the start of the transaction. advantages of row - level locking : fewer lock conflicts when different sessions access different rows fewer changes for rollbacks possible to lock a single row for a long time disadvantages of row - level locking : requires more memory than table - level locks slower than table - level locks when used on a large part of the table because you must acquire many more locks slower than other locks if you often do by operations on a large part of the data or if you must scan the entire table frequently generally, table locks are superior to row - level locks in the following cases : most statements for the table are reads statements for the table are a mix of reads and writes, where writes are updates or deletes for a single row that can be fetched with one key read : key _ value ; delete from many scans or group by operations on the entire table without any writers with higher - level locks, you can more easily tune applications by supporting locks of different types, because the lock overhead is less than for row - level locks. options other than row - level locking : versioning ( such as that used in mysql for concurrent inserts ) where it is possible to have one writer at the same time as many readers. this means that the database or table supports different views for the data depending on when access begins. other common terms for this are “ time travel, ” “ copy on write, ” or “ copy on demand. ” copy on demand is in many cases superior to row - level locking. however, in the worst case, it can use much more memory than using normal locks. instead of using row - level locks, you can employ application - level locks, such as those provided by release _ lock ( ) in mysql. these are advisory locks, so they work only with applications that cooperate with each other. see section 12. 15, “ miscellaneous functions ”.


| an arrangement of five objects, as trees, in a square or rectangle, one at each corner and one in the middle. | | an extraordinary or unusual thing, person, or event ; an exceptional example or instance. | | weber ( german ˈveːbər ) | | 1. | | baron carl maria friedrich ernst von ( karl maˈriːa ˈfriːdrɪc ɛrnst fɔn ). 1786 - - 1826, german composer and conductor. his three romantic operas are der freischutz ( 1821 ), euryanthe ( 1823 ), and oberon ( 1826 ) | | 2. | | ernst heinrich ( ɛrnst ˈhainrɪc ). 1795 - - 1878, german physiologist and anatomist. he introduced the psychological concept of the just noticeable difference between stimuli | | 3. | | max ( maks ). 1864 - - 1920, german economist and sociologist, best known for the protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism ( 1904 - - 05 ) | | 4. | | wilhelm eduard ( ˈvɪlhɛlm ˈeːduart ). 1804 - - 91, german physicist, who conducted research into electricity and magnetism | weber web · er ( web ' ər, va ' bər ) a unit of magnetic flux in the international system of units equal to the product of one tesla and one square meter. weber we · ber ( va ' bər ), ernst heinrich. 1795 - 1878. german physiologist and psychologist who studied sensory response and is considered a founder of experimental psychology. | weber ( web ' ər, va ' bər ) pronunciation key the si derived unit of magnetic flux. a magnetic flux of one weber, passing through a conducting loop and reduced to zero at a uniform rate in one second, induces an electric potential of one volt in the loop. one weber is equal to one volt per second, or 108 maxwells. the weber is named after german scientist wilhelm eduard weber ( 1804 - 1891 ). | weber ( va ' bər ) pronunciation key german physiologist who is noted for his study of sensory response, particularly in the ear and the skin. he also demonstrated that the digestive juices are the specific products of glands.


dictionary and translator for handheld new : sensagent is now available on your handheld a windows ( pop - into ) of information ( full - content of sensagent ) triggered by double - clicking any word on your webpage. give contextual explanation and translation from your sites! with a sensagentbox, visitors to your site can access reliable information on over 5 million pages provided by sensagent. com. choose the design that fits your site. improve your site content add new content to your site from sensagent by xml. crawl products or adds get xml access to reach the best products. index images and define metadata get xml access to fix the meaning of your metadata. please, email us to describe your idea. lettris is a curious tetris - clone game where all the bricks have the same square shape but different content. each square carries a letter. to make squares disappear and save space for other squares you have to assemble english words ( left, right, up, down ) from the falling squares. boggle gives you 3 minutes to find as many words ( 3 letters or more ) as you can in a grid of 16 letters. you can also try the grid of 16 letters. letters must be adjacent and longer words score better. see if you can get into the grid hall of fame! change the target language to find translations. tips : browse the semantic fields ( see from ideas to words ) in two languages to learn more. | i | | a00 – b99 | | certain infectious and parasitic diseases | | iii | | d50 – d89 | | diseases of the blood and blood - forming organs and certain disorders involving the immune mechanism | | iv | | e00 – e90 | | endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases | | v | | f00 – f99 | | mental and behavioural disorders | | vi | | g00 – g99 | | diseases of the nervous system | | vii | | h00 – h59 | | diseases of the eye and adnexa | | viii | | h60 – h95 | | diseases of the ear and mastoid process | | ix | | i00 – i99 | | diseases of the circulatory system | | x | | j00 – j99 | | diseases of the respiratory system | | xi | | k00 – k93 | | diseases of the digestive system | | xii | | l00 – l99 | | diseases of


x | | j00 – j99 | | diseases of the respiratory system | | xi | | k00 – k93 | | diseases of the digestive system | | xii | | l00 – l99 | | diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue | | xiii | | m00 – m99 | | diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue | | xiv | | n00 – n99 | | diseases of the genitourinary system | | xv | | o00 – o99 | | pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium | | xvi | | p00 – p96 | | certain conditions originating in the perinatal period | | xvii | | q00 – q99 | | congenital malformations, deformations and chromosomal abnormalities | | xviii | | r00 – r99 | | symptoms, signs and abnormal clinical and laboratory findings, not elsewhere classified | | xix | | s00 – t98 | | injury, poisoning and certain other consequences of external causes | | xx | | v01 – y98 | | external causes of morbidity and mortality | | xxi | | z00 – z99 | | factors influencing health status and contact with health services | | xxii | | u00 – u99 | | codes for special purposes | the international statistical classification of diseases and related health problems 10th revision ( icd - 10 ) is a coding of diseases and signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or diseases, as classified by the world health organization ( who ).. this page contains icd - 10 chapter x : diseases of the respiratory system.


table 5 has admixture estimates of ne and se asians in korean populations ; notice the gender asymmetry, with males of more southern origin than females. table s3 ( excel ) has y - chromosome haplogroup frequencies. from the paper : what could be the origin of the male - biased southern contribution to korean gene pool illustrated, for example, by haplogroups o - m122 ( 42. 2 % ) and o - sry465 ( 20. 1 % ). recent molecular genetic analyses and the geographical distribution of haplogroup o - m122 lineages, found widely throughout east asia at high frequencies ( especially in southern populations and china ), have suggested a link between these y - chromosome expansions and the spread of rice agriculture in east asia –. in general, y - chromosomes might be spread via a process of demic diffusion during the early agricultural expansion period,. if this interpretation were substantiated, the spatial pattern of y - haplogroup o would imply a genetic contribution to korea through the spread of male - mediated agriculture. plos one 10. 1371 / journal. pone. 0004210 the peopling of korea revealed by analyses of mitochondrial dna and y - chromosomal markers han - jun jin, chris tyler - smith, wook kim the koreans are generally considered a northeast asian group because of their geographical location. however, recent findings from y chromosome studies showed that the korean population contains lineages from both southern and northern parts of east asia. to understand the genetic history and relationships of korea more fully, additional data and analyses are necessary. methodology and results we analyzed mitochondrial dna ( mtdna ) sequence variation in the hypervariable segments i and ii ( hvs - i and hvs - ii ) and haplogroup - specific mutations in coding regions in 445 individuals from seven east asian populations ( korean, korean - chinese, mongolian, manchurian, han ( beijing ), vietnamese and thais ). in addition, published mtdna haplogroup data ( n = 3307 ), mtdna hvs - i sequences ( n = 2313 ), y chromosome haplogroup data ( n = 1697 ) and y chromosome str data ( n = 2713 ) were analyzed to elucidate the genetic structure of east asian populations. all the mtdna profiles studied here were classified into subsets of haplogroups common in east asia, with just two exceptions. in general, the korean


the barn owl wisconsin status : endangered this graceful but ghostly bird can locate a mouse in the dark of night by sound alone without the aid of external ears. barn owls don ' t have ear " tufts " like great horned owls or screech owls. they have ear openings hidden behind their round facial disk of feathers. the feathers help direct sound into the ears. barn owls are one of wisconsin ' s best natural mousetraps, consuming one and - a - half times their weight in food each day! that ' s like a 100 - pound person eating 150 pounds of food. look out mice, meadow voles, shrews, and other small animals. some modern agricultural practices have reduced barn owl habitat by shifting from cover crops such as oats and hay to row crops like corn. this removes food and shelter for mice and voles. the owls then lose their local food source. barn owls have a hard time surviving severe winters if they can ' t find enough food, since their bodies store little fat reserves. typically they hunt along uncultivated field edges, fence rows, and wetland edges. on average, barn owls only live 3 - 4 years. their unforgettable shriek or hiss - screams not only warn their young of danger, it is sure to scare off any predator or human bystander. you may hear this sound in the spring or late summer as the owls look after their young. the young owls are reared in tree cavities, abandoned buildings, church steeples, silos, or as their name suggests, barns. adults lay one egg every 2 days on a bare surface in a dark corner until there are 5 - 7 eggs. the eggs hatch about 30 days later ; one at a time. unfortunately, most of their nesting sites are disappearing in wisconsin as modern, windowless metal farm buildings replace barns with open windows and cracks and as large, dead nesting trees are removed from woodlots. the barn owl can be found all over the united states, except for the very northern states. they are rare in wisconsin, usually found in the southern one - third of the state. they are considered endangered in wisconsin. you can help barn owls out by reporting any barn owl sightings. e - mail eek! with your sightings.


the efficiency of any application depends on how well memory and garbage collection are managed. the following sections provide information on optimizing memory and allocation functions : tracing garbage collection other garbage collector settings tuning the java heap re - basing dlls on windows monitoring the garbage collection ( gc ) activity at the development server and accordingly tuning jvm and gc settings before deploying the server into production is necessary. the gc settings vary depending on the application you are running. garbage collection reclaims the heap space previously allocated to objects no longer needed. the process of locating and removing the dead objects can stall any application and consume as much as 25 percent throughput. almost all java runtime environments come with a generational object memory system and sophisticated gc algorithms. a generational memory system divides the heap into a few carefully sized partitions called generations. the efficiency of a generational memory system is based on the observation that most of the objects are short lived. as these objects accumulate, a low memory condition occurs forcing gc to take place. the heap space is divided into old and the new generations. the new generation includes the new object space ( eden ), and two survivor spaces. the jvm allocates new objects in the eden space, and moves longer lived objects from the new generation to the old generation. keep the heap size low, so that customers can increase the heap size depending on their needs. to increase the heap size, refer to the link, http : / / www. devx. com / tips / tip / 5578 the young generation uses a fast copying garbage collector which employs two semi - spaces ( survivor spaces ) in the eden, copying surviving objects from one survivor space to the second. objects that survive multiple young space collections are tenured, meaning they are copied to the tenured generation. the tenured generation is larger and fills up less quickly. garbage is collected less frequently ; and each collection takes longer than a young space only collection. collecting the tenured space is also referred to as doing a full generation collection. the frequent young space collections are quick, lasting only a few milliseconds, while the full generation collection takes a longer, tens of milliseconds to a few seconds, depending upon the heap size. other gc algorithms, such as the concurrent mark sweep ( cms ) algorithm, are incremental. they divide the full gc into several incremental pieces. this provides a high probability of small pauses. this process comes with an overhead and is not


algorithms, such as the concurrent mark sweep ( cms ) algorithm, are incremental. they divide the full gc into several incremental pieces. this provides a high probability of small pauses. this process comes with an overhead and is not required for enterprise web applications. when the new generation fills up, it triggers a minor collection in which the surviving objects are moved to the old generation. when the old generation fills up, it triggers a major collection which involves the entire object heap. both hotspot and solaris jdk use thread local object allocation pools for lock - free, fast, and scalable object allocation. so custom object pooling is not often required. consider pooling only if object construction cost is high and significantly affects execution profiles. the - xms and - xmx parameters define the minimum and maximum heap size. as collections occur when generations fill up, throughput is inversely proportional to the available memory. by default, jvm grows or shrinks the heap at each collection. this helps maintain the proportion of free space to living object at each collection within a specific range. the range is set as a percentage by the parameters - xx : minheapfreeratio = < minimum > and - xx : maxheapfreeratio = < maximum > ; and the total size is bound by - xms and - xmx. jvm heap setting for web server should be based on the available memory on the system and frequency and duration of garbage collection. you can use - verbose : gc jvm option or the j2se 5. 0 monitoring tools to determine the frequency of garbage collection. for more information on j2se 5. 0 monitoring tools, see j2se 5. 0 monitoring tools. the maximum heap size should be determined based on the process data model ( 32 - bit or 64 - bit ) and availability of virtual and physical memory on the system. excessive use of physical memory for java heap may cause paging of virtual memory to disk during garbage collection, resulting in poor performance. for more information on java tuning, see http : / / java. sun. com / performance / reference / whitepapers / tuning. html.


reasons for test monitoring is done before labor to evaluate the well being of the fetus during pregnancy. it can also be used during labor and delivery. this gives your doctor information about how well your baby is handling the stress of labor. there are no major complications associated with external monitoring. internal monitoring may increase the risk of infection. there may also be some bruising on the baby ' s scalp. internal monitoring is not recommended in mothers with a current herpes infection. what to expect prior to test as you prepare for the birth of your baby : - discuss with your doctor how the fetus will be monitored ( external or internal ) and how often ( continuous or occasionally ). work with your doctor and labor support partner to come up with a birth plan. this plan will help you to think about : - what you would like to happen - how you can adjust if a complication occurs during labor and delivery description of the test there are two types of fetal monitoring : there are two ways your doctor can monitor your baby externally : - the doctor places gel on your abdomen. two belts are placed around your abdomen. one is to monitor your baby ’ s heartbeat, and the other is to measure the quality of your contractions. your baby ' s heart rate is displayed on a screen and printed on special paper. - the doctor uses a fetoscope ( similar to a stethoscope ) to listen to the baby ' s heart rate. internal fetal monitoring is only used during labor. it can only be done after your water has broken and your cervix has started to dilate. your doctor inserts a small electrode through your vagina and attaches it to the baby ' s scalp. the electrical signals from your baby ' s heartbeat are picked up by the electrode and displayed on a screen. this type of monitoring is more accurate than external monitoring. the electrode will not injure your baby. however, the use of internal fetal monitoring should be avoided in certain maternal and fetal conditions. the electrodes or belts will be removed. how long will it take? fetal monitoring may be done at set times throughout your labor and delivery or throughout active labor. will it hurt? the average fetal heart rate is 110 - 160 beats per minute. an abnormal heart rate or abnormal pattern may indicate that the fetus is not getting enough oxygen or having other problems. the doctor may change the course of your labor and delivery based on what the fetal heart rate is showing. call your doctor the procedure is completed with labor. there are no lasting effects that


some of palawan ’ s reefs are sad reflections of warming ocean temperatures. white skeletons are all that remain of previously colorful and varied coral reefs around the island. the phenomena is known as ‘ coral bleaching ’, caused by too warm of ocean temperatures. scientists cited in the article below hold out hope for these damaged reefs. apparently, some corals can adapt to warming temperatures, and even thrive in them. studies are being done in kiribati, an island in the south pacific, very close to the equator, where ocean temperatures are the hottest. an international team of scientists, including lead researchers from canada and australia published an article on march 30, in the journal plos one, click on the link below to read the article from sciencedaily. com : excerpt from article says, the study :... paves the way towards an important road map on the impacts of ocean warming, and will help scientists identify the habitats and locations where coral reefs are more likely to adapt to climate change. “ we ’ re starting to identify the types of reef environments where corals are more likely to persist in the future, ” says study co - author simon donner, an assistant professor in ubc ’ s department of geography and organizer of the field expedition. “ the new data is critical for predicting the future for coral reefs, and for planning how society will cope in that future. ” when water temperatures get too hot, the tiny algae that provides coral with its colour and major food source is expelled. this phenomenon, called coral bleaching, can lead to the death of corals. the researchers say coral reefs may be better able to withstand the expected rise in temperature in locations where heat stress is naturally more common. this will benefit the millions of people worldwide who rely on coral reefs for sustenance and livelihoods, they say. “ until recently, it was widely assumed that coral would bleach and die off worldwide as the oceans warm due to climate change, ” says lead author jessica carilli, a post - doctoral fellow in australian nuclear science and technology organisation ’ s ( ansto ) institute for environmental research. “ this would have very serious consequences, as loss of live coral — already observed in parts of the world — directly reduces fish habitats and the shoreline protection reefs provide from storms. ” this is very good news for palawan. donnaonpalawan wishes these scientists and their studies continuing success. my novel ’ s plot revolves around palawan ’ s coral reefs and fish life, as i am very concerned


homebrew recipes : decoding the acronyms to the untrained eye, a homebrewing recipe can look like a secret code with abbreviations, acronyms, and lists of numbers. over the years, brewers have condensed the essentials of a brewing recipe into an easy to reference format that can be quickly reviewed during the brewing process. but today we ' re going to demystify the code so that you can read a brewing recipe like the pros. at the top of every homebrew recipe, you ' ll find the technical specs of what the beer is supposed to be. the original gravity ( o. g. or sometimes s. g. ) is given first, often followed by the final gravity ( f. g. ). the bitterness level is listed as international bittering units ( ibus ), and the color typically is described by the acronym srm, which stands for standard reference method. additionally, some recipes will also provide the alcohol by volume ( abv ), but this is often omitted since the o. g. and the f. g. can be used to calculate this value. you measure the o. g. of your homebrew with your hydrometer after the wort has cooled, but before fermentation begins. this measurement gives the relative density of the sugar dissolved in the wort. extract brewers should be able to come very close to matching the o. g. on a recipe, since the amount of sugar in malt extract is a fixed value. sugar doesn ' t boil off, so the amount of extract you add to the wort determines exactly how much sugar you ' ll end up with. if you find that you ' re not getting the o. g. specified by the recipe, the most likely culprit is that you somehow didn ' t end up with the right amount of liquid. if you ended up with more than 5 gallons of wort, then the relative sugar density, and thus the o. g., will be lower. the opposite is true if you end up with less than 5 gallons of wort. it ' s also possible that your o. g. measurement is off is because of the temperature of the wort. hydrometers are calibrated to read the correct value at 60°f. my rule of thumb is that for every 8°f above 60°f, add 0. 001 to your reading. wort temperatures above 85°f produce inaccurate readings when using any adjustment formula. all - grain brewers


value at 60°f. my rule of thumb is that for every 8°f above 60°f, add 0. 001 to your reading. wort temperatures above 85°f produce inaccurate readings when using any adjustment formula. all - grain brewers quickly learn that there is a lot of experimentation that goes into getting the correct o. g. of a recipe. for an all - grain brewer, the amount of sugar extracted from the grain is a product of the the way the grain is crushed, the mash temperature, sparge temperature and even the type of mash tun used. an all - grain brewer usually has to brew several batches and take careful notes before they can accurately predict the o. g. of a homebrew. the final gravity, or f. g., of a recipe is the same type of measurement as the o. g., but the measurement is taken at the end of fermentation. the difference between the o. g. and the f. g. tells you how much sugar was consumed by the yeast. as yeast eat sugar they produce carbon dioxide and alcohol, which are both less dense than sugar or water, so the density of the wort decreases. the actual f. g. of a beer depends on yeast health, the type of yeast used, and the fermentation temperature. if your fermentation conditions are perfect then you may come close to the f. g. listed on a recipe, but predicting the f. g. is almost more of an art form than a science. there are a lot of variables that go into fermentation, so a beginning brewer shouldn ' t be surprised if the measured f. g. is off by about 0. 005. even advanced brewers will find that predicting the f. g. within 0. 002 takes a lot of experimentation. since the actual o. g. and f. g. of a homebrew can be slightly different than what ' s on the recipe, i interpret the abv listed on a recipe as a guideline. your can calculate your actual abv by taking the o. g. minus the f. g. and multiplying that value by 131. next on the recipe list is typically the ibu rating of the homebrew recipe. the abbreviation ibu stands for international bittering unit, and is a measure of how bitter the beer should be. the ibu scale ranges from 10 for a very malty scottish or belgian ale, to around 35 for a balanced american amber


recipe. the abbreviation ibu stands for international bittering unit, and is a measure of how bitter the beer should be. the ibu scale ranges from 10 for a very malty scottish or belgian ale, to around 35 for a balanced american amber, to 75 or higher for a palate dominating imperial ipa. any ibu rating in a homebrewing recipe will be an estimated value, typically using either the tinseth formula or the rager formula. both formulas use a combination of the acid level of the hops, the o. g. of the wort and the length of the boil to estimate an ibu rating. the precise ibus of a beer can be measured by complex methods called spectrophotometry or chromatography, but many commercial brewers calculate their recipes using the same estimation formulas from homebrewing. perception of bitterness also changes with the malts and water used in brewing, so having a precise measurement doesn ' t add a lot of benefit. the human tongue doesn ' t distinguish well between bitterness levels that are higher than 100 ibus, so you might as well save the hops if you ' re thinking of brewing a beer that ' s more extreme than that. the last acronym you ' ll find on a recipe is the srm, which gives you an idea of what color you should expect a beer will be. an srm of 2 is a very pale beer, 15 is an amber color and 30 is very dark brown or black.


although their state has three coal ash impoundments rated as “ poor ” by the u. s. environmental protection agency, north dakota senators john hoeven and kent conrad today introduced a bill that cuts epa efforts to regulate coal ash disposal. their bill is identical to h. r. 2273, which passed the house of representatives last friday. north dakota has unresolved coal ash problems at three dangerous dams and a history of serious contamination by coal ash, yet senators hoeven and conrad are ready to embrace a bill that will, according to the white house, “ undermine the federal government ’ s ability to ensure that requirements for management and disposal of coal combustion residuals are protective of human health and the environment. ” the senate bill will also kill 28, 000 potential new jobs that would be created by a strong coal ash rule, according to a new report by a tufts university senior economist. “ it is beyond irresponsible for the senators to offer a bill that fails to cure the safety problems facing their own state, ” says earthjustice attorney lisa evans. “ and it is with great disregard of their civic responsibility that they support a bill that places the citizens of other states at great peril. ” last week, the epa released the results of 144 new inspections of significant and high hazard coal ash ponds. epa inspectors gave 48 of the ponds “ poor ” ratings, including the three large coal ash ponds in north dakota. despite the obvious threats coal ash have on drinking waters and nearby communities, the house passed h. r. 2273, a bill that blocks the epa from setting the first - ever federal regulations for toxic coal ash, america ’ s second largest industrial waste. “ those who will pay the greatest price aren ’ t the polluter who would have to clean up their mess, it ’ s the communities and families living near these toxic dumps, ” states evans. epa inspectors found fault with the three significant - hazard coal ash ponds at the leland olds power station in stanton, nd, about 50 miles northwest of bismarck. all three ponds lacked the necessary slope stability and hydraulic and liquefaction analyses to confirm stability. the epa rates dams “ poor ” when there are no tests to confirm the dams ’ stability. also, the oldest and highest pond ( approximately 3. 5 stories tall ) lacked erosion protection. this dam is 46 years old, beyond the recommended lifespan of 40 years for a coal ash impoundment. the other two ponds are approximately 35 years old. none of the dams was designed, constructed


3. 5 stories tall ) lacked erosion protection. this dam is 46 years old, beyond the recommended lifespan of 40 years for a coal ash impoundment. the other two ponds are approximately 35 years old. none of the dams was designed, constructed or maintained by a professional engineer, according to information submitted to the epa by the owner of the dams, basin electric coop. according to the epa, a significant hazard potential classification is given to dams where failure or mis - operation can cause economic loss, environment damage, disruption of lifeline facilities, or have other impacts. the significant - hazard dams at the leland olds power station had not been inspected in the last 5 years, according to the plant owner. like many other states, north dakota has very poor regulations governing the management and inspection of coal ash ponds. deficiencies include the state ’ s failure to require regulatory inspections of ponds, as well as the failure to require emergency action plans or inundation mapping. also like many other states, north dakota fails to require all ponds to be lined, and water monitoring data to be submitted to the state. also, north dakota has experienced severe contamination of groundwater and surface water from poor coal ash management, including poisoning of drinking water with toxic chemicals like arsenic, cadmium, chromium and lead. of the more than 137 documented coal ash - contaminated sites nationwide, five are in north dakota.


the neh - funded film by stephen ives, reporting america at war, explores the role of american journalists from san juan hill to the persian gulf in a three - hour documentary that tells the dramatic and often surprising stories of the reporters who wrote the news from the battlefield. the project is an on - going oral history project from the american folklife center at the library of congress, dedicated to collecting and preserving the experiences of thousands of american veterans. it also includes the stories of u. s. citizen civilians actively involved in supporting the war effort. david grubin ’ s landmark documentary series explores 350 years of jewish american history. this quintessentially american story chronicles the struggle of a tiny minority who make their way into the american mainstream while, at the same time, maintaining a sense of their own identity as jews. it includes essays on jewish life in america, video clips, and resources for educators. david grubin ’ s landmark documentary series explores 350 years of jewish american history. this story chronicles the struggle of a tiny minority who make their way into the american mainstream while, at the same time, maintaining a sense of their own identity as jews. it includes essays on jewish life in america, video clips, and resources for educators. a resource developed from neh summer institutes held at salem state university that explore early american art and culture. the website assists teachers of american history, literature, art, geography, social studies, american studies, and other fields who wish to incorporate american art into their classrooms. it includes podcasts, unit plans, and print and electronic bibliographies. since 2005, the national endowment for the humanities has made national digital newspaper ( ndnp ) awards to enhance the study of american history. these awards enable cultural heritage institutions to join the ndnp for the purpose of selecting, digitizing, and delivering approximately 100, 000 newspaper pages per award to the library of congress. the national endowment for the humanities has solicited proposals for both initial awards to new institutions as well as continuing awards to returning partners annually since 2005. national history day makes history come alive for america ' s youth by engaging them in the discovery of the historic, cultural and social experiences of the past. through hands - on experiences and presentations, today ' s youth are better able to inform the present and shape the future. nhd inspires children through exciting competitions and transforms teaching through project - based curriculum and instruction. chronicling america provides free access to millions of historic american newspaper pages. listed at these links are topics widely


brother, can you spare a dime? " brother, can you spare a dime? ", also sung as " buddy, can you spare a dime? ", is one of the best - known american songs of the great depression. written in 1930 by lyricist e. y. " yip " harburg and composer jay gorney, " brother, can you spare a dime? " was part of the 1932 musical new americana ; the melody is based on a russian lullaby gorney heard as a child. it became best known, however, through recordings by bing crosby and rudy vallee. both versions were released right before franklin delano roosevelt ' s election to the presidency and both became number one hits on the charts. the brunswick crosby recording became the best - selling record of its period, and came to be viewed as an anthem of the shattered dreams of the era. rudy vallee ' s recording is considered one of the most famous versions. | problems listening to this file? see media help. | the song asks why the men who built the nation – built the railroads, built the skyscrapers – who fought in the war ( world war i ), who tilled the earth, who did what their nation asked of them should, now that the work is done and their labor no longer necessary, find themselves abandoned, in bread lines. musical structure the song has unusual structure for a broadway song. firstly, rather than starting in a major key, as most broadway songs do, it begins in a minor key, which is darker, and more appropriate for the depression. when discussing the prosperous past and building the railroads, the song jumps an octave and moves briefly into a major key, evoking energy and optimism. it then reverts to the augmented dominant of the minor key in the word " time " in the line " once i built a railroad, made it run / made it race against time, " marking the end of prosperous times, and changing to a wistful mood. the song then ends, not on a note of resignation, but with anger – repeating the beginning ( as is usual for broadway songs ), an octave higher, but with a significant change : the friendly " brother, can you spare a dime? " is replaced with the aggressive " buddy, can you spare a dime? " once we had a roosevelt praise the lord! life had meaning and hope. now we ' re stuck with nixon, agnew, ford, brother, can you spare a rope? other recordings - les deux love orchestra


you spare a dime? " once we had a roosevelt praise the lord! life had meaning and hope. now we ' re stuck with nixon, agnew, ford, brother, can you spare a rope? other recordings - les deux love orchestra recorded a version in 2009 which appeared on the huffington post. - george michael recorded a version for his 1999 album songs from the last century. - a recording by walker edmiston is featured during the great depression scene of the american adventure attraction at epcot within walt disney world resort. - giddins, g. ( 2001 ). bing crosby : a pocketful of dreams, the early years, 1903 - 1940. little, brown, p. 305. - marching on washington : the forging of an american political tradition, lucy g. barber, 2004 p. 104 - the twentieth century : a people ' s history, by howard zinn, p. 116 - a depression - era anthem for our times national public radio ' s weekend edition ( november 15, 2008 ). - song by song : the lives and work of 14 great lyric writers, caryl brahms, ned sherrin, p. 125 – 126 - cutting edge, or, " back in the knife - box, miss sharp " : ned sherrin ' s anthology of wit, ned sherrin, 1984, p. 140 ( rope, dime ) - woods, bobby ( may 25, 2011 ). " brother, can you spare a dime? ". huffington post. retrieved 2011 - 11 - 17. - " songs from the last century ". allmusic. - " the american adventure ". wdwmagic. com. - songs of the great depression – lyrics, prepared by professor catherine lavender for courses in the department of history, the college of staten island of the city university of new york. - explanation of lyrics - there are multiple videos of this song on youtube. included at the time of this note are the bing crosby & rudy vallee recordings and at least one spanish language version.


city of san marino | | this article needs additional citations for verification. ( may 2008 ) | | city of san marino citta di san marino | — castello — | | foundation | | september 3, 301 ( traditional date ) | | • capitano | | alessandro barulli ( since 2003 ) | | • total | | 7. 09 km2 ( 2. 74 sq mi ) | | elevation | | 749 m ( 2, 457 ft ) | | • density | | 633. 71 / km2 ( 1, 641. 3 / sq mi ) | | time zone | | cet ( utc + 1 ) | | • summer ( dst ) | | cest ( utc + 2 ) | | san marino historic centre and mount titano | | name as inscribed on the world heritage list | monte titano and three fortresses on top of it can be seen from many kilometers away | unesco region | | europe and north america | | inscription | | 2008 ( 32nd session ) | the city of san marino, also known simply as san marino, is the capital city of the republic of san marino on the italian peninsula, near the adriatic sea. the city has a population of 4, 493. it is on the western slopes of san marino ' s highest point, monte titano. although the capital, most of the businesses are in borgo maggiore. it is the third largest city in the country, after dogana and borgo maggiore. it borders the san marino municipalities acquaviva, borgo maggiore, fiorentino, and chiesanuova and the italian municipality san leo. akademio internacia de la sciencoj san marino is centered here. due to its being the capital and previously the only city in san marino, the history of this city is almost the same as the history of san marino. for more information on that topic, see that article. the city was founded by saint marinus and several christian refugees in the year 301. from then on the city became a center of christian refugees who fled from roman persecution. as a result, the city become the oldest republic in europe, for the republic ' s territory at that time only included the single city of san marino. the urban heart of the city was protected by three towers : the first, guaita, constructed in the 11th century, was famous for being impenetrable, which to a great extent discouraged attacks on the city. due to


san marino. the urban heart of the city was protected by three towers : the first, guaita, constructed in the 11th century, was famous for being impenetrable, which to a great extent discouraged attacks on the city. due to the crusades, it was felt necessary to construct a second tower, cesta ( 13th century ). but the sanmarinense defensive system was not completed until the construction of a third tower, the montale ( 14th century ) - the smallest of all and constructed on the last of the summits of monte titano. with the population of the city increasing, the territory of the country was extended by a few square kilometers. since the sanmarinese policy was not to invade or to use war to obtain new territories, it was by means of purchases and treaties that san marino obtained the other nine castelli which make up san marino. the economy of the city of san marino has always been closely bound to that of the country. until recently, the main economic activities of the locality were stone extraction and carving. today, there is a more varied economy, including tourism, commerce, sale of postage stamps, and a small agricultural industry, although the last is in decay. | this section requires expansion. ( june 2008 ) | the city is visited by more than three million people per year, and has developed progressively as a tourist center. of the tourists, 85 % are italian. there are also more than a thousand retail outlets, where one can find a great variety of products. main sights - basilica di san marino - palazzo dei capitani - palazzo pubblico - the three towers of san marino - piazza del titano - piazza garibaldi - monastery of santa clara - grand hotel san marino the town is known for its long, winding cobblestoned streets, as its altitude and steep approach put it beyond the reach of the san marino superhighway. san marino is also notable in that cars are prohibited in much of the town center. before the second world war, a railway was built from san marino to rimini under the dictatorship of benito mussolini. its tunnels, and the railway station ' piazzale lo stradone ', still exist. proposals for the reopening of this railway have been presented to the government on several occasions, but thus far without action. international relations twin towns — sister cities city of san marino is twinned with : media related to san marino ( city ) at wikimedia commons - ( italian ) san marino ' s page on giunted


a 9k34 strela - 3 ( sa - 14 ) missile and launch tube. | type | | man - portable air - defense systems ( manpads ) | | place of origin | | soviet union | | weight | | 10. 3 kilograms ( 23 lb ) | | length | | 1. 47 metres ( 4. 8 ft ) | | flight altitude | | 2, 300 metres ( 7, 500 ft ) | | speed | | 410 metre per second ( 1, 500 km / h ) | the 9k34 strela - 3 ( russian : 9к34 « стрела - 3 » ; english : arrow ) man - portable air defence missile system ( manpads ) was developed in the soviet union as a response to the poor performance of the earlier 9k32 strela 2 ( sa - 7 grail ) system. " 9k34 " is its grau designation and its nato reporting name is sa - 14 gremlin. the missile was largely based on the earlier strela 2, and thus development proceeded rapidly. the new weapon was accepted to service in the soviet army in january 1974. the most significant change over the strela 2 was the introduction of an all - new infra - red homing seeker head. the new seeker worked on fm modulation ( con - scan ) principle, which is less vulnerable to jamming and decoy flares than the earlier am ( spin - scan ) seekers, which were easily fooled by flares and even the most primitive infrared jammers. most importantly, the new seeker also introduced detector element cooling in the form of a pressurized nitrogen bottle attached to the launcher. the effect of cooling was to expand the seeker ' s lead sulphide detector element ' s sensitivity range to longer wavelengths ( slightly over 4 µm as opposed to 2. 8 µm of uncooled pbs elements ). in practice this made possible the tracking of cooler targets over longer ranges, and enabled forward - hemisphere engagement of jets under favourable circumstances. the seeker also had better tracking rate, enabling the missile to track maneuvering of fast and approaching targets. a negative side effect from the aforementioned improvements was increased missile weight, which caused a slight decrease in the kinematic performance of the original strela - 2 ( sa - 7 ). against relatively slow, low - altitude battlefield air threats the overall effectiveness was much improved. strela - 3 missiles have been exported to over 30 countries. the original strela - 3


original strela - 2 ( sa - 7 ). against relatively slow, low - altitude battlefield air threats the overall effectiveness was much improved. strela - 3 missiles have been exported to over 30 countries. the original strela - 3 missile was the 9m36. the follow - on to the strela - 3 was igla. the naval version of this missile has the nato reporting name of sa - n - 8. operational history | this section does not cite any references or sources. ( september 2012 ) | during the war in abkhazia ( 1992 - 1993 ), a russian mi - 8 helicopter was shot down by a georgian army sa - 14 on december 14, 1992, resulting in the death of 3 crew and 58 passengers, most of them russian refugees. a georgian air force su - 25 was shot down over nizhnaya eshera on july 4, 1993 by sa - 14, and several other aircraft on both sides may have been shot down by sa - 14s. former yugoslavia one bae sea harrier of the 801 naval air squadron, operating from the aircraft carrier hms ark royal, was shot down during its attack two serbian t - 55 tank in bosnia. the pilot, lieutenant nick richardson, ejected and landed in territory controlled by friendly bosnian muslims ( 16 april 1994 ). drc congo comparison chart | system | | 9k32m strela - 2m ( missile : 9m32m ) | | 9k34 strela - 3 ( missile : 9m36 ) | | fim - 43c redeye | | mass, full system, ready to shoot | | 15 kg | | 16 kg | | 13. 3 kg | | weight, missile | | 9. 8 kg | | 10. 3 kg | | 8. 3 kg | | length | | 1. 44 m | | 1. 47 m | | 1. 40 m | | warhead | | 1. 15 kg ( 0. 37 kg hmx ) directed - energy blast fragmentation | | 1. 17 kg ( 0. 39 kg hmx ) directed - energy blast fragmentation, including a 20g secondary charge to set off remaining propellant | | 1. 06 kg m222 ( 0. 36 kg hta - 3 ) blast fragmentation | | seeker type | | am - modulated ( spin scan ), uncooled pbs detector element ( 1 – 2. 8 µm sensitivity range ). tail - chase only. | | fm - modulated ( con


) blast fragmentation | | seeker type | | am - modulated ( spin scan ), uncooled pbs detector element ( 1 – 2. 8 µm sensitivity range ). tail - chase only. | | fm - modulated ( con scan ), nitrogen - cooled pbs detector element ( 2 – 4. 3 µm sensitivity range ). limited forward hemisphere ( all - aspect ) capability | | am - modulated, uncooled pbs detector element. tail - chase only. | | maximum range | | 4200 m | | 4100 m | | 4500 m | | speed | | 430 m / s | | 410 m / s | | 580 m / s | | target ' s maximum speed, approaching / receding | | 150 / 260 m / s | | 310 / 260 m / s | | – / 225 m / s | | engagement altitude | | 0. 05 - 2. 3 km | | 0. 03 - 2. 3 km | | 0. 05 - 2. 7 km | - cooper, tom. " georgia and abkhazia, 1992 - 1993 : the war of datchas ". acig. org. retrieved 18 february 2013. - cooper, tom. " zaire / dr congo, 1980 - 2001 ". acig. org. retrieved 18 february 2013. - cooper, tom. " afghanistan, 1979 - 2001 ; part 2 ". acig. org. retrieved 18 february 2013. - istorija sozdanija i razvitija vooruzhenija i vojennoi theniki pvo suhoputnyh voisk rossii - general dynamics fim - 43 redeye - petukhov, sergei i. ; shestov i. v. ( 1998 ). history of design and development of missile systems and military systems of aaw of russian land forces / istorija sozdanija i razvitija vooruzhenija i vojennoi tehniki pvo suhoputnyh voisk rossii, 1. - 2. vpk publishing. - " directory of u. s. military rockets and missiles, fim - 43 ". archived from the original on 17 april 2008. retrieved 2008 - 04 - 23.


quartermaster corps ( united states army ) the united states army quartermaster corps is a sustainment ( formerly combat service support ( css ) ) branch of the united states army. it is also one of three u. s. army logistics branches, the others being the transportation corps and the ordnance corps. the quartermaster corps is the u. s. army ' s oldest logistics branch, established 16 june 1775. on that date the second continental congress passed a resolution providing for " one quartermaster general of the grand army and a deputy, under him, for the separate army. " from 1775 to 1912 this organization was known as the quartermaster department. in 1912, congress consolidated the former subsistence, pay, and quartermaster departments to create the quartermaster corps. quartermaster units and soldiers have served in every u. s. military operation from the revolutionary war to current operations in iraq ( operation iraqi freedom ) and afghanistan ( operation enduring freedom ). the function of the quartermaster corps is to provide the following support to the army : - general supply ( except for ammunition and medical supplies ) - mortuary affairs ( formerly graves registration ) - subsistence ( food service ) - petroleum & water - field services - aerial delivery ( parachute packing, air item maintenance, heavy and light equipment parachute drop, rigging and sling loading. ) - shower, laundry, fabric / light textile repair - material and distribution management former functions former functions and missions of the quartermaster corps were : - military transportation ( given to the newly established transportation corps in 1942 ) - military construction ( given to the corps of engineers in the early 1940s ) - u. s. army remount service horses / war dogs ( military dog training given to military police corps in 1951 ) - military heraldry ( given to the adjutant general ' s corps in 1962 ) quartermaster detachments, companies and battalions are normally assigned to corps or higher level commands. divisions and smaller units have multifunctional support battalions which combine functional areas from the army transportation corps, army quartermaster corps, army ordnance corps, and the army medical service department. quartermaster organizations include field service, general supply, petroleum supply and petroleum pipeline, aerial delivery ( rigger ), water, and mortuary affairs units. most are company level except petroleum & water which have battalion and group level units. military occupational specialities there are nine quartermaster enlisted military occupational specialties ( moss ) : - 92a – automated logistical specialist - 92f – petroleum supply specialist - 92g – food service operations - 92l – petroleum laboratory specialist - 92m – mortuary affairs specialist - 92r – parachute rigger -


specialties ( moss ) : - 92a – automated logistical specialist - 92f – petroleum supply specialist - 92g – food service operations - 92l – petroleum laboratory specialist - 92m – mortuary affairs specialist - 92r – parachute rigger - 92s – shower / laundry and clothing repair specialist - 92w – water treatment specialist - 92y – unit supply specialist there are five quartermaster warrant officer military occupational specialties ( moss ) : - 920a - property accounting technician - 920b – supply systems technician - 921a – airdrop systems technician - 922a – food service technician - 923a – petroleum technician the three quartermaster officer areas of concentration ( aocs ) have been merged into 92a as additional skill identifiers ( asis ) - 92a – quartermaster, general - r9 – aerial delivery and materiel ( formerly 92d ) - r8 – petroleum and water ( formerly 92f ) leadership / school the officer in charge of the branch for doctrine, training and professional development purposes is the quartermaster general. the current quartermaster general is brigadier general gwen bingham. the quartermaster general does not have command authority over quartermaster units, but instead commands the united states army quartermaster center and school, located at fort lee, virginia, near petersburg. this school provides enlisted advanced individual training ( ait ) and leader training for quartermaster officers, warrant officers and non - commissioned officers. in the media the quartermaster corps provides a host of vital services to the u. s. army. but because these jobs are often not glamorous very little is mentioned about quartermaster soldiers in the mainstream media. the global war on terrorism, the 11 september attack on the pentagon as well as operations in iraq and afghanistan have brought several quartermasters briefly into the spotlight. here are a few that have recently gained attention. - maj steve v. long, a quartermaster officer who was serving as secretary of the general staff office of the commanding general us total army personnel command, was one of the casualties of the 11 sept. 2001 attack on the pentagon. - members of the 507th maintenance company which was ambushed at an nasiriyah, iraq on 23 march 2003, during operation iraqi freedom : - sergeant ( sgt ) donald walters, killed in action – silver star recipient - specialist ( spc ) edgar hernandez, captured - specialist ( spc ) shoshana johnson, captured - private first class ( pfc ) howard johnson ii, killed in action - private first class ( pfc ) jessica lynch, captured - private first class ( pfc ) lori pie


captured - specialist ( spc ) shoshana johnson, captured - private first class ( pfc ) howard johnson ii, killed in action - private first class ( pfc ) jessica lynch, captured - private first class ( pfc ) lori piestewa, killed in action - private ( pvt ) brandon sloan, killed in action - private ( pvt ) ruben estrella - soto, jr, killed in action - during operation desert storm the 14th quartermaster detachment, a u. s. army reserve unit from greensburg, pennsylvania, gained world wide media exposure. the 14th suffered the greatest number of casualties of any allied unit in the war due to a scud missile attack on 25 february 1991. quartermaster creed military order of saint martin the quartermaster corps established this military decoration on 7 february 1997. the emblematic figure is of saint martin of tours. the medal, for quartermasters either on active duty, in the reserves, or civilian status, is awarded in three grades : - ancient order of saint martin ( gold medallion ) - distinguished order of saint martin ( silver medallion ) - honorable order of saint martin ( bronze medallion ) an updated list of recipients is maintained on the association of quartermasters website. see also further reading - early history of the quartermaster corps - risch, erna ( 1981 ). supplying washington ' s army. washington, d. c. : united states army center of military history. - korean war - alexander, 1st lieutenant bevin r. quartermaster field service platoon in action. united states army center of military history. united states army center of military history historical manuscript collection 8 - 5. 1a ba 60.


| revised romanization | | yun bong - gil | yun bong - gil ( 21 june 1908, yesan, korea – 19 december 1932, kanazawa, japan ) was a korean independence activist best known for orchestrating the deadly bombing of a gathering of japanese dignitaries in the shanghai international settlement in 1932. shanghai bombing on 29 april 1932, he carried out a bombing attack using a bomb disguised as a narrow lunch box at a japanese army celebration of emperor hirohito ' s birthday in hongkou park, shanghai. the bombing killed yoshinori shirakawa, a general of the imperial japanese army, and kawabata sadaji ( 河 ), a government chancellor of japanese residents in shanghai. it also seriously injured kenkichi ueda, division 9 commander of the japanese imperial army, kuramatsu murai ( 村 井 松 ), japanese consul - general in shanghai, and shigemitsu mamoru, japanese envoy in shanghai. yun was arrested at the scene and convicted by the japanese military court in shanghai on 25 may. he was transferred to osaka prison on 18 november, and executed in kanazawa on 18 december. he was buried in nodayama graveyard. chiang kai - shek quoted " a young korean patriot has accomplished something tens of thousands of chinese soldiers could not do. " [ clarification needed ] syngman rhee, however, disapproved of the incident and kim gu ' s strategy of assassinations as a means to achieve korean independence, arguing that it justified japanese suppression. in may, 1946, his remains were excavated by korean residents in japan, transferred to seoul and given funeral rites. he was then reburied in the korean national cemetery. in 1962, the government of south korea ' s second republic praised his bombing attack, and posthumously bestowed the republic of korea cordon ( grand cordon ) of the order of liberation merit on him. see also - lee, bong ( 2003 ). the unfinished war : korea. algora publishing. p. 13. - ( korean ) 100년 만에 우리 다가온 윤봉길...


palm springs, calif. — the u. s. fish and wildlife service issued a final rule wednesday protecting casey ’ s june beetle as an endangered species and designating 587 acres of critical habitat for it in riverside county, calif. known only from the palm canyon area of palm springs, the beetle is critically endangered by urban development. the center for biological diversity, entomologist david wright and the sierra club petitioned to protect the beetle in 2004. wednesday ’ s final rule is the result of a landmark legal settlement between the center and the service that will expedite protection for 757 imperiled species across the country. “ we ’ re excited that this unique california beetle now has the endangered species act protection it needs to survive, ” said tierra curry, a biologist with the center. “ endangered species act protection with critical habitat designation is the most effective tool we have for saving species from extinction. ” once thought to occur from palm springs to indian wells in the coachella valley, the species now survives in only two populations in a small area in the southern part of palm springs. remaining habitat consists of just 800 acres scattered in nine isolated fragments, primarily on private lands, and is actively shrinking due to the rapid pace of development. “ clearly, habitat protection is the most important conservation measure for the casey ’ s june beetle, ” said curry. “ this announcement recognizes the dire straits of this scarab beetle, which is found nowhere else in the world, and gives it the habitat protection it needs to continue to exist. ” background on the species casey ’ s june beetles are medium - sized june beetles ( june beetles are named after their tendency to fly in late spring evenings ), about one to two inches long, and dusty brown or whitish with longitudinal stripes. their reddish - brown antennae are clubbed, as is common in scarab beetles, with ends consisting of a series of leaf - like plates that can be held together or fanned out to sense scents. adults emerge from holes in the ground to mate in late march through june. females have rarely been found, and always on the ground rather than in flight. males fly swiftly over the ground from about one hour before dusk to shortly after dark to look for females. contact info : tierra curry, ( 928 ) 522 - 3681 website : center for biological diversity


colonization of soybean aphid, aphis glycines ( homoptera : sternorrhyncha : aphididae ) is of concern to soybean growers in minnesota. an objective of this study was to determine when aphids were first detected in soybean at a statewide level by taking random samples during the growing season from all counties where soybean is grown. from these samples, we hypothesized that spatial data might provide indirect evidence of where soybean aphid successfully overwintered. in addition, we might understand when distribution from soybean to soybean might occur by examining the proportion of alatoid nymphs in the samples. in 2002, soybean aphids were first detected in late june in the lower third of the state. but by early july, soybean aphids were found evenly dispersed in minnesota. since apterae were collected in the june samples, the data suggest that soybean aphid successful overwintered throughout much of minnesota in 2001 - 2002. peak abundance of alatoid nymphs was 11 - 17 august, indicating summer migrations are highest after soybeans are setting and filling pods. the cause for alatoid formation and summer migration observed in 2002 was not clear. in 2003 we experimentally manipulated conditions favorable for alatoid formation. factors such as temperature, photoperiod, plant quality, and crowding were examined independently and in combinations to understand those factors that trigger alatoid nymph formation. back to student competition ten - minute papers, cc, insect vectors in relation to plant disease, cf2, quantitative ecology, and f1, crop protection entomology back to student competition tmp orals back to the 2003 esa annual meeting and exhibition


why did sweden choose, in the late 1960s, to abandon its long - standing nuclear weapons plans? a number of historical investigations have analyzed some aspects of this issue, particularly as it related to the public political debate in sweden and the formulation of the swedish defense doctrine in the postwar years. some studies have attempted to explicate, from a more overarching perspective, why sweden opted not to develop anuclear weapons capability, but these efforts have generally been hampered by heavy dependence on secondary source materials consisting of published english - language works. taken together, these studies provide a far - from - complete picture of sweden ’ s historical nuclear weapons plans. the main reason for this lack of a comprehensive picture has been the paucity of primary sources. today, however, the end of the cold war and the declassification of large parts of the relevant documentary record, especially concerning the technical preparations for nuclear weapons production, have created the prerequisites for a more penetrating analysis of this important historical issue. the purpose of this presentation is to summarize the research on sweden ’ s plans to acquire nuclear weapons based on primary sources. this overarching analysis is then tested against international relation theories which have sought to explain factors of proliferation and non - proliferation. thomas jonter is professor in international relations at the department of economic history, stockholm university. his research is focused on nuclear non - proliferation and energy security. he is also project leader for different educational and research programs in russia with the aim to initiate academic courses and programs in nuclear non - proliferation at different universities in the regions of tomsk and jekaterinburg. these projects are carried out in a cooperation between swedish radiation safety authority, international atomic energy agency ( iaea ), james martin center for nonproliferation studies ( cns ), monterey, united states, and stockholm international peace reseach institute ( sipri ). professor jonter is also chair of the esarda ( european safeguards and research development association ) working group for training and knowledge management. currently he is a visiting scholar at the europe center at freeman spogli institute for international studies, stanford university. first, professor jonter explains that sweden initiated nuclear weapons research in the 1950 ’ s because of the presence of a large uranium supply, ample technological and scientific knowledge, and concerns about self - defense. he cites wide support for nuclear research during that time, including from prime minister tage erlander, the defense ministry, and the military. in 1945 the swedish national defense research establishment created plans for a nuclear


knowledge, and concerns about self - defense. he cites wide support for nuclear research during that time, including from prime minister tage erlander, the defense ministry, and the military. in 1945 the swedish national defense research establishment created plans for a nuclear weapons program within a civilian nuclear power program, necessitating high levels of cooperation between military and civilian entities. despite pressure from the united states to abandon nuclear research, uranium production began in 1955 along with the construction of two reactors. eventually, social groups within sweden protested and a debate emerged within parliament, resulting in a decision that sweden would only pursue research related to self - defense against the soviet union. behind the scenes, however, nuclear weapons research carried on covertly for some time. jonter addresses questions of whether the program was really weapons - based or simply scientific research, how the debates in sweden were influenced by criticisms at home and abroad, the role of private investors in the swedish nuclear research program, and the factors that ultimately allowed sweden to publicly back away from a weapons program. professor jonter then examines implications for the international system by analyzing the swedish nuclear case in light of several international relations theories. he also considers the argument that " outward looking " states which are active in international trade are less likely to develop nuclear weapons. jonter asserts that research on this topic would benefit from more historical analysis of primary resources, although the secret nature of nuclear records make them difficult to access. a question and answer period following the presentation addressed such issues as : how does the swedish case study compare with the danish case? did the swedish government tie its hands with a public decision not to pursue weapons development? is there evidence of sweden having to balance nuclear weapons research with other military expenses? why did the government switch from high levels of secrecy about the nuclear program decisions to a policy of openness and public discussion?


the ( chinese : 西 ) ( formerly called west rail, chinese : 西 ) is one of the mtr lines in hong kong. it starts at nam cheong station in sham shui po and ends at tuen mun station in tuen mun. only two of its stations, mei foo station and tsuen wan west station, were laid underground, with the others above ground. currently the west rail line provides a local service on its own. no inter - city service is offered, making it effectively more like a metro instead of a commuter railway, although it was built in commuter railway standard, and was expected to accommodate other trains in the future. the railway line was operated by kowloon - canton railway corporation ( kcrc ) as part of the three lines in its network prior to the mtr - kcr merger. operation has since since been taken over by mtr corporation on 2 december 2007 after the merger completed. the line is coloured magenta on the mtr map. the distance between nam cheong and tuen mun stations is 30. 5km. a railway to the northwestern new territories from the urban area in kowloon was proposed in the early 1990s. both the mtr and the kcrc submitted plans to the government, but ultimately the kcrc ' s proposal to tin shui wai new town was selected. however, several major accidents on tuen mun road made residents in tuen mun request a railway connection within the centre of the new town of tuen mun. this made the route in the final proposal deviate from the original plan ( which terminated at the centre of tin shui wai new town ), to terminate near tuen mun town centre. originally, the kcrc expected the west rail line to have a daily ridership figure of 200, 000 passengers, but poor onward connections between stations and the areas they serve meant that the number of commuters choosing to use the line remained far short of the goal after opening. the kcrc was also blamed for its route planning and forceful reduction of bus services, which has mainly been provided by kowloon motor bus after operations began. furthermore, due to the frequent breakdowns, the chairman of kcrc, michael tien, announced that if the performance of did not improve, he would considered resigning. although monthly passes were introduced on august 1 2004, and the daily ridership increased to 150, 000, there was still a long way to go before the kcrc ' s goal of 200, 000 passengers


did not improve, he would considered resigning. although monthly passes were introduced on august 1 2004, and the daily ridership increased to 150, 000, there was still a long way to go before the kcrc ' s goal of 200, 000 passengers was met. since december 20 2004, the further discount of 20 % was cancelled due to the quick recovery of the economy and a ridership increase to 170, 000. the monthly pass concession was extended for another half a year. a sightseeing bus service was run as a temporary additional service of the west rail line in the northwest new territories. this service was launched on 26 september 2004 and ended on 28 november. ] in august 2005, michael tien announced that 90 % of breakdowns of the signalling system are due to failure of axle counters. 45 % of the whole line is elevated, which makes power lines easier to be hit by lightning, therefore causing such breakdowns. the average distance between two stations is 3 km, which results in a longer time for engineers to repair the signalling system. the most serious breakdown occurred on july 21 2005 and caused a delay of up to 40 minutes, which exceeds the total journey time of 30 minutes. for this reason, kcrc decided to throw over hk $ 10m to improve the signalling system, including hiring foreign railway experts and finding solutions to decrease down - time. the track is mostly above ground, it runs from east to west. it starts at nam cheong station, which is ground level ( although the track is completely covered and sealed at this point ), and it is located right of west kowloon highway. then the track goes beneath the ground, and it soon is at the underground mei foo station. at tsuen wan west it is as well underground. after the station the track goes into the hills before emerging before kam sheung road station. the rest of the track was constructed on a viaduct, so there is room for an emergency passage. the fare system of the line generally follows the other lines on the ex - kcr network. octopus cards and single ride tickets are available. all persons aged between 12 and 64 ( including students ) are charged the adult fare, while children aged 11 or below, and elderly aged 65 or above. after the rail merger, passengers using octopus cards interchanging at mei foo or nam cheong stations to the or may enjoy fare concessions. the total fare is calculated from the starting and ending stations in the whole journey, irrespective of which interchange station was chosen. the line also offers


interchanging at mei foo or nam cheong stations to the or may enjoy fare concessions. the total fare is calculated from the starting and ending stations in the whole journey, irrespective of which interchange station was chosen. the line also offers day passes and monthly passes. monthly passes are stored in the octopus card, and allows the passenger to enjoy unlimited rides of the west rail line, light rail, mtr buses, mtr feeder bus route k16 and designated minibus routes within the month. they are sold at $ 400 and holders of the $ 300 monthly pass can continue to enjoy the $ 300 / month offer. day passes are in the form of a magnetic ticket, plus a paper folder which is called the " boarding pass " for the free interchange to mtr bus and light rail. they are sold at $ 20, and the passenger can enjoy unlimited rides of the west rail line, light rail, mtr buses and mtr feeder bus route k16 within the service day. they need to use the ticket to pass through the entry / exit gates at west rail line stations. when travelling on buses, they need to present the ticket with the boarding pass when they board. when travelling on the light rail, they need to present the ticket with the boarding pass during ticket inspection. holders of 10 west rail line day passes can exchange for a new west rail day pass at west rail line stations. this is a list of all the stations on west rail. the coloured boxes holding the station names represent the unique colour motif for the station. # under construction at 09 : 15 on february 14 2007, a passenger train broke down when one of the transformers mounted on the train ( emu sp1900 ) roof exploded. it is suspected that the overheated transformer caused its insulating oil to vapourise, thus causing the explosion. in addition, the circuit breaker of the transformer apparently failed to cut the power supply to the transformer. this incident occurred in a tunnel on the southbound section between kam sheung road and tsuen wan west, about 2 km from tsuen wan west. around 650 passengers had to evacuate through the dark tunnel to the station, and around 340 people returned to the ground through a ventilation shaft at chai wan kok. eleven people were sent to hospital. train services returned normal after 4 hours. see main article : northern link ( mtr ), kowloon southern link and sha tin to central link. the will be extended both to the south and north in the future. the northern


9mm ( or nine - millimetre, depending on your locale ) is a general term for a family of firearm ammunition. the value refers to the diameter of the bullet itself ; the casing may vary in size. typically, this caliber ( for you americans ) ammunition is used in handguns and submachine guns ( machine pistols ). there are a variety of common subtypes of 9mm ammunition. some include : the most famous early adopter of the 9mm standard was georg luger, in the magnificent pistol that bears his name. the luger was originally a 7. 62 and 7. 65mm weapon ( it also even sported the. 45 acp for a u. s. procurement trial series that resulted in the u. s. purchasing the browning m1911 ). in 1904, while still attempting to garner large - scale contracts, luger retooled the gun to fire a larger bullet in order to allay concerns over the stopping power of the weapon. he designed a cylindrical, round - nosed shell, 9mm in diameter and 19mm in length. this version of the weapon was introduced in 1903 / 1904, and the german army and navy accepted it as a standard firearm ( the luger p - 08, for pistole - eight rounds, its capacity ) and thus began the saga of the luger. we are, of course, not too concerned with the luger other than as a booster and impetus for the 9mm caliber of ammunition. during the interwar period, john browning ( creator of the m1911 for the u. s. government ) had also worked with fabrique nationale of belgium to produce a 9mm handgun. loading in the browning ' tipping barrel ' style as opposed to the more complex and expensive luger ' knee toggle ', the fn browning hi - power ( translated from the french original, fn browning grande puissance ) was manufactured before world war ii until the german army captured belgium and, perforce, the fn works. they continued producing the fn - gp for the german military during the war, continuing on to produce it for general and military use by the nato allies afterwards. tooled for the now - venerable luger 9mm, it served to even further spread the use of this cartridge type. note : i had stated that the walther p. 38 was an update of the luger ; jessel has corrected me, informing me that they were in fact separate designs. not to be outdone


spread the use of this cartridge type. note : i had stated that the walther p. 38 was an update of the luger ; jessel has corrected me, informing me that they were in fact separate designs. not to be outdone, the italians chipped in through the efforts of signior beretta, producing a whole line of 9mm handguns. recently, the beretta m9 has become the standard issue sidearm of the u. s. military, at last supplanting browning ' s. 45 acp. around this time, the german military was looking for a means to offer their paratroopers and other infantry increased firepower. they adopted a weapon known as the m - 38, for machinenpistole or machine pistol, 1938 edition. this gun was a descendent of the first automatic hand weapon, the m - 18, which had seen action in the first world war ; it was, however, better designed, quite rugged, and fired 9mm ammunition. in addition to being a happy medium between round power and round weight ( determining, after all, how many rounds a soldier can carry ) the 9mm was also readily available, being manufactured in mass lots for the now - ubiquitous luger. the weapon went through a revision to become the mp - 40 ; in this guise, it served the germans ( and their enemies as well ; the mp - 40 was prized by allied soldiers over their own nations ' automatic weapons such as the. 45 thompson or the sten gun ) for the duration of the war. afterwards, it went on to be the sire of most modern assault rifles, especially what are arguably the best known of the lot : the ak - 47 and its descendents. the karl walther waffenfabrik had ( after the war ) begun offering other weapons that accepted 9mm rounds, such as the walther ppk. the soviets produced a weapon derived from the ppk known as the makarov 59, which accepted a slightly modified version of the 9mm round - it was 9x18mm, and had a diameter of 0. 365 ". this round, which serves soviet / russian arms still, is known as the 9mm makarov and is in production today not only by some firms but by enthusiastic handloaders around the world who have found that it ' s much cheaper to simply mill down a 9mm luger round. at this point, the 9mm handgun and 9mm submachine gun became almost a de facto standard


" a dream within a dream " is one of poe ' s most beautiful and haunting creations. when compared with his dark and despairing stories, the poem at first seems less typical of poe as it speaks of hopes and dreams rather than bereavement, insanity and pain. although the darkest of poe ' s poetry examines love lost and painful deaths, " a dream within a dream " deals with one man ' s loss of hope. the poem is a realisation of the futility and effervescence of mortal existence, and thus the fantasy of dreams though the discourse of the poem seems to reflect the despair of a man entering his final days, poe actually wrote this poem as a young man of eighteen, reflecting upon his future for which he saw little hope : yet if hope has flown away in a night, or in a day, in a vision, or in none, is it therefore the less gone? states that hope has left him, and left him helpless. he reminds the reader that no matter how hope leaves, it is gone nonetheless. delving into the metaphysical, poe gives the statement at the end of the first stanza, that : all that we see or seem is but a dream within a dream. he questions not only his understanding of his own existence and purpose, but the entire world ' s existence and purpose. it is clear that he positions the reader to doubt that life is anything more than a meaningless dream within a dream. clearly the poem signifies different things on different levels. this is the beauty of poe ' s poetry, that it is so open to interpretation the tone of the second stanza alters significantly from the first, and poe begins to use simple yet powerful imagery to illustrate the futility of life. he stands amid the roar / of a shore tormented shore that metaphorically represents his life, trying to clutch a handful of the golden sand as it sifts through his fingers. the golden sand is symbolic of many things. it could represent important people in his life that are leaving him one by one, or the precious moments of time that inevitably slip through his fingers, lost to the deep. indeed, poe lost many of the women in his life through various diseases and troubles. poe cries to god while he weeps in despair over his loss : while i weep – while i weep! o god! can i not grasp them with a tighter clasp? o god! can i not save one from the pitiless wave? this powerful and evoking language exhibits the despondent, despairing,


agriculture, or the ability to produce food by growing it instead of hunting it or gathering it, has probably been robbed by the invention of fire of the title of most significant development in human history the life of a human being before agriculture was marked by the highest levels of " leisure time " of any subsequent society, fewer pervasive psychological disorders, equality among small social groups ( including equality between genders ), freedom from institutional conflicts, absence of " leaders " and " followers, " as well as " property " and " territory, " and required less " work per calorie " than any other method of organizing human endeavor ever invented since. organization was not unknown in this environment, but food gathering consisted primarily of hunting animals and gathering edible plants. there was a linear relationship between the effort to obtain food and the amount of food obtained. also, any member of the society was capable of fending for themselves in " the wild " - which was really more like a really, really big backyard. meanwhile, food surpluses in primitive cultures led to non - egalitarian social hierarchies, rulers, " workers ", law, slaves, wealth and poverty, eventually money, organized trade, social specialization, which led to the development of skill - based trades, such as police, doctors, metalworkers, weavers, animal tenders, thinkers and writers, teachers, artists, and so forth - numerous kinds of non - food producing jobs were now possible, since large quantities of food could now be harvested, stored, distributed, and traded more efficiently for other goods ; and let ' s not forget large scale organized warfare with newly specialized soldiers, fought over the newly developed concept of wealth... trade, meanwhile, catalyzed the development of language, and specifically written language, as well as mathematics, and the sciences. the net effect of this development is impossible to inclusively catalog. other pervasive effects of agriculture upon human society include a dramatic change in gender roles and intersex relationships, an increased average lifespan, the tendency of people to congregate and cohabitate in increasingly, often pathologically, large groups, now called cities, the gradual erosion of the large, extended family and / or community social model and the rise of the nuclear family and " individualism, " as well as " modern religion " - which is characterized by a patriarchal hierarchy, institutional mysogyny, monotheism, asceticism, elaborate behavioral codes and " laws, " unification of state / religion


" individualism, " as well as " modern religion " - which is characterized by a patriarchal hierarchy, institutional mysogyny, monotheism, asceticism, elaborate behavioral codes and " laws, " unification of state / religion / territory, violent conflict with other religions / beliefs and other manifestations of xenophobia, as well as, almost universally, a creation myth involving progenitors which are cast out of an innocent state into a harsh, punishing world by a vengeful god. the book of genesis is particularly telling, as it relates : 3 : 13 and the lord god said unto the woman, what is this that thou hast done? and the woman said, the serpent beguiled me, and i did eat. and the lord god said unto the serpent, because thou hast done this, thou art cursed above all cattle, and above every beast of the field ; upon thy belly shalt thou go, and dust shalt thou eat all the days of thy life : and i will put enmity between thee and the woman, and between thy seed and her seed ; it shall bruise thy head, and thou shalt bruise his heel. unto the woman he said, i will greatly multiply thy sorrow and thy conception ; in sorrow thou shalt bring forth children ; and thy desire shall be to thy husband, and he shall rule over thee. and unto adam he said, because thou hast hearkened unto the voice of thy wife, and hast eaten of the tree, of which i commanded thee, saying, thou shalt not eat of it : cursed is the ground for thy sake ; in sorrow shalt thou eat of it all the days of thy life ; thorns also and thistles shall it bring forth to thee ; and thou shalt eat the herb of the field ; in the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread, till thou return unto the ground ; for out of it wast thou taken : for dust thou art, and unto dust shalt thou return.


par " tial (? ), a. [ f., fr. ll. partials, fr. l. pars, gen. partis, a part ; cf. ( for sense 1 ) f. partiel. see part, n. ] of, pertaining to, or affecting, a part only ; not general or universal ; not total or entire ; as, a partial eclipse of the moon. dissolutions of the earth. " inclined to favor one party in a cause, or one side of a question, more then the other ; baised ; not indifferent ; as, a judge should not be partial. ye have been partial in the law. mal. ii. 9. having a predelection for ; inclined to favor unreasonably ; foolishly fond. not partial to an ostentatious display. sir w. scott. pertaining to a subordinate portion ; as, a compound umbel is made up of a several partial umbels ; a leaflet is often supported by a partial petiole. partial differentials, partial differential coefficients, partial differentiation, etc. ( of a function of two or more variables ), the differentials, differential coefficients, differentiation etc., of the function, upon the hypothesis that some of the variables are for the time constant. - - partial fractions alg., fractions whose sum equals a given fraction. - - partial tones music, the simple tones which in combination form an ordinary tone ; the overtones, or harmonics, which, blending with a fundamental tone, cause its special quality of sound, or timbre, or tone color. see, also, tone. © webster 1913.


countless plays, operas and movies have been based on the works of the great bard of avon, william shakespeare ( 1564 - 1616 ), varying from word - for - word adaptations to loose borrowing of plot or characters. among those who owe a debt to shakespeare is italian opera composer vincenzo bellini ( 1801 - 35 ), whose i capuleti e i montecchi ( the capulets and montagues ) is based on the bard ’ s immortal tale of love and death, romeo and juliet ( 1595 ), albeit several times removed. the libretto by felice romani that bellini used was a reworking of shakespeare ’ s legendary tale as first intended for use as giulietta e romeo by the composer nicola vaccai ; and in doing so, romani drew upon the 1818 play giulietta e romeo by luigi scevola! by age 28, bellini had composed six operas with middling success and had yet to truly find his voice. his last effort, zaira, composed for the inauguration of the teatro ducale in bellini ’ s version of romeo and juliet emphasizes its poignancy and is focused squarely upon the central characters. he chose to cast romeo for a female ( mezzo - soprano ) to further enhance the youth and vulnerability of the doomed lovers. very little remains in common with shakespeare ’ s version, however : i capuleti e i montecchi retains only the protagonists ’ names, the faked death and the debacle of missed messages. romeo and juliet, in fact, begin the opera already in love. though bellini ’ s i capuleti e i montecchi was an initial success, it soon faded from opera houses, in part because bellini had indeed found his voice and quickly produced other works, including his trio of unquestioned masterpieces : la sonnambula ( 1831 ), norma ( 1831 ) and i puritani ( 1835 ). the latter was staged just eight months before bellini ’ s unfortunate, early demise. bellini ’ s abilities and talents were undeniable, earning him the admiration of even the most “ revolutionary ” of his contemporaries — liszt, berlioz and wagner ( they may have thought bellini to be hopelessly old - fashioned, but they could not deny the appeal of the rich melodies he created ). bellini ’ s characteristically flowing and finely sculpted vocal lines — as evinced in his works from i capuleti e i montecchi on — represent the very epitome of the bel can


teen drivers remain most at risk teen drivers remain one of ohio ’ s most at risk groups when it comes to becoming involved in a traffic crash. from 2009 - 2011, teen drivers were at fault in 114, 737 traffic crashes, resulting in 50, 492 injuries and 329 deaths on ohio ’ s roadways. teen drivers were at fault in 10 % of all fatal crashes during the same time period. while crash causes may vary, speed - related circumstances accounted for more than half ( 56 % ) of crashes caused by teen drivers. that is why it is important for teen drivers and their parents to be aware of the dangers new drivers face and for these new drivers to make safe and responsible decisions while driving. “ no one else is in control of the vehicle except for the person behind the wheel, ” said colonel john born, patrol superintendent. “ that is why responsibility, awareness and safety are so important for our youngest drivers. ” teen drivers are inexperienced and at times can make poor decisions. as a result, in august 2012, the patrol partnered with the ohio high school athletic association to launch a program to educate ohio high school students and student - athletes about the dangers new - drivers face. the you are in control program emphasizes the importance of decision making and reminds students that they are in control when behind the wheel. while education and awareness are extremely important, the patrol also aims to change driver behavior through traffic enforcement. from 2009 - 2011, 60 % of the citations issued to teen drivers were for speed - related violations and 19 % were for failure to wear a safety belt. teen drivers are encouraged to plan ahead when traveling to or from school or school events in order to eliminate rushing from one location to another. they are also reminded that safety belts save lives and they should encourage everyone in their vehicle to buckle - up, every time. for a statistical map regarding teen drivers and a county - by - county breakdown of where patrol citations have been issued, please visit http : / / statepatrol. ohio. gov / doc / teendrivers _ bulletin _ 2012. pdf


in 1944, friedrich a. hayek wrote one of the most thought - provoking books of our time — the road to serfdom. hayek warned that great britain and the united states were abandoning their heritage of liberty and adopting the economic principles of the nazis, fascists, and socialists. it was not a message which the politicians, bureaucrats, and social planners of that time wanted to hear. hayek, who would later win the nobel memorial prize in economics science, was vilified as an old - fashioned reactionary. no one today can seriously dispute that hayek was right. although americans, for example, continue to operate under the delusion that they live in a free - enterprise nation, for the last sixty years they have traveled the same moral, philosophical, and economic mad as their enemies — the road to the welfare - state, regulated - economy way of life — the road to serfdom. hayek was also a lawyer. in fact, some of his greatest contributions have been in the area of law. among his finest books are the constitution of liberty and his three - volume work, law, legislation, and liberty. two of the most important legal concepts that hayek underscored were, first, the nature and purposes of political constitutions and, second, the legal principle known as “ the rule of law. ” few americans today understand the true idea and purpose of the u. s. constitution. they have been taught to believe — and do believe — that their rights emanate from the constitution. hayek pointed out the true nature of rights and the constitution. he observed that our american ancestors subscribed to the most radical principles of individualism and liberty ever known to man. they truly believed the ideas set forth by john locke and thomas jefferson — that people have certain fundamental and inherent rights — life, liberty, property, and the pursuit of happiness — and that these rights have been endowed by “ nature and nature ’ s god, ” not by government. to protect themselves and their property from the violent acts of others, and to provide a means by which people could peacefully resolve their disputes, our ancestors established a national government. but there was one overriding concern : what would prevent our government from becoming destructive of the very ends for which it was formed? the goal, then, was to institute a government which could be kept within a very narrow purpose : to protect, not regulate or destroy, the natural, god - given rights of the people. so, while the constitution instituted government,


was formed? the goal, then, was to institute a government which could be kept within a very narrow purpose : to protect, not regulate or destroy, the natural, god - given rights of the people. so, while the constitution instituted government, it also straightjacketed it. the constitution set forth a very specific list of enumerated powers, as well as express prohibitions on the powers of the national government. as hayek observes, the constitution did not give the people rights. instead, the constitution was a law — a higher law — imposed on the officials of the national government to prevent them from interfering with preexisting rights. in a series of judicial decisions in the 1800s and early 1900s, the concept of “ substantive due process ” came to be an established judicial doctrine. it held that life, liberty, and property were extensions of each other. a person has the fundamental right to sustain and improve his life through labor, engage in any economic enterprise without political interference, enter into mutually beneficial exchanges with others ( “ liberty of contract ” ), and accumulate unlimited amounts of wealth from these endeavors. the courts held that the exercise of these rights were beyond the reach of the majority — beyond the constitutionally granted powers of the government. equally important, the legal concept of “ the rule of law ” was incorporated into our judicial system. as hayek explains, the rule of law means that people do not have to answer to the arbitrary decisions of governmental officials ; instead, they guide their actions by what is prohibited by a clearly defined law. freedom, therefore, means answering only to a well - defined, previously established law, rather than to the arbitrary and discretionary edicts of some. today, of course, the thinking of the american people is entirely different. believing that their rights come from government, they believe that government can rightfully regulate or take them away. thus, since the 1930s, the american people have lived under a political order in which governmental officials have omnipotent power over their lives and fortunes. moreover, unlike their ancestors, americans today believe that politicians and bureaucrats can be trusted with unlimited political power. “ we should elect the best people to public office and then trust them to do the right thing, ” is the prevailing attitude, for example, in the war on drugs, war on poverty, war on illiteracy, and so forth. americans believe that the constraints of the constitution should be curtailed, if not ended. the idea that life, liberty, property, and the pursuit of happiness


the war on drugs, war on poverty, war on illiteracy, and so forth. americans believe that the constraints of the constitution should be curtailed, if not ended. the idea that life, liberty, property, and the pursuit of happiness are fundamental, preexisting rights with which no governmental official can legitimately interfere is an alien notion to our fellow americans. the belief is that caesar — the state — should have the power to regulate and take away that which he has given. and, unfortunately, the rule of law is also now considered an outdated legal concept. today, people must answer to hundreds of thousands of arbitrary, unclear edicts from the politicians and bureaucrats rather than to clearly defined laws. for example, take the rules against “ unfair business practices. ” if a businessman sells his product at a price lower than his competitors, he is subject to being prosecuted for predatory business practices. if he sells his product at the same price as others, he can be prosecuted for antitrust violations. thus, since every businessman is always subject to a criminal prosecution which inevitably entails hundreds of thousands of dollars in legal fees, he must always kowtow to his political and bureaucratic masters. he must answer to them rather than to a clearly defined law. and the tax code is no different. once a person bypasses the “ standard deduction, ” he enters into the nether world of potential prosecution for tax violations. that is the beautiful thing ( in the mind of the governmental official ) about hundreds of thousands of rules and regulations — there is no way that a person can ever be in full compliance with all of them. thus, each person who works his way through the maze of the irs code is always subject to criminal prosecution for violating one of the myriad of rules and regulations. let ’ s look at a couple of real - world examples. michael milken, now serving jail time, is a good example of the hazards of abandoning the rule of law. despite all the years that milken worked on wall street, and all of the billions of dollars with which he dealt, the government was able to get him for violating only a few ridiculous and inane regulations. another example — leona helmsley. although paying several millions of dollars in income taxes, she supposedly committed the heinous crime of taking some improper deductions on her income - tax return, thereby depriving the politicians and bureaucrats of their milk ; and so now she must serve four years in a federal penitentiary. and why milken and