are annexed, and on the other, he exercises his powers in the name of another. some canonists, however, maintain that a vicar - general has delegated, and others that he has ordinary jurisdiction. finally, no inferior ordinaries can delegate their entire authority to others in perpetuity without the license of the roman pontiff, because such delegation would be equivalent to abdication, which is not permissible without the consent of the supreme authority. what has been said in this respect of inferior ordinaries, holds good also for those delegated to certain classes of cases in general ( ad universitatem causarum ). as the powers delegated by the holy see are generally for very important matters, the council of trent ( sess. xxv, c. 10, de ref. ) made an effort to provide by law for a certain number of qualified persons whom the pope could appoint as his delegates. the council ordered that several such ecclesiastics should be elected in provincial synods and that their names should be forwarded to rome by the bishops. the decree, however, was seldom acted on and gradually became entirely obsolete. delegated jurisdiction can sometimes be subdelegated to others. if the delegate was appointed by the pope, even for a particular case, he has the power of subdelegation. the latter is prohibited only when the matter has been committed to his personal care in an especial manner, or when it is of unusual importance or of a merely executive nature. hence, when a confessor has received by apostolic privilege the faculty of absolving all the faithful from certain sins and censures, or of dispensing in certain irregularities and vows, he can not subdelegate this ministry. in like manner, one who has been charged with the execution of matrimonial dispensations may not subdelegate the ministry itself, yet he may employ others to assist him in matters connected with his delegated jurisdiction, provided their work be only supplementary, not principal. if the delegate was appointed by an ordinary other than the pope, he can not subdelegate, unless he has been commissioned ad universitatem causarum, or when the person delegating has given him the special authority to subdelegate. the subdelegate cannot make a new delegation, but he can call in the assistance of others for the details of his work. when a delegate has confided all his authority in a particular


him the special authority to subdelegate. the subdelegate cannot make a new delegation, but he can call in the assistance of others for the details of his work. when a delegate has confided all his authority in a particular matter to a subdelegate an appeal from the decision of the latter does not lie to the delegate, but to the superior who had originally commissioned the delegate. delegation ceases if the work assigned to the delegate has been completed ; if the delegate abdicates his power or declares the rescript of his appointment invalid ; if the term fixed for the conduct of the matter has expired, unless in a contentious case both parties have agreed to a prorogation ; if the delegation be revoked ; if the delegate die, unless he was one of a number of delegates simpliciter and their commission had provided for its continuance in such an emergency ; if the person delegating die, and the case had not yet begun ; if the person die on whose account the delegation was constituted, unless some matter concerning the church or a prelacy be at stake. smith, elements of ecclesiastical law ( new york, 1895 ) ; laurentius, institutiones jur. eccl. ( freiburg, 1903 ) ; ferraris, bibliotheca canonica ( rome, 1886 ), iii. apa citation. ( 1908 ). delegation. in the catholic encyclopedia. new york : robert appleton company. http : / / www. newadvent. org / cathen / 04696b. htm mla citation. " delegation. " the catholic encyclopedia. vol. 4. new york : robert appleton company, 1908. < http : / / www. newadvent. org / cathen / 04696b. htm >. transcription. this article was transcribed for new advent by douglas j. potter. dedicated to the immaculate heart of the blessed virgin mary. ecclesiastical approbation. nihil obstat. remy lafort, censor. imprimatur. + john m. farley, archbishop of new york. contact information. the editor of new advent is kevin knight. my email address is feedback732 at newadvent. org. ( to help fight spam, this address might change occasionally. ) regrettably, i can ' t reply to every letter, but i greatly appreciate your feedback — especially notifications about typographical errors and inappropriate ads.


whereas people use their eyes and ears to get information, cells rely on proteins that span their outer membranes to scan for chemical signals from the outside world. now a biotech start - up plans to launch an international consortium to determine the three - dimensional crystal structures of 100 such membrane proteins, many of which represent promising drug targets. several " structural genomics " efforts have been launched recently to automate the atomic mapping of proteins, but this is the first to concentrate on membrane proteins. the subjects are a class of proteins called g protein - coupled receptors, which are sensitive to stimuli as varied as hormones and photon - altered pigments. once these proteins detect a specific signal outside the cell, they let loose a cascade of biochemical messengers that alters the cell ' s chemistry or gene expression. scientists would love to know more details, but the receptors are notoriously difficult to work with. removing them from the cell membrane destroys their normal 3d shape and any hope of understanding what they look like in atomic detail. the consortium, led by start - up bio - xtal in roubaix, france, plans to orchestrate a concerted effort to find new ways to express, crystallize, and image the proteins. if all goes as planned, starting in april the company will collaborate with four academic labs in france, germany, and the netherlands. bio - xtal has applied to the european union for half the estimated 10 million euro ( $ 9. 3 million ) cost of the 3 - year project, and it expects to raise the rest from pharmaceutical sponsors. seventeen companies, including roche, merck, and astra zeneca, have already offered support, says etienne l ' hermite, bio - xtal ' s manager. the effort to extend structural genomics to membrane proteins " an excellent idea, " says aled edwards, a structural biologist at the university of toronto. but because membrane proteins are difficult to express and crystallize - - two necessary steps in determining their structure - - the project is certain to face slow going, he says. " calling something ' genomics ' implies automation and high throughput, " says edwards. in this case, " it is a bit of a stretch. " bio - xtal ' s web site


astronomers are reaching ever further back in time, seeking events from the earliest days of the universe. now, the discovery of the farthest ( and thus oldest ) supernova ever seen is raising hopes that astronomers will soon detect the explosive deaths of the first stars to form after the universe ' s birth. these stars forged the first heavy elements, which helped create smaller and longer - lived stars like our own sun. the earliest stars looked different from modern stars. the big bang produced only three light elements — hydrogen, helium, and a little lithium — but today, stars form in gas clouds that also contain heavier elements such as carbon and oxygen. these elements radiate away enough energy to eventually cool the clouds. when the clouds cool, they fragment into smaller clumps that collapse to spawn a plethora of mostly small stars. but such fragmentation wasn ' t easy early in the universe ' s life, when stars formed from carbon - and oxygen - free gas clouds that remained warm. because of their warmth, more gravity was needed to overwhelm the higher gas pressure — so when a cloud collapsed, it produced massive stars rather than small stars. astronomer jeff cooke of swinburne university of technology near melbourne, australia, and colleagues have been searching for the most distant, ancient supernovae by examining images from the canada - france - hawaii telescope atop mauna kea in hawaii. to discern even the faintest specks of light, the astronomers combine, or " stack, " hundreds of images. in one image, taken in 2006 of a galaxy in sextans ( a faint constellation south of leo ), they spotted a very distant supernova indeed. to find out just how far away it was, cooke observed the galaxy ' s spectrum - - the combined light emitted from its stars, arranged by wavelength — at the keck i telescope, also atop mauna kea. " it was quite exciting, " he says. " as the spectrum was reading out, i could see the emission line for one of the features, and when i did a quick back - of - the - envelope calculation for the redshift, i saw how high it was. " the redshift is a measure of the supernova ' s distance. as the universe expands, it stretches the light waves traveling to us from a distant galaxy, shifting the galaxy ' s spectral lines to redder wavelengths ; the farther the galaxy is and the more expanding space its light has traveled through, the greater its redshift. and as cooke '


the light waves traveling to us from a distant galaxy, shifting the galaxy ' s spectral lines to redder wavelengths ; the farther the galaxy is and the more expanding space its light has traveled through, the greater its redshift. and as cooke ' s team reports online today in nature, the supernova ' s redshift is 3. 90, which means it is 12. 1 billion light - years from earth — and it exploded just 1. 6 billion years after the big bang. that makes it more than a billion light - years farther than the previous record holder. moreover, the supernova is anything but normal. it marked the death of a star that was more than 100 times as massive as the sun. during its brief life, such a star supports its great weight by generating so much light that the pressure of that outward radiation balances the inward pull of gravity. unfortunately for the star, high - energy gamma rays supply much of this outward pressure, and when two gamma rays meet, they can convert their energy into a pair of particles, an electron and a positron. this " pair production " robs the star of the support that the gamma rays ' pressure had been providing. as a result, cooke says, " the whole star collapses in on itself. it ' s one giant thermonuclear bomb, and it ' s incredibly bright. " a pair - instability supernova emits about 10 times as much light as the brightest normal supernovae, which occur when white dwarf stars explode. pair - instability supernovae are so rare that observers have previously seen only one good candidate — and that was in a fairly nearby galaxy. astronomer abraham loeb of the harvard - smithsonian center for astrophysics in cambridge, massachusetts, calls the discovery of the distant pair - instability supernova a breakthrough. " it ' s the first demonstration that such events do take place at early cosmic times, and i think we will find many more of them in the future, " he says. astronomer volker bromm of the university of texas, austin, says : " this is a very, very promising sign for what we can expect in the coming years. " cooke ' s team has also detected another pair - instability supernova 10. 4 billion light - years from earth. neither supernova arose from a star that formed from pristine gas, so neither represents the very first generation of stars to form after the big bang. but the two explosions suggest that pair - instability supernovae — and thus very massive stars — were


news from spain informs us that a team of specialists has recently succeeded in designing and manufacturing so - called bacteria - killing textiles. apparently, this new fabric brought forth by researchers working with the universitat politecnica de catalunya barcelonatech has nanoparticles which help keep bacteria at bay incorporated within its make - up. this means that, regardless of where the person wearing an item of clothing made from this material goes, bacteria are not given the opportunity to come along for the ride. the verge explains that, in order to develop this new fabric, researchers had to use adhesive enzymes which helped them embed said antimicrobial nanoparticles in a given piece of cloth. in order to make sure these nanoparticles stayed attached to the threads, the specialists had to resort to ultrasonic radiation, which supposedly helps up the efficiency of the adhesive enzymes. contrary to popular belief, public hospitals are not as clean as patients would want them to be, meaning that, as a result of having a lot of people going in and coming out of them on a daily basis, these public buildings are quite rich in terms of bacterial diversity. therefore, the scientists who developed these bacteria - killing textiles hope that, should doctors and nurses agree to wear items of clothing ( gowns, in particular ) made from this innovative fabric, it would be much easier to make sure that various types of bacteria do not travel from one patient to another. “ the statistics on patient safety in the eu show alarming tendencies : - 1 in 10 patients are affected by hospital - acquired infections - 3 million deaths are caused by hospital - acquired infections, ” reads the official website for this eu - funded research project. furthermore, “ an active infection control program of patients and personnel and hygiene measures, have proven to significantly reduce both the number of infections and hospitalization costs. ” apparently, this bacteria - killing fabric has a lifespan of 70 laundry cycles, and the specialists who developed it hope that it will soon start being used in hospitals all across europe.


a year on the melting planet takes just 1. 4 earth days while astronomers continue to rack up a list of exciting new exoplanet discoveries, some are simply more awesome than others. the crown jewel of the search for other planets would be an orb similar to earth, perhaps even similar enough to support living beings. a newly found world called ufc - 1. 01 is most definitely one of the more interesting recent finds, but not for its ability to foster life — in fact it ' s quite the opposite. while studying a red dwarf star named gj 436 using nasa ' s spitzer space telescope, astronomers noticed something odd : a slight fluctuation in the amount of infrared light the star was giving off. after further study, the researchers were able to identify the cause — a small planet, two - thirds the size of earth is orbiting the star at a remarkably close distance. the scientists believe that ufc - 1. 01 is so close to its star that it not only would be completely lifeless, but may also be absolutely covered in molten rock. with a surface temperature of over 1, 000 degrees fahrenheit, ufc - 1. 01 would be absolutely miserable place to take a vacation. but there ' s still some good news! because the planet orbits its star so closely, a year on ufc - 1. 01 takes less than one and a half earth days. that means you ' d be able to celebrate your birthday every 36 hours or so. just don ' t bring an ice cream cake, it probably wouldn ' t last. [ image credit : nasa ] more from tecca :


a 3 digit number is multiplied by a 2 digit number and the calculation is written out as shown with a digit in place of each of the * ' s. complete the whole multiplication sum. when the number x 1 x x x is multiplied by 417 this gives the answer 9 x x x 0 5 7. find the missing digits, each of which is represented by an " x ". the number 10112359550561797752808988764044943820224719 is called a ' slippy number ' because, when the last digit 9 is moved to the front, the new number produced is the slippy number multiplied by this challenge is to make up your own alphanumeric. each letter represents a digit and where the same letter appears more than once it must represent the same digit each time. amazing as it may seem the three fives remaining in the following ` skeleton ' are sufficient to reconstruct the entire long division watch our videos of multiplication methods that you may not have met before. can you make sense of them? some 4 digit numbers can be written as the product of a 3 digit number and a 2 digit number using the digits 1 to 9 each once and only once. the number 4396 can be written as just such a product. can.... countries from across the world competed in a sports tournament. can you devise an efficient strategy to work out the order in which they finished? what day of the week were you born on? do you know? here ' s a way to find the numbers in this sum however did we manage before calculators? is there an efficient way to do a square root if you have to do the work yourself? this addition sum uses all ten digits 0, 1, 2... 9 exactly once. find the sum and show that the one you give is the only choose any 4 whole numbers and take the difference between consecutive numbers, ending with the difference between the first and the last numbers. what happens when you repeat this process over and.... read this article to find out the mathematical method for working out what day of the week each particular date fell on back as far as 1700. start with any triangle t1 and its inscribed circle. draw the triangle t2 which has its vertices at the points of contact between the triangle t1 and its incircle. now keep repeating this.... vedic sutra is one of many ancient indian sutras which involves a cross sub


what is turfgrass disease? what causes it? lawn diseases are generally caused by pathogenic fungi that occur naturally in the thatch and soil. there are a wide variety of fungi living in the soil and thatch of a lawn, but only a small number cause disease symptoms in turfgrass. the vast majority of fungi are beneficial, and contribute to the biodegradation of dead plant material as well as the breakdown on complex organic compounds into useable nutrients that the plants can absorb. what does lawn disease look like? symptoms of disease in a lawn can appear in a number of ways, depending on the fungi that is causing the disease. you might see brown circular spots, dead rings, irregular patches, red or white mycelium growing on the grass blades or the roots may appear black & rotten. if you suspect that your lawn has a disease, contact your local nutri - lawn immediately and we ' ll schedule a free service call. what can be done to correct a disease problem? the majority of the disease problems experienced on home lawns can be managed by ensuring the following practices are adhered to. make sure the lawn is being properly irrigated overwatering creates an environment that is perfect for fungal diseases to spread. make sure the surface of the lawn is allowed to dry out between waterings, as this will kill or inhibit the disease. water in the early morning watering in the afternoon results in a significant amount of the watering being lost to evaporation, and this leads to shallow watering and shallow root development and ultimately poor drought tolerance. watering in the evening results in the lawn staying wet for the entire night before the sun can dry off the lawn the following day. this wet environment is conducive to disease development. sharpen your mower blade a dull mower blade shreds the leaf blades rather than cuts them. the shredded blade does not heal well and is easily infected by disease organisms. the shredded blades also brown off and make your lawn look brown and unhealthy. mow at the proper height and frequency avoid cutting to low as this will stress out the lawn and make it more susceptible to disease. also, mow frequently enough so that only one third of the leaf blade is removed at each mowing. if you wait too long between mowings, and then cut low, the lawn will go into a state of shock and this added stress makes the lawn more disease susceptible. aerate the soil annually aeration reduces soil compaction and allows water and nutrients to move deeper into the


redbud, also known as eastern redbud or judas tree, is abundant in the southern two - thirds of ohio, with scattered distribution in the northern one - third of the state. it heralds the arrival of spring with its showy, lavendar - pink flowers that typically open in april, long before the foliage emerges. redbud is a native of the entire eastern half of the united states except for new england, but is not found in canada, as its scientific name implies. this ornamental tree is rapidly growing and usually multitrunked in the wild, having a vase shape with a rounded crown that reaches about 20 feet tall and 20 feet wide at maturity, when found in the open. however, since it is often located at the edge of woodlands, it commonly has a leaning growth habit, trying to grow into as much sunlight as possible. as a member of the bean family, redbud is also related to honeylocust, kentucky coffeetree, black locust, and wisteria, as well as other types of redbuds. the bean family is also known as the legume, pea, or pulse family, and may go by the alternative scientific family name of leguminosae. many of this family ' s members are important vegetable crops as well as ornamental plants. planting requirements - redbud prefers deep, moist, organic, well - drained soils, but adapts to many less - than - favorable soils of either acidic or alkaline ph as long as they are not wet. it grows most rapidly and flowers most prolifically in full sun if adequate moisture is available during the heat of summer, but it is often found in partial sun to partial shade in nature. it can grow in zones 4 to 9, but occurs naturally in zones 5 to 9. potential problems - redbud grows rapidly and often lives about twenty years before it begins to decline or die, especially in urban situations where poorly drained, heavy clay soils predominate. trunk canker is a serious disease of redbud, and is evident as sunken depressions in the bark of large branches or trunks, which often begin to heal before the tree eventually dies. verticillium wilt and root rot are two additional, serious pathogens that affect the roots often due to wet soils but become evident as entire branches rapidly die. some pests such as scales may also cause problems, but the tree diseases sited above wreak havoc on redbud and limit its lifespan.


search health information costochondritis is an inflammation of a rib or the cartilage connecting a rib. it is a common cause of chest pain. see also : chest pain chest wall pain causes, incidence, and risk factors : signs and tests : your health care provider can diagnose costochondritis by pressing on the area where the ribs meet the chest bone ( sternum ). if this area is tender and sore, costochondritis is the most likely cause of your chest pain. however, your doctor should make this diagnosis only after speaking with you and examining you. anti - inflammatory medicines ( such as ibuprofen ) are used to treat costochondritis. with treatment, the condition usually goes away in a few days. calling your health care provider : cannon cp, lee th. approach to the patient with chest pain. in : libby p, bonow ro, mann dl, zipes dp, eds. braunwald ' s heart disease : a textbook of cardiovascular medicine. 8th ed. philadelphia, pa ; saunders elsevier ; 2007 : chap 49. imamura m, cassius da. costosternal syndromes. in : frontera wr, silver jk, rizzo jr td, eds. essentials of physical medicine and rehabilitation. 2nd ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders elsevier ; 2008 : chap 98. | review date : 11 / 16 / 2008 | reviewed by : linda vorvick, md, family physician, seattle site coordinator, lecturer, pathophysiology, medex northwest division of physician assistant studies, university of washington school of medicine. also reviewed by david zieve, md, mha, medical director, a. d. a. m., inc. the information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. a licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. call 911 for all medical emergencies. links to other sites are provided for information only - - they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. © 1997 - a. d. a. m., inc. any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited.


the abramson cancer center of the university of pennsylvania last modified : february 28, 2013 many women can identify someone they know who has had breast cancer. it is, after all, one of the most common cancers in women. you often hear the statistic of 1 in 8 women developing breast cancer in their lifetime, but what does that really mean? you can think of it as a 12 % lifetime risk, so 12 out of 100 women can be expected to develop the disease in their lifetime – which means the other 88 women will not. men are also at risk for developing breast cancer, although this risk is much lower than it is for women and we will not discuss male risk in this article. many factors play into your personal risk of developing breast cancer. these include family history, reproductive history, diet, alcohol use, weight, hormone use and radiation exposure. as you can see, some risk factors are modifiable, meaning you can change them ( i. e. diet, alcohol use ). others are nonmodifiable, such as family history or an early menarche ( start of menstruation ). this article will review the factors associated with increased risk for developing breast cancer, and for the modifiable factors, provide resources to make changes to reduce risk. remember that while risk factors can increase the chance of developing a cancer, they do not mean that you are certain to develop the cancer. it is also important to point out that approximately 70 % of the women who develop breast cancer do not have any of these risk factors and more than 85 % have no family history of the disease. because of this fact, all women should discuss the importance of screening, regardless of their personal risk. the most important risk factor for development of breast cancer is increasing age. the risk of developing breast cancer increases as you get older - more women get breast cancer in their 60s and 70s than in their 30s or 40s. the risk increases gradually as a woman ages. certain pieces of a woman ' s health history can increase breast cancer risk. for most women, these are not factors that you can change, but you may want to know about them. women who have their first menstrual period before age 12 or go through menopause later ( after age 55 ) have a slightly higher risk of breast cancer. this is thought to be because they will have a longer lifetime exposure to estrogen in their bodies. along the same lines, some studies have suggested that breastfeeding can slightly reduce risk, particularly if


) have a slightly higher risk of breast cancer. this is thought to be because they will have a longer lifetime exposure to estrogen in their bodies. along the same lines, some studies have suggested that breastfeeding can slightly reduce risk, particularly if it is continued for 1. 5 - 2 years. this may also be related to the number of menstrual periods and estrogen exposure. the age of the woman at her first live birth of a child can affect risk, but the effect varies depending on the number of first - degree relatives who have been diagnosed with breast cancer. for women with 2 or more 1st degree relatives ( i. e. mother, sister ) with a diagnosis, their risk decreased with an older age at first live birth. for women with no family history, risk increases with older age at first live birth. there is an increase in risk for women who have had a breast biopsy in the past. two biopsy results have a stronger affect on risk. atypical hyperplasia is not a cancer, but increases the risk of developing a breast cancer by 3 - 5 times that of a woman without this history. lobular carcinoma in situ ( lcis ) are cancer cells that are confined to the lobules in the breast tissue. lcis is not treated like other breast cancers, but results in careful monitoring and may result in taking medications to reduce future risk. the presence of lcis means your risk of developing breast cancer is 7 to 11 times higher than an average woman. women who have had a biopsy showing atypical hyperplasia or lcis should have annual screening with mammography and breast exams by a healthcare provider 1 - 2 times a year. some women may also have mris for screening and may be eligible for drug therapy ( tamoxifen or raloxifine ) to decrease the chance of developing breast cancer and / or to participate in a clinical trial for this condition. you should discuss these options with your physician. researchers have created a program, called the breast cancer risk assessment tool, that takes many of these women ' s health factors into consideration and calculates an estimated risk of developing breast cancer in the next 5 years and in the woman ' s lifetime. these calculations are based on the gail model, a statistical model for determining risk. learn more about the model or use the tool. hormone replacement therapy ( hrt ) was commonly prescribed for menopausal women to reduce hot flashes, vaginal dryness and risk of bone fractures and heart disease


a statistical model for determining risk. learn more about the model or use the tool. hormone replacement therapy ( hrt ) was commonly prescribed for menopausal women to reduce hot flashes, vaginal dryness and risk of bone fractures and heart disease. in july 2002, a large study found that hrt was doing more harm than good and changed physicians ' practice almost overnight. the women ' s health initiative ( whi ) found that taking hrt ( estrogen combined with progestin ) resulted in an increased risk of breast cancer, heart disease, stroke and blood clots. while there was the benefit of reduction in bone fractures related to osteoporosis and fewer colorectal cancer cases, the risks far outweighed these benefits. around the same time, the hers study found that taking hrt resulted in no decrease in heart attacks in older women with heart disease. a few years later, the whi study also found that taking estrogen alone ( for women without a uterus ) resulted in increased risk for stroke and blood clots and no improvement in heart disease. doctors now recommend that women take hrt only when absolutely necessary to control menopausal symptoms and in the lowest possible doses for the shortest time possible. the whi is continuing to follow the study ' s participants to determine when and if the risks decline after stopping hrt. what can you do if you took hrt in the past? be sure your healthcare providers know that you took hrt and for how long. be sure you have recommended breast cancer screening tests. you can periodically check on the whi website to learn about study updates. birth control pills ( bcps ) were first introduced in the 1960s and are the most commonly used method of contraception in the united states. since their introduction, bcps have undergone significant changes in their components and the doses used. for instance, early bcps contained 150 micrograms of ethinyl estradiol, whereas today ' s bcps contain an average 20 micrograms. this continuing evolution makes it difficult to apply the results of previous studies examining cancer risk to today ' s bcp preparations. in 2005, the international agency for research on cancer released a report classifying bcps as carcinogenic ( cancer - causing ) ; however, many of the studies used in this analysis were looking at older, higher dose formulations of bcps. with that being said, they found a small increased risk of breast cancer for current users and for 9 years after users stopped bcps, after which


many of the studies used in this analysis were looking at older, higher dose formulations of bcps. with that being said, they found a small increased risk of breast cancer for current users and for 9 years after users stopped bcps, after which there was no increased risk. they also found that bcps decreased the risk of endometrial and ovarian cancer and possibly colon cancer. more recent studies of modern bcp doses have found no increase in breast cancer risk among current or former users. it is not known whether the newer formulations provide the same protective effect for endometrial and ovarian cancers. recent studies have not found a higher risk of breast cancer in women with a strong family history or carriers of genetic mutations ( brca1 / 2 ) who take or have taken bcps. there are no recommendations for any increased screening for women who have taken birth control pills. how your family members ' diagnoses affect your risk partly depends on how closely related you are and at what age the woman or women in your family were diagnosed. if you have a first - degree relative ( sister, mother, daughter ) with a breast cancer diagnosis, your risk is double that of someone without a family history. having 2 first - degree relatives with the disease increases risk about 3 - fold. if your father or brother has had male breast cancer, your risk is also increased, though to what degree is not clear. if you are someone with a first - degree relative ( s ) with the disease, you may need to begin screening mammograms at an earlier age then the acs guidelines of 40. discuss this history with your healthcare providers to determine if there are any red flags for hereditary cancer syndromes, which warrant a discussion with a genetic counselor and possibly genetic testing. but what about most women, who have a more distant relative ( s ) with the disease? this is where things become less certain. if the family history has several people diagnosed with the same cancer or diagnoses before age 50, discussion with a genetic counselor is warranted. if not, the evidence for increased risk is less convincing and standard screening is typically recommended ( mammogram annually, beginning at age 40 ). as with any family history, be sure to discuss your situation with your healthcare providers. if you have had breast cancer in the past, you are 3 to 4 times more likely to develop another breast cancer compared to a woman who has never had the disease - not metastases or spread from the first cancer, but


your healthcare providers. if you have had breast cancer in the past, you are 3 to 4 times more likely to develop another breast cancer compared to a woman who has never had the disease - not metastases or spread from the first cancer, but a new cancer altogether. this may occur in the same breast or the other breast. this is why it is so important to keep follow up appointments with your oncology team and continue recommended screening tests. it is estimated that 5 - 10 % of breast cancers are hereditary, meaning they are the result of a faulty gene that was inherited from a parent. brca 1 & 2 are the most common and well understood mutations, but they are not the only genetic mutations that can increase breast cancer risk. women should consider discussing their case with a genetic counselor if they are concerned about their family history. guidelines recommend that a woman be screened if any of the following apply : brca1 / brca2 genetic predisposition the most common cause of hereditary breast cancer is an inherited mutation in the brca1 or brca2 gene. if you have inherited a mutated copy of either gene from a parent, you have an estimated 40 - 85 % chance of developing breast cancer during your lifetime. people with these mutations tend to develop cancer at a younger age ( before age 40 ) and these cancers more often affect both breasts. people with these inherited mutations also have an increased risk for developing other cancers, particularly ovarian cancer, but also male breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, and prostate cancer. brca mutations occur more commonly in individuals of ashkenazi jewish ( eastern european ) descent, as well as norwegian, dutch, and icelandic populations, but they can occur in any racial or ethnic group. if you know that you have a brca 1 or brca2 mutation, you should talk to a healthcare provider to ensure you receive the proper screening or treatment ( chemoprevention ) to reduce the chance of developing cancer or to detect cancer at an earlier stage when treatment is most effective. your healthcare provider may recommend getting mammograms at a younger age, special breast and / or ovarian cancer screening tests, or other interventions, such as, prophylactic ( preventative ) surgery or chemoprevention. des was the first synthetic estrogen and was given to pregnant women from 1938 - 1971 because it was believed to prevent miscarriages and promote " healthy pregnancies. " it was found that not only did the drug not prevent problems associated with pregnancy,


was the first synthetic estrogen and was given to pregnant women from 1938 - 1971 because it was believed to prevent miscarriages and promote " healthy pregnancies. " it was found that not only did the drug not prevent problems associated with pregnancy, it also caused health issues for the women taking it, as well as children born of these pregnancies. women who took des have been found to have a " moderately " increased risk of developing breast cancer. studies have found a 30 % increased risk compared to women who did not take des. women who were given des should have annual mammograms and breast exams by a healthcare provider. they should perform monthly self - breast exams and report any nipple discharge or changes in their breast tissue or skin ( dimpling, swelling, redness, nipple retraction ) to their healthcare provider. women who were given des during pregnancy should be sure their children know this and report it to their healthcare team. previous chest radiation women who had radiation therapy to the chest area as treatment for another cancer ( i. e. hodgkin disease ) have a significantly increased risk for breast cancer. the exact risk varies depending on the age at which they were treated. risk is highest for those treated as adolescents, while breast tissue was in development. treatment after age 40 does not seem to increase breast cancer risk. for hodgkin ' s disease survivors who had radiation, the nccn recommends breast cancer screening begin 8 - 10 years after treatment or at age 40, whichever comes first. the acs recommends women also have breast mri screening if they were treated between 10 and 30 years old. many people are aware that heavy alcohol use can cause health problems such as cirrhosis of the liver, hepatitis, high blood pressure, heart disease and stroke, but many are not aware that alcohol can also increase your risk of developing several types of cancer, including breast cancer. alcohol appears to increase the levels of estrogen in the body and can increase the risk of hormone positive breast cancer ( also called er + or pr + ). heavy drinkers have 10 - 15 times higher risk of developing a cancer than those who do not drink. however, the overall risk increases after just 1 drink a day for women or 2 for men. ( a drink is defined as 12 ounces of regular beer, 5 ounces of wine, or 1. 5 ounces of 80 - proof liquor. ) higher breast cancer risk has been associated with just 3 drinks a week, so the risk is not limited to heavy drinking


as 12 ounces of regular beer, 5 ounces of wine, or 1. 5 ounces of 80 - proof liquor. ) higher breast cancer risk has been associated with just 3 drinks a week, so the risk is not limited to heavy drinking. women who have 2 alcoholic drinks a day are 1. 5 times more likely to develop breast cancer than a woman who never drank alcohol. learn more about how alcohol causes cancer and resources for quitting at the american cancer society. breast cancer risk reduction while the media often reports on foods that " prevent cancer " and we would love to be told that eating one particular food would prevent cancer, it is unlikely that such a food exists. it is more likely that a combination of good foods may have a preventive effect. studies over the years have looked at our diets and what foods, if any, will lead to a lower risk of cancer. fruits and vegetables, whole grains and unprocessed foods have all been promoted as reducing cancer risk. unfortunately, studies have not consistently proven this to be true. expert panels state that a diet high in fruits and vegetables " probably " reduces cancer risk, but we just don ' t know for sure. however, a healthy diet plays an important role in a sort of " triangle " of cancer prevention. a healthy diet, combined with regular physical activity and maintaining a healthy weight has been shown to reduce cancer risk. this triangle is thought to be the second most important step, after not smoking, to preventing any type of cancer. while what we eat may be linked to cancer development, being overweight and having a diet high in fat is clearly related to the development of breast cancer in postmenopausal women ( as well as other cancer types ). fat cells are the primary source of estrogen in postmenopausal women, thus more fat cells leads to more estrogen exposure and higher risk of breast cancer in overweight / obese women. in addition, research has shown that being overweight increases the risk that a woman who has had breast cancer is much more likely to have that cancer recur. the third part of the triangle is physical activity, which studies have found can reduce the risk of cancers of the breast, colon, prostate and endometrium ( uterine ). how much activity are we talking about? experts feel that somewhere between 30 and 60 minutes per day of " moderate to vigorous " activity is needed to impact cancer risk. a moderate activity is the equivalent of a brisk walk, whereas vigorous activities increase heart and


how much activity are we talking about? experts feel that somewhere between 30 and 60 minutes per day of " moderate to vigorous " activity is needed to impact cancer risk. a moderate activity is the equivalent of a brisk walk, whereas vigorous activities increase heart and breathing rates. as you can imagine, healthy weight, physical activity and a good diet are inter - related and one can often lead to another. eat healthy and get active at the american cancer society website. reduce your cancer risk at the american institute for cancer research. chemoprevention – preventing the development of breast cancer chemoprevention is the use of a medication or other substance to prevent or delay the development of cancer. some women at high risk for developing breast cancer may be offered a form of chemoprevention to reduce their risk of breast cancer. a category of medications called selective estrogen receptor modulators ( serms ) work by blocking the effect of estrogen on certain tissues in the body, including breast tissue. in doing so, they can reduce the risk of developing breast cancer. the two most studied serms are tamoxifen and raloxifene. these medications do have their own risks, so whether or not to take them as chemoprevention is a discussion each woman should have with her healthcare provider. learn more about chemoprevention for breast cancer


did you know... the facts about hpv? the abramson cancer center of the university of pennsylvania last modified : january 13, 2008 - hpv is one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases in the world. - by age 50, about 80 % of women have been infected by some type of hpv. - most hpv infections do not cause any symptoms, therefore people are unaware that they are infected. - 70 - 80 % of hpv infections resolve spontaneously because our immune system fights them off. - hpv is found in 99 % of cervical cancers. - there are 100 strains of hpv, 12 or more are classified as “ high risk ” and are linked to cancer. - most women with hpv do not develop cervical cancer. - about 20 % of women infected with hpv will develop chronic infection, and 2 % of these will develop cervical cancer. - two strains of hpv are responsible for causing genital warts. - sexual intercourse is not necessary for transmission of hpv ; skin to skin genital / genital, genital / anal and possibly genital / oral contact is sufficient for transmission. - use of condoms can reduce the risk of transmission, but it cannot prevent all transmission because some genital tissue remains uncovered. - hpv is the cause of many high and moderate grade abnormal pap smears ( cin 2 / 3 ) and some low grade lesions ( cin 1 ). - hpv is estimated to cause : - 70 % of anal cancers - 50 % of vaginal and vulvar cancers - 50 % of penile cancers - 20 % of head and neck cancers - researchers are looking at vaccinating men as well as women.


books for people who don ' t read print? the internet archive is proud to be distributing over 1 million books free in a format called daisy, designed for those of us who find it challenging to use regular printed media. there are two types of daisys on open library : open and protected. open daisys can be read by anyone in the world on many different devices. protected daisys can only be opened using a key issued by the library of congress nls program. what is the daisy format? the daisy digital format helps people who have challenges using regular printed media. daisy digital talking books offer the benefits of regular audiobooks, with navigation within the book, to chapters or specific pages. more information at daisy. org what is the nls? the library of congress national library service for the blind and physically handicapped ( nls ) administers a free library program of braille and audio materials circulated to eligible borrowers in the united states through a national network of cooperating libraries. are you eligible to register? how do i find daisys on open library? in addition to loads of open daisys, the open library lists a smaller selection of protected daisy titles accessible to those with a library of congress nls key. these titles are brought to you by the internet archive. looking for a specific title? the best way to find it is to search for it. need help? please read our faq on accessing books through open library.


click on picture or text next to the picture to go to orchid saved may 2009 about 140 plants are left in situ in two habiitat spots. one habitat was up for development but is now up for the dunmoochin foundation arachnorchis ( caladenia ) pumila - back from extinction the plant is arachnorchis ) and it has been rediscovered by a victorian couple in the south west of the state. read alan stephenson ' s full story and see a spetacular picture of this rediscovered orchid thought to be extinct. a terrestrial orchid species thought to be extinct in tasmania has recently been rediscovered. heriitage estate ( and nebraska, and speculantha wetland ecological reserve soliciting donations to build a boardwalk and interpretive trail orchids of crete and the greek island of crete is botanically very rich, with a wide variety of habitats and a high level of endemism ( approx. 9 % ). however, conservation both of habitats and species has a low priority, especially in the current economic climate. jardin botanico las orquideas orchid and botanical garden of the ecuadorian amazon owner omar tello and his wife began restoring the land by planting trees, but they soon discovered that the land would not permit trees to grow, as the soil was extremely sandy and lacking in nutrients, characteristic of much of the amazon basin. however, using organic materials such as chicken manure and sawdust, soil conditions improved and native plants began to grow. over the years, omar began to collect orchids from logged forests in the region and transplanted them to the reserve. jardin botanico las orquideas request for donations to buy land for reforestation and as a wildlife challenges of ex situ orchid conservation what the words “ ex situ orchid conservation ” bring to the minds for most of us is the growing of orchid species plants in cultivation. it can also mean the gathering and saving of orchid seeds, and dna. one goal of ex situ orchid conservation is to save a species ex situ as it disappears in situ. a further, though unrealistic goal for many species, is to reintroduce the species back into the wild. when i bought our 80 - acre farm ( now 118 acre ) eight years ago, orchids were not on my mind. i wanted woods to provide enough oak to warm our house during the winter and tillable land to start a nativeplant - seed nursery. i thought orchids were plants of unspoiled wilderness, not of old


were not on my mind. i wanted woods to provide enough oak to warm our house during the winter and tillable land to start a nativeplant - seed nursery. i thought orchids were plants of unspoiled wilderness, not of old farms with overgrazed pasture, prickly ash and corn stubble. wisconsin ' s natural communities provide habitat for approximately 50 native orchid species and over 600 state natural areas where many orchid species are found. i am involved with a small group of native orchid enthusiasts, friends of carney fen, who uses several methods of orchid conservation including preservation, propagation and restoration of habitat locally and in the nearby upper peninsula of michigan. ronde overlook wildflower institute serving ecological restoration la grande, oregon the growiser native plant preserve was originally founded in 1993 as a non - profit corporation to preserve a pristine 160 acre site in northeastern oregon. included among the 190 native plants on the preserve, are nine orchids. it is hoped that the growiser model will be used to establish many more orchid preserves. orchids for conservation in west virginia julie powelson, an undergraduate biology major from shinnston, wv who is working under the supervision of dr. katharine gregg, professor of biology, west virginia wesleyan college, has recently become involved in several orchid field projects. to recieve updates on news about the occ e - mail : email @ example. com


the holy, glorious, right - victorious martyr justin the philosopher ( also justin martyr ) was one of the earliest apologists for the christian faith. a convert to christianity, he produced a number of works during the middle of the second century, amongst them two apologies addressed to the roman emperors, defending and explaining christianity as the true philosophy. the power of his arguments was to earn him his martyrdom. his feast day is celebrated on june 1. the dates of justin martyr ' s birth and death are not known. he is believed to have been born between 100 and 114 a. d., and his death is believed to have occurred between 162 and 168. most of what is known of his life comes from his own writings. he was born in palestine in flavia neapolis, known in old testament times as shechem, but now as nablus. he called himself a samaritan, although his father, priscos, and grandfather, baccheios, may have been greek or roman. as a child he was raised a pagan in a family of means and studied philosophy at various schools, including those in alexandria and ephesus. he appears to have traveled extensively and eventually settled in rome. in his studies he initially leaned toward stoicism, then toward pythagoreanism and platonism before becoming interested in christianity while in ephesus. there he recounts his conversion as a semi - mystical experience : while walking along the seashore, there appeared an old man alongside him. he was impressed by this christian, who explained that jesus was the fulfillment of the promises made through the jewish prophets and thus the only true philosophy. he had also been impressed by the steadfastness of the christian martyrs. his soul inflamed with a love of the prophets and those who were friends of christ, justin became a christian about 130. as a philosophy student he approached christianity as bringing completeness to the pagan philosophies. justin ' s martyrdom appears to be the result of his bettering the cynic philosopher crescens in debates in rome. around 165, he was charged, possibly by crescens, of following an illegal religion. subsequently the prefect, rustcus, condemned justin to death by beheading with six of his companions : chariton, charito, evelpostos, paeon, hierax, and liberianos. the acts of justin the martyr is believed to be a record of this trial. justin was a prolific writer. many of his


companions : chariton, charito, evelpostos, paeon, hierax, and liberianos. the acts of justin the martyr is believed to be a record of this trial. justin was a prolific writer. many of his writings now are known only through excerpts and quotation by other authors of antiquity. only three of justin ' s works of certain authenticity are extant : two versions of his apology and one of his dialogue with trypho. the latter purports to record conversations that justin had with a jewish rabbi named tryphon, who may have been the rabbi tarphon mentioned often in the talmud, in verbal attempts to reconcile christian and jewish positions. among other works attributed to him are : - on the resurrection - a discourse to the greeks - exhortation to the greeks - on monarchy - exposition of the faith - letter to zenas and serenus - answers to the orthodox - the greek ' s questions to the christians - refutation of certain aristotelean theses - the psalmist - on the soul - o justin, teacher of divine knowledge, - you shone with the radiance of true philosophy. - you were wisely armed against the enemy. - confessing the truth you contended alongside the martyrs, - with them, ever entreat christ our god to save our souls! kontakion ( tone 2 ) - the whole church of god is adorned with the wisdom of your divine words, o justin ; - the world is enlightened by the radiance of your life. - by the shedding of your blood, you have received a crown. - as you stand before christ with the angels, pray unceasingly for us all! - writings of justin martyr at the christian classics ethereal library - martyr justin the philosopher and those with him at rome ( oca ) - justin the philosopher & martyr and his companions ( goarch ) - icon of saint justin martyr at " come and see " icons, books & art by the hand of nicholas papas - catholic encyclopedia : st justin martyr - wikipedia : justin martyr - justin martyr, apologist, and martyr


catholicos is a title used by the ruling bishops or primates of several churches in the middle east. with the exception of the georgian orthodox church none of these churches accept the christology promulgated by the council of chalcedon. the word itself comes from the greek καθολικος ( plural καθολικοι ), meaning ' concerning the whole, ' ' universal, ' or ' general. ' the title seems to have originated among the churches on the eastern edge of the roman empire and within the sassanian empire around the third and fourth centuries. the church of antioch had jurisdiction over this region. by the end of the fifth century almost all the local bishops used the title catholicos. thus, the word catholicos at the time was not synonymous with patriarch. during the christological disputes many of the catholicates in the middle east rejected certain of the later ecumenical councils. the catholicate of seleucia - ctesiphon of the church of the east, nominally subject to antioch, accepted the first two ecumenical councils, but rejected the council of ephesus. the catholicates of the armenian orthodox church and the arranian orthodox church accepted ephesus and were initially ambivalent about chalcedon, but eventually rejected its christology as being too influenced by nestorianism. following the schism of the church of the east after the council of ephesus the catholicate died out in the church of antioch, only to be revived later by the syriac orthodox church, first in its original seat in mesopotamia and later in southern india. - syriac orthodox church - armenian orthodox church - assyrian church of the east - armenian orthodox church of cilicia - malankara orthodox syrian church - malankara syriac orthodox church | this article forms part of the series


in need of a breath, i stopped forcing air through my vintage, hand - me - down predator call and scanned the snow - blanketed plain for signs of movement. my breathing barely had time to normalize before the sight of a moving speck in the distance returned me to the brink of hyperventilation. a coyote had triangulated my position from more than a half mile away and was moving toward me like an ant marching across a sprawling white picnic blanket. back then i knew enough about hunting to sit still, but the approaching coyote strained my composure. by the time the coyote breached the 100 - yard barrier, my heart was thumping a drumroll. when it paused to sniff some sagebrush, i planted the riflescope ’ s reticle on its chest and kicked off my coyote - hunting career. it was the first coyote i had called in, and i felt an immediate sense of accomplishment. seventeen years later, coyote hunting still causes my heart to race. if you feel the same way, you probably already know a lot about coyote hunting. just in case you missed a few things, however, let ’ s review the basics. 1. finding coyotes locating coyotes is seldom difficult. as the numbers of their natural enemies, such as wolves and bears, have diminished, coyotes have flourished, expanding far beyond their traditional western homeland. today, coyotes inhabit all corners of north america, and most proclaim their territorial dominion by vocalizing at dawn and dusk. a drive through the country in the early morning or evening can reveal the location of various packs. every mile or so, stop, shut off your truck ’ s engine and listen. if you hear a howl, note the general location on a map and move on. stay on the roads that border overgrown terrain, which coyotes prefer for security. coyotes take up residence in thick woods, rugged bluffs and steep canyons. in open country they gravitate to grassy depressions, eroded gullies, cattail sloughs and large, brushy hedgerows for cover. if the coyotes in your area are the silent type, trigger their howling instinct by blowing an ambulance - style siren or air horn at dawn and dusk. assuming your coyote vocalizations are reasonably realistic, toss in a few howls of your own. young - of - the - year coyotes seldom can resist the temptation to answer a cousin. don ’ t be surprised if pressured coyotes refuse to shout back, however. a recent paper published by the university of california, berkeley, reveals that “ alpha, ”


- of - the - year coyotes seldom can resist the temptation to answer a cousin. don ’ t be surprised if pressured coyotes refuse to shout back, however. a recent paper published by the university of california, berkeley, reveals that “ alpha, ” or dominant, coyotes won ’ t reply. they leave the yapping to the younger crowd. if you don ’ t hear any coyotes, look for visual clues such as muddy prints along road rights - of - way or next to waterways. a fresh snow also reveals coyote tracks. backtracking a trail - whether snowy or muddy - can lead to coyote bedding areas. if scouting time is limited, ask people in the neighborhood if they have seen coyotes. farmers, ranchers, bus drivers and rural mail carriers cruise back roads regularly and frequently spot wildlife. don ’ t be surprised if a few farmers invite you to visit their land and let you take a few coyotes home with you when you leave. 2. making an entrance it ’ s difficult to sneak up on a coyote, or anywhere near one. coyotes combine their senses and instincts to create a nearly impenetrable security system. to get within shooting range, take advantage of wind direction, approach stealthily and camouflage yourself from head to toe. always enter an area with the wind in your face. there won ’ t be anything to hunt at your destination if you don ’ t. stay out of sight, or at least maintain a low profile. the best coyote hunters use land features to hide themselves as they travel to their calling sites. hills, gullies, creekbeds and trees provide cover. travel to and from a stand in the dark if it ’ s feasible. leave your flashlight in your pocke to be turned on only in case of an emergency. most coyote setups are at an elevated spot, but a hunter still needs to keep away from the skyline. if the hill is not too tall, circle around the sides to avoid skylining ; if the hill is large and you have to go over the top, hunch over and move quickly into position below the horizon. 3. setting up why an elevated vantage point? coyotes are sneaky, especially when stalking prey. if you don ’ t have a good view of your surroundings, you ’ re liable to miss a coyote ’ s approach. they ’ re masters of keeping out of sight by entering and exiting areas along depressions and lowlands. hilltops, ridges and mountainsides offer stadium - style views. if you hunt flatlands, perch in a tree stand


a coyote ’ s approach. they ’ re masters of keeping out of sight by entering and exiting areas along depressions and lowlands. hilltops, ridges and mountainsides offer stadium - style views. if you hunt flatlands, perch in a tree stand or make use of what ’ s available, whether it ’ s a haystack, a barn loft or junked farm equipment. one morning a buddy and i set up high on a prairie hill where we could see for a few miles. prairie grass and gently rolling hills provided the only cover. three minutes into our calling a coyote charged out of a small crease in the prairie and sped in our direction. my partner rolled the coyote at 20 feet. even in that wide - open environment, without an elevated setup we would have failed to spot the coyote before it detected us. every setup should have you facing into the wind. however, nearly every incoming coyote will attempt to circle downwind of the apparent victim it hears. it often pays to hunt with a partner who can watch the downwind side for sneaky incomers. 4. choosing a call don ’ t get hung up on brand names. your first priority is to obtain a call that you can use effectively to mimic the sounds made by creatures that are on the menu of local coyotes. most sporting - goods stores have plenty of rabbit - in - distress calls. since coyotes dine regularly on bunnies, a dying rabbit call should be in your repertoire. just remember that it doesn ’ t take long for a coyote that ’ s survived a few encounters with hunters to determine that screaming rabbits also suggest hidden humans. to outwit experienced coyotes, vary your distress sounds. coyotes eat just about anything that moves and respond to a variety of sounds made by what they think are injured critters. be prepared to duplicate the sounds made by rodents, woodpeckers and fawns. to further the deceit, add in the raucous call of crows. try mastering the language of the coyote to provide another realistic dimension to your setup. coyotes have a wide range of howls, barks, yips and whines. steer clear of barks, which represent a warning, and focus on non - aggressive welcoming howls. a drawn - out howl tells other coyotes “ i ’ m here ” and challenges them into an appearance as they look for the intruder who ’ s invaded their turf. begin and end prey - in - distress setups with howls, or use howls by themselves to attract coyotes. how


“ i ’ m here ” and challenges them into an appearance as they look for the intruder who ’ s invaded their turf. begin and end prey - in - distress setups with howls, or use howls by themselves to attract coyotes. how long do you wait? at a minimum, keep still for 15 minutes. i always stay at a site for at least 30 minutes ; most of the coyotes i ’ ve shot showed up later than that. 5. taking the shot the approach of an incoming coyote can be every bit as unnerving as seeing a buck with a big rack move toward you. success depends on a number of things that you should have already dealt with. first, be sure to camouflage everything, including your movement. once the calling starts, move only when necessary and at a sloth ’ s pace. since coyotes rarely run straight toward your rifle barrel, you ’ ll need to make slight aiming adjustments before you shoot. when it ’ s necessary to move the rifle, do so when natural cover such as hills, grass or trees obstruct the coyote ’ s vision. if the coyote is crossing open country without obstructions, move slowly while the animal is trotting. instead of making a bold move immediately before shooting, adjust slowly as the coyote edges closer. a close coyote will likely see any major movement and kick in its afterburners in an attempt to escape. unless you ’ ve perfected shooting at pint - sized, running targets, shoot only at standing coyotes. it ’ s easy to stop an incoming coyote. keeping your reticle on the coyote, bark sharply like the neighbor ’ s mutt and squeeze the trigger as the coyote looks for the interloper. coyote hunting, like turkey hunting, fascinates a lot of hunters from the start. it ’ s challenging because you have to develop specific skills to be consistently successful, and the action can be excitingly fast if you ’ re in prime coyote country. if you ’ re hooked the first time a coyote shuffles into rifle range, embrace the addiction. and welcome to the club. filed under : hunting


| united states patent | | 4, 766, 566 | | chuang | | august 23, 1988 | performance of a vlsi processor of the reduced instruction set computer ( risc ) type is enhanced by executing two instructions simultaneously in the two execution units of the processor. there is very little increase in the cost of hardware. three embodiments are presented with different cost and performance capabilities. the first embodiment has an instruction input to an instruction buffer ( 10 ) and two sets of control ross ( 40 and 42 ) and control registers ( 64 and 65 ). the control ros and control register which is chosen depends on which instruction execution unit is to execute the instruction. data inputs to the execution units is from a register file ( 48 ) which has an additional pair of outputs ( 51 ) and ( 53 ) that provide the data paths for simultaneous execution of instructions by the execution units. execution unit i has an arithmetic and logic unit ( alu ) ( 24 ), while execution unit ii has a rotate ( 26 ) and mask generator ( 31 ). load balancing between the two execution units can be performed by adding a multiplier ( 60 ) and divider ( 62 ) to execution unit ii. in the second embodiment, additionally, load balancing is achieved by incorporating an adder ( 78 ) into execution unit ii. the adder ( 78 ) is used to perform address calculations to speed up the load, store and branch instructions. in the third embodiment, an additional alu ( 90 ) is added to execution unit ii to allow the instruction processing to be further balanced between the two execution units. | inventors : | | chuang ; chiao - mei ( briarcliff manor, ny ) | international business machines corp. | filed : | | august 18, 1986 | | current u. s. class : | | 712 / 23 ; 712 / e9. 071 | | current international class : | | g06f 9 / 38 ( 20060101 ) ; g06f 009 / 38 ( ) | | field of search : | | 364 / 2msfile, 9msfile | | 3886523 | | may 1975 | | ferguson et al. | | 4569016 | | february 1986 | | hao et al. | acm sigarch computer architecture news, vol. 10, no. 2, mar. 1982, pp. 39 - 47, radin, g.,


treatments for diarrheasince diarrhea is such a common symptom, it is a good idea to understand the recommended treatments for infants with diarrhea, so that you are prepared if your baby gets sick. if your baby only has mild diarrhea and / or just occasional vomiting, these treatments will usually include : - continuing to nurse or formula feed your infant - offering baby a few ounces of extra pedialyte or other electrolyte solutions whenever he has diarrhea, in addition to his regular diet of breastmilk or formula - avoiding giving your baby drinks with a lot of added sugars, like juice - getting your baby back to an age - appropriate, unrestricted diet ( breastmilk, formula, baby food, etc. ) as soon as possible if you are only able to feed your child pedialyte for more than about 12 hours or if you baby has symptoms of dehydration, then you should talk to your pediatrician. dietary changes for diarrheaif you think that your baby ' s diarrhea is from a dietary issue and not an infection, especially if he isn ' t in daycare and no one else is sick, then talk to your pediatrician about what to do next. this might include restricting milk and dairy products in a breastfeeding mother ' s diet or changing a formula - fed baby ' s formula.


| abstract | | this paper focuses on the relation between logic and ontology. in particular, it demonstrates how classical logical theory can clarify the ontological part of ludwig wittgenstein ’ s tractatus logico - philosophicus. to this end, the work examines the adequacy of a formal system that was devised by the polish logician, mathematician and philosopher roman suszko ( 1919 – 1979 ) as a model for the tractatus. following a brief explanation of the tractarian ontology, the main ideas of suszko ’ s system and its philosophical significance will be considered. the latter will be illustrated in the context of central tractarian concepts. finally, two implications for a better understanding of the tractarian ontology will be pointed out. | | keywords | | no keywords specified ( fix it ) | | through your library | | configure | similar books and articles maria cerezo ( 2005 ). the possibility of language : internal tensions in wittgenstein ' s tractatus. center for the study of language and information. colin johnston ( 2007 ). the unity of a tractarian fact. synthese 156 ( 2 ) : 231 - 251. leo k. c. cheung ( 2008 ). the disenchantment of nonsense : understanding wittgenstein ' s tractatus. philosophical investigations 31 ( 3 ) : 197 – 226. barry smith & david murray ( 1981 ). logic, form and matter. aristotelian society supplementary volume 55 : 47 - 74. maria cerezo ( 1998 ). nombrar kripkeano versus nombrar tractariano : un intento de demarcacion ( tractarian naming versus kripkean naming : similarities and differences ). theoria 13 ( 3 ) : 427 - 444. colin johnston ( 2009 ). tractarian objects and logical categories. synthese 167 ( 1 ) : 145 - 161. colin johnston ( 2007 ). symbols in wittgenstein ' s tractatus. european journal of philosophy 15 ( 3 ) : 367 - 394. e. d. klemke ( 1971 ). essays on wittgenstein. urbana, university of illinois press. hugh miller ( 1995 ). tractarian semantics for predicate logic. history and philosophy of logic 16 ( 2 ) : 197 - 215. added to index2009 - 01 - 28 total downloads28 ( # 44, 043 of 549, 014 ) recent downloads ( 6 months )


wiccaphobia, or fear of witchcraft, was once a societal norm throughout much of christian europe and the united states. the period from the 14th century inquisition through the witch trials of the 17th century was known as the " burning times, " in which witchcraft was a capital offense tried through the courts. today, pagans and witches are granted religious freedom in most countries, but fears remain. modern wiccaphobia may be connected to xenophobia, or fear of those who are different, as well as religious concerns. the burning times began with the 1487 release of the malleus maleficarum, or witches ' hammer. the book, which detailed how to convict and kill a witch, was popular in europe through the late 17th century. fear of witches also carried over to the english colonies in north america, where witchcraft was considered a capital offense. the most famous witch hunts occurred in salem, massachusetts in 1692, but a trial in virginia brought the mass hysteria to light. in 1706, grace sherwood faced charges of witchcraft in williamsburg, virginia. her trial, held at the dawn of the age of reason, brought to light the conflict between science and superstition. witnesses testified that grace caused ghosts to attack people, but the court was unconvinced by what it termed " spectral evidence. " it is unknown exactly what happened during that trial, as the records burned in a later fire, but grace sherwood is known to have lived to old age. shortly after the trial, spectral evidence was officially banned from trials. what caused the burning times? witchcraft fever could be seen as a sort of mass hysteria. a deep misunderstanding of the nature of earth religions, coupled with plagues, droughts and other hardships, likely led to the hysteria. as scientists began to make sense of the world around them, and education among the average population improved, the situation died down. satanic ritual abuse the 1980s saw the resurgence of another type of " witch hunt, " this time under the guise of satanic ritual abuse ( sra ). the crisis began with the 1980 publication of an autobiography entitled michelle remembers. according to psychoanalytic thought, repression is a coping mechanism that we sometimes employ to deal with painful experiences. in the late 1970s and early 1980s, repressed memories were being explored in psychotherapy, often through the use of hypnosis. at the time, whatever memories were uncovered were often unquestioningly accepted as truth. michelle remembers was one of the first mainstream books to examine the phenomenon, but it was the content


in psychotherapy, often through the use of hypnosis. at the time, whatever memories were uncovered were often unquestioningly accepted as truth. michelle remembers was one of the first mainstream books to examine the phenomenon, but it was the content of michelle ' s memories that fueled the witch hunts. according to the now - discredited work, michelle ' s therapist uncovered hidden memories of ritualized abuse perpetrated by satanists. soon a firestorm erupted. parents began accusing daycare workers and teachers of ritual abuse. through coercive questioning techniques, social workers and counselors extracted fanciful stories from children, many of which were reminiscent of the " spectral evidence " that had been banned in england in the early 1700s. by the early 1990s, over 12, 000 people had been accused of being part of a secret international cult of satanism. the cult allegedly kidnapped children, participated in cannibalism, and employed " brood mares " to bear children for sacrificial rituals. sexual and physical abuse was highly ritualized, often including elements of torture. in the mid - 1990s, belief in satanic ritual abuse began to decline. new methods of questioning child witnesses led to a sharp decrease in the number of accusations. further research into repressed memories demonstrated that these memories are rarely complete or accurate. while there may be some therapeutic value in unquestioningly accepting a client ' s memories, they may not be accurate enough to serve as evidence in court. your therapist may want to explore the root of your fear. does your church teach that witchcraft is a sin, as many evangelical christian churches do? are you afraid that you might be a witch, and if so, why? do you believe that witches have the power to cause harm? if your fear is religious in nature, your therapist may want you to undergo spiritual counseling with your chosen religious leader in addition to or instead of traditional therapy. some modern witchcraft fears are rooted in xenophobia, or the fear of those who are different. if you were raised in a small town, you may never have encountered someone who practices wicca or another pagan religion. you may be afraid of their customs and practices or, more likely, the customs and practices that you assume they follow based on depictions in popular culture. although the earth - based religions are generally benign, they have been negatively depicted for more than 1, 000 years. wiccaphobia is generally complex, and may not be easy to treat. successfully overcoming a deep - rooted fear of witchcraft requires an honest


although the earth - based religions are generally benign, they have been negatively depicted for more than 1, 000 years. wiccaphobia is generally complex, and may not be easy to treat. successfully overcoming a deep - rooted fear of witchcraft requires an honest exploration of your own religious and philosophical background, personality and childhood experiences. look for an open - minded therapist who is willing to delve into your past and seek assistance from religious leaders. research both ancient and modern - day earth - based religions, talk to those who practice those faiths, and try to remain open minded. although you may never become fully comfortable with the practices of witchcraft, over time you can learn to overcome your fear. grace sherwood : the witch of pungo. retrieved june 30, 2010 from http : / / www. carolshouse. com / witchreligious tolerance. org : satanic ritual abuse. retrieved june 30, 2010 from http : / / www. religioustolerance. org / sra. htm loftus, elizabeth. " the reality of repressed memories. " american psychologist. 1993. vol. 48, pp. 518 - 537. retrieved june 30, 2010 from http : / / faculty. washington. edu / eloftus / articles / lof93. htm


an enormous triangular hole in the suns corona was captured earlier today by nasas solar dynamics observatory, seen above from the aia 211 imaging assembly. this gap in the suns atmosphere is allowing more charged solar particles to stream out into the solar system and toward earth as well. normally, loops of magnetic energy keep much of the suns outward flow of gas contained. coronal holes are regions sometimes very large regions, such as the one witnessed today where the magnetic fields dont loop back onto the sun but instead stream outwards, creating channels for solar material to escape. the material constantly flowing outward is called the solar wind, which typically blows at around 250 miles ( 400 km ) per second. when a coronal hole is present, though, the wind speed can double to nearly 500 miles ( 800 km ) per second. increased geomagnetic activity and even geomagnetic storms may occur once the gustier solar wind reaches earth, possibly within two to three days. the holes appear dark in sdo images because they are cooler than the rest of the corona, which is extremely hot around 1, 000, 000 c ( 1, 800, 000 f )! heres another image, this one in another aia channel ( 193 ) : keep up with the suns latest activity and see more images on nasas sdo site here. explore further : mice, gerbils perish in russia space flight


a new scientific system developed by a st. michael ' s hospital physician, designed to rapidly evaluate the world ' s air traffic patterns, accurately predicted how the h1n1 virus would spread around the world, according to research published in the new england journal of medicine today. st. michael ' s hospital scientist and infectious disease physician dr. kamran khan and colleagues analyzed the flight itineraries of the more than 2. 3 million passengers departing mexico on commercial flights during the months of march and april to predict the spread of h1n1. the findings show the international destinations of air travelers leaving mexico were strongly associated with confirmed importations of the h1n1 virus around the world. " the relationship between air travel and the spread of h1n1 is intuitive, " said dr. khan. " however, for the first time, we can quickly integrate information about worldwide air traffic patterns with information about global infectious disease threats. what this means is that cities and countries around the world can now respond to news of a threat earlier and more intelligently than ever before. " the system, developed by dr. khan and supported by the public health agency of canada and the ontario ministry of health and long term care, is known as the bio. diaspora project. the project, led by dr. khan, was created in response to the toronto sars crisis in 2003 to better understand the global airline transportation network and its relationship to the spread of emerging infectious diseases. " while it is generally understood that air travel can transport infectious diseases around the world, the bio. diaspora project, has for the first time, provided a very accurate picture of not only where diseases will travel, but how often and when, " said dr. michael gardam, director of infectious diseases prevention and control for the ontario agency for health protection and promotion. " this work provides the world with a potent early warning system for emerging infectious diseases. " just prior to the onset of the h1n1 epidemic, dr. khan and his colleagues submitted a 122 - page report to the public health agency of canada entitled the bio. diaspora project : an analysis of canada ' s vulnerability to emerging infectious disease threats via the global airline transportation network. key findings from this report include : - toronto, vancouver and montreal - in that order - are canada ' s most vulnerable domestic points to global infectious disease threats. these three cities receive more than 13 million international passengers from around the world every year. - sixty per cent of all passengers traveling to canada from developing areas of the world use multiple flights


are canada ' s most vulnerable domestic points to global infectious disease threats. these three cities receive more than 13 million international passengers from around the world every year. - sixty per cent of all passengers traveling to canada from developing areas of the world use multiple flights to reach their destination. about half of these passengers - or 1. 4 million people every year - make flight connections into canada through just nine cities : london ( uk ), hong kong, tokyo, frankfurt, paris, miami, amsterdam, new york city and chicago. the airports in these cities represent potential sites for screening passengers to canada during international epidemics. - four developing countries — china, mexico, india and the philippines - and nine industrialized countries — the u. s., the u. k., france, germany, italy, the netherlands, japan, south korea and taiwan - are the source of 80 % of canada ' s international air traffic. these are important locations from which future infectious disease threats may originate or pass through en route to canada. canada should consider working with these countries to tackle shared risks of global infectious diseases. - the emergence and local spread of infectious diseases is dependent on various factors, which when combined with high volumes of commercial air traffic may lead to global dissemination. these factors include but are not limited to : - high population density - close human - animal interaction - poorly developed infectious disease surveillance systems - limited health - care resources - health - care workforce shortage - considering the realities of living in a highly interconnected world, canada will need to play a larger role in detecting and controlling infectious disease threats outside of its borders as a way to protect the health of canadians. source : st. michael ' s hospital explore further : telerehabilitation allows accurate assessment of patients with low back pain


the pixar image computer was a graphic designing computer originally developed by the lucasfilm computer division ( later renamed pixar ) in may 1986, intended for the high - end visualization markets, such as media production and medicine. in an attempt to gain a foothold in the medical market, pixar donated ten machines to leading hospitals and sent marketing people to doctors ' conventions. however, this had little effect on sales, despite the machine ' s ability to perform cat scans and show perfect images of the human body. pixar did get a contract with the manufacturer of cat scanners, which sold 30 machines. the terms were : buy a million dollar scanner, and get a $ 30, 000 3d visualization system free. however doctors were not trained to look at 3d, and could be sued unless they looked at the individual slices, per their training. by 1988 pixar had only sold 120 pixar image computers. in 1988, pixar began the development of the pii - 9, a nine slot version of the low cost p - ii. this machine was coupled with the world ' s first raid, a high performance bus, a hardware image decompression card, 4 processors ( called chaps or channel processors ), very large memory cards ( vme sized card full of memory ), high resolutions video cards with 10 - bit dacs which were programmable for a variety of frame rates and resolutions, and finally an overlay board which ran news, and the 9 slot chassis. a full - up system was quite expensive, as the 3 gib raid was $ 300, 000 alone. at this time in history most file systems could only address 2 gib of disk. this system was aimed at high - end government imaging applications which were done by dedicated systems produced by the aerospace industry which cost a million dollars a seat. the pii - 9 and the associated software became the prototype of the next generation of commercial " low cost " workstations. in 1990, the pixar was defining the state - of - the - art in commercial image processing ; however, the government decided that the per - seat cost was still too high for mass deployment, and to wait for the next generation systems to achieve cost reductions. this decision was the catalyst for pixar to lay off its hardware engineers and sell the imaging business. there were no high volume buyers in any industry. less than 300 pixar image computers were ever sold. the pixar image computer business was sold to vicom


it ’ s christmastime again, and mexico, like the rest of the world, is celebrating. here in our home of playa del carmen on mexico ’ s caribbean coast we have found that celebration is a unique mixture of holiday customs drawn from america, europe and mexico. mexico ’ s historical christmas traditions have usually been centered around the religious nature of the holiday and have focused more on church, family and friends and less on the commercial rush to buy things so often seen in the united states. that ’ s something we enjoy. while the stores are more and more filled with holiday gifts and toys, there still does not seem to be the near hysterical feeling that one must find the perfect gift or buy the latest electronic gadget in order to make the holiday special. instead there is an emphasis in mexico of taking time to enjoy people during the holidays. schools, city offices and many businesses shut down from the middle of december until after the new year to allow people to spend more time at home. christmastime is made a little easier for folks by the fact that business are required by law to give a christmas bonus called an “ alguinaldo ” to employees. many employers also give a little more or give gifts to their employees, as well. a common present given to employees is a dispensa. this is a package or box of practical items for the home. it could include foods like rice or beans, cleaning products or other things used in the household. stores like costco and sam ’ s club will sell pre - packaged dispensas, much like fruit baskets or boxes of candy can be found on the store shelves in the us and canada. with the holiday vacations from work and school, people have more time for socializing. many families host “ posada ” meals to gather together their friends and loved ones. posada means “ inn ” and refers to the inn that had no room for mary and joseph. guests ask to be admitted to the dinner but are told there is no room until they produce a statue of the baby jesus. a traditional dish for a posada meal is chiles en nogada, a poblano chili stuffed with rice, nuts fruits and meat, covered in a creamy walnut sauce and topped with pomegranate seeds. it is one of our favorite dishes in mexico. of course children are a big part of any celebration in mexico, especially at christmas when the little ones expect wondrous gifts to appear. traditionally it was not santa claus who brought gifts to good


. it is one of our favorite dishes in mexico. of course children are a big part of any celebration in mexico, especially at christmas when the little ones expect wondrous gifts to appear. traditionally it was not santa claus who brought gifts to good girls and boys, but the three kings, the same kings who brought gold, frankincense and myrrh to the christ child. however, in modern times santa claus has become a popularly - accepted figure, and children in mexico now often receive gifts from both santa on christmas day and from the kings on three kings day ( january 6th ). it ’ s also common for children in mexico to go caroling. they take a branch from a tree and decorate it with tinsel, ribbons and a picture of mary, the virgin of guadalupe. they then go through the streets singing. on 5th avenue in playa del carmen the little ones, usually accompanied by an older sister or brother ( who often stand nearby talking with friends on their cellphones ) go door to door or even table to table in a restaurant singing an enthusiastic but often humorously tuneless version of a spanish christmas carol like peces in el rio ( fishes in the river ). they hope for a reward of a few pesos before going on to the next table. during the weeks leading up to christmas the town of playa begins to decorate. at the palacio municipal ( city hall ) a giant christmas tree can be found right next to an large inflatable santa claus and a life - sized nativity scene. in fact you can find decorated trees all over town. when we first moved to mexico, we brought our own artificial tree with us as we had been told the christmas tree was not a custom which was celebrated in this part of mexico. that was true back then. however over the last five or six years the custom of having a decorated tree has caught on among locals. fir trees are hauled in by the truckload and can be seen lined up for purchase at walmart and mega stores. living here in playa del carmen we have been able to continue our own beloved christmas traditions while enjoying the slower, less commercial feel of mexico ’ s version of the holiday. however we must admit, our first christmas in mexico wasn ’ t exactly idyllic. our first mexican christmas occurred only a few days after we had our grand opening as the luna blue hotel. we had been working frantically for months trying to get the property ready. we finished only a few days before christmas, and when december 24th came every


our first mexican christmas occurred only a few days after we had our grand opening as the luna blue hotel. we had been working frantically for months trying to get the property ready. we finished only a few days before christmas, and when december 24th came every room was occupied. we worked late into the evening that night to get everyone checked in and taken care of. then we walked home to the little house we had moved into the week before ( up until then we had been living in the hotel while we renovated it ). we had not even unpacked yet and were sleeping on a mattress on the floor among piles of boxes. we had not put up a christmas tree or bought a single present. we had just been too busy and there had been no time with all the demands of getting ready for the hotel to be opened. we had been too busy to even go food shopping. there was no turkey or ham or a single candy cane to be found in our little house. when we realized we hadn ’ t eaten all day we headed out to find a restaurant, but by then it was 11 o ’ clock on christmas eve and everything was closed. we finally gave up walking the deserted streets and went home to have peanut butter on white bread for our christmas eve dinner. then we got a few hours sleep. the next day we arose early to go the the hotel to clean the rooms and take care of the guests. finally in the late afternoon of christmas day we finished our work and went down to the beach to swim in the warm caribbean sea. after a dip we laid down in the white sand side by side … and fell asleep. that nap beside the ocean was our christmas present to each other. since then our christmas celebrations have become a little less exhausting. with our wonderful staff and with the hotel now being well established we now happily have more time to enjoy the season. we put up our tree early ( before thanksgiving this year! ) and decorate it with ornaments we have picked up on our travels around the world. a lot of the decorations are tropical themed … things like a snorkeling santa, tropical fish, and santa flying over palm trees. this year we also topped our tree with a large colorful mermaid. we decorate the house and will have friends over for dinner or drinks through the holiday time. christmas eve we will call family back in the us and then settle down with some treats and a few favorite videos ( a charlie brown christmas, love actually, the night of the meek and a few others ). then we will get


research and education to solve air quality problems associated with agriculture, natural resources and environment is what we do. our basic expertise is in micrometeorology, which is the study the physics and transport properties of the near surface atmosphere. our general approach is to join with a wide array of experts in other fields to design and conduct “ cooperative ” research and education programs, both large and small, all across the country. our basic research approach is to incorporate current knowledge and theories ( hypotheses ) into numerical and analytical computer models, and then test them with field experiments. this modeling followed by field testing is an iterative process which eventually ends in new practical applications. recent “ cooperative ” research projects include pollutant transport and dispersion in the nighttime boundary layer in the cases99 and jornada field campaigns funde by nsf and aro ; forest – atmosphere exchanges of mercury – funded by usepa through the connecticut river airshed - watershed consortium ( crawc ) ; and new mexico agriculture aerosol emissions funded by usda nri. currently we are engaged in the nsf funded campaign on wind and forest canopy dynamics in changing climate. basic funding is from our home universities supplemented by grants from federal agencies, nsf, usda, usepa, usdod, usfs, state agencies and private corporations.


classics in the history of psychology an internet resource developed by christopher d. green york university, toronto, ontario ( return to index ) the principles of psychology william james ( 1890 ) after discrimination, association! already in the last chapter i have had to invoke, in order to explain the improvement of certain discriminations by practice, the ' association ' of the objects to be distinguished, with other more widely differing ones. it is obvious that the advance of our knowledge must consist of both operations ; for objects at first appearing as wholes are analyzed into parts, and objects appearing separately are brought together and appear as new compound wholes to the mind. analysis and synthesis are thus the incessantly alternating mental activities, a stroke of the one preparing the way for a stroke of the other, much as, in walking, a man ' s two legs are alternately brought into use, both being indispensable for any orderly advance. the manner in which trains of imagery and consideration follow each other through our thinking, the restless flight of one idea before the next, the transitions our minds make between things wide as the poles asunder, transitions which at first sight startle us by their abruptness, but which, when scrutinized closely, often reveal intermediating links of perfect naturalness and propriety - - all this magical, imponderable streaming has from time immemorial excited the admiration of all whose attention happened to be caught by its omnipresent mystery. and it has furthermore challenged the race of philosophers to banish something of the mystery by formulating the process in simpler terms. the problem which the philosophers have set themselves is that of ascertaining principles of connection between the thoughts which thus appear to sprout one out [ p. 551 ] of the other, whereby their peculiar succession or coexistence may be explained. but immediately an ambiguity arises : which sort of connection is meant? connection thought - of, or connection between thoughts? these are two entirely different things, and only in the case of one of them is there any hope of finding ' principles. ' the jungle of connections thought of can never be formulated simply. every conceivable connection may be thought of - - of coexistence, succession, resemblance, contrast, contradiction, cause and effect, means and end, genus and species, part and whole, substance and property, early and late, large and small, landlord and tenant, master and servant, - - heaven knows what, for the list is literally


, contradiction, cause and effect, means and end, genus and species, part and whole, substance and property, early and late, large and small, landlord and tenant, master and servant, - - heaven knows what, for the list is literally inexhaustible. the only simplification which could possibly be aimed at would be the reduction of the relations to a smaller number of types, like those which such authors as kant and renouvier call the ' categories ' of the understanding. according as we followed one category or another we should sweep, with our thought, through the world in this way or in that. and all the categories would be logical, would be relations of reason. they would fuse the items into a continuum. were this the sort of connection sought between one moment of our thinking and another, our chapter might end here. for the only summary description of these infinite possibilities of transition, is that they are all acts of reason, and that the mind proceeds from one object to another by some rational path of connection. the trueness of this formula is only equalled by its sterility, for psychological purposes. practically it amounts to simply referring the inquirer to the relations between facts or things, and to telling him that his thinking follows them. but as a matter of fact, his thinking only sometimes follows them, and these so - called ' transitions of reason ' are far from being all alike reasonable. if pure thought runs all our trains, why should she run some so fast and some so slow, some through dull flats and some through [ p. 552 ] gorgeous scenery, some to mountain - heights and jewelled mines, others through dismal swamps and darkness? - - and run some off the track altogether, and into the wilderness of lunacy? why do we spend years straining after a certain scientific or practical problem, but all in vain - - thought refusing to evoke the solution we desire? and why, some day, walking in the street with our attention miles away from that quest, does the answer saunter into our minds as carelessly as if it had never been called for - - suggested, possibly, by the flowers on the bonnet of the lady in front of us, or possibly by nothing that we can discover? if reason can give us relief then, why did she not do so earlier? the truth must be admitted that thought works under conditions imposed ab extra. the great law of habit itself - - that twenty experiences make us recall a thing better than one, that