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.766167"} {"text": "sewn up at the sides, pinned or sewn with the shoulders, and frequently girded round the waist. usually the chiton was wide enough to allow for sleeves which are fastened along the upper arms with pins or buttons. the peplos and chiton were floor - length garments that were usually enough time to be stopped the belt, making a pouch known as a kolpos. under either garment, a girl may need worn a soft band, known as a strophion, throughout the mid - section on the body. men in ancient greece typically wore a chiton just like the one worn by women, but knee - length or shorter. an exomis ( a quick chiton fastened on the left shoulder ) was worn for exercise, horse riding, or hard labor. the himation ( cloak ) worn by men and women was in essence a rectangular piece of heavy fabric, either woolen or linen. it was draped diagonally over one shoulder or symmetrically over both shoulders, like a stole. women sometimes wore an epiblema ( shawl ) on the peplos or chiton. teenagers often wore a chlamys ( short cloak ) for riding. greek men often wore a broad - brimmed hat ( petasos ), and also on rare occasions, greek women put on a flat - brimmed one which has a high peaked crown. ancient greece olympics the first noted olympic games took location in olympia, in the wonderful location of elias, in 776 bc. there is proof however, to aid the state that the games had been developing a lot previously than 776 bc, but these were not as sorted or used every four decades, as the 776 bc games had been. the name of each olympiad was known as after the competition of the arena competition, which was the most popular of all the activities. the first olympiad was known as koroibos of elias, as he was the success of the arena competition in 776 bc. olympia was, and still is, a wonderful location, and many temples or wats and sculptures were designed. these were all designed in commitment to zeus, the dad of all gods. olympia also became a hub for faith in the mycenaean interval. the temples or wats that were designed in olympia were all for a purpose, and were of significance. the brow of zeus, had as its centerpiece, a precious metal and cream color sculpture of zeus. status at about 12 measures in size, the sculpture was very amazing. ancient greece olympics", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4354317436808712, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.778332"} {"text": "olympia were all for a purpose, and were of significance. the brow of zeus, had as its centerpiece, a precious metal and cream color sculpture of zeus. status at about 12 measures in size, the sculpture was very amazing. ancient greece olympics, ancient greece olympics symbol, ancient greece olympic stadium, ancient greece olympic events the sculpture, created by phidias, was seen as one of the seven like a charm of the historic community. also near to the brow of zeus, was the outrageous olive shrub from which the wreath caps were created and offered to the victors of the activities. star has it, this shrub was placed by herakles ( hercules ). in the starting, the games contains only one occurrence, the managing of the arena, and survived for just one day. however, towards the 5th millennium, the games were prolonged to five times, and more activities were also included. from 729 bc the contributors of the games had to contend in the unclothed to avoid any being disloyal, and also in the attention of protection. formerly, only greeks created men, who had not dedicated homicide or heresy, where granted to take aspect in the games. however, later on, romans were also authorized to take aspect. females were unacceptable to contend, and were even suspended from coming into the arena to enjoy the games. ancient greek food the ancient greeks had rather weird and uncommon ideas about their meals. all the meals in ancient greece revolved around their religious beliefs and philosophical theories. the greeks never consumed the meat of a domesticated animal, as they considered it to be barbaric. the only meat that was consumed was that of the animals that were either first scarified to god, or were hunted in the wild. the greeks also never consumed milk in its raw form. the milk was first processed into normal cheese or cottage cheese and then consumed. in the ancient greek food facts, it is often seen that the greeks never consumed anything that was a part of the barbarian, nomads and the non - greek diets. the eating pattern of the ancient greeks was also a bit different. the first meal of the day was the breakfast, that was eaten early in the morning. large amounts of bread, vegetables and soups were used in this meal. the second meal was an early lunch, where again bread and vegetables were occasionally accompanied by meat or fish. cheese and olives were used in generous quantities in these meals. the supper that was relished in the evening itself, was the main meal of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46211649434175417, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.781871"} {"text": "second meal was an early lunch, where again bread and vegetables were occasionally accompanied by meat or fish. cheese and olives were used in generous quantities in these meals. the supper that was relished in the evening itself, was the main meal of the day. a majority of times, the supper consisted of many different fruits, vegetables, wines and bread. the following are some of the prominent ancient greek food ingredients. ancient greece food, ancient greece food and drink, reek mythology, historic greek, ancient greek figures although greatly affected by other historic countries over the decades, historic ancient greek meals, and basic baking methods have changed very little over time. ancient greeks treated refreshments as a kind of art form, and the cooks of the day were very much well known. typical historic ancient greek baking requirements are bread, olives, olive oil, figs, local natural cheese, created from the take advantage of of local domestic farm animals, such as goat \u2019 s which are in large quantity and easily kept on the hilly and difficult environment. ancient ancient greek foods lemonssheep and hogs are kept by local farm owners too. chicken is left to walk in peace and the natural egg are fresh and delightful. local bottles of wine created from the local fruit which are produced, including ouzo, an aniseed type heart which gardening years have improved the formulas over decades, and vegetables which have been produced from the ground of local areas and almost all are naturally produced without the use of bug sprays. included in these historic ancient greek meals requirements are local within a and delightful fish, caught in the ocean surrounding landmass portugal and the individual islands. incoming search terms :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.432206208363717, "token_count": 338, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.783248"} {"text": "labrador iron mines investors & media iron ore products & markets iron ore is the raw material required to make pig iron, which is the primary ( 98 % ) raw material used to make steel. pure iron ore is virtually unknown on the surface of the earth except as fe - ni alloys from meteorites and very rare forms of deep mantle xenoliths. therefore, all sources of iron used in industry exploit iron oxide minerals, one of the primary forms of which is hematite. world resources of iron ore are estimated to exceed 800 billion tonnes of crude ore containing more than 230 billion tonnes of iron, implying an average iron content of 28. 75 %. iron ore consists of oxygen and iron atoms bonded together to form the iron - oxide molecule and needs to have the oxygen removed through smelting to create a purer iron product. during this process, the iron ore is heated to extreme temperatures in blast furnaces where lump ore is more stable and therefore preferred. by comparison, iron fines must be sintered before charging to the furnace. the premium associated with lump ore has persisted historically, reflecting the approximate costs required to sinter iron fines, the availability of furnaces required and other benefits including ease of transportation. canada produces over 30 million tonnes of iron ore annually, most of which is exported, placing canada well in the top ten largest exporters of iron ore globally. canadian produced iron ore is generally recognized as being of a high quality and is sought after by steelmakers globally. since 1999, nearly all of canada ' s iron ore production has come from the labrador trough region in labrador and quebec. as lim ' s project is located near current iron ore producers, the company has been able to capitalize on the existing industry related infrastructure facilitating export of its product to the leading importers of canadian iron ore. marketing - iron ore markets since operations commenced at the james mine in june 2011, 100 % of lim ' s production has been sold to the iron ore company of canada ( \" ioc \" ). lim ' s iron ore product was then resold in china by ioc, through its rio tinto marketing organization. during 2011 and 2012, lim sold 13 capesize shipments of iron ore, for a total of approximately 2 million tonnes. in may 2013, lim announced a new two - year iron ore sales agreement with ioc for the sale of all of lim ' s iron ore production for the next two calendar years, 2013 and 2014. at the same time, lim also announced that it has entered into an off - take financing agreement with rb", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48688509798008217, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.795456"} {"text": "iron ore sales agreement with ioc for the sale of all of lim ' s iron ore production for the next two calendar years, 2013 and 2014. at the same time, lim also announced that it has entered into an off - take financing agreement with rb metalloyd limited ( \" rbm \" ) for future sales of a minimum of 3. 5 million tonnes of iron ore during 2013 and 2014. more information on the sales agreement with ioc and the off - take financing agreement with rb metalloyd can be found in lim ' s press release dated may 14, 2013 in our press release section. for future operating seasons beyond 2014, lim will continue to review its options for marketing its iron ore product and evaluate the optimum route to achieve these sales, while still maintaining maximum flexibility and independence. marketing discussions will also continue with potential customers or commodity traders, both in europe and in asia. chinese consumers, in particular, are showing an increasing interest in seeking iron ore from canada, driven by continued strong demand and a desire to diversify from their traditional sources of supply. canadian iron ore is generally regarded favorably on world markets with its relatively high iron grades and low levels of deleterious elements. iron ore types the major rock types mined for the production of metallic iron are : massive hematite, pisolitic goethite / limonite, which provide a \" high - grade \" ore, and banded metasedimentary ironstone, magnetite - rich metasomatite, to a much lesser degree, rocks rich in siderite, rocks rich in chamosite which provide a \" low - grade \" ore. the world ' s resources are dominated by low - grade ore. currently most of the high grade iron ore mined in the world comes from large deposits of massive hematite rock formed by the in situ enrichment of a protore already enriched in iron, most commonly a banded iron formation ( bif ). another type of high - grade deposit is pisolitic limonite / goethite ore formed in ancient river channels. one of the primary forms of iron ore is hematite, or iron oxide ( fe2o3 ). hematite has in the past been referred to as natural ore because certain hematite ores contain up to 69 % iron and can be directly fed into blast furnaces in the steel milling process. hematite ore also lends itself to the beneficiation process unlike lower grade magnetite, and is therefore mined as direct shipping ore. all of lim '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46200007027540535, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.797023"} {"text": "iron and can be directly fed into blast furnaces in the steel milling process. hematite ore also lends itself to the beneficiation process unlike lower grade magnetite, and is therefore mined as direct shipping ore. all of lim ' s deposits are of the high grade hematite variety grading from 56 % to as much as 69 % iron content ( or pure hematite ) the consensus model for the formation of massive hematite ore is enrichment by the passage of fluids, which remove the non - iron - bearing minerals ( dominantly chert ), and to a much lesser extent add iron minerals. there are several variants of this model with the most accepted being enrichment by supergene processes. recent models suggest enrichment by mass sideways and upward migration of dominantly superheated meteoric waters perhaps with a minor magmatic component. historically high - grade ore has provided direct feed to smelters either as a raw lump or fines, also in a processed form such as sinter or pellets. during the smelting process, the iron ore is heated to extreme temperatures in blast furnaces where lump ore is more stable and therefore preferred. by comparison, iron fines must be sintered ( hence sinter feed ) before charging to the furnace. fines are roasted on a conveyor oven with coke and limestone to produce sinter. the premium associated with lump ore has persisted historically, reflecting the approximate costs required to sinter iron fines, the availability of furnaces and other benefits including ease of transportation. labrador iron mines expects its lump composition to account for approximately one - quarter of ore produced. low - grade ore is a term applied to iron - rich rocks with cut - off grades in the range of 25 - 30 % fe. it was the main supply of iron ore for many centuries of the world ' s early history of production of iron. since the 1950 ' s north america ' s main supply has been low - grade ore. the dominant economic iron mineral in low - grade ore is magnetite. the ore may be beneficiated by a process known as wet - magnetic separation, being an initial fine grinding then passed of the fines over drum magnets to separate out magnetite to produce a high - grade concentrate. this concentrate may be agglomerated into 1 cm pellets and baked to produce a high grade feed for blast furnaces. although iron has many specific uses ( pipes, fittings, engine blocks ), its main use is in the production of steel. steel has several desirable properties", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5026778570055301, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.799143"} {"text": "into 1 cm pellets and baked to produce a high grade feed for blast furnaces. although iron has many specific uses ( pipes, fittings, engine blocks ), its main use is in the production of steel. steel has several desirable properties, making it the main structural metal in engineering and building projects and accounts for 90 % of all metal used each year. almost all of the iron ore that is mined globally is used for making steel. raw iron by itself is not as strong and durable as needed for construction and other purposes. so raw iron is alloyed with a variety of elements ( such as tungsten, manganese, nickel, vanadium, chromium ) to strengthen and harden it, making useful steel for construction, automobiles, and other forms of transportation such as trucks, trains and train tracks. while the other uses for iron ore and iron are only a very small amount of the consumption, they provide excellent examples of the ingenuity and the multitude of uses that man can create from our natural resources. for example, iron is essential to animal life and necessary for the health of plants. the human body is 0. 006 % iron, the majority of which is in the blood. blood cells rich in iron carry oxygen from the lungs to all parts of the body. lack of iron also lowers a person ' s resistance to infection. steel requirement falls into two basic sectors, the mass market and the high - end market. developing nations would mostly derive demand from mass products, which would be addressed by the expanding steel production and trade volumes. on the other hand, the high - end market inclusive of the automobile industry would require better product and performance quality from the steel industry. in addition, increasing industry consolidation, backward integration and cost of raw materials is expected to have a stabilizing affect on steel prices.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4732287952063581, "token_count": 370, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.800065"} {"text": "types of insulin the body naturally makes different amounts of insulin at different times. smaller, steady amounts are produced between meals and overnight ( sometimes called \" basal \" or \" background \" insulin ). larger amounts are produced when you eat ( sometimes called \" bolus \" or \" mealtime \" insulin ). together, they manage your blood sugar ( glucose ) all day. because you can ' t make insulin or don ' t make enough for your body ' s needs when you have diabetes, you probably will need to use more than one type of manufactured insulin to get the same effect. these different types of insulin work at different rates and for different amounts of time. here are more details about the different types of insulin available : - basal insulins : basal insulins include intermediate - acting and longer - acting insulins. these start more slowly and last longer than mealtime insulins. your doctor usually recommends you take basal insulin once or twice a day. - mealtime insulins : mealtime insulins include rapid - acting and short - acting insulins. rapid - acting insulin starts very quickly and works for the shortest time. short - acting insulin starts more slowly and works longer than rapid - acting insulin. - mixture insulins : mixture insulins contain a mix of both basal and mealtime insulins in one solution. they can help manage your blood sugar at meals, between meals, and even at night, depending on your treatment plan.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45781212094983176, "token_count": 288, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.801750"} {"text": "[ see all lionnet articles wireless computer networks use radio signals to carry information from laptops, phones, and other wireless devices to \" access points \" where the signals enter a wired network. radio signals are radiated in all directions. this allows laptops to move around and still connected or remaind connected to the access points, but it also signals from one laptop to be received by other wireless devices. information carried by the wireless signals can be captured by others. the answer to bad actors capturing our information is to encrypt that information while it travels over the wireless signals. encyption encodes information with a special key and makes it very very difficult to decode. although it is not impossible, the computing effort and time it would take to decde encrypted information makes it not worth the effort. the lionnet uses \" wi - fi protected access \" ( wpa ), a very strong encryption algorithm for traffic. one final element of security in lionnet is the requirement that users of the network be known to the university. students, faculty, and staff use their active directory userids and passwords to log in to the student and employee networks within lionnet. these are the same userids and passwords used to log in to the network or to check email. visitors have a special method of identifying themsleves and accessing the visitor ' s network within lionnet. the existing insecure lu _ wireless network will be phased out. until then please understand that it is not a secure network.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5823492082269768, "token_count": 307, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.803525"} {"text": "types of attacks your computer may suffer from on the net if you surf the internet on a regular basis, then you must realize that your computer gets exposed to a variety of threats from the internet. viruses, spyware, worms, and malware, everything is waiting to skim through your pc, scanning its contents and altering its components. even more dangerous are hackers, who primarily target the sensitive data stored in your pc, including your e - mail passwords, and most importantly, your credit card numbers that you may provide to secure websites when purchasing something through online stores. let us look into these threats individually : - viruses \u2013 computer viruses have always been the cause for alarm among pc users. viruses work in different ways ; some can slow down your pc to a crawl, others can wipe out data from your hard drive, corrupt system files and generally wreck havoc on your pc. viruses are very dangerous, and you should always install some good antivirus software on your pc and keep it updated regularly. scan your pc with this regularly to make sure that it is free from viruses and if not, learn how to find out which virus is on your computer. - worms \u2013 these are not anywhere near viruses in danger factor, but can be pretty annoying. these malicious bits of software can stay resident in the memory, thereby slowing down your pc, sapping away ram, interfering with the speed of your internet connection, and what not. what \u2019 s worse is that these often have a nasty habit of sending e - mails to every contact in your address book. not a good thing. however, a good quality antivirus will be able to keep most worms at bay. - spyware \u2013 these are small bits of malicious software that usually infiltrate your pc through certain websites. these usually get installed without user intervention, which means that you will not even know when your pc is getting infected by a spyware, unless you receive a intrusion warning message from your antivirus or firewall. spywares can be dangerous when these enter your pc, because these can act as keyloggers, tapping into your key presses and sending information about those through the internet to the people who created the spyware in the first place. - malware \u2013 these are similar to spyware, in that these often have similar ways of working. the main difference is that these usually pose a very innocent face up front, so in most cases, you will be installing these programs inadvertently in your pc. your pc has to withstand many attacks in the form of one or more of these", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47883548374870327, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.808582"} {"text": "is modern society ruining childhood? if a carefree childhood is a goal, western society seems to be failing miserably. and the media isn ' t helping, some suggest. a trio of new surveys indicates kids are worried about modern problems and fearing things that weren ' t even in youngsters ' vocabularies in generations past. and an alarming number appear to be bored to death. a survey of 500 u. s. children aged 6 to 11 found that one - third fear earth won ' t exist when they grow up. and 56 percent believe the planet will not be as good a place to live. ( the truth : earth may indeed become less hospitable in the next few decades as the climate warms and seas rise, but barring a surprise cosmic catastrophe \u2014 with odds that are astronomically long \u2014 the planet will be around for a few billion years. feel free to share that with your kids. ) the study was conducted by opinion research for habitat heroes, an environmental charity, and a report on it by treehugger. com has been widely cited. it should be noted that the findings suggest the questions had an environmental bent that might have influenced the answers in a manner that is not representative of kids in general. that said, other results from the survey : - 50 percent of the kids said hurricanes and tornadoes are the natural disasters that scare them most. - 28 percent said they fear extinction of animals, such as polar bears and penguins. - the overall worries were most profound among black and hispanic children. - girls worry more than boys, and urban kids worry more than those in suburbia. the habitat heroes press release on the survey asks a worthy question : \" has all of the attention on saving the planet these days actually created more anxiety about the state of the earth for our children? \" few are carefree a separate study of uk children, also announced this week, found only 11 percent are carefree, or free from worry. the research, which involved interviews with 200, 000 children aged 6 to 14 and 18, 000 of their teachers, did find 82 percent are happy most of the time. girls are slightly happier than boys. but 51 percent of the uk kids worry about their parents divorcing or arguing, and more than half also worry about violence and street crime. \u201c children \u2019 s well - being should be the top concern of any society, and a good measure of well - being is how safe children feel and how happy and fulfilled they feel, \u201d said study leader karen pine of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4226998377501394, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.816182"} {"text": "violence and street crime. \u201c children \u2019 s well - being should be the top concern of any society, and a good measure of well - being is how safe children feel and how happy and fulfilled they feel, \u201d said study leader karen pine of the university of hertfordshire. \u201c i find it surprising that over half of the children surveyed worry about their parents arguing or divorcing. this shows how, when marriages are going through difficulties, children are more often aware than many parents might think they are. \" ( a three - year - long study published last fall in the journal child development found that young grade - school children who worry about how their parents are getting along do worse in school and are more likely to have psychological problems. ) the biggest factor for unhappiness among uk children, according to the researchers : boredom, cited by 74 percent. \u201c the children have told us that boredom is the biggest downer, along with adults who expect too much of them and having to work too hard, \" said robert hart, whose firm intuitive media research services conducted the survey. \" children want more freedom to play, relax, pursue their hobbies and be creative. \" in previous generations, it was not uncommon for young children to be shielded from many of the world ' s problems. be that good or bad, those days are largely gone. another study announced over the weekend found 61 percent of british children say they have been affected by the recession. the study of 9 - to 12 - year - olds also found 14 percent fear getting stabbed or shot. these studies all come on the heels of a newly presented theory that children \u2014 and adults \u2014 need to play more. society depends on play, the thinking goes, and we ' ve gotten away from it. our early ancestors were good at it, the theory ' s proponent says. another kids - related idea presented this month \u2014 perhaps the most fleshed out research of any discussed in this article \u2014 suggests that children and adults need to spend more time with nature, a communion that is good for our brains. playing outside vs. playing a video game gives the mind a much - needed rest, the researchers argue, by letting our brain sense things it is naturally attuned to. the big question on my mind : does any of this indicate that childhood is truly changing, that the shift in play from outdoors and make - believe to long hours at day care, the increasingly unavoidable news reports about impending apocalypse, the availability of electronic games and online social networking \u2014 that all of this is making", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47063214022380095, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.817800"} {"text": "by kristina penny new school of public health graduate hellen ndiku, drph ( 2009 ), went to kenya to research differences between the nutritional value of two different grains consumed in a specific region. while there, she made an unexpected discovery : girls in the region seemed to be receiving significantly less nutrition than boys. \" we didn \u2019 t worry just if the boys ate more. our nutrition indices state whether they \u2019 re healthy or not healthy. when they ate more, it was translating into better health, and the boys were better nourished, \" she says. this came as a surprise to dr. ndiku, even though she was born and raised in a kenyan village similar to the ones she was studying and knew the disadvantages girls often face in the country. \" they believe, whatever they \u2019 re given, that \u2019 s what their share should be, \" says dr. ndiku. yet, dr. ndiku hadn \u2019 t suspected the nutrition statistics to be quite so drastic. weight - for - age, girls 5 years of age and younger were 17. 5 percent more likely to be malnourished. dr. ndiku conducted the research project as part of her dissertation requirements for the sph \u2019 s doctorate in nutrition. she chose to research and compare the difference between the traditionally grown pearl millet against a more recently introduced grain, corn, to see which one supported better nutrition in the region. as a child, she remembered eating pearl millet but recalled it getting scarcer and scarcer as corn was introduced. \" the last time i had seen it, i was in grade one and 7 years old. since then, it has been disappearing from our village, \" says dr. ndiku. \" but it never left my mind, and my grandmother kept talking about it, how good and nutritious it was, so i really wanted to find out. \" dr. ndiku discovered that there were still regions that produced pearl millet in bulk and decided to study eight villages consuming mainly pearl millet and eight consuming mainly corn within the same district. making two four - month trips, she recruited and trained four research assistants from the area to help her weigh and measure the children and conduct questionnaires about their daily food consumption. \" it \u2019 s true that in the region where they use the traditional cereal, they have higher average energy intake than the area where they use corn, and get better nutrition, \" says dr. ndiku. her study reports that children from the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4505245609038307, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.826301"} {"text": "\" it \u2019 s true that in the region where they use the traditional cereal, they have higher average energy intake than the area where they use corn, and get better nutrition, \" says dr. ndiku. her study reports that children from the pearl - millet - growing region consumed 15 percent more energy than those from the corn - growing region and also received more protein, iron, and vitamin a. in addition, she says pearl millet is more hardy than corn, able to survive drought better, and requires less labor. but dr. ndiku found the difference between the nutritional health of boys and girls under 5 years old to be far more interesting data than the comparison of different types of grain. in kenya, girls are neglected in many cultural issues, including educational and career opportunities. \" but i didn \u2019 t know that they also were [ neglected ] in nutritional issues, \" says dr. ndiku. \" that was a shock to me. \" dr. ndiku was born and raised in the same region in kenya where she conducted the research project. neither of her parents ever attended school nor learned how to read or write, but she remembers the constant encouragement of her father. \" i had two brothers, and he didn \u2019 t see any difference between them and myself, \" she says. \" he told me, \u2018 compete with them. you can make it. \u2019 that \u2019 s what motivated me. \" her uncle, who came to study in the united states the year she was born, reminded her that there was more to education than elementary school. he came back to kenya and even helped pay her tuition for high school. this motivated her even further, she says. \" i believe that god can lead in everything, \" she says. \" if you would have asked me before if i ever would have come to the u. s. to go to school, i wouldn \u2019 t have been sure, but i knew that god can do anything. \" dr. ndiku hopes to use her research, and the subsequent data she plans to collect when she goes back in november, to inform kenyan communities of the current nutritional differences between boys and girls and convince them that \" all children are valuable, \" she says. \" but i also want to carry it a bit further and share it with policy makers to see what can be done. \" each of the villages where she did her research consisted of 200 - 300 fenced homesteads, each having two or three mud huts, one for each family. residents of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4202546352759923, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.827561"} {"text": "further and share it with policy makers to see what can be done. \" each of the villages where she did her research consisted of 200 - 300 fenced homesteads, each having two or three mud huts, one for each family. residents of the villages had staunch superstitious beliefs passed down through tradition but often didn \u2019 t know much about basic health or sanitation principles. \" we did a lot of health and nutritional education because they knew very little, and i didn \u2019 t want us to just collect data and walk away, \" says dr. ndiku. she says they became involved in the communities in many ways including distributing food and clothing, transporting the sick to hospitals, buying prescriptions for them, and giving de - worming medicine to the children. they also helped fund the construction of schools and churches and paid the tuition of some students. at times, the number of people in need became too overwhelming for research team members to handle alone, so they involved the community leaders to help with organization and distribution. in total, dr. ndiku estimates that the research team spent about $ 1, 500 helping the community. \" when we started to incorporate community service, they got interested and excited, and we even became great friends. they didn \u2019 t want us to leave, \" says dr. ndiku. \" these people have nobody to ask very simple questions, so just being there for them was a help. \" the team initiated a continuing plan, project porridge, to distribute food at 13 seventh - day adventist churches in the region. dr. ndiku preached at several churches and conducted bible studies in the afternoon, but she says the real chance to witness was daily interaction. \" when they asked why we were doing all these things, i would just tell them, \u2018 i \u2019 m doing this because jesus loves you. \u2019 because they couldn \u2019 t understand why someone would come from their home and do all of this. \" dr. ndiku graduated in june. she plans to finish up her research project and then teach nutrition and conduct research for the university of eastern africa, baraton. she also plans to work with international organizations to promote community health education. \" we can sit in offices. we can brag about our degrees, but if we cannot reach the community, then the system is not complete, \" says dr. ndiku. another one of her ambitions is to become an advocate and role model for young girls. \" one reason i came here and decided to go to school is for the sake", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4646161479908728, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.828609"} {"text": "mixed results for mobile stroke treatment treating stroke patients in specialised ambulances en route to hospital could boost the number of patients who receive life - saving therapy, bbc news has today reported. the news is based on a small but well - conducted study looking at whether the time taken to assess and treat stroke patients could be reduced using special \u201c mobile stroke units \u201d, which are vehicles kitted out with a mobile brain scanner, lab and experts in assessing strokes. compared with traditional testing in a hospital, researchers found that being able to scan patients at the site of their stroke roughly halved the time taken to decide on an appropriate treatment. since ( in the case of most strokes ) the earlier treatment is given the better the outcome, this study is important. however, the study was not designed to find out if mobile stroke units improve important outcomes such as the long - term outlook for stroke patients, or their chances of disability or death. a larger study is required to assess whether this approach can improve clinical outcomes in stroke patients. furthermore, the research was conducted in an urban area of germany with short journey distances, and more research would need to test whether mobile stroke units have benefits in more remote settings. in the uk, stroke experts have drawn up standards for good stroke care, including rapid response to a 999 call, prompt transfer to hospital, urgent brain scan and immediate access to a specialised stroke unit. if you suspect that you or someone else is having a stroke, call 999 immediately. the sooner you get help, the greater the chance of recovery. where did the story come from? the study was carried out by researchers from the john radcliffe hospital in oxford, saarland university hospital and several other centres in germany. it was funded by the ministry of health of the saarland and several other german organisations. the study was published in the peer - reviewed medical journal lancet neurology. it was reported accurately by the bbc, which also included interviews with independent uk experts. what kind of research was this? having a stroke is a life - threatening condition where the blood flow to the brain is interrupted, either through a blockage in the blood vessels supplying the brain or due to a bleed in them. strokes caused by a blockage are known as \u201c ischaemic \u201d, while those caused by a bleed are termed \u201c haemorrhagic \u201d. around 80 % of strokes are ischemic. whatever the cause of a stroke, it is vital that treatment is given as soon as possible to prevent a lack of blood and oxygen damaging the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4740044192209718, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.841080"} {"text": "bleed are termed \u201c haemorrhagic \u201d. around 80 % of strokes are ischemic. whatever the cause of a stroke, it is vital that treatment is given as soon as possible to prevent a lack of blood and oxygen damaging the brain or even causing death. this was a randomised controlled trial to investigate whether specially equipped mobile stroke units ( msus ) could reduce the time taken for suspected stroke patients to be diagnosed and treated where appropriate, compared with conventional treatment in hospital. an rct is the best type of study design to compare different treatment interventions. the authors pointed out that the majority of strokes are due to blood clots in the brain. they can be treated using a \u201c clot - busting \u201d medicine called alteplase which dissolves blood clots ( thrombolysis ), but to be effective this has to be given within 4. 5 hours of the onset of a stroke \u2013 the earlier the better. the authors said this is often difficult to achieve because various tests and examinations are needed to rule out another type of stroke ( called a haemorrhagic stroke, caused by bleeding in the brain ) and to ensure patients are suitable for thrombolysis. it could be dangerous to give thrombolysis drugs to stroke patients with a bleed, therefore it can \u2019 t be prescribed as a matter of course. the researchers pointed out that less than 15 % - 40 % of patients with acute stroke currently arrive at hospital early enough to receive \u201c clot - busting \u201d treatment and only 2 % - 5 % of patients actually receive it. what did the research involve? between 2008 and 2011, the researchers recruited patients aged between 18 and 80 who had one or more stroke symptoms that had started within the previous 2. 5 hours. patients experiencing a stroke were randomly selected to receive either : - pre - hospital stroke treatment at the site of the emergency in a specialised msu equipped with a ct scanner, mobile laboratory and online medical systems - conventional hospital - based treatment, transporting patients to hospital and carrying out similar treatments there the msu team included a paramedic, a stroke physician and a neuroradiologist ( an x - ray doctor trained to operate the ct scanner ), while the conventional emergency medical service ( ems ) included an emergency doctor. the msu team obtained the patient \u2019 s history, undertook a neurological examination, ct scan and laboratory examinations and, if the patient was eligible, gave thrombolysis directly at the site of the stroke. the ems patients received what is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48028905992251303, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.842101"} {"text": "doctor. the msu team obtained the patient \u2019 s history, undertook a neurological examination, ct scan and laboratory examinations and, if the patient was eligible, gave thrombolysis directly at the site of the stroke. the ems patients received what is currently considered to be the best conventional stroke care plan, which included assessment and appropriate treatment in hospital. with both groups, the researchers monitored the time it took from the first emergency call for help until a medical decision was made about treatment. they also compared the intervals between the emergency call and the end of ct scanning and the end of the laboratory analysis. in addition, they compared the numbers of patients in each group who received thrombolysis, the time between the emergency call and thrombolysis and the outcome that treatment had on the patients \u2019 brains. they also looked at other results, including survival rates seven days after the stroke. what were the basic results? the researchers had planned to include 200 patients but stopped the trial after analysing results on the first 100 ( 53 in the pre - hospital stroke treatment group, 47 in the control group ). they found that compared with standard hospital treatment, the pre - hospital stroke treatment : - reduced the time from the first call for help to a decision about treatment, from 76 to 35 minutes on average ( median difference 41 minutes, 95 % ci 36 to 48 minutes ) - reduced the average time between the first call for help and the end of ct scan - reduced the average time between the first call for help and the end of laboratory analysis - reduced the average time between the first call for help and the start of intravenous thrombolysis for eligible ischaemic stroke patients there was no substantial difference in the number of patients in each group who received intravenous thrombolysis or in their neurological outcomes. survival rates seemed similar across the two groups. how did the researchers interpret the results? the researchers concluded that mobile stroke units offer a potential solution to the problem of most stroke patients arriving at hospital too late for treatment. this small study found that using specialised mobile stroke units to assess and treat suspected stroke patients at the site of the emergency roughly halved the time taken for doctors to decide on the appropriate treatment. since, in the case of most strokes, the earlier thrombolytic treatment is given the better the outcome, this is important. as the authors pointed out, stroke is a medical emergency where time is critical for saving the brain, and patients \u2019 lives. however, it \u2019 s important to note that although researchers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.441484430162961, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.843438"} {"text": "somewhat similar to an aging theory is \" bioidenticalism \" where if you cause a system to be identical to a younger version, the person is as well as feels younger. i read about research where the measured the reactivity to dopamine as well as serotonin amongst the brains of tweens to teens to twentysomethings. apparently the young teenagers had greater sensitivity to dopamine, oxytocin, as well as serotonin, thus their sensitivity, rather than the amount, was then described as being linked to teenage values, which were described as ease of emotional affiliation as well as a higher preference at taking risks. now having actually tried being a teenager i think theres more to the teenage mind than that. the study did present the opportunity of upregulating the responsiveness to neurotransmitters rather than the amount of the actual neurotransmitters to duplicate young mind. thus a person could measure their receptor affinities at various ages, then use some drug or activity, or genetics to duplicate their receptors responsiveness to recreate young mind. note how different this is than simply upping the amount of an activating chemical. ever so slightly amusingly, pre teens or teens could try an \" adult receptor activation profile \" drug to see if growing up was right for them. ( results may vary, ask a physician if aging is right for you, side effects may include sudden death )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5824394828352495, "token_count": 295, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.846490"} {"text": "in this module we need to be a little bit more precise about temperature and heat energy than we have been so far. heat energy is usually measured in terms of calories. the calorie was originally defined as the amount of energy required to raise one gram of water one degree celsius at a pressure of one atmosphere. this definition is not complete because the amount of energy required to raise one gram of water one degree celsius varies with the original temperature of the water by as much as one percent. since 1925 the calorie has been defined as 4. 184 joules, the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of water from 14. 5 degrees celsius to 15. 5 degrees celsius. for our purposes here we can ignore the fact that the effect of one calorie of energy varies depending on the temperature of the water. newton ' s model of cooling can be thought of, more precisely, as involving two steps. the picture above shows a brick whose length is four centimeters. we mentally divide the brick into two unequal pieces. the lefthand piece has a length of one centimeter and the righthand piece has a length of three centimeters. heat is flowing across the mental boundary between the two pieces from left to right at the rate of a calories per hour. as a result the average temperature of the lefthand piece is changing at the rate of - ka degrees celsius per hour. the constant k depends on the composition of the brick and its cross - sectional area. the average temperature of the righthand piece is changing at the rate of ka / 3 degrees celsius per hour. the three in the denominator comes from the fact that since the righthand piece is three times the length of the lefthand piece, its mass is three times as big.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.672699676858245, "token_count": 371, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.852856"} {"text": "space sex - don ' t pretend you haven ' t thought about it. no one has investigated how human reproduction responds to changes in gravity, but new research on plant reproduction indicates that sex in space might not be as fun as you might imagine. a canadian study suggests that conception resulting from low - gravity reproduction could be dangerous to a developing fetus, possibly leading to growth retardation and health problems like brain disease. the study, conducted by biologist dr. anja geitmann of montreal university and published in the journal plos one on march 13, found that plant cells growing in low gravity have damaged intracellular transport, which makes it difficult for them to communicate with each other and seriously hampers normal cell growth. if human cells are affected in the same way, contraception might be necessary for astronauts attempting sex in space - for more than just the usual reasons. why study plant sex in space? the focus of the study was the pollen tube - the reproductive cell that makes plant sex possible. plant reproduction involves transferring male sperm cells, or pollen, to the female sexual organ in plants - the stigma. when a pollen grain lands on a stigma, it grows into a pollen tube that acts as a tunnel for sperm cells to reach the egg. since plant sperm cells are delivered to the egg by a \" cylindrical tool, \" like in human reproduction, geitmann figured that the growth of pollen tubes in microgravity might be analogous to human space fertilization. pollen tubes are also the fastest - growing cells in the plant world, which made the effects of microgravity easy to observe in real time. \" researchers already knew humans, animals and plants have evolved in response to earth ' s gravity and they are able to sense it, \" geitmann told the daily mail. \" what we are still discovering is how the processes occurring within the cells of the human and plant bodies are affected by the more intense gravity, or hypergravity, that would be found on a large planet, or the microgravity that resembles the conditions on a space craft. \" \" intracellular transport processes are particularly sensitive to disturbance, with dramatic consequences for cell functioning. how these processes are affected by a change in gravity is poorly understood. ' geitmann ' s team used spinning centrifuges in the european space agency to simulate the effects of microgravity and hypergravity in space on plant sex. they put pollen tubes in the centrifuges and stained specific structures in the cells to show how gravity changes affected the transport of materials", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5385742226411974, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.860924"} {"text": "in the european space agency to simulate the effects of microgravity and hypergravity in space on plant sex. they put pollen tubes in the centrifuges and stained specific structures in the cells to show how gravity changes affected the transport of materials within the cells, then used real - time microscopy to watch the samples develop. the results showed that the pollen tubes in simulated microgravity were significantly smaller, while the pollen tubes in hypergravity grew wider as gravity exerted more force. they also showed that altered gravity compromised the complex and highly coordinated networks that carry messages and materials within and between cells to promote normal growth. \" this allows us not only to understand general principles of the reproductive mechanism in plants but, more importantly, how the intracellular transport machinery in eukaryotic cells responds to altered gravity conditions, \" said co - author dr. youssef chebli. what does that mean for human sex in space? the disruption of normal plant sexual reproduction suggests that changes in gravity could have dire implications for human reproduction in space as well. intracellular transport is key to the healthy development of many human cells, especially neurons in the brain. if the growth of developing human cells is similar to the plant cell growth observed in this study, microgravity could cause major complications for the outcome of human sex in space. geitmann suggests that her team ' s findings \" are significant with regards to human health, as a traffic jam on these highways that also exist in human cells can cause cancer and illnesses such as alzheimer ' s. ' according to livescience, astronaut studies by nasa showed cognitive performance declines in space, though the effects were inconsistent. the declines could have been caused by radiation or sleep deprivation, and no one has yet investigated the actual functioning of neurons in zero gravity. many neuronal diseases, like huntington ' s, parkinson ' s, and alzheimer ' s disease, involve deficits in trafficking between cells, and geitmann speculates that microgravity could have some effect on their development. it seems that human reproduction in space has great risks - much more research needs to be done before conception via sex in space can be viable. so... when will space sex happen? though mixed - gender crews have blasted off into orbit since 1983, no one has ever reported any instances of sex in space. nasa has denied any instances of space sex during previous missions. the daily mail points out that nasa doesn ' t forbid sexual activity during space voyages, though high professional standards, rigorous schedules, tight quarters,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5832115219090463, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.861886"} {"text": "has ever reported any instances of sex in space. nasa has denied any instances of space sex during previous missions. the daily mail points out that nasa doesn ' t forbid sexual activity during space voyages, though high professional standards, rigorous schedules, tight quarters, and constant monitoring from ground control are likely to dampen any tension among astronauts. still, it ' s only a matter of time before space flight planners will have to account for spacefarers getting down to business. space missions are long enough as it is, and professional boundaries may not prevent sexual interactions for much longer. virgin galactic expects to launch private trips into orbit by next year, and space tourists are likely to be less restrained than the company ' s name implies. a space voyage manned by a married couple, projected to happen as soon as 2013, would ostensibly not require a strict separation of work and pleasure. in a mission that has little to do with science, retired porn star coco brown is training to be the first adult performer in space in 2014. it ' s unclear whether the private flight will yield any evidence of space sex - in public statements, brown has been coy about the nature of her mission. in the long run, self - sustaining colonies on the moon or mars would depend on sex in space - a development that would require working around the kinks that microgravity might cause in human reproduction. listen to science writer mary roach talk about sex in space : published by medicaldaily. com", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4561354176338749, "token_count": 294, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.862578"} {"text": "a member of one of the great family of negroid tribes occupying equatorial and southern africa. these tribes include, as important divisions, the kafirs, damaras, bechuanas, and many tribes whose names begin with aba -, ama -, ba -, ma -, wa -, variants of the bantu plural personal prefix aba -, as in ba - ntu, or aba - ntu, itself a combination of this prefix with the syllable - ntu, a person ; or as in watusi. the family of languages spoken by the bantu people ( definition 1 ). of or pertaining to the bantu language group bantu ( definition 2 ) ; as, bantu languages. of or pertaining to the bantu people ( definition 1 ). language family and cultural complex from central africa. a large group of african peoples that share related languages. the black - skinned bantu settled most of sub - saharan africa between the 13th to 16th centuries, displacing the brown - skinned khoisan ( bushmen ) peoples. angola ' s population is perhaps 95 % bantu. outside of angola, bantu tribes also comprise the vast majority of sub - saharan africans ; a few of the well - known are the zulu, xhosa, masai, and swahili. a member of any of a large number of linguistically related peoples of central and south africa a family of languages widely spoken in the southern half of the african continent of or relating to the african people who speak one of the bantoid languages or to their culture ; \" the bantu population of sierra leone \" a person who is, or is generally accepted as, a member of any aboriginal race or tribe of africa a linguistic group ( rather than an ethnic group ) with about 800 distinct languages, including a number of mostly unresearched dialects, in sub - saharan africa. literally, \" human beings, \" in more than 300 bantu languages of equatorial and southern africa. bantu languages are classified within the central branch of the niger - congo language family ; characterized by a system of noun classes marked by prefixes, so that each dependent word in a sentence carries a prefix of the same class. outsiders often simplify by omitting prefix ; for example, the amazulu ( people ) are known as the zulu ; their language, isizulu, is also referred to as zulu. speakers of sesotho, the basotho, are often referred to simply as sotho peoples. four major", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49039064799710214, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.867437"} {"text": "amazulu ( people ) are known as the zulu ; their language, isizulu, is also referred to as zulu. speakers of sesotho, the basotho, are often referred to simply as sotho peoples. four major subgroups of bantu languages - - nguni, sotho, tsonga - shangaan, and venda - - are widely represented in south africa. they include nine of south africa ' s official languages - - isixhosa, isizulu, isindebele, sepedi, sesotho, setswana, siswati, tshivenda ( also luvenda ), and xitsonga. during the apartheid era, the term bantu was often used in government regulations, official statements, and sometimes in conversation to designate people of black african descent. because this group was particularly disadvantaged by apartheid, the term bantu assumed pejorative connotations in many apartheid - era contexts. name of an african language group ; ancestors of bantu speakers migrated from the niger - congo rivers region to the east and south. bantu is a general term for over 400 different ethnic groups in africa, from cameroon to south africa, united by a common language family ( the bantu languages ) and in many cases common customs.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45421516245762517, "token_count": 265, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.868862"} {"text": "used for punishment, discipline, and reformation. a house of correction, in which offenders are confined for punishment, discipline, and reformation, and in which they are generally compelled to labor ; a prison ; a jail. colloquially often shortened to pen. a prison ; the term derives from the philosophy that inmates could change their criminality through reflection and penitence. a correctional institution for those convicted of major crimes used for punishment or reform of criminals or wrongdoers ; \" penitentiary institutions \" a \" federal prison \" for sentencing by a federal magistrate ( judge or acting judge ) for a period of time over a year an institution that is operated by the corrections service of canada to house inmates who have committed serious criminal offences punishable by sentences of two or more years. a state or federal maximum - security prison. a state penal facility under the supervision of a warden or superintendent and administered through the virginia department of corrections. a prison, especially for people who have been convicted of serious crimes. ( noun ) : public institution in which offenders against the law are confined for detention or punishment ; specifically : a state or federal prison in the u. s. to dream of a penitentiary, denotes you will have engagements which will, unfortunately, result in your loss. to be an inmate of one, foretells discontent in the home and failing business. to escape from one, you will overcome difficult obstacles. a prison or place of punishment ; the place of punishment in which the convicts sentenced to confinement and hard labor are confined by the authority of the law.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.560974695899638, "token_count": 308, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.875080"} {"text": "that portion of the skeleton composed of the skull, vertebrae, ribs, and sternum ( breastbone ). the bones that revolve around the vertical axis of the skeleton, basically the spine and skull. the skull, spine, and pelvis region of the skeleton gr. axon an axle, pivot + skeletos withered. the cranium, vertebral column, ribs and sternum. spine, pelvis, ribs, and skull. along with the upper ends of the long bones of the arms and legs, the axial skeleton is most commonly affected by pathologic fracture. the part of the skeleton that includes the skull and spinal column and sternum and ribs the spine, including tail, and ribs bones make - up the body ' s center of gravity ( vertebral column, rib cage, and skull ). [ see : fluoride ' s differential impact on bone density ax - ee - al skel - eh - ten in a vertebrate skeleton, the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum. 685 the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage ; one of the two components of the skeleton in vertebrates. skeleton part that makes up the longitudinal axis of the body. within its area is the skull, the vertebral column, the sternum, and the ribs. part of skeleton made up of the skull, vertebral column, ribs and sternum. the axial skeleton consists of the 80 bones in the head and trunk of the human body. it is composed of five parts ; the human skull, the ossicles of the inner ear, the hyoid bone of the throat, the chest, and the vertebral column. the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton together form the complete skeleton.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5210885239911727, "token_count": 375, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.876787"} {"text": "list of cities and towns ( lista de ciudades y pueblos ) experts believe that the first villages on the yucatan peninsula were founded between 500 and 300 b. c., although the exact date is unclear. during the classic period the mayan cities of coba, dzibanche and kohunlich flourished. tulum, coba and the inland port of muyil, prospered during the post - classic period and coba ' s importance as a regional trade center waxwd. muyil was linked to the coast via canals that wind through the wetlands. the post - classic yucatan was divided into chiefdoms or cacicazgos. after the fall of mayapan, there were no less than 19 chiefdoms. ekab, cochuah and chetumal - also known as chactemal - were fiefs located in what is now quintana roo. when the spaniards first set foot on mexican soil, the yucatecan maya were beset by hardships. nevertheless, the spaniards found subjugation of the indians no easy task. it wasn ' t until 1546 that they controlled large parts of the peninsula and were able to divide the land into encomiendas or landholdings. the states soon foundered and the region was abandoned. the area ' s isolation attracted pirates who sought refuge along the coast between bahia de la ascencion and honduras. independence brought little change to the peninsula and in 1847, the caste war ignited the entire region. the greatest in a long line of mayan rebellions, it continued for more than 50 years. in 1902, quintana roo became a territory and was declared as a free and sovereign state in 1974. archeological zones, many of them unexplored, pepper the quintana roo landscape. sites along the coast are testimony to the importance of the north - south caribbean trade route still in use at the time of the conquest, while the ancient cities of the south date from the classic period and had links with city states in the peten. artificial reservoirs, irrigation and raised fields improved crop yields and evidence suggests that up to one million people inhabited pre - conquest southern quintana roo, more than the state ' s present - day population. the first permanent settlements on the yucatan peninsula date from 500 - 300 b. c. although evidence of an earlier human presence has been found in loltun caves, in yucatan. little is known about the first wave of settlers but experts believe the may", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4014830419477342, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.913586"} {"text": "the first permanent settlements on the yucatan peninsula date from 500 - 300 b. c. although evidence of an earlier human presence has been found in loltun caves, in yucatan. little is known about the first wave of settlers but experts believe the may have been hunter - gatherers moving northwards from the peten and other areas where mayan civilization had already begun to envolve. such bands founded villages throughout the peninsula and turned to corn cultivation. over time some communities grew more important and became cities or ceremonial centers such as coba, kohunlich and dzibanche. the area ' s earliest date inscriptions were found on stela 1 at tulum for a. d. 564, ichpaatun a. d. 593, on a wooden lintel at dzibanche for a. d. 618. the classic period cities such as coba, kohunlich, dzibanche and muyil flourished during the classic period ( a. d. 250 - 1000 ). coba and muyil, and tulum, xel - ha and tankah on the coast, became important trading centers with links to cities in the peninsula, the guatemalan peten and campeche. links were so strong that they even transformed the are ' as architectural style which is clearly influenced by that of the peten. this is evident in the relations between dzibanche and the powerful cities of calakmul and tikal. cities throughout the yucatan peninsula continued to trade during the post - classic when the area was dominated first by chichen itza and uxmal and then by mayapan ( 1263 - 1461 ). many cities in present - day quintana roo particularly those along the coast, reached their peak during this period and commerce was their driving force. the canoes of chontal traders from tabasco and campeche skirted the quintana roo shoreline on their way south. after the fall of mayapan, the political landscape of the peninsula changed with the formation of 19 cacicazgos or city states, three of which were in quintana roo : ekab, to the north ; cochuah, along the modern - day frontier between the state and yucatan, and chetumal in the south. where and how they used to live mayan cities were inhabited by the ruling class. at the heart of the city lay the sacred precinct of temple where ceremonies were staged and great lords issued the edicts that regulated daily life. while", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38964076260330904, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.914692"} {"text": "in the south. where and how they used to live mayan cities were inhabited by the ruling class. at the heart of the city lay the sacred precinct of temple where ceremonies were staged and great lords issued the edicts that regulated daily life. while the nobility resided in palaces, commoner lived in huts in the hinterland, tending their fields. to surmount the difficult enviromental conditions - infertile soils and torrential summer rains, yet paradoxically no rivers - the maya utilized a number of techniques which enabled them to increase crop yields. these included raised seed beds, called kaanche, use of huosehold refuse as a fertilizer, terraces, irrigation and floating plots in marshy areas. they grew corn, chiles, beans, cotton, cacao, squash and tomatoes and tended fruit trees. the maya supplemented their diet with game, fish and plants they gathered in the forest. they also traded copal or incense. bee keeping was important and the maya exchanged honey and beeswax for other trade goods. mayan society was deeply divided. at the top of the social ladder was the ruler, ( ahau or halach uinic in maya ) who was the aerthly representative of the gods. such was his holiness that when a ruler died he was buried in a tomb deep in a pyramid, built as a lasting memorial to his life. an offering of jade, pottery and even food was arranged around his bier. the priests occupied the second rung of the ladder and were followed by lords who maintained the peace and imparted justice. nobles, warriors, artists and merchants came next and on the bottom rung were the peasants who supplied the food and cash crops, as well as labor for building templesm pyramids and palaces. religion dominated all aspects of mayan life. natural and supernatural planes were as one ; good and malignat spirits inhabited the world and the gods ruled supreme. the exact number of mayan deities is uncertain but the following were particularly important in the area. the chief god itzamna had many manifestations and his wife, ixchel, was the goddess of childbirth, fertility and weaving. according to mayan legend she taught women how to weave on the backstrap loom and from far and wide they traveled to cozumel to worship at her shrine. the sun god kinich ahau ( lord of the solar face ) is associated with the enormous sttuco masks at kohunlich which probably deify the ancient rulers of the city. ah", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45912914037755787, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.915835"} {"text": "traveled to cozumel to worship at her shrine. the sun god kinich ahau ( lord of the solar face ) is associated with the enormous sttuco masks at kohunlich which probably deify the ancient rulers of the city. ah mucen cab is the descending god who appears in carvings at coba and tulum in quintana roo and sayil and chichen itza in neighboring yucatan. the deity is also associated with the god of the bees, \" he who watches over the honey \" and is said to be one of the sky bearers. the maya were accomplished artists, painting their pottery with brightly colored scenes featuring gods, sacred animals and even rulers. temples and other buildings were decorated with murals, bas - reliefs, and masks or figures molded from stucco plaster. standing stones known as steles depict rulers and are covered with glyph inscriptions which epigraphers have utilized to piece together the fortunes of cities throughout the maya world. mayan carvers mastered the mediums of stone, jade, bone, shell and wood to perfection to create figurines, jewelry and masks, among other things. the lintels recovered at dzibanche are among the few wooden objects which have survived the ravages of time. a number of different architectural styles are evident in quintana roo ' s mayan sites, some show foreign influences which are the result of cultural contacts with city states in the peten ( tikal ) and southern campeche ( calakmul ). buildings at kohunlich and dzibanche are a blend of peten and rio bec building styles and coba is also peten in inspiration. coastal centers such as tulum, xel - ha, muyil, tankah and el rey exhibit the east coast architectural style which is characterized by low buildings with smooth friezes, columns, flat or vaulted roofs and walls that have a slight outward tilt. the coming of the spaniards when the spaniards first set foot on the yucatan peninsula they found a land at war with itself. however, when the maya perceived the threat to their world they put up a fierce resistance. despite their efforts, superior weaponry and horses gave the spaniards victory in battle, and cruel repression and epidemics soon brought the indians to their knees. the conquest impossed masters through landholdings and a new religion. mayan priests were the mouthpieces of the gods and when they spoke people listened to their prophecies. according to the books of chilam bala", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4502469560249274, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.916935"} {"text": "to their knees. the conquest impossed masters through landholdings and a new religion. mayan priests were the mouthpieces of the gods and when they spoke people listened to their prophecies. according to the books of chilam balam ( chronicles ), in the 8th year of 13 ahau the ah kines or priests of the sun gun predicted that a strange people would visit the area. friar diego de landa related that aztecs and mayans had prophesied that a pale - skinned race from the east would visit them bringing catastrophe and the end of their world, many years before they were subjugated by francisco de montejo. in mani, a priest or chilan called ah cambal ( \" he who answers the demons \" ) foretold that the maya would be conquered by an alien people who worshipped only one god and overcame demons with a piece of wood the indians called vahom - che ( risen tree ), obviously a reference to the cross. gonzalo guerrero, father of a new race in 1511, a spanish galleon foundered on alacranes reef, near cabo catoche. twenty people were washed ashore, and after several years only two were still alive : friar geronimo de aguilar and gonzalo guerrero, a sailor. aguilar was eventually rescued by hernan cortes but guerrero decided to stay with the maya. his bravery and military prowess won him the trust of the chief of chetumal who made him a nakom or captain. turning native, he married a noblewoman and assimilated mayan dress and customs. he and his wife had three children, the first mestizos ( mixed race, european - native ) in mexico. the first spanish expeditions in 1517, and expedition led by francisco hernandez de cordoba set sail from cuba in search of slaves and new lands. the spaniards landed on isla mujeres and claimed it for spain. then they set their course westwards for cabo catoche were they were attacked by the indians. back on board, the spaniards continued their voyage. on returning to cuba, hernandez reported to governor diego velazquez that the land was rich and that there was gold. in 1518, juan de grijalva reconnoitered the coast and made landfall on cozumel. they sailed on and espied from afar mayan cities such as tulum and xel - ha. in 1519, hernan cortes headed a third expedition. at cozumel he picked", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4090129335664735, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.917954"} {"text": "the coast and made landfall on cozumel. they sailed on and espied from afar mayan cities such as tulum and xel - ha. in 1519, hernan cortes headed a third expedition. at cozumel he picked up jeronimo de aguilar before setting sail for the west, the start of a journey that would culminate in the conquest of tenochtitlan, glorious capital of the aztecs ( now mexico city ). in december the 8th 1526, francisco de montejo was charged with the conquest of the yucatan peninsula and cozumel. in october, 1527, he landed on the coast of ekab in an area where the maya proved friendly, even helping the spaniards build some palm - thatched huts. the settlement they founded was called salamanca de xel - ha and it proved shortlived ; the spaniards were decimated by the tropical diseases prevalent inthe area. montejo was soon back on the peninsula, this time making a foray from the port of campeche towards the north while his son francisco de montejo, alias \" el mozo \" stayed in campeche and alonso davila took an overland through quintana roo in serch of gold. davila ' s 1531 took him to tulmo. the gold proved elusive, the area dangerous, and when he reached chetumal all he found were ruins. the maya had torched the city before fleeing into the jungle. in this desolate spot he founded a settlement called villa real. the indians were dauntless and after a year and a half of raids davila and his men had to retreat. several years passed and when the spaniards returned to the yucatan peninsula they found an indian population debilitated by disease and droughts and split into two rival camps. this made things easier for gaspar pacheco and his son melchor who were ordered to conquer quintana roo. in 1544, they left merida and savagely fought their way to bacalar where they founded salamanca de bacalar. however, the desolatio and dire poverty of the site was a deterrent to potential colonists and many returned to merida. victory theirs, the spaniards divided the yucatan peninsula into encomiendas or landholdings which they seized as spoils of war. mayan inhabitants of the land grants had to work for the owner and pay him tribute. estates ( haciendas ) and plantations sprang up in many parts of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.38136906364514633, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.918908"} {"text": "and in 1761, jacinto canek challenged the spaniards by leading an uprising with religious overtones that historians now consider the forerunner of the caste war. the xix century & caste war mexican independence from spain in 1821 did nothing to alleviate mayan suffering and their quiet hatred of the yucatecan ruling class ( blancos or whites ) exploded with a fury in the caste war, a conflict which would last for more than 50 years and decimate the area population. in 1847, a rebellion began in tepich and spread to other villages such as tihosuco, ichmul and sacalaca along the yucatan - quintana roo border. the rebels showed no mercy to the whites, they were outsiders and had to be swept from the peninsula so that the maya could be free once more. by may 1848, all seemed lost for the yucatecans. the maya were poised to drive their oppressors into the sea when instead, they laid down their arms and returned home to tend their fields in time for the rains. the yucatecans regrouped and with the aid of mexican troops were able to win back control of many areas. the rebels fled to the remote jungles of central quintana roo where they fought a prolonged guerrilla war against the army smuggled in by gunrunners from british honduras. the talking cross tired and demoralized, the maya were on the brink of defeat when a miracle, albeit contrived, gave them back their self esteem. in the form of a talking cross they received a sign that god was on their side and this gave them the heart to continue fighting. in 1850, jose maria barrera, a mestizo from peto, traced three crosses into the bark of trees. these symbols transmitted a message from god which was imparted to the faithful on october 15, 1850 as a sermon written by juan de la cruz. a community called chan santa cruz ( \" little holy cross \" ) had sprung up around the crosses months before the sermon was read and its inhabitants were called cruzoob ( \" followers of the cross \" ). jose maria barrera utilized a ventriloquist called manuel nahuat to be the mouthpiece of the crosses and tell the maya what god wanted them to do. a temple with two rooms was built to house crosses. the congregation gathered in the hall and the talking cross was kept in the inner sanctum or \" la gloria \". in 1893, mexico and british honduras signed a peace treaty, the international border was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4172617949988584, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.921597"} {"text": "a temple with two rooms was built to house crosses. the congregation gathered in the hall and the talking cross was kept in the inner sanctum or \" la gloria \". in 1893, mexico and british honduras signed a peace treaty, the international border was mapped and arms sales to the mayan rebels outlawed. mayan hostility was undiminished and the territory remained dangerous. in 1898 payo obispo ( now chetumal ) was founded by lieutenant othon p. blanco and designated capital of the territory. meanwhile the military campaign against chan santa cruz continued. goverment troops entered the stronghold which had been abandoned by the maya. it was renamed santa cruz de bravo and is known today as felipe carrillo puerto. with the end of the caste war and the creation of the territory of quintana roo in 1904, the area was ready for colonization. however, mexican leader porfirio diaz used quintana roo as a penal colony. it took the revolution to bring an end to this deplorable practice. when the rebel mayan chiefs died, new leaders emerged. \" general \" francisco may, headman of yokdzonot - guardia ( site of the talking cross ) was one such man. in december 1959, president adolfo lopez mateos visited chetumal and a new era of development began, culminating in the declaration of statehood in 1974. source of info here quintana roo is a state of mexico, on the eastern part of the yucatan peninsula. it borders the states of yucatan and campeche to the north and west, the caribbean sea to the east, and the nation of belize to the south. the capital of quintana roo is the city of chetumal. quintana roo also contains the resort city of cancun, the islands of cozumel and isla mujeres, the towns of bacalar, felipe carrillo puerto, playa del carmen, puerto juarez, akumal, and puerto morelos, as well as the ancient maya ruins of chacchoben, chakanbakan, chamax, coba, dzibanche, el meco, ichpaatan, kohunlich, muyil, oxtankah, tankah, tulum, tupak, xel - ha, and xcaret. the sian ka ' an national park is also in quintana roo. the state covers an area of 50, 350 km\u00b2, and the 2000 census reported", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41474671349904213, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.922603"} {"text": "tulum, tupak, xel - ha, and xcaret. the sian ka ' an national park is also in quintana roo. the state covers an area of 50, 350 km\u00b2, and the 2000 census reported a population of some 874, 000. the statewide population is currently expanding at a rapid rate due to the construction of hotels and the demand for workers. many immigrants to the state come from yucatan, campeche, tabasco, and veracruz. the area that makes up modern quintana roo was long part of yucatan, sharing its history. with the war of the castes starting in the 1840s, all ladinos were driven from the region and the independent maya nation of chan santa cruz was centered on what is now the town of felipe carrillo puerto. the region was for a time dominated by the religion of the \" talking cross \" : in a church was a cross guarded by maya priests that was said to speak and give them orders. the mexican government continued to have very little control over this region until the early decades of the 20th century. quintana roo was made a territory of mexico by decree of president porfirio diaz on november 24, 1902. it was named after an early patriot of the mexican republic, andres quintana roo. the mexican army succeeded in defeating most of the maya population of the region during the 1910s, and in 1915 the area was again declared to legally be part of the state of yucatan. in 1931 the territory of quintana roo was again separated from yucatan. quintana roo was granted statehood within the united mexican states on october 8, 1974. it is the mexican republic ' s youngest state. quintana roo is divided into eight municipalities source of info here the state of quintana roo strecthes down is the eastern part of the peninsula from the tip of north most point to belize. it has a surface of 50, 212 square kilometers and is surrounded by the caribbean sea in both north and east. belize and guatemala are to the south while campeche and yucatan lay westward. the name of this state, comes from andres quintana roo, who played an important role in the creation of the republic. quintana roo, is the youngest state of the mexican republic. it was awarded the status of a free sovereign state in october 8, 1974 after having filled population and economic requirements. the local constitution was promulgated on january 12, 1975. the climate in quintana", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3945913327639237, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.923556"} {"text": "the youngest state of the mexican republic. it was awarded the status of a free sovereign state in october 8, 1974 after having filled population and economic requirements. the local constitution was promulgated on january 12, 1975. the climate in quintana roo, for most of its surface is a warm one with occasional showers. the hurricane season begins middle august to november. source of info here experts believe that the first villages on the yucatan peninsula were founded between 500 and 300 b. c., although the exact date is unclear. during the classic period the mayan cities of coba, dzibanche and kohunlich flourished. tulum, the inland port of muyil and coba prospered during the post - classic period and coba ' s importance as a regional trade center waxed. muyil was linked to the coast via canals that wind through the wetlands. the post - classic yucatan was divided into chiefdoms or cacicazgos. after the fall of mayapan ca 1450, there were no less than 19 chiefdoms. ekab, cochuah and chetumal were fiefs located in what is now quintana roo. when the spaniards first set foot on mexican soil, the yucatecan maya were beset by hardships. nevertheless, the europeans found subjugation of the indians no easy task. it wasn ' t until 1546 that they controlled large parts of the peninsula and were able to divide the land into encomiendas or land - holdings. the estates soon foundered and the region was abandoned. the area ' s isolation attracted pirates who sought refuge along the coast between bahia de la ascencion and honduras. independence brought little change to the peninsula and in 1847, the caste war ignited the entire region. the greatest in a long line of mayan rebellions, it continued for more than 50 years. in 1902, quintana roo became a territory and was declared a state in 1974. the ancient maya archaeological zones, many of them unexplored, pepper the quintana roo landscape. sites along the coast are testimony to the importance of the north - south caribbean trade route still in use at the time of the conquest, while the ancient cities of the south date from the classic period and had links with city states in the peten. artificial reservoirs, irrigation and raised fields improved crop yields and evidence suggests that up to one million people inhabited pre - conquest southern quintana roo, more than the state '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3974209272921504, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.924524"} {"text": "from the classic period and had links with city states in the peten. artificial reservoirs, irrigation and raised fields improved crop yields and evidence suggests that up to one million people inhabited pre - conquest southern quintana roo, more than the state ' s present - day population. the coming of the spaniards when the spaniards first set foot on the yucatan peninsula they found a land at war with itself. however, when the maya perceived the threat to their world they put up a fierce resistance. despite their efforts, superior weaponry and horses gave the europeans victory in battle, and cruel repression and epidemics soon brought the indians to their knees. victory theirs, the spaniards divided the yucatan peninsula into encomiendas or land grants which they seized as spoils of war. mayan inhabitants of the land grants had to work for the owner and pay him tribute. estates ( haciendas ) and plantations sprang up in many parts of the peninsula, however, the poor soils and unswerving hostility of the maya meant that most encomiendas failed, especially in quintana roo. mayan rebellions were commonplace and conditions along the eastern seaboard were so unfavorable for the foundation of spanish communities, that the few colonists gradually abandoned the area. now and then in 1893, the frontier between mexico and belize was drawn up and the eastern region of the peninsula belonged to the state of yucatan. in 1896, military commander othon p. blanco founded the city of payo obispo ( now chetumal ) on the banks of the hondo river. created in 1902, the territory of quintana roo was named in honor of andres quintana roo, hero of the mexican struggle for independence. the sacred mayan city and rebel stronghold of chan santa cruz was taken by general ignacio bravo in 1901 ; he subsequently renamed it santa cruz de bravo. the military campaign against the rebels drew to a close, their ranks were diminished by epidemics, famine and they were demoralized by the death of their leaders. the caste war officially ended on july 1, 1904 but the cruzoob continued their struggle, albeit covertly. as agricultural and forestry development began in the region, the territory of quintana roo was also used as a penal colony, receiving the opponents of the regime of president porfirio diaz until 1911. in 1910, santa cruz de bravo ( now felipe carrillo puerto ) and vigia chico were the most important settlements in the territory, the former as the capital and the latter as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.401645446540715, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.926335"} {"text": "the opponents of the regime of president porfirio diaz until 1911. in 1910, santa cruz de bravo ( now felipe carrillo puerto ) and vigia chico were the most important settlements in the territory, the former as the capital and the latter as its port. santa cruz de bravo was returned to the maya in 1915 and payo obispo became the capital. by 1918, francisco may, the supreme leader of the maya held quintana roo in an iron grip, both politically and militarily and had a monopoly on chicle production as the middle man between mexican and foreign concessionaires and international companies. source of info here history of quintana roo welcome to the center of the world, this peninsula considered by the mayans as their own sub - continent. according to the mayan holy book the \" chilam balam of chumayel, \" this territory was first established by the itzaes, who arrived from the south in the year 435 and founded syancan bakhalal. the mayan villages in what is today called quintana roo were originally part of the indigenous confederation of mayapan. the names of the main chieftainships on the yucatan peninsula were : ekab, chanac ha, tazes and cupules in the north and center ; cochuah and chetumal in the south. gonzalo guerrero and jeronimo de aguilar, two survivors of shipwrecked spanish expeditions who were the first hispanics to make contact with the natives of the eastern region of the yucatan peninsula were taken into captivity by nachancan, the mayan cacique of chetumal, and thereafter became the first mexicans, the first euro - indio, hispanic - mayan mix. the earliest spanish expeditions failed in their attempt to settle the eastern mayan region, and in 1527 francisco de montejo arrived on cozumel and tried to settle villages, but he also had to retreat because of the hostility of the natives. later, alonso davila arrived in tulum and bakhalal. davila founded a settlement called villa real, today called chetumal, but had to abandon it due to surprise attacks from the mayans. in 1545 the spaniards managed to overcome the chieftain of bakhalal and founded the villa of salamanca de bacalar there, but up to 1639 the mayans of quintana roo had not been conquered, staying in constant rebellion, and falling back towards the forest interior. here they", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3608290937224494, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.927345"} {"text": "of bakhalal and founded the villa of salamanca de bacalar there, but up to 1639 the mayans of quintana roo had not been conquered, staying in constant rebellion, and falling back towards the forest interior. here they founded the famous chan santa cruz, capital of the mayan people ` s struggle, that never has been conquered by the spaniards. on the 30th of july, the mayan rebellion, called the caste war due to its being a civil war between classes, exploded in tepich. in 1848 the mayans devastated bacalar. this war would last more than 50 years until 1901, and although kept under a form of control, the fundamental problems that originated it would continue being reason for restlessness until the present day. the government of yucatan has never obtained complete control of the natives of the eastern peninsula. these mayans have fought continuously for the restitution of their land and to establish their own government. venancio pec, jacinto pat, cecilio chi are the names of some of the indigenous heroes. in 1901, the federal army managed to occupy bacalar and chan santa cruz, but the natives fled into the forest. othon p. blanco, with his peacemaking attempts, managed to approach the mayans and make them recognize the government of the republic. due to the lack of control on the part of the government and the prior loss of mexican territory to guatemala and belize, the mayan revolt forced the creation of the federal territory of quintana roo. this division of the yucatan peninsula was created by decree on the 16 of january of 1902, with 50. 843 square kilometers on the east of the yucatan peninsula. quintana roo includes all the territory that had remained under mayan control. in the \" porfiriato, \" as is called the presidency of porfirio diaz, the territory was under control of several large estate owners who had enormous land holdings. upon the victory of the revolution, president madero dismissed the \" porfirista \" authorities in the territory and released the political prisoners. in 1913 the annexation of quintana roo was decreed to yucatan, which provoked the rebellion of abel ortiz argumedo in 1915. this action added to the indigenous opposition, and caused the territory of quintana roo to be recovered again in 1915 : general salvador alvarado, military commandander of the peninsula, went to santa cruz de bravo, where the natives continued fighting the soldiers and demanded the retirement of troops", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4206137225663691, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.928468"} {"text": "and caused the territory of quintana roo to be recovered again in 1915 : general salvador alvarado, military commandander of the peninsula, went to santa cruz de bravo, where the natives continued fighting the soldiers and demanded the retirement of troops and the restitution of lands to the mayans. although general alvarado returned their land to them, the mistrusting mayans destroyed the communication routes to the rest of the peninsula. in 1931, due to the economic difficulties of the federal government, the state of quintana roo was again dissolved and its territory divided between the two states of yucatan and campeche. on the 11th of january, 1935, under the direction of jose marrufo hernandez, quintana roo obtained from the government of general cardenas a newly created territory of quintana roo, with the same boundaries it had in 1902. the revolutionary government developed communications beyond those which, for centuries, were limited to only maritime communication : the airports, radio stations, telephones and telegraph which today unite quintana roo with the rest of the republic. electrical, educational and health services multiplied, thus improving the lives of the inhabitants of quintana roo, until finally, in 1976, the people of quintana roo realize their demand and quintana roo is declared a free and sovereign state of the mexican republic. source of info here historia de quintana roo aunque no hay datos certeros sobre la fecha, se sabe que los primeros asentamientos en la peninsula de yucatan datan de 500 a 300 anos a. c. en el clasico florecieron coba, dzibanche y kohunlich, y para el pos - clasico tulum, coba y muyil, ciudades del interior que controlaban el comercio de la costa mediante canales que comunicaban al mar. durante este periodo, la peninsula se dividia en pequenos cacicazgos. con el fin de la liga de mayapan, la prosperidad se interrumpio y se formaron 19 cacicazgos ; ekab, cochuah y chetumal, tambien conocido como chactemal, quedaron dentro de lo que hoy es quintana roo. a la llegada de los espanoles la peninsula se hallaba en crisis ; no", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4245612795400553, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.929426"} {"text": "una extension de 50 000 km2. pocos despues, fue nombrado el general de division jose maria de la vega primer jefe politico de quintana roo ejerciendo su funcion desde el campamento general vega, que funciono en los hechos como capital del naciente territorio. durante la administracion de jose maria de la vega, se opto por una division en tres distritos de acuerdo con su situacion geografica : norte, centro y sur. de 1903 a 1911 el general ignacio a. bravo se desempeno como jefe politico del territorio. por esos tiempos el territorio se caracterizo por el creciente arribo de presos politicos y opositores al regimen a la colonia penal llamada \u201c cuerpo de operarios \u201d. entre abril y mayo de 1903 se llevaron a cabo las primeras elecciones en el territorio de quintana roo para conformar los ayuntamientos en payo obispo, bacalar, xcalak, campamento general vega e isla mujeres ; en cozumel se instalo una junta municipal. el 27 de febrero de 1904 se publico en el diario oficial de la federacion la ley de organizacion politica y municipal del territorio federal de quintana roo en la que se especificaba que la capital del territorio seria santa cruz de bravo. a partir de 1911 el general manuel sanchez rivera fue enviado por el gobierno del presidente francisco i madero para sustituir a bravo en el poder. en junio de 1913, carranza decreto la anexion del territorio de quintana roo a yucatan. en junio de 1915 el gobernador yucateco salvador alvarado, decidio devolver a los mayas santa cruz, desplazando la capital a payo obispo. el 26 de junio carranza expidio en veracruz otro decreto que derogaba el de 1913 y reintegraba el territorio de quintana roo. en 1918 carranza, otorgo a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45433934888830657, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.931075"} {"text": ". el 26 de junio carranza expidio en veracruz otro decreto que derogaba el de 1913 y reintegraba el territorio de quintana roo. en 1918 carranza, otorgo a francisco may el grado de general constitucionalista, mismo que controlo y monopolizo la compra - venta de toda la produccion chiclera de la zona y concentro gran poder politico. entre 1916 y 1930, con el traslado de la capital del territorio a payo obispo, la zona sur de quintana roo tuvo un importante desarrollo. la organizacion politica del territorio, se modifico en 1917 con la creacion de los municipios libres promulgada en la constitucion politica de los estados unidos mexicanos. quintana roo quedo dividido en tres municipios : cozumel, isla mujeres y payo obispo. en 1924, plutarco elias calles nombro al general amado aguirre gobernador del territorio y al propio tiempo jefe de una comision para realizar un estudio politico, administrativo y economico de quintana roo, con la intencion de evaluar la conveniencia de conservar al territorio como entidad dependiente de la federacion. durante la gestion del doctor jose siurob, a fines de 1928 se decreto la desaparicion de los municipios libres en los territorios federales ; estos fueron sustituidos por delegaciones de gobierno lo cual nuevamente dio al gobernador un poder centralizado y provoco que varios quintanarroenses fueran relegados de los puestos publicos. quintana roo quedo dividido en cuatro delegaciones con cabeceras en : payo obispo, santa cruz, cozumel e isla mujeres. el 14 de diciembre de 1931 se decreto la anexion de quintana roo a los est", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41776791252703727, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.931930"} {"text": "chico y practicamente la ciudad de chetumal. el huracan janet fue un parteaguas en la vida de muchas poblaciones, la historia de chetumal y de xcalak, por ejemplo, se escribe antes y despues del janet. el presidente adolfo lopez mateos nombro como gobernador del territorio al ingeniero aaron merino fernandez, quien con el apoyo economico de la federacion contribuyo a la reconstruccion de chetumal, al fomento de la pequena industria y al desarrollo de la agricultura y ganaderia. en 1964 merino fernandez fue sustituido por rufo figueroa. acorde con el proyecto de transformacion economica y social del territorio, durante su gestion tuvo lugar a la creacion del ingenio alvaro obregon en tierras del ejido pucte. se inicio la expansion de la red carretera hacia el norte del territorio para comunicar felipe carrillo puerto con tulum y playa del carmen. el ultimo gobernante de esta decada fue javier rojo gomez, quien inicio su periodo en mayo de 1967. se construyeron obras de beneficio social, entre las que destacan el centro regional de ensenanza normal en bacalar, la construccion de la carretera chetumal - escarcega, la pavimentacion de la carretera puerto juarez - playa del carmen y la terraceria del camino felipe carrillo puerto - tulum ( 1970 ). la orientacion economica de la entidad daria un giro de 180 grados, al iniciar en quintana roo la industria turistica, hasta entonces poco explotada en la republica mexicana : el turismo. iniciaba la gestacion de cancun. a fines de 1970 fallecio javier rojo gomez, le sustituyo, el 4 de enero de 1971, david gustavo gutierrez ruiz, quien fue el ultimo gobernador de quintana roo como territorio federal.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41249330507748433, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.933498"} {"text": "##ecio javier rojo gomez, le sustituyo, el 4 de enero de 1971, david gustavo gutierrez ruiz, quien fue el ultimo gobernador de quintana roo como territorio federal. en 1972, el presidente luis echeverria alvarez, emitio un acuerdo presidencial que otorgo para todo el territorio la condicion de zona libre durante los siguientes ocho anos. al fin quintana roo reunia las condiciones necesarias establecidas en el articulo 73 de la constitucion el cual dispone, que para dejar su condicion de territorio, debia contar con una poblacion minima de 80 mil habitantes, ingresos propios suficientes para cubrir los gastos de administracion publica, asi como la existencia de infraestructura agricola, industrial, comercial y educativa, entre otras. el 2 de septiembre de 1974 echeverria envio al congreso de la union una iniciativa de ley para que quintana roo y baja california sur fueran elevados a la categoria de estados. tras la aprobacion de las legislaturas estatales, el 8 de octubre de 1974 quintana roo nacio como estado libre y soberano con los mismos limites y extension que se le habia otorgado en 1902. david gustavo gutierrez ruiz fue nombrado gobernador provisional. source of info here", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4270884446622093, "token_count": 365, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.934044"} {"text": "michigan bans texting while driving ; but when will technology take over to keep us safe? \u201c if you could basically be in a taxi where there is no taxi driver and the car is driving itself, there \u2019 s no reason why you couldn \u2019 t get work done or text, \u201d said sterian, an engineering professor at grand valley state university. \u201c it \u2019 s a little futuristic, but i think the concept is sound. \u201d stanford university \u2019 s engineering department is testing robot cars that could solve the growing texting crisis, but experts say they won \u2019 t be sold in the consumer market for at least another decade. \u201c there \u2019 s no technological roadblocks to it. there \u2019 s mostly political, economic and cultural roadblocks, \u201d sterian said. \u201c i think americans like to be in control, and they love their cars. i \u2019 m not sure they want to give up the driving wheel. \u201d until then, technology experts are pointing to several alternatives that could supplement a law by reducing the risk of the deadly practice. there ought to be a law 2004 : washington, d. c., enacts first texting law. \u2022 iowa and kentucky also passed texting laws this year, but drivers in those states won \u2019 t be ticketed until 2011. \u2022 most texting laws are enacted several months after they are passed. the numbers above are based on when the laws are enacted, not passed. \u2022 four states, including michigan, passed texting laws in april 2010. \u2022 unless an accident is caused, most states \u2014 including michigan \u2014 penalize texting drivers with fines between $ 100 and $ 500. in alaska, \u201c intexticated \u201d drivers can be arrested and spend one year in jail for texting while driving, even if they do not cause an accident. most programs in this growing industry are designed to help parents and employers block a phone \u2019 s texting, e - mailing, web browsing and calling features. at & t \u2019 s txtblocker identifies safe zones where a phone is off limits, and safe numbers \u2014 such as parents or emergency contacts \u2014 drivers are always allowed to contact. \u201c laws are very important, but we also know the laws aren \u2019 t going to completely solve the problem, \u201d spokesman brian baucom said. \u201c txtblocker removes the danger of texting while driving from the equation. if a teenager or an employee knows that it \u2019 s installed, their habits are going to change for the better. \u201d the big argument against text -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42083981457679476, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.942086"} {"text": "beautiful \u201d voice program. \u201c it \u2019 s getting better and better, \u201d he said. \u201c i live in hudsonville, so i could say, \u2019 pizza in hudsonville, mich. \u2019 it \u2019 s like \u2019 bam. \u2019 it pulls it up. \u201d but until cars are operated by computers, \u201c error - prone \u201d drivers would do well to avoid all distracting habits, sterian said. \u201c i agree with the legislation : as long as humans are in control of cars they really shouldn \u2019 t be doing anything else than driving, \u201d he said. \u201c there is a technological fix to it. cars should be able to drive themselves. \u201d some cars already do drive themselves in certain situations. toyota \u2019 s lexus ls460 automatically parallel parks itself. and other vehicles have blindspot sensors that take over if a driver accidentally veers into another lane, as well as breaks that kick in to avoid fender - benders. stanford is testing several advanced models, named \u201c shelly, \u201d \u201c stanley, \u201d and \u201c junior, \u201d according to spokesman david orenstein. shelly, the school \u2019 s latest innovation, compares to abs or cruise control, while the later two follow the path of robot cars. \u201c the ultimate extension of projects like these could be a car that does all of its own driving to the point where you can just sit there reading a newspaper or text messaging or browsing your ipad, \u201d orenstein added. \u201c all of these things would make for a safer car in the future. \u201d eventually, this technology could do much more to improve road safety than simply eliminating the risk of texting drivers. \u201c i think it will cut down ( on the number of accidents ), just because of the inattentiveness, \u201d gvsu engineering professor john farris said. \u201c the computer will not get distracted. \u201d these vehicles are still in the testing stages, however, and won \u2019 t enter the market for a while, orenstein said. at this point, \u201c it \u2019 s not really the kind of car you would send to get your kid at soccer practice, \u201d he added. but even after the technology is ready, manufacturers would still have to wait for society to adjust to the idea. \u201c how many people are going to feel safe riding in a 60 mile an hour bullet that could veer off and run into things? \u201d rapin asked. \u201c i think people are a long ways off from trusting their vehicles. \u201d e - mail the author of this story : firstname. lastname @ example.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4389377274523219, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.944135"} {"text": "these days, it \u2019 s not only easy and hip to be green, green renovations just plain make sense. rising energy costs, concerns around human health, and the knowledge that our planet \u2019 s resources are waning are all driving awareness and inspiring smart solutions, products, and services on the home for green remodeling projects. - energy conservation : the average home pits heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems against an overall structure with built - in inefficiencies, so such modifications as energy - efficient appliances, thermostats, and home envelope adjustments can trim household needs and conserve precious resources. - indoor air quality : everything from outdoor pollutants to the off - gassing of floor coverings impacts the purity of your indoor environment. a green approach to remodeling seeks to remove such impacts through better ventilation systems and the use of nontoxic building materials. - reduced material waste and resource conservation : construction waste is a big deal with even the smallest remodel, so anything that can be done to lessen its impact and amp up opportunities to recycle and reuse is welcome. building with engineered lumber, incorporating local materials, and working with a recycling company for waste removal are among the suggestions from the nari green program. - environmentally safe products : several remodeling products and practices have the potential to harm the environment, whether through air pollution or direct disturbance of the natural landscape surrounding a home. with a green approach, care is taken to minimize or eliminate elements that could cause such harm to either the environment or occupants during and after the project.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4867930582364056, "token_count": 322, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.946598"} {"text": "in the manufacturing industry, one way to report and evaluate the process capability and process performance is through the statistical measurements, like cpk. definition : cpk = cpk = process capability index. adjustment of cp for the effect of non - centered distribution. cpk measures how close you are to your target and how consistent you are to around your average performance. cpk measures two things : 1 ) how close the mean of the readings are to the center of the lower and upper spec limits ( ideally, the mean of the readings must equal the center of the spec limits ) ; and 2 ) how widely spread the readings are ( ideally, the standard deviation of the readings should be zero ). the higher the cpk, the better is the capability of the process to meet its requirements. in the industry, a cpk of less than 1. 66 needs a closer look. a cpk that \u2019 s less than 1. 33 needs some action to make it higher, and a cpk of less than 1. 0 means that the process is not capable of meeting its requirements. a low cpk means one of three things : the mean is far from the center of the specs, or the standard deviation of the readings is high ( i. e., the readings are widely spread ), or both conditions exist.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5521879593554466, "token_count": 266, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.948009"} {"text": "\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e 28. 12. 2011 15 : 18 some of the most common terms used by a legal practice are below. this glossary is a general guide only, and does not replace legal advice. answer : a formal statement, generally written, stating the defence of a legal case. appeal : a request to take a case to a higher court for review. no new evidence may be introduced during the appellate process ; the reviewing court considers only whether errors occurred during prior proceedings. appendix : supplementary materials added to appellate brief. arraignment : the accused is brought before the court to plead to the charge against him. attorney : a lawyer ; one who is licensed to act as a representative for another in a legal matter or proceeding ; one who is licensed to practice law. acquittal : a finding by a judge or jury that a person tried for committing a crime is not guilty. bail : to set free a person arrested or imprisoned ( pending trial or resolution of an appeal ), in exchange for security such as cash. bail is forfeited if the person fails to appear in court as directed. bond : in criminal law, a surety bond assures the appearance of the defendant or the payment of the defendant ' s bail if the defendant fails to appear. brief : a written document presented to the court by a lawyer which sets forth both the facts of the case and the law which supports the lawyer ' s case. burden of proof : in the law of evidence, the necessity or duty of affirmatively proving a fact or facts in a dispute. civil case : a matter or case pertaining to the private right of an individual. charges : a formal accusation of having committed a criminal offence. code : a collection of laws arranged into chapters, table of contents, and index, and published by legislative authority. for example, the iowa code is a collection of laws approved by the iowa legislature. common law : law based upon previous decisions of courts. contract : a mutual agreement between two or more parties, in which each party gives up something of value and gains another thing of value. conviction : finding that a person is guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of committing a crime. criminal case : a case concerning an act considered harmful to the general public that is forbidden by law and punishable by fine, imprisonment, or community service. damages : an amount of money which may be recovered in the courts by any person who has suffered loss, detriment, or injury through the unlawful act or negligence of another. decree", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5662838722721526, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.959903"} {"text": "law and punishable by fine, imprisonment, or community service. damages : an amount of money which may be recovered in the courts by any person who has suffered loss, detriment, or injury through the unlawful act or negligence of another. decree : a decision or order of the court. a final decree is one which fully and finally disposes of litigation ; an interlocutory decree is a preliminary decree which disposes of a particular issue within the litigation. default : a \" default \" in an action at law occurs when a defendant fails to appear at the trial or to plead within the time allowed. typically, when a defendant defaults, the court enters an order in favor of the plaintiff. defendant : a person sued in a civil suit or accused of a crime. deposition : the testimony of a witness not taken in open court, but pursuant to authority given by statute or court rule to take testimony elsewhere. deposition testimony may be introduced as evidence in a court proceeding. docket : a list or index of cases and case events maintained by the clerk of court. a list of cases on a court calendar. evidence : a fact presented before a court such as a statement of a witness, an object, etc., that bears on or establishes a point in question. habeas corpus : \" you have the body. \" a petition to bring a person before a court or a judge. in most common usage, it is directed to the official person detaining another, commanding that the person to produce the body of the prisoner or person detained so the court may determine if such a person had been denied his or her liberty without the process of law. indictment : an accusation in writing found and issued by a grand jury, charging that a person named has done some act, or is guilty of some omission, which by law is a crime. information : a formal accusation of crime, based on an affidavit of a person allegedly having knowledge of the offense. instructions : directions given by the judge to the jury concerning the law of the case. interlocutory : preliminary. an interlocutory appeal involves an appeal of a matter within a case before the case is concluded or final. jurisdiction : the right and power to interpret and apply the law. the extent of authority or control. jury : a number of people, selected according to law, and sworn to inquire of certain matters of fact and declare the truth upon evidence laid before them. lien : an encumbrance upon property, usually", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5455684930261145, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.960849"} {"text": "of authority or control. jury : a number of people, selected according to law, and sworn to inquire of certain matters of fact and declare the truth upon evidence laid before them. lien : an encumbrance upon property, usually as security for a debt or obligation. misdemeanor : offences considered less serious than felonies. there are three classes of misdemeanors ; simple, serious, and aggravated. examples of misdemeanors include minor traffic violations, thefts of property not exceeding $ 500 in value, trespass, and disorderly conduct. motion : an application to the court requesting action in a pending case. usually, a motion concerns an issue with the court ' s discretion. negligence : the omission or neglect of reasonable precaution, care, or action. notice of appeal : a filing made with an appellate court to appeal a ruling made by a lower court. opinion : a formal statement by a judge or justice of the law bearing on a case. original jurisdiction : the power of a court to hear a case for the first time instead of waiting for the case to be tried in a lower court. parties : the persons who are actively concerned in the prosecution or defence of a legal proceeding. petition : written application to a court requesting a remedy available under law. plaintiff : a person who brings an action ; the party who complains or sues in a personal action and is so named on the record. plead : a formal statement, generally written, propounding the case of action or the defence of a legal case. preliminary hearing : synonymous with preliminary examinations ; the hearing given before a magistrate or a judge to determine whether a person charged with a crime should be held for trial. prima facie : so far as can be judged from the disclosure ; presumably ; a fact presumed to be true unless disproved by some evidence to the contrary. probable cause : a constitutionally prescribed standard of proof ; a reasonable ground for belief in the existence of certain facts. the burden of proof necessary for an indictment or trial information. probation : a form of criminal sentence in which an offender agrees to comply with certain conditions imposed by the court rather than being put in jail or prison. prosecutor : one who initiates an accusation against a party suspected of committing a crime ; also one who takes charge of a case or performs the function of a trial lawyer in a criminal case on behalf of the state or the people. public defender : a lawyer employed by the government to represent a person accused", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5869019976820145, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.961940"} {"text": "party suspected of committing a crime ; also one who takes charge of a case or performs the function of a trial lawyer in a criminal case on behalf of the state or the people. public defender : a lawyer employed by the government to represent a person accused of a serious crime and who cannot afford to hire a lawyer. punitive damages : damages in excess of actual damages that are assessed as a form of punishment. typically, punitive damages apply when a defendant ' s behavior is found to have been willful or malicious. restitution : an equitable remedy under which a person is restored to his or her original position prior to loss or injury. sentence : judgment formally pronounced by a judge upon defendant after the defendant ' s conviction in the criminal prosecution. service of process : the act of providing an opposing party with notice of a pleading or action to assure that the opposing party is aware of the action and is given an opportunity to appear. statute : a law adopted by the legislature. stipulation : an agreement by attorneys on opposite sides of a case as to any manner pertaining to the proceedings or trial ; stipulations must be in writing and agreed to by the parties. testimony : spoken evidence given by a confident witness, under oath, as distinguished by evidence derived by writings and other sources. trial information : a document filed by the prosecutor, which states the charges and evidence against a defendant in a criminal case. verdict : the formal decision or finding made by a jury and accepted by the court. warrant : a writ or order authorizing an officer to make an arrest, conduct a search, or to perform some other designated act. witness : one who testifies to what he or she has seen, heard, or otherwise observed or testifies to his or her opinion based on a hypothetical statement. writ : an order issued from a court requiring the performance of a specified act, or giving authority and commission to having it done.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5522637184206137, "token_count": 388, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.963587"} {"text": "cape breton homeland songs this type of song may be considered relatively modern in terms of its prominence in the gaelic tradition and often relates to population movements from the highlands in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. while earlier songs may contrast the love of one gaelic - speaking area compared to another, more recent compositions extol the virtues of a gaelic homeland compared with a less traditional, culturally different one. the gaelic language or gael for that matter may be symbolic of the homeland itself. while many homeland songs may also be considered emigrant songs, they may also express the bard ' s newfound appreciation for his / her community after having travelled and then returned. it would make sense then that many nova scotian bards praise their own communities, as most if not all had either spent time in different cultures or at least been aware of them. a related form of this song called tamailt may possess many of the characteristics of the homeland song but also be a criticism of a place ( ie. a choille ghruamaich ). songs of this type may sometimes be found to have preserved several of the classical forms of versification and syllabic structure ( as in the case of a choille ghruamaich ). owing to their simplicity of language and rhyme scheme of many homeland songs, they are not generally regarded to be great forms of literary art. nevertheless, many of these songs remain as anthems in nova scotian and indeed scottish communities, reflecting group identity and an awareness of social change. photo : inverness beach.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4469888066039268, "token_count": 307, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.969945"} {"text": "monday 18th june contributed by caroline today the cardiff university archaeology students arrived on site and this was the first full day. the majority of the day was spent clearing up the edges of the trench using spades, shovels and mattocks. a back breaking day was had by all ; this is always the most physically hardest day on site. progress was good and towards the end of the day all three trenches had cleaned straight edges and so the cleaning off of the last remaining topsoil was begun in trenches 1 and 2. removing the topsoil in trench 1 revealed the natural limestone bedrock and yellow clay in most areas. several features were found cutting into this natural geology, including rubble filled ditches and a possible ring gully ( these are often associated with prehistoric roundhouses ). however, the finds have mainly been of roman date, this includes several roman coins of the late 4th century. we are still, however, hoping to uncover prehistoric activity, particularly as this is what geophysics had suggested in some areas. geophysics involves analysing the ground using equipment which can detect anomalies in the earth \u2019 s geology. equipment includes magnetometers which record magnetic susceptibility of the soil ( this machine is good at detecting burning activity as the soil becomes more magnetic following heating ). the ground is also probed by a machine which measures resitivity. this involves passing an electric current into the ground and detecting the resistance faced. low resistance features are ditches ( they retain water ), whereas high resistance features such as stone walls obstruct the electric current. anyway, back to the point - geophysics was carried out on the site to help predict what we would find before we dig the site. this helps us decide where to locate the trenches. geophysics suggested we would find an enclosure ditch surrounding several areas of activity, including burnt areas and various ditches and other anomalous features. we are hoping to find later prehistoric activity that was possibly at some point contemporaneous with the feasting site found in the nearby field on the farm. previous digs here involved the digging of a midden ( a giant prehistoric rubbish dump ) many amazing artefacts were found including bracelets, cauldron fragments, a chisel, spearhead and tens of thousands of animal bones. only time will tell if this site is contemporary, but at present roman finds dominate the evidence. today there was torrential rain but luckily this coincided with our lunch hour and so did not affect work too much other than the ground was a lot harder", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.48889056232070616, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:44.997078"} {"text": "atopic dermatitis is also known as eczema, it is a chronic inflammatory disease of the skin.. although it can occur anytime, it is more common in children and infants. over two - thirds of individuals affected by this disorder have a family history of similar problems. about one - third of people with atopic dermatitis also have other allergic disorders that affect the respiratory system, such as asthma or hay fever. causes of dermatitis, atopic the cause of this condition is not entirely known. the strong family involvement, makes some sort of genetic predisposition a possibility. similarly, some type of overactivity of the immune - system has been postulated. signs and symptoms of dermatitis, atopic atopic dermatitis or eczema produces patches of dry, itchy and thickened skin. the areas that are commonly affected include regions where heat and moisture are retained, such as skin creases of elbows, knees, neck, face, hands, feet, groin, genitals and around the anus. at times, the itching can be very severe and interfere with sleep. find more information medical content last updated on 07 / 12 / 2008 the information contained on this site is for the sole purpose of being informative. this information is not and should not be used or relied upon as medical advice. always seek the advice of your physician, nurse or other qualified health care provider before you undergo any treatment or for answers to any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. if you believe you have a medical emergency, please discontinue use of myelectronicmd and call 911 now. nothing contained on or provided through the service is intended to be or is to be used for medical diagnosis or treatment. your use of this site is subject to certain terms and conditions.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46603497237823904, "token_count": 372, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:45.027241"} {"text": "food art - garnishing and presentation september 13, 2010 would you like to learn about food garnishing and presentation? can the way food is arranged actually affect the flavor of the food? bill phillips, culinary institute of america chef / instructor says, \u201c indeed it can. \u201d he also emphasizes that from a psychological point of view, presentation clearly affects one \u2019 s perception of flavor. he teaches a system of guidelines called buff. b is for balance. u is for unity. f is for focal point. f is for flow. this kind of information can be found in our mcpl online resources research databases. under the subject of diy and hobbies - culinary arts collection, this site includes 250 major cooking and nutrition magazines. not only that, our claycomo branch will also be having a program called garnishing and presentation, where you can learn how to create vegetable - flower and herb garnishes, and beautifully display cold food such as lunch meats, cheeses, fruits, and vegetables. to sign up for this and any of our other scheduled programs, just go to events tab listed near the top of the page. click on claycomo, and then select the program you would like to attend. we will even contact you as a reminder of the program that you have signed up for.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5093961349278766, "token_count": 267, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:45.030409"} {"text": "cscope is a comprehensive, online curriculum management system developed and owned by the texas education service center curriculum collaborative ( tesccc ), a consortium composed of 19 of the 20 escs in the state. cscope provides beeville isd and other districts a common language, structure and process for curriculum delivery. curriculum components highlight the content and cognitive rigor of each student expectation that will be assessed on staar and ensure teachers are informed of the depth and complexity to which they should be teaching. cscope helps teachers and students prepare for the state of texas assessment for academic readiness ( staar ). required english language proficiency standards ( elps ) and college and career readiness standards are embedded into the curriculum as well. the cscope parent portal is designed to allow parents the opportunity to view all concepts and key understandings associated with each unit in cscope language arts, math, science and social studies ( k - 12 ). the listing of cscope units, concepts and key understandings on this site represent the versions provided by cscope to each school district / system with an active cscope license for the 2012 - 13 school year. cscope is built on the premise that the district and the individual classroom teacher know what \u2019 s best for their students. the cscope system is designed with the capabilities for districts to customize curricular and instructional components ; therefore, the information and cscope content provided through this parent portal may differ slightly from what is actually taught in the local classrooms. to access the cscope parent portal, go to http : / / www. cscope. us / parentportal /. no user name or password required.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5051876153322108, "token_count": 330, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:45.032806"} {"text": "the following html text is provided to enhance online readability. many aspects of typography translate only awkwardly to html. please use the page image as the authoritative form to ensure accuracy. emerging infections : microbial threats to health in the united states bubonic plague, the most common form of the disease, is acquired directly from the bite of an infected flea. other, less common forms of plague include pneumonic, which can develop from the bubonic form and is spread directly from person to person by the respiratory route ; septicemic ; and meningeal, or plague meningitis. bubonic plague derives its name from the characteristic swollen lymph nodes ( called buboes ) in the groin, axilla, and neck areas. untreated bubonic plague is fatal in half of all cases ; untreated pneumonic plague is invariably fatal. plague is probably best known because of its role in the black death ( so called because of the gangrenous extremities often seen in those with advanced disease ), a devastating pandemic that swept through much of asia and europe during the middle ages. some 20 million people, representing 20 to 25 percent of western europe ' s total populace, are thought to have died during a four - year period ( mcevedy, 1988 ). in large european cities during the peak of the epidemic, people died in such great numbers that few were left to bury the dead. an accurate count of plague victims \u2014 especially the poor, who lived in the most crowded conditions \u2014 was impossible. the black death arrived in europe from central asia in 1346, probably by the ' ' silk road, \" a trading route from asia to europe. it reached italy by ship from caffa ( mcevedy, 1988 ). like many pandemics, its spread was made possible by the devices of transportation. medical historians believe that the plague bacillus was endemic in the marmot population of central asia. it is likely that mongol invaders who killed marmots for their fur inadvertently extended the range of the y. pestis - infected rodents and their fleas. the mongols often rode long distances in a single day and may thereby have transported an occasional infected rat or some fleas as they moved along the trade routes toward europe ( mcneill, 1976 ). in the late 1890s, bubonic plague appears to have been introduced into san francisco by infected rats traveling aboard an asian merchant ship. in 1900, a small outbreak of the disease developed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47942354147138544, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:45.047128"} {"text": "in the past decade, there has been a significant decline in public knowledge of how hiv is transmitted. in the same period, the number of damaging myths and misconceptions has increased. there has been no positive change in public attitudes towards hiv, and a significant minority of the public still hold stigmatising and discriminatory views about people with the virus. public education plays a vital role in helping people understand the facts about hiv and the unacceptability of hiv stigma and discrimination. ultimately, greater public understanding will also lead to lower levels of hiv transmission and a more supportive society for people living with hiv. tellingly, there has been no real investment in educating the public about hiv and recent sexual health campaigns \u2013 especially those aimed at young people \u2013 have made no mention of it at all. young people rarely learn about hiv in schools, where sex education is still not compulsory and remains, in some areas, extremely limited. the media, meanwhile, very rarely write about hiv and when they do they often serve to perpetuate myths and misunderstanding through sensationalist language or misreporting of the facts. there have been significant changes and developments in recent years around hiv testing, treatment and life expectancy of people with hiv, although these are not widely understood. hiv remains largely invisible in our society. this is partly because treatment has improved so much that people with hiv are living longer and staying healthy. however, it is also because many people with hiv do not find it easy to be open about their hiv status. stigmatising and discriminatory attitudes among the general public play a significant role in this. nat believes that, alongside targeted prevention campaigns aimed at the communities most at risk of hiv, there is a need for everybody in the uk to have a basic knowledge about hiv and the realities of living with hiv. for more detail on nat \u2019 s thinking around public awareness and hiv click here. the power of the media to communicate news and information, to influence opinions and raise awareness, means that it can be a very valuable tool in the fight against hiv. however inaccurate stories can perpetuate myths, and create confusion and misunderstanding. accurate media coverage is therefore vital in terms of tackling the discrimination experienced by people living with hiv and helping to prevent the spread of the virus. nat has produced a number of resources to help journalists make sure that the articles they write contain accurate information about hiv, are not misleading and do not encourage negative perceptions about hiv. it ' s very important that the next generation can safeguard their own sexual health and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45211897307376114, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:45.059672"} {"text": "waterton - glacier international peace park the lewis overthrust of waterton - glacier international peace park provides scientists with dynamics of geologic processes that are going on today in other parts of the world, such as the andes and the himalaya mountains. because of the high degree of preservation of the original rock characteristics, the recent glacial sculpturing of the rocks, and the access by roads and trails, this major geologic structure in waterton - glacier is available for study by scientists from around the world. the lewis overthrust began 170 million years ago, when a collision of the earth \u2019 s crustal plates elevated numerous mountain chains and formed the ancestral rocky mountains. ever - increasing stresses near the end of this great event shoved a huge rock wedge, several miles thick and several hundred miles wide, eastward more than 50 miles. large masses of relatively stronger rocks were shoved over softer and more easily deformed rocks. erosion stripped away the upper part of the original rock wedge and exposed the rocks and structures visible in the park today. rarely have rocks of such ancient age been thrust over rocks that are so much younger. the overlying precambrian ( proterozoic ) rocks are over 1, 400 million years older than the underlying cretaceous age rocks. thus, the lewis overthrust is significant as a structural feature, for the extent of lateral displacement ( up to 80 kilometers ), and because it has functioned to expose ancient sediments possessing an unparalleled degree of preservation. of particular scenic and geologic note is chief mountain, a spectacular monolith towering above the prairie along the eastern margin of waterton - glacier. chief mountain is an erosionally isolated remnant of the eastern edge of the upper plate of the lewis overthrust \u2014 a feature known as a klippa ranking with the matterhorn as an example of this structural and erosional phenomenon. most of the rocks exposed in the park are sedimentary rocks of the belt series, of mesoproterozoic age, which were deposited from around 1, 600 to 800 million years ago. rocks of that age in other parts of the world have been greatly altered by mountain building processes and no longer exhibit their original characteristics. these virtually unaltered proterozoic rocks of waterton - glacier are unique in that they have preserved the subtle features of sedimentation such as milimetric lamination, ripple marks, mud cracks, salt - crystal casts, raindrop impressions, oolites, six species of fossil algae, mudchip breccia", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5314885016775657, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:45.238594"} {"text": "in that they have preserved the subtle features of sedimentation such as milimetric lamination, ripple marks, mud cracks, salt - crystal casts, raindrop impressions, oolites, six species of fossil algae, mudchip breccias, and many other bedding characteristics. ripple marks, mount shields formation on hucklebury mountain. glacier national park. cross - sectional exposure of mudcracks in the snowslip formation along going - to - the - sun highway. coin for scale. glacier national park. these proterozoic sedimentary rocks, while outcropping over an area extending from southern montana to southern british columbia, are most impressively exposed in waterton - glacier. due to the extreme relief and unexcelled exposures, over 2, 100 meters of stratigraphic thickness is exposed to scientific examination. these features plus their chemical characteristics make the proterozoic sediments of waterton - glacier international peace park unique for studying the physical and chemical conditions that existed on the earth over a billion years ago. several of the sedimentary rock layers described above, contain fossils called stromatolites. they were colonial organisms of blue - green algae that lived in warm shallow seas marginal to ancient lands. six species representing three genera of stromatolites are preserved in the ancient sediments of the park. close - up of precambrian stromatolites in siyeh formation, going to the sun highway. glacier national park. the appekunny formation contains bedding structures, which have being classified as the remains of the possibly oldest metazoan on earth. pushing the limits of the origin of the metazoans one billion years back. the glaciers in glacier national park today are all geologically new having formed in the last few thousand years. presently, all the glaciers in the park are shrinking. more snow melts each summer than accumulates each winter. as the climate changed over the last two million years, glaciers formed and melted away several times. during the great ice age, or pleistocene, the park \u2019 s major valleys were filled with glacial ice over a mile in thickness, carving the outstanding glacial topography seen today. textbook examples of glacially carved landforms are on display : the park is filled with horns, cirques, aretes, hanging valleys, and moraines. u - shaped glacial trough of mcdonald valley, with snow - capped mountain glacier national park. a wide variety of landslide types exist in waterton - glacier, ranging from slow - moving slump", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5024098982034356, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:45.248562"} {"text": "lovell center for environmental geography and hazards research the general park map handed out at the visitor center is available on the park ' s map webpage. for information about topographic maps, geologic maps, and geologic data sets, please see the geologic maps page. a photo album for this park can be found on the park ' s webpage. for information on other photo collections featuring national park geology, please see the image sources page. currently, we do not have a listing for a park - specific geoscience book. the park ' s geology may be described in regional or state geology texts. parks and plates : the geology of our national parks, monuments & seashores. lillie, robert j., 2005. w. w. norton and company. 9 \" x 10. 75 \", paperback, 550 pages, full color throughout the spectacular geology in our national parks provides the answers to many questions about the earth. the answers can be appreciated through plate tectonics, an exciting way to understand the ongoing natural processes that sculpt our landscape. parks and plates is a visual and scientific voyage of discovery! ordering from your national park cooperative associations ' bookstores helps to support programs in the parks. please visit the bookstore locator for park books and much more. information about the park ' s research program is available on the park ' s research webpage. for information about permits that are required for conducting geologic research activities in national parks, see the permits information page. the nps maintains a searchable data base of research needs that have been identified by parks. a bibliography of geologic references is being prepared for each park through the geologic resources evaluation program ( gre ). please see the gre website for more information and contacts. nps geology and soils partnersassociation of american state geologists geological society of america natural resource conservation service - soils u. s. geological survey currently, we do not have a listing for any park - specific geology education programs or activities. general information about the park ' s education and intrepretive programs is available on the park ' s education webpage. for resources and information on teaching geology using national park examples, see the students & teachers pages.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5035412666567356, "token_count": 444, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:45.274347"} {"text": "with cases of west nile virus in escambia county, the santa rosa county health department is encouraging residents to take precautions to avoid mosquito - borne illnesses. west nile virus ( wnv ) is a potentially serious disease, primarily transmitted by infected mosquitoes. since january of this year, 16 confirmed cases of wnv have been reported throughout the state of florida. although no cases have been reported in santa rosa county, neighboring counties are seeing cases, and sentinel monitoring indicates a rise in the number of mosquitoes carrying the virus. to reduce the chance of becoming infected with the virus, the health department encourages residents to take precautions to avoid being bitten by mosquitoes that may be carrying wnv, as well as other illnesses. remove standing water. removing standing water sources is one of the easiest ways to prevent mosquitoes from breeding. outdoor yard items such as pets ' water dishes, bird baths and flower pots can collect water and provide ideal places for mosquitoes to lay their eggs. empty items that hold water at least once a week, clean rain gutters so that water drains freely, and remove discarded trash items, such as car tires, to discourage mosquitoes from laying eggs. avoid going outside between dusk and dawn when mosquitoes are most active. if you must be outside, dress in clothing that covers most of your skin. use mosquito repellents. products containing deet are both safe and effective, when used as directed. use screens on all open windows. repair any torn or broken screens. for more information on insect repellents, visit the centers for disease control website : http : / / www. cdc. gov / ncidod / dvbid / westnile / qa / insect _ repellent. htm. for more information on mosquito - borne illnesses and how to help prevent them, visit these websites : http : / / www. cdc. gov / ncidod / diseases / list _ mosquitoborne. htm", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44353920655063, "token_count": 396, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:45.280484"} {"text": "four hundred years ago, galileo galilei changed the world by peering through a 3 - foot - long telescope and spying the moons of jupiter. today, the world \u2014 or, more accurately, our collection of worlds \u2014 is on the brink of a change that could be just as dramatic. over the next five years, giant telescopes and far - seeing space probes will revolutionize the way we think of stars, planets and the other denizens of planetary systems, including our own. one of the planetary pioneers is nasa ' s wide - field infrared survey explorer, launching next week from vandenberg air force base in california. wise is designed to look for objects too dim and distant to be noticed by past probes. by mid - 2011, the polar - orbiting satellite should detect around 100, 000 previously unseen asteroids. even more intriguingly, the satellite has a chance of spotting a brown - dwarf star or a new planet on the outskirts of the solar system. \" there is still the possibility of a large planet in the outer solar system, according to some experts, \" the mission ' s project scientist, peter eisenhardt of nasa ' s jet propulsion laboratory, told msnbc. com. \" my point of view is, as long as there ' s a reasonable chance of finding something, you ought to go and look. \" looking beyond our solar system, astronomers are gearing up to reveal the initial findings from nasa ' s kepler mission next month. kepler is aimed at determining how many stars in a patch of sky have planets circling around them. within three years, scientists hope to be able to detect earth - size planets in the \" habitable zones \" around alien stars. after only a few months of observations, leaders of the kepler team say they ' ve already come across some potentially mind - bending findings. \" we have some discoveries that someday, after they ' re verified, will knock your socks off, \" the mission ' s principal investigator, william borucki of nasa ' s ames research center, told msnbc. com. another planet - hunting probe, the european space agency ' s corot satellite, has already detected a rocky world only five times as massive as earth, orbiting so close to its parent star that temperatures on the sun - facing side rise beyond 2, 000 degrees fahrenheit. still more planets are sure to be revealed in the months and perhaps years to come. ground - based telescopes are joining the search for new worlds as well. some of the world ' s biggest eyes on the sky are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.47410080025206125, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:45.293091"} {"text": "000 degrees fahrenheit. still more planets are sure to be revealed in the months and perhaps years to come. ground - based telescopes are joining the search for new worlds as well. some of the world ' s biggest eyes on the sky are already supporting the kepler and corot missions, and still more are in the design or construction phase : - pan - starrs : the $ 100 million panoramic survey telescope and rapid response system, or pan - starrs for short, is an array of four telescopes being set up in hawaii primarily to track fast - moving asteroids, some of which might threaten earth. however, pan - starrs is expected to spot about 20, 000 objects in the kuiper belt, a distant ring of icy material where pluto was found nearly 80 years ago. pan - starrs should be able to find objects as small as pluto well beyond the kuiper belt. - giant magellan telescope : the $ 700 million gmt, due to be built in chile by 2018, will combine the power of seven 27. 6 - foot - wide mirrors to produce images sharper than those of the hubble space telescope. the instrument should be able to see the disks of worlds far beyond pluto, piecing together the evidence for or against the existence of a giant planet x. - large synoptic survey telescope : the $ 400 million lsst is expected to become fully operational in chile in 2016 and revolutionize astronomy. \u201c in the first week, we will see more data from this telescope than all the telescopes in humanity up to that point, \u201d billionaire backer charles simonyi has said. the lsst is expected to spot up to 100, 000 orbiting objects beyond neptune, including ice dwarfs as big as pluto that are more than six times farther out. - discovery channel telescope : arizona ' s lowell observatory has partnered with the discovery channel to build a $ 40 million telescope in arizona that will extend the search for kuiper belt objects, as well as extrasolar planets and near - earth asteroids. lowell observatory was the place where pluto was discovered back in 1930, and observatory director eileen friel said it ' s fitting that the one of the first campaigns taken on by the new telescope will be to look for other objects like pluto in the kuiper belt. \" it has direct relevance to the observatory ' s legacy, \" she told msnbc. com. that legacy has undergone substantial revision in the past three years : pluto is no longer considered the ninth planet, but rather the first of many", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4712271021062404, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:45.294342"} {"text": "solar system. \" he said wise isn ' t the best instrument for detecting dwarf planets such as pluto or eris, but it should be able to pick up larger planets or brown dwarfs that couldn ' t be seen before. a world the size of neptune could be spotted in an orbit 50 times farther away than pluto ' s distance from the sun. something as big as jupiter could be seen even if it were a light - year away \u2014 more than 1, 000 times farther than pluto. in some quarters, such a discovery could lead to hand - wringing over a planet x that ' s out to get us, but the researchers who have hypothesized the existence of such a planet emphasize that orbital mechanics would rule out any threat. and if wise fails to detect a large planet, that should deal a mortal blow to the planet x hypothesis, said john matese, an astrophysicist at the university of louisiana at lafayette who has studied the issue for years. \" if it doesn ' t discover it, the whole discussion should be concluded, \" he said. looking for \u2018 failed stars \u2019 wise ' s science team is more confident about detecting brown dwarfs, which are sometimes known as \" failed stars. \" brown dwarfs are celestial bodies big enough to get a deuterium fusion process started \u2014 with masses higher than 13 times jupiter ' s mass \u2014 but too small to sustain the hydrogen fusion reaction seen in stars. brown dwarfs glow so dimly that they ' re difficult to detect, but when astronomers study distant star clusters closely, they usually spot at least one brown dwarf for every regular star. astronomers suspect that our own celestial neighborhood contains brown dwarfs that have not yet been spotted. some could be wandering closer to the solar system than our nearest known stellar neighbor, proxima centauri, which is 4. 2 light - years away. \" we should find several hundred brown dwarfs that are currently unknown, \" ned wright, an astrophysicist at the university of california at los angeles who serves as wise ' s principal investigator, said in a news release. some of those dark stars could even have planets, wright said, and the yet - to - be - launched james webb space telescope could focus on targets identified by wise to look for them. over the course of its planned nine - month science mission, wise is expected to boost the solar system ' s inventory of asteroids by 100, 000, eisenhardt said. a system is being put in place to report hundreds of new asteroids per day, and to follow up on wise", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.528370705573341, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:45.296910"} {"text": "linking home - based child care and state - funded preschool the community connections preschool program ( illinois action for children ) publication date : may 2011 introduction to the community connections program model the community connections preschool program ( herein referred to as community connections ) was developed to help prepare children in home - based child care for success in school and in life. it has three goals : ( 1 ) to make state prekindergarten classroom experiences available to children in home - based care, ( 2 ) to extend classroom learning experiences in the home - based care setting, and ( 3 ) to support infant and toddler development in participating providers \u2019 homes. in this model, state prekindergarten ( illinois \u201c preschool for all \u201d ) classrooms provide half - day sessions four days per week for 3 - and 4 - year - old children coming from home - based child care. on the fifth day, the teachers visit children \u2019 s care providers ; delivering books and educational materials, modeling ways to extend curriculum activities, and discussing children \u2019 s learning in the classroom. while preschoolers are in classrooms away from the home - based care setting, providers have precious time to focus on the needs of infants and toddlers in their care. illinois action for children ( herein referred to as iafc ) created the community connections program model in 2005 as illinois was rapidly expanding its state prekindergarten program, which would ultimately change from serving exclusively at - risk children to become \u201c preschool for all. \u201d as the preschool for all program grew, it became clear that large numbers of preschoolers in home - based care were being left out. home - based care is the only option for many parents in low - wage jobs because those jobs tend to require non - traditional work hours \u2013 evenings, weekends, and changing shifts \u2013 when child care centers are closed. in illinois, 67 % of low - income single mothers with children under six work non - traditional hours ( illinois action for children, 2006 ). these mothers overwhelmingly choose home - based child care, usually provided by family, friends and neighbors. according to illinois child care assistance program data, among families using the child care assistance program in cook county, 58 % have enrolled their children in home - based child care ( 22 % in licensed homes and 36 % in license - exempt family, friend and neighbor care ). while home - based child care is a significant community asset, preschool - age children tend to learn cognitive school readiness skills best in classroom settings ( national institute of child health and human development early child care research network,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48823361848393, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:45.308031"} {"text": "family, friend and neighbor care ). while home - based child care is a significant community asset, preschool - age children tend to learn cognitive school readiness skills best in classroom settings ( national institute of child health and human development early child care research network, 2002 ). in 2005, iafc developed community connections to support home - based child care while adding a classroom - based experience to the children \u2019 s day. this new program represents a third model through which state prekindergarten services are delivered in illinois. the two most common models are part - day school - based programs and full - day programs delivered in conjunction with child care centers. as a third model, community connections has the potential to reach a large population of unserved children. community connections program evaluation : phase i implementation study the illinois state board of education has requested evidence that the community connections mixed model works before making funding available for it statewide. education agencies in other states are expected to ask the same question. community connections is a mixed model, incorporating classroom - based and homeprovider - based elements. as such, it represents a significant departure from the common state prekindergarten models, which are entirely classroom - based. while research conducted on early head start and parents as teachers models has suggested that specific mixed models are effective ( u. s. department of health and human services, 2006 ; parents as teachers national center, 2007 ), iafc and its state education agency are seeking evidence specific to the community connections model. in phase 1 of a two phase evaluation, iafc asked child trends and the national center for children in poverty ( nccp ) to conduct a study to examine model clarity, fidelity, and the implementation of community connections. phase 2, to take place after implementation issues are identified and addressed, will be an outcomes study. this report describes the methodology and presents the findings of phase 1 of the evaluation of the community connections model, the implementation study. central to the methodology, described in detail below, were comprehensive interviews with members of the five groups participating in, or \u201c connected \u201d through, community connections : the complete cadre of preschool for all coordinators at iafc, as well as samples of participating center directors, classroom teachers and assistant teachers, home - based care providers, and parents of participating children. in addition to interviews, quality observations were conducted with the home - based providers in their care settings, with each observation focused on a child participating in community connections. review of participation data maintained by iafc informed selection of the centers for the study,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5172314712675772, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:45.309477"} {"text": ". in addition to interviews, quality observations were conducted with the home - based providers in their care settings, with each observation focused on a child participating in community connections. review of participation data maintained by iafc informed selection of the centers for the study, as well as the range of home - based providers affiliated with those centers from which to recruit the sample. as described more fully later, recruitment efforts were successful with licensed providers, all of whom were english - speaking, but not with license - exempt providers, who may have felt uncomfortable being observed. the results section of the report opens by summarizing the reactions, which were predominately enthusiastic, to participating in community connections from the coordinators, center directors, center teachers, home providers, and parents ; as well as their impressions, also heavily favorable, of the model and its benefits to them and their children. this section goes on to review interview responses and program documents for insights into how well the model is achieving its first goal : making preschool classroom experiences available to children who would not otherwise have them. findings follow from the quality observations of the home - based care settings conducted with the child care assessment tool for relatives ( ccat - r ). highlights from the observations include good caregiver engagement with the focal child and good - toadequate caregiver and child language factors. conducted once in the spring, the observations provided a view of community connections \u2019 home - based care well into the program year, but not an opportunity for comparison with care at the outset of the year. the results section then discusses respondents \u2019 perceptions of benefits / targeted effects of the program and concludes with an analysis of respondents \u2019 descriptions of the key activities of the community connections model specifically, as well as preschool for all in general, their sense of challenges facing the model, and ideas for meeting those challenges. targeted effects of the program discussed by respondents included new or stronger connections among parents, centers, and home - based providers ; perceptions of improvements in the center classroom and home - based care setting ; perceived improvements in children \u2019 s learning ; and business / personal benefits to participating in the program. there was a high degree of shared understanding of core model components. nevertheless, responses suggested a need for more specificity about some components. in identifying challenges, teachers and providers expressed the need for more training and support in some areas. for example, teachers wished for additional guidance in scheduling and making the best use of their visits with providers in their homes. also, parents, providers, and teachers all expressed concerns about the effectiveness", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5064715754830436, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:45.311145"} {"text": "a 2011 study published in the clinical research in cardiology revealed that shoveling snow actually does increase the risk of a having a heart attack. the study looked at 500 people and found that 7 % started experiencing symptoms of heart problems while shoveling snow. the cardiologists conducting the canadian study felt that while 7 % is significant, there could be as many as double that number given the fact that the patients may not have connected their heart problems with snow shoveling. today, at the start of the 2012 - 2013 snow season, the snow & ice management association ( sima ), the national nonprofit organization representing the snow removal industry, is suggesting seven tips for safe snow shoveling. \" while heart attacks may be the most serious consequence of shoveling snow, there are other even more common health risks including dehydration, back injuries, pulled muscles, broken bones and frostbite. but the good news is there are ways to safely shovel snow, \" said martin b. tirado, cae, executive director, sima. here are sima ' s safe snow shoveling tips : tip # 1 : stay on top of the snow. no we aren ' t suggesting that you make snow angels but when there ' s a heavy snow, the best advice is to stay ahead of the storm. sima recommends that to prevent snow and ice from adhering to the sidewalk or street, clear the snow every few inches instead of waiting for the snow to stop falling before you head outdoors. tip # 2 : wear breathable layers. layering is typical cold winter weather advice. we suggest wearing layers of loose clothing so you can peal a layer off if you get hot. avoid wearing heavy wools, manmade materials or other materials that don \u2019 t allow perspiration to evaporate. better choices are cotton and silk. tip # 3 : watch your feet. no you aren ' t on dancing with the stars, but nonetheless, you need to pay attention to what ' s on your feet when heading outdoors to shovel snow. sima suggests wearing quality outdoor winter wear such as waterproof boots with good traction. good traction is critical to ensuring that you don ' t slip and fall. tip # 4 : take a few minutes to stretch. shoveling snow is a workout so you need to stretch to warm up your muscles particularly because you are shoveling snow in the cold weather. stretching before you start shoveling will help prevent injury and fatigue. tip # 5 : push don ' t lift. sounds like something a high school wrestling coach", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.40606412962813054, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:45.317248"} {"text": "to stretch to warm up your muscles particularly because you are shoveling snow in the cold weather. stretching before you start shoveling will help prevent injury and fatigue. tip # 5 : push don ' t lift. sounds like something a high school wrestling coach may say but if you push the snow to the side rather than trying to lift the snow to remove it, you exert less energy thereby placing less stress on your body. tip # 6 : drink up! water that is. sima recommends taking frequent breaks and staying hydrated. you should drink water as if you were enduring a tough workout at the gym or running five miles. tip # 7 : don ' t play in traffic. sometimes people get so focused on the task at hand they don ' t pay attention to their surroundings. when shoveling snow near streets, pay attention to the traffic since vehicles may not have good traction in the snow and ice. tip # 8 : call and text. we ' re not suggesting that you make calls and text while shoveling snow, but it is important to have your cell phone on you so you can make a call in event of an emergency. following these seven tips will help ensure that you survive and thrive through winter 2012 - 2013. for more snow and ice removal tips, visit sima. about the snow & ice management association ( sima ) founded in 1996, the snow & ice management association is the nation ' s trade association for professionals involved with the snow & ice industry including snow plowing as well as commercial & residential snow removal.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.42743562430265836, "token_count": 307, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:45.317950"} {"text": "born first and headed for health trouble? firstborn children end up a little taller, smarter and richer than their younger siblings, on average. but are the eldest kids more likely to develop diabetes and heart disease when they grow up, too? that ' s the suggestion from a study conducted by researchers in new zealand, who found that firstborn children under age 12 had slightly higher blood pressure and were slightly less sensitive to insulin than their younger siblings. the results were published online in the journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. doctors are looking more closely at children for early signs of diabetes and heart disease, as type 2 diabetes and obesity have become commonplace in children and adults. so, are firstborns doomed? not likely. first of all, this researchers measured the health of 85 children at one point in time. it ' s what ' s called an association study ; it can ' t prove that being born first caused the differences the scientists found. \" as far as i know there ' s not a strong association between insulin sensitivity in an... 8 - year - old and an adult at 40 or 50 or 60, \" said tamara wexler, an endocrinologist in private practice. \" they ' re not relating this to pediatric obesity and pediatric diabetes. \" the researchers found that the 32 firstborns had 21 percent less insulin sensitivity when compared to other children. being less sensitive to insulin, also called insulin resistance, can be a precursor to diabetes. the firstborns also had a small increase \u2014 about 4 millimeters of mercury \u2014 in blood pressure. those differences were similar to what ' s seen in obese children, the new zealanders noted. but these children weren ' t overweight. they were taller and slimmer than their peers, even when the researchers adjusted the results to account for the height and weight of the parents. there ' s no clear mechanism that explains the odd mixture of height, weight, blood pressure and glucose tolerance, the researchers wrote. \" we do think this is a risk factor, \" says wayne cutfield, a pediatric endocrinologist at the university of auckland who led the team. \" but this does not mean these people will get diabetes. \" cutfield told shots that this firstborn effect, if it proves out, could be one of many risk factors for developing diabetes in adulthood, including \" unfortunate genes from your parents, crappy diet, not exercising, and stress from work. \" studies with large numbers of adults need to be done to see if firstborns", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4526997013766675, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:45.324032"} {"text": "could be one of many risk factors for developing diabetes in adulthood, including \" unfortunate genes from your parents, crappy diet, not exercising, and stress from work. \" studies with large numbers of adults need to be done to see if firstborns really do have more diabetes or other health issues later in life, cutfield added. as for the cause, cutfield speculates that it could be because the placenta is not quite as efficient in delivering nutrients during a first pregnancy. but many other factors could be involved. \" it ' s really not clear, \" he says. earlier studies on birth order and health issues aren ' t much help. the previous research tends to be more socioeconomic, looking into which children get the best food and medical care. firstborns usually do well there. if firstborns were slightly more likely to get diabetes, cutfield says, that might not make a big difference for individuals. but it could make a big difference for countries like china, which has enforced a one - child policy for decades. as a result, 60 percent of people worldwide are firstborns, according to cutfield. \" i don ' t think that this can be taken as a cautionary tale for firstborns at all, \" wexler says. all those firstborns needn ' t panic, she says. \" the positive influence of exercise and diet holds the same, regardless of birth order. \" - best of 2012 : the youth obesity ' epidemic ' in nebraska - national group takes aim at nebraska child welfare - young and overweight : an omaha school battles youth obesity - unmc study looks at parents ' attitudes toward children ' s weight - young and overweight : one - on - one with nebraska ' s chief medical officer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4669932921485031, "token_count": 356, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:45.325355"} {"text": "mary cole ' s new year ' s resolution was to lose about 20 pounds. she started with watching what she ate. after keeping a calorie journal for a week, cole said she couldn ' t believe the numbers. \" i honestly thought i only ate about 1, 500 calories a day, \" she said. \" in reality, i was eating more than 3, 000. \" dr. linda berry, a certified nutritionist, said that kind of surprise is common. she said studies show most people go above their caloric needs, but are lacking nutrients. \" we are sort of an overfed but undernourished society, \" she said. according to the usda, women 31 to 50 years old who are not physically active need about 1, 800 calories a day. those who are active need 2, 000 to 2, 200 a day. men in that age range need about 2, 200 if they are not active and 2, 400 to 3, 000 if they exercise. many factors affect that number for each individual, including height, weight and genetics. heavy exercisers and those who are pregnant may need more, while some with slower metabolisms may need less. once she got an idea of that, she said, she stopped counting. \" i got the basic grasp of what my body needed and what was in the food i ate often, \" she said. \" i learned what to avoid and basically changed my whole way of thinking. i don ' t have to look at labels anymore. \" berry suggests people stop focusing on an actual number. she said calorie counting is more of an emotional thing that can start with social conditioning, parental influence and more. \" i don ' t think it is beneficial psychologically to be strict with calories, \" she said. \" it puts people under too much pressure. \" if you want to know if you are eating the right amount of calories, berry said, look in the mirror. if you don ' t have a waist, it is time to adjust what you eat and your activity level. rather than count the number, she encourages people to look at what and how much they are eating. no drastic cuts one pound of body fat is equal to 3, 500 calories, so most people need to cut back about 500 calories a day to lose 1 pound a week. berry doesn ' t recommend cutting more than that. drastically dropping will actually hurt your weight loss, berry said. it suppresses your thyroid and when you go back to normal cal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4116387428922324, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:55:45.329019"}