by john e. wilson most popular parametric 3d solid modelers are great for creating models that can be readily modified to meet changing design criteria, but they are not as good at constructing the freeform shapes commonly found on consumer products and automobile bodies. product designers often use other tools to fill the gap and rhinoceros, from robert mcneel & associates, is one of the most versatile of these. rhino has been used to successfully design objects ranging from children ' s pull toys to ocean going yachts. the curving organic shapes that are now commonly used in both exterior and interior building designs are also suitable subjects for rhino models. rhino can create both solid and surface models, but unlike many programs, these models are not different object types. as a result, you can use typical solid modeling techniques, such as a boolean difference operation, in creating surfaces ; and you can use typical surface modeling techniques, such as a two - rail sweep with multiple profiles, in creating solid models. all rhino curves and surfaces ( including the surfaces of solids ) are nurbs - based. rhino ' s impressive set of methods for creating surfaces, include edge curves, planar, extrudes, lofts, networks, rail sweeps, revolves, drapes, height fields, blends, and offsets. once you have created a surface, you can trim, split, move, rotate, scale, fillet, chamfer, and copy it ; as well as join it to other surfaces. you can also edit surfaces on a basic level through their control points. rhino has an equally impressive set of methods for creating and working with curves. rhino is intuitive to use, and has a well thought - out, logical interface. you can initiate most actions through either screen pull - down menus, right - click shortcut menus, or tool bars. unlike most windows programs, rhino also has a command line, which is useful for initiating actions, specifying options, and entering point coordinates as a set of three numbers separated by commas ( rather than having to tab through separate x, y, and z fields in a dialog box ). you can also use command line input to create script files and keyboard macros that streamline operations you often perform. rhino does use dialog boxes when they are applicable. | a mountaineering helmet designed in rhino shows the kind of smooth, sculpted shapes the program can handle. | image designed with rhino by incognito design studio of annecy, france. typically, you will use multiple viewports


are applicable. | a mountaineering helmet designed in rhino shows the kind of smooth, sculpted shapes the program can handle. | image designed with rhino by incognito design studio of annecy, france. typically, you will use multiple viewports as you create rhino 3d models. these viewports are similar to the operating system windows used in most newer cad programs in that they are rectangular and you can stretch and move them, but in addition, each viewport can have its own coordinate system and visibility settings. this enables you to more easily use your pointing device in specifying points in 3d space. to help you visualize your models, rhino supports shaded views and basic renderings. often designers use rhino in conjunction with other programs. to support such partnerships, rhino offers a vast assortment of file export formats, including iges, step, autodesk dwg and dxf, acis, parasolid, and stl ( for rapid prototyping machines ). furthermore, to ensure compatibility, rhino has options for saving iges files in specific flavors for programs such as dassault systemes ' catia, ptc ' s pro / e, and solidworks. for reverse engineering, rhino supports 3d digitizer input from both faro technologies and immersion corp. the primary purpose of version 2. 0 is to add hooks for running external plug - in programs with rhino. one such plug - in is fla mingo, an advanced raytracing renderer also from mcneel & associates. plug - in programs for marine and other specialized design fields, cam systems, and utilities are available from third - party sources. release 2. 0 also includes enhancements to rhino ' s built - in renderer, and adds new options and capabilities to many tools for creating, analyzing, and modifying curves and surfaces. one of rhino ' s drawbacks is that its tools for creating 2d documentation of 3d models are limited. while you can create top, front, and right - side views of your models, there are no provisions for creating auxiliary or section views. further more, its dimensioning and annotation tools are basic. as a result, you will most likely export your models to a cad program when you need 2d drawings of them. surface modeling has long had the reputation of being difficult to learn and use, and for requiring high - end platforms and hardware. rhino, though, belies this reputation. it combines power, ease of use, versatility, and usefulness in a program that carries a modest price


to use all functions of this page, please activate cookies in your browser. with an accout for my. chemeurope. com you can always see everything at a glance – and you can configure your own website and individual newsletter. - my watch list - my saved searches - my saved topics - my newsletter syenites are usually peralkaline and peraluminous, with high proportions of alakali elements and aluminium. syenites are formed from alkaline igneous activity, generally formed in thick continental crustal areas, or in cordilleran subduction zones. to produce a syenite, it is necessary to melt a granitic or igneous protolith to a fairly low degree of partial melting. this is required because potassium is an incompatible element and tends to enter a melt first, whereas higher degrees of partial melting will liberate more calcium and sodium, which produce plagioclase, and hence a granite, adamellite or tonalite. syenite is not a common rock, some of the more important occurrences being in new england, arkansas, montana, new york ( syenite gneisses ), switzerland, germany, and norway. the term syenite was originally applied to hornblende granite like that of syene in egypt, from which the name is derived. episyenite ( or epi - syenite ) is a term used in petrology to describe to the result of alteration of a sio2 rich rock to a more sio2 depleted rock. the term stems from " epi " and syenite. the process which results in sio2 depletion can be termed episyenitization. this process is only referring to the macroscopic result of relative sio2 depletion in a rock. the actual physical process leading to this sio2 depletion may vary in a given metamorphic environment. diffusion of chemical components in a stagnant fluid, related to differences in chemical potential or pressure as well as advection of a sio2 - undersaturated fluid may lead to the dissolution of quartz from the un - altered rock, thus depleting it of this component. | this article is licensed under the gnu free documentation license. it uses material from the wikipedia article " syenite ". a list of authors is available in wikipedia. |


choosing an eye doctor by patricia s. lemer, m. ed., ncc executive director, developmental delay resources... pediatric developmental optometrist or pediatric ophthalmologist? a parent recently asked why i recommend that her child be examined by a pediatric optometrist rather than a pediatric ophthalmologist. the answer comes from my understanding of these two types of eye doctors and my personal experience. both types of eye doctors examine and prescribe glasses, diagnose and treat eye disease, and can evaluate how well a person uses the eyes together. however, each profession is unique. ophthalmologists are trained to do surgery. i credit one with saving the eyesight of my daughter, who at age five sustained an eye injury. optometrists are schooled in the developmental ( behavioral, functional or environmental ) aspects of vision. optometrists are more apt to use lenses, prisms and vision therapy to enhance and improve visual function. these interventions often improve children ' s academic and other abilities. making the right choice scientific evidence indicates that interventions such as vision therapy, used by behavioral optometrists, work. if your child has developmental delays of any kind, choose to have all aspects of vision evaluated. the find pediatric eye doctor can help you locate eye care professionals qualified to evaluate even the most difficult, non - verbal children. the american optometric association publishes a monograph, the efficacy of optometric vision therapy, containing 238 references ; it is available free of charge from the developmental delay resources. end of this excerpted quote by patricia s. lemer, m. ed., ncc excerpts from the book : buzzards to bluebirds : improve your child ' s learning and behavior in six weeks by educators, allen and virginia crane pediatric optometrist or pediatric ophthalmologist? " the emphasis of ophthalmology is eye disease and eye surgery ; this is their domain, their area of expertise. dr. malcolm l. mazow, an opthalmologist, wrote in the discussion section of his paper " acute accommodative and convergence insufficiency, " 1 " my impression is that many ophthalmologists handle this disorder poorly and many of the patients end up under the care of optometrists. " another opthalmologist, dr. david l. guyton, in the same article said, " i agree with dr. mazow we have probably abdicated the study of accommodation and convergence to


under the care of optometrists. " another opthalmologist, dr. david l. guyton, in the same article said, " i agree with dr. mazow we have probably abdicated the study of accommodation and convergence to the optometric profession. a perusal of the literature will reveal that most of the advances in this area are being made in the optometric institutions by vision scientists who use definitions and terms with which we are not even familiar. " all optometrists are thoroughly trained to detect eye disease, examine binocular vision and convergence, and perform refraction ( the fitting of eye glasses and contact lenses ). beyond that, in postdoctoral study, optometrists learn one or more specialites. some specialize in contact lenses, some in geriatrics, some in functional vision, some in sports vision. specialists in behavioral optometry or developmental optometry treat individuals with developmental or functional vision problems. specialists in neuro - optometric vision therapy or rehabilitation work with individuals who have visual disturbances with neurological causes, ( i. e., birth trauma, brain damage, head trauma ). when unable to detect a vision problem quickly, the non - functional vision specialists may suggest that your child be referred to a psychologist or psychiatrist to explain your child ' s symptoms. remember that if your child develops symptoms during reading, this indicates a vision problem. your child does not require a psychologist or psychiatrist. be sure to screen vision specialists to find an optometrist who will do the comprehensive testing you require and will be able to give the assistance you need to correct any vision problems. free and immediate referrals to specialists in behavioral optometry or developmental optometry can be obtained by filling out a form at the find pediatric eye doctor. end of excerpt : buzzards to bluebirds : improve your child ' s learning and behavior in six weeks additional excerpted writings : patricia s. lemer, m. ed., ncc executive director, developmental delay resources eyesight vs. vision eyesight and vision are not synonymous. eyesight is the sharpness of the image seen by the eye. vision is the ability to focus on and comprehend that which is seen. research has shown that while most children with special needs do not have eyesight problems, many have visual dysfunction. if a child has motor delays, vestibular difficulties, or health problems, vision is often compromised. the american optometric association ( aoa ) recommends that children have vision examinations by six months. a good


: improve your child ' s learning and behavior in six weeks by educators, allen and virginia crane hypophoria, hypertropia, hyper, vertical misalignment the authors, allen and virginia crane, believe that the most overlooked problem in vision is vertical misalignment : wherein one eye aims higher than the other ( sometimes one eye is actually placed physically higher than the other in the child ' s face ) ; technically termed hypophoria or hypertropia or simply " hyper. " the established allowable norm used by many eye doctors is two diopters ( a unit that expresses the power of a lens ). 2 this means that one eye may normally aim about 1 / 4 inch lower at reading distance than the other eye. this is a large amount. in comparison, behavioral optometrists use 1 / 2 diopter as the allowable norm. sample of the difference 1 / 2 diopter can make. in some cases, 1 / 4 of a diopter can prevent a child from learning the alphabet and reading properly because of all the extra effort required to keep a clear image. the child can do this for only a short period of time and comprehension can be poor. the eyes can keep good alignment only for a short time and then must be rested. this can explain why many children are labeled as having a short attention span, being hyperactive or having attention deficit hyperactive disorder ( ad / hd, adhd, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ). actually, many are resting their eyes, an involuntary physical need. a vertical alignment problem is easier to correct than to diagnose. during our research, we found that only behavioral optometrists diagnosed and corrected vertical problems directly. in our experience, directly training vertical alignment at the beginning of vision training activities shortens the total time required to eliminate visual symptoms. note that a behavioral optometrist may correct vertical alignment problems by including the proper amount of prism in glasses to compensate for the problem ( prismatic lenses or prism lenses ). these doctors use several methods to determine the prism correction necessary. one technique is patching one eye for up to forty - eight hours, then remeasuring the vertical alignment. a second technique is a fixation disparity test which takes special equipment and about twenty minutes. 3 a series of prisms is used and a vertical alignment curve plotted to determine the amount of prism needed. 4 in order to locate an eye doctor who has the competence and knowledge to help you, search


which takes special equipment and about twenty minutes. 3 a series of prisms is used and a vertical alignment curve plotted to determine the amount of prism needed. 4 in order to locate an eye doctor who has the competence and knowledge to help you, search through the referral directory : find a pediatric eye doctor. these eye doctors have passed extensive written and oral examinations by certifications boards in behavioral optometry. if there is no eye doctor listed in your community, contact the nearest fellow listed in the directory and ask for more information regarding a qualified person in your area. 1 malzow, m. l. ; france, t. d. ; finkleman, s. ; frank, p. ; jenkins, p. " acute accommodative and convergence insufficiency, " tr. amer. opth. soc., vol lxxxviii, 1989. 2 boorish, i. m. clinical refraction, 3rd edition, chicago, il : the professional press, inc., 1970. p. 869. 3 scheinman, m. ; wick, b., clinical mangement of binocular vision. philadelphia, pa : j. b. lippincott co., 1994. pp. 40 - 41. 4 ibid, pp. 1 - 13. frequently misspelled words are developmental ophthalmologists or pediatric ophthalmologists and pediatric opthalmologist, pediatric ophthalmology, as in : pediatric opthamology, pediatric opthamologists, pediatric opthalmologists, pediatric ophthalmologists. to locate an eye doctor who provides comprehensive pediatric vision examinations and treatment, including, request a referral through our referral directory : find a pediatric eye doctor


congratulations, you ' re pregnant! let the decision - making begin. choosing a health care provider to care for you and your baby during your pregnancy is one of the biggest decisions you ' ll make. in the united states, women ' s choices once were limited to an obstetrician or a knowledgeable family doctor. but in recent years midwives became another alternative for women with low - risk, uncomplicated pregnancies. is a midwife a viable option for you? the history of midwives the word " midwife " comes from old english and means " with woman. " midwives have helped women deliver babies since the beginning of history. references to midwives are found in ancient hindu records, in greek and roman manuscripts, and even in the bible. as early as 1560, parisian midwives had to pass a licensing examination and abide by regulations to practice. not all midwives had this level of education, however. english midwives received little formal training and weren ' t licensed until 1902. america inherited the english model of midwifery. early american midwives usually learned their craft through apprenticeship and tradition. they were not educated about scientific advances in fighting infection through hygiene and drugs such as penicillin. by the early 20th century, women and their babies were more likely to die under the care of midwives than under the care of doctors. around this time, american medical doctors began a campaign against midwifery in the press, the courts, and congress. they cited the poor outcomes for mothers and babies under the care of midwives. doctors might also have viewed midwives as competition. the foundation of certification whatever the doctors ' motivations, the rate of midwife - attended births dropped during and after the campaign. but the widespread criticism from the medical establishment prompted the foundation of the first certified american nurse - midwifery school in 1932. it aimed to incorporate the necessary medical training into midwifery ' s traditional approach to pregnancy and labor. what kind of training does a midwife have? midwives today come from a variety of backgrounds. the subtitle a midwife uses will indicate the level of education and training. many american midwives are certified nurse - midwives ( cnms ) who : - have at least a bachelor ' s degree and may have a master ' s or doctoral degree - have completed both nursing and midwifery training - have passed exams to become certified and have fulfilled state licensing requirements - may work in conjunction with doctors most births assisted by certified nurse - midwives occur in


may have a master ' s or doctoral degree - have completed both nursing and midwifery training - have passed exams to become certified and have fulfilled state licensing requirements - may work in conjunction with doctors most births assisted by certified nurse - midwives occur in hospitals. a certified midwife ( cm ) has also passed exams to become certified, but is not a registered nurse. currently, only some states recognize this certification as sufficient for licensing. a lay or direct - entry midwife may or may not have a college degree or a certification. direct - entry midwives may have trained through apprenticeship, workshops, formal instruction, or a combination of these. they don ' t always work in conjunction with doctors, and they usually practice in homes or non - hospital birth centers. but not every state regulates direct - entry midwives or allows them to practice. a certified professional midwife ( cpm ) is certified by the north american registry of midwives after passing written exams and hands - on skill evaluations. they ' re required to have out - of - hospital birth experience, and usually practice in homes and birth centers. their legal status varies according to state. what ' s the midwife ' s philosophy? a midwife ' s education stresses that pregnancy and birth are normal, healthy events until proven otherwise. midwives view their role as supporting the pregnant woman while letting nature takes its course. midwives also focus on the psychological aspects of how the mother - to - be feels about her pregnancy and the actual birth experience. they encourage women to trust their own instincts and seek the information they need to make their own valuable decisions about pregnancy, birth, and parenthood. of course, many doctors share these values. doctors often use preventive testing and medical technology — such as ultrasound, continuous fetal monitoring, and the option of pain medications during birth — more than midwives do. while high - risk pregnancies certainly need a more intense approach, many midwives feel that most uncomplicated pregnancies do not need as many interventions. what does a midwife do? midwives generally spend a lot of time during prenatal visits addressing a woman ' s individual concerns and needs, and will stay with her as much as possible throughout labor. they sometimes encourage physical positioning during labor such as walking around, showering, rocking, or leaning on birthing balls. midwives also usually allow women to eat and drink during labor. certified nurse - midwives, like doctors, may use some medical interventions, such as electronic fetal monitoring, labor - inducing


, showering, rocking, or leaning on birthing balls. midwives also usually allow women to eat and drink during labor. certified nurse - midwives, like doctors, may use some medical interventions, such as electronic fetal monitoring, labor - inducing drugs, pain medications, epidurals, and episiotomies, if the need arises. however, a certified midwife, certified professional midwife, or direct - entry midwife may not legally be allowed to use these techniques without a doctor ' s supervision. and birthing centers may or may not be equipped for these procedures. a major difference between doctors and midwives is the doctors ' ability to intervene surgically when necessary and to deal with complications that arise. some midwives can ' t administer drugs or anesthesia. and no matter what licensing they have, midwives cannot perform cesarean sections ( c - sections ). if one were required, an obstetrician would have to perform your delivery. if you feel more comfortable having those options immediately available, a doctor may be the right choice for you. certified midwives are trained in basic life support for newborns and, in the event of sudden complications with your baby after birth, can care for the baby until a pediatrician or neonatologist ( an intensive - care specialist for newborns ) is available. is a midwife right for you? several studies have shown that midwife - supervised births produce excellent outcomes with fewer medical interventions than average. midwives ' patients use electronic fetal monitoring less often and tend to have a reduced need for epidurals, episiotomies, and c - sections for successful deliveries. to some degree, this stems from the fact that midwives see only low - risk patients with uncomplicated pregnancies. but some researchers attribute the need for a minimum of medical intervention to the midwives ' natural approach to the management of labor and delivery, which may reduce a woman ' s fear, pain, and anxiety during birth. using a midwife without an obstetrician is not advisable for women with higher - risk pregnancies. those expecting twins or multiples and those with prior pregnancy complications, gestational diabetes, high - blood pressure, or chronic health problems of any kind before pregnancy should discuss their options with their primary health care provider or an obstetrician. also, if any potentially serious complications arise during delivery, midwives should involve an obstetrician. certified nurse - midwives who practice in major medical centers and work very


their options with their primary health care provider or an obstetrician. also, if any potentially serious complications arise during delivery, midwives should involve an obstetrician. certified nurse - midwives who practice in major medical centers and work very closely with obstetricians and perinatologists ( specialists in high - risk pregnancy ) may take patients with risk factors. but midwives in solo practice or who practice in limited medical facilities generally do not. what if something goes wrong? midwives are trained to recognize the signs of trouble in pregnancy and labor. if a complication develops at any time, the midwife should consult a doctor. if your midwife doesn ' t already have a practice agreement with a doctor, be sure to find out what will be done in case of a complication. if you plan to deliver at a non - hospital birth center or at home, an emergency back - up plan is especially critical. if you must go to the hospital, your midwife will go with you and will continue to support you throughout your labor. but it ' s a good idea to get answers to these questions : - what training or equipment does your midwife have to handle emergencies? - how far will you be from the nearest hospital? - do they have fail - safe transportation? finding a midwife you can decide to use a midwife at any time during your pregnancy. women often turn to midwifery a few months before their due dates, when they begin to seriously consider their birth plans. to evaluate your medical needs, most midwives will request that you bring your prenatal care records to your first meeting. few midwives will accept a patient well along in pregnancy unless she has had adequate prenatal care. interview a prospective midwife carefully. investigate the midwife ' s background, certifications, experience, back - up practitioners, and ability to handle emergency procedures. because you ' ll be closely involved, make sure your personalities mesh. do you feel comfortable with the midwife? can you talk easily? to locate a midwife, ask your obstetrician - gynecologist ( ob / gyn ), family doctor, and friends for a referral. | american college of obstetricians and gynecologists ( acog ) this site offers information on numerous health issues. the women ' s health section includes readings on pregnancy, labor, delivery, postpartum care, breast health, menopause, contraception, and more. | | midwives alliance of


##og ) this site offers information on numerous health issues. the women ' s health section includes readings on pregnancy, labor, delivery, postpartum care, breast health, menopause, contraception, and more. | | midwives alliance of north america ( mana ) mana promotes midwifery as a quality health care option for families. | | american college of nurse - midwives ( acnm ) the acnm supports the practice of midwifery through research, accreditation of midwife education programs, and establishment of clinical practice standards. | | national association of childbearing centers the national association of childbearing centers is an organization that supports the midwifery model of care for expectant parents, birth center professionals, and health policy advocates. | | a guide for first - time parents if you ' re a first - time parent, put your fears aside and get the basics in this guide about burping, bathing, bonding, and other baby - care concerns. | | birth plans in the happy haze of early pregnancy, the reality of labor and birth may seem extremely far off - which makes this the perfect time to start planning for the arrival of your baby by creating a birth plan that details your wishes. | | a week - by - week pregnancy calendar pregnancy is an exciting time. our week - by - week illustrated pregnancy calendar is a detailed guide to all the changes taking place in your baby - and in you! | | birthing centers and hospital maternity services where you choose to give birth is an important decision. is a hospital or a birth center right for you? knowing the facts can help you make your decision. | | pregnancy & newborn center advice and information for expectant and new parents. | note : all information is for educational purposes only. for specific medical advice, diagnoses, and treatment, consult your doctor. © 1995 - 2012 the nemours foundation / kidshealth. all rights reserved.


september 4, 2012 contact : john ascenzi, children ' s hospital of philadelphia at 267 - 426 - 6055 or email @ example. com researchers have discovered two gene variants that raise the risk of the pediatric cancer neuroblastoma. using automated technology to perform genome - wide association studies on dna from thousands of subjects, the study broadens understanding of how gene changes may make a child susceptible to this early childhood cancer, as well as causing a tumor to progress. “ we discovered common variants in the hace1 and lin28b genes that increase the risk of developing neuroblastoma. for lin28b, these variants also appear to contribute to the tumor ’ s progression once it forms, ” said first author sharon j. diskin, phd, a pediatric cancer researcher at the children ’ s hospital of philadelphia. “ hace1 and lin28b are both known cancer - related genes, but this is the first study to link them to neuroblastoma. ” diskin and colleagues, including senior author john m. maris, md, director of the center for childhood cancer research at children ’ s hospital, published the study online sept. 2 in nature genetics. striking the peripheral nervous system, neuroblastoma usually appears as a solid tumor in the chest or abdomen. it accounts for 7 percent of all childhood cancers, and 10 to 15 percent of all childhood cancer deaths. the study team performed a genome - wide association study ( gwas ), comparing dna from 2, 800 neuroblastoma patients with that of nearly 7, 500 healthy children. they found two common gene variants associated with neuroblastoma, both in the 6q16 region of chromosome 6. one variant is within the hace1 gene, the other in the lin28b gene. they exert opposite effects : hace1 functions as a tumor suppressor gene, hindering cancer, while lin28b is an oncogene, driving cancer development. the current study showed that low expression of hace1, a tumor suppressor gene, and high expression of lin28b, an oncogene, correlated with worse patient survival. to further investigate the gene ’ s role, the researchers used genetic tools to decrease lin28b ’ s activity, and showed that this inhibited the growth of neuroblastoma cells in culture. the new research builds on previous gwas work by children ’ s hospital investigators implicating other common gene variants as neuroblastoma on


s activity, and showed that this inhibited the growth of neuroblastoma cells in culture. the new research builds on previous gwas work by children ’ s hospital investigators implicating other common gene variants as neuroblastoma oncogenes. as in the current study, these gene variants show a double - barreled effect, both initiating cancer and provoking its progression. “ in addition to broadening our understanding of the heritable component of neuroblastoma susceptibility, we think this research may suggest new therapies, ” diskin added. “ our follow - up studies will focus on how we may intervene on these genes ’ biological pathways to develop more effective treatments. ” financial support for this study came from the national institutes of health ( grants ca124709, ca151869, hd026979, and ca136979 ), the giulio d ’ angio endowed chair, the alex ’ s lemonade stand foundation, andrew ’ s army foundation, the presson foundation, the abramson family cancer research institute, fondazione italiana per la lotta al neuroblastoma and associazione italiana per la ricerca sul cancro, and the center for applied genomics at the children ’ s hospital of philadelphia. co - authors with diskin and maris included researchers from institutions in naples, rende and rome, italy. in addition to their positions at children ’ s hospital, both diskin and maris are on the faculty of the perelman school of medicine at the university of pennsylvania. “ common variation at 6q16 within hace1 and lin28b influence susceptibility to neuroblastoma, ” nature genetics, advance online publication, sept. 2, 2012. doi : 10. 1038 / ng. 2387


stroke fact sheet cirm funds many projects that are investigating the basic biology of neuronal diseases. these more basic projects could lead to therapies in a wide range of diseases effecting the nervous sytem, including stroke. additional cirm - funded research focuses specifically on developing new therapies for the disease. if you want to learn more about cirm funding decisions or make a comment directly to our board, join us at a public meeting. you can find agendas for upcoming public meetings on our meetings page. find clinical trials : cirm does not track stem cell clinical trials. if you or a family member is interested in participating in a clinical trial, please see the national trial database to find a trial near you : clinicaltrials. gov stem cell research for stroke in the u. s., almost 800 million people have a stroke each year and more than 140, 000 people die of their stroke. it is the leading cause of serious, long - term disability in the u. s. stroke occurs when a blood clot blocks a vessel in the brain and cuts off blood flow. brain cells begin to die within minutes when they are deprived of oxygen and nutrients. a less common kind of stroke involves a burst blood vessel that bleeds into the brain, also killing brain cells. losing these brain cells can cause permanent problems with movement and cognitive abilities such as memory, attention span even speaking or understanding speech. a stroke requires immediate treatment. signs of stroke include sudden onset of numbness of the face, arm or leg, confusion, blurred vision, dizziness or headache. doctors can intervene by dissolving the clot and restoring blood flow or stopping the bleeding. after a stroke, intensive physical therapy can help people regain some lost function. however, there is currently no therapy to restore the brain cells that have died as a result of the stroke. stem cell scientists are attempting to use different types of stem cells including tissue - specific neural stem cells, embryonic stem cells and reprogrammed ips cells to replace cells lost during a stroke. they are testing the different cell types in animal models of stroke to see which are best able to restore movement. they also need to learn the best way of delivering those cells into the brain. around the country, several clinical trials are underway testing different type of cells and different delivery methods. other researchers are seeing if it ’ s possible to activate the stem cells in the brain to repair the damage. the stanford university - led team plans to use cells generated from human embryonic stem cells to


oral treatments for fungal infections of the skin of the foot. about 15 % of the world population have fungal infections of the feet ( tinea pedis or athlete ' s foot ). there are many clinical presentations of tinea pedis, and most commonly, tinea pedis is seen between the toes ( interdigital ) and on the soles, heels, and sides of the foot ( plantar ). plantar tinea pedis is known as moccasin foot. once acquired, the infection can spread to other sites including the nails, which can be a source of re - infection. oral therapy is usually used for chronic conditions or when topical treatment has failed. to assess the effects of oral treatments for fungal infections of the skin of the foot ( tinea pedis ). for this update we searched the following databases to july 2012 : the cochrane skin group specialised register, central in the cochrane library, medline ( from 1946 ), embase ( from 1974 ), and cinahl ( from 1981 ). we checked the bibliographies of retrieved trials for further references to relevant trials, and we searched online trials registers. randomised controlled trials of oral treatments in participants who have a clinically diagnosed tinea pedis, confirmed by microscopy and growth of dermatophytes ( fungi ) in culture. two review authors independently undertook study selection, ' risk of bias ' assessment, and data extraction. we included 15 trials, involving 1438 participants. the 2 trials ( 71 participants ) comparing terbinafine and griseofulvin produced a pooled risk ratio ( rr ) of 2. 26 ( 95 % confidence interval ( ci ) 1. 49 to 3. 44 ) in favour of terbinafine ' s ability to cure infection. no significant difference was detected between terbinafine and itraconazole, fluconazole and itraconazole, fluconazole and ketoconazole, or between griseofulvin and ketoconazole, although the trials were generally small. two trials showed that terbinafine and itraconazole were effective compared with placebo : terbinafine ( 31 participants, rr 24. 54, 95 % ci 1. 57 to 384. 32 ) and itraconazole ( 72 participants, rr 6. 67, 95 % ci 2. 17 to 20. 48 ). all drugs reported adverse effects, with gastrointestinal effects most commonly reported. ten of the trials were published over


and itraconazole ( 72 participants, rr 6. 67, 95 % ci 2. 17 to 20. 48 ). all drugs reported adverse effects, with gastrointestinal effects most commonly reported. ten of the trials were published over 15 years ago, and this is reflected by the poor reporting of information from which to make a clear ' risk of bias ' assessment. only one trial was at low risk of bias overall. the majority of the remaining trials were judged as ' unclear ' risk of bias because of the lack of clear statements with respect to methods of generating the randomisation sequence and allocation concealment. more trials achieved blinding of participants and personnel than blinding of the outcome assessors, which was again poorly reported. the evidence suggests that terbinafine is more effective than griseofulvin, and terbinafine and itraconazole are more effective than no treatment. in order to produce more reliable data, a rigorous evaluation of different drug therapies needs to be undertaken with larger sample sizes to ensure they are large enough to show any real difference when two treatments are being compared. it is also important to continue to follow up and collect data, preferably for six months after the end of the intervention period, to establish whether or not the infection recurred.


it ' s 3 p. m. you ' re checked into the hospital for a routine surgery, scheduled to begin in 15 minutes. this is the first operation you ' ve had. lying on a small gurney, covered only by a thin patient gown, you begin to shiver. your heart pounds. four words race through your head : " am i gonna die? " then you meet the operating room team. the anesthesiologist, nurse anesthetist and operating room nurse all exude a combination of compassion and confidence. this is just what you need. your pulse slows, and the shakes disappear. the surgeon and or nurse hold each of your hands. the anesthesiologist then injects a powerful sedative. the last thing you hear prior to drifting off is, " we ' ll take good care of you. " suddenly, you ' re jolted awake. intense, blinding lights glare into your face. you find yourself gagging on a thick plastic tube stuck down your throat. the lights turn away. your eyes begin to adjust, and you see four faces you ' ve never seen before. the time of day you have surgery can affect your outcome. that was the finding of a 2006 duke university study published in the journal quality and safety in healthcare. researchers found operations starting between 3 and 4 p. m. had a higher rate of nausea, vomiting and postoperative pain. why is this? i suspect there are two major factors. our bodies follow natural circadian rhythms, which regulate our sleep / wake cycle, brain wave activity and certain bodily functions. these circadian rhythms dip between 3 and 5 p. m. each day, causing many of us to feel sleepy. the spaniards apparently discovered this long ago when they instituted the afternoon siesta. and george costanza of " seinfeld " fame isn ' t the only one who naps on the job. nike and google have reportedly instituted official sleeping rooms so their employees can deal with the afternoon circadian dip. it ' s also the reason why i put a couch in my office. unfortunately, there is no napping in the operating room. so it ' s definitely possible that getting a case of the sleepies plays a role in the higher rate of adverse events in midafternoon surgeries. but there ' s another factor that ' s probably more important. most members of surgical teams arrive for work between 6 : 30 and 7 a. m. that means, when accounting for a 30 - minute lunch break, the


##ternoon surgeries. but there ' s another factor that ' s probably more important. most members of surgical teams arrive for work between 6 : 30 and 7 a. m. that means, when accounting for a 30 - minute lunch break, the eight - hour shifts of most anesthesiologists, or nurses and surgical technologists end at 3 p. m. this is when a new team takes over, sometimes right in the middle of surgery. so who puts you to sleep won ' t necessarily be who wakes you up. i see this routinely. although the team members being replaced are typically very complete in the information transfer during handoff, key details about the patient may not be conveyed to the next provider. these details usually aren ' t life threatening, but can still have an impact on a patient ' s outcome. for example, the original anesthetist might forget to inform her replacement that the patient doesn ' t respond well to a certain nausea medication. the replacement anesthetist ( and the patient ) then learns this the hard way. so is there anything that can be done to prevent shift changes in the operating room? not really. we ' re all human. health care providers can ' t work endless hours or be expected to be completely mistake - free. and there are no signs that workplace regulations are going to be lightened. but one fact typically remains that should give patients comfort. anesthesiologists and nurses may come and go, but when you have surgery, whatever time of day, there is one constant. your surgeon should be with you the whole time. but if he or she gives you a choice between having surgery at 7 : 30 a. m. or 3 p. m., think long and hard. then choose 7 : 30 a. m.


( mayoclinic. com ) asthma medications play an important role in managing signs and symptoms, such as coughing, wheezing and shortness of breath. your age, your symptoms, the severity of your asthma and medication side effects all play a role in choosing the type and dose of asthma medications you need. because your asthma may change over time, work closely with your doctor to help track your symptoms and make adjustments to your asthma medications if needed. | long - term asthma control medications | | taken regularly to control chronic symptoms and prevent asthma attacks — the most important type of treatment for most people with asthma | | | quick - relief medications ( rescue medications ) | | taken as needed for rapid, short - term relief of symptoms — used to prevent or treat an asthma attack | | | medications for allergy - induced asthma | | taken regularly or as needed to reduce your body ' s sensitivity to a particular allergy - causing substance ( allergen ) | | many people with asthma need to take long - term control medications on a daily basis. you take these medications even when you don ' t have symptoms. there are several types of long - term control medications, including the following. these anti - inflammatory drugs are the most effective and commonly used long - term control medications for asthma. they reduce swelling and tightening in your airways. you may need to use these medications for several days to weeks before they reach their maximum benefit. inhaled corticosteroids include : in children, long - term use of inhaled corticosteroids may slightly delay growth, but the benefits of using these medications to maintain good asthma control generally outweigh their risks. regular use of inhaled corticosteroids helps keep asthma attacks and other problems linked to poorly controlled asthma in check. corticosteroids don ' t generally cause serious side effects. when they do occur, side effects can include mouth and throat irritation and oral yeast infections. if you ' re using a metered dose inhaler, use a spacer and rinse your mouth with water after each use to reduce the amount of drug that can be swallowed and absorbed into your body. these medications block the effects of leukotrienes, immune system chemicals that cause asthma symptoms. leukotriene modifiers can help prevent symptoms for up to 24 hours. examples include : in rare cases, montelukast has been linked to psychological reactions, such as agitation, aggression, hallucinations, depression and suicidal thinking. see your doctor right away if you have


help prevent symptoms for up to 24 hours. examples include : in rare cases, montelukast has been linked to psychological reactions, such as agitation, aggression, hallucinations, depression and suicidal thinking. see your doctor right away if you have any unusual reaction. long - acting beta agonists ( labas ) these bronchodilator ( brong - koh - die - lay - tur ) medications open up narrowed airways and reduce swelling. their effects last at least 12 hours, and they ' re used to control moderate to severe asthma and to prevent nighttime symptoms. labas are used on a regular schedule along with inhaled corticosteroids. although they ' re effective, they ' ve been linked to severe asthma attacks. for this reason, labas are taken only in combination with an inhaled corticosteroid. examples of labas include : you take this bronchodilator in pill form every day to treat mild asthma. theophylline ( theo - 24, elixophyllin, others ) relaxes the airways and decreases the lungs ' response to irritants. it can be helpful for nighttime asthma symptoms. if you ' re taking theophylline, you may need regular blood tests to make sure you ' re getting the correct dose. potential side effects of theophylline include insomnia and gastroesophageal reflux. combination inhalers : corticosteroids and long - acting beta agonists some inhaled asthma medication combinations contain both a corticosteroid and a bronchodilator : as with other laba medications, these inhalers may increase your risk of having a severe asthma attack and should be used with caution. quick - relief medications these asthma medications open the lungs by relaxing airway muscles. they ' re often called rescue medications because they can ease worsening symptoms or stop an asthma attack in progress. they begin working within minutes and are effective for four to six hours. for some people, using a quick - relief inhaler before exercise helps prevent shortness of breath and other asthma symptoms. possible side effects include jitteriness and palpitations. quick - relief medications include : if your symptoms are minor and infrequent, or you have exercise - induced asthma, you may be able to manage your symptoms with one of these medications alone. however, most people with persistent asthma need to rely primarily on an inhaled corticosteroid or other long - term control medication. short -


have exercise - induced asthma, you may be able to manage your symptoms with one of these medications alone. however, most people with persistent asthma need to rely primarily on an inhaled corticosteroid or other long - term control medication. short - acting asthma medications are often used to treat asthma attacks and exercise - induced asthma, but they shouldn ' t be used on a regular, daily basis. if you need to use your inhaler more often than your doctor recommends, your asthma is not under control — and you may be increasing your risk of a serious asthma attack. ipratropium ( atrovent ) is a short - acting bronchodilator that ' s usually prescribed for emphysema or chronic bronchitis, but is sometimes used to treat asthma attacks. it may be used along with — or as an alternative to — short - acting beta agonists. oral corticosteroids for serious asthma attacks these medications may be taken to treat severe asthma attacks. they can cause bothersome short - term side effects and more - serious side effects if they ' re taken for a long period of time. examples include : long - term use of these medications can cause side effects including cataracts, thinning bones ( osteoporosis ), muscle weakness, decreased resistance to infection, high blood pressure and reduced growth in children. medications for asthma triggered by allergies medications that focus on treating allergy triggers include : allergy shots. allergy shots ( immunotherapy ) may be an option if you have allergic asthma that can ' t be controlled by avoiding triggers. you ' ll begin with skin tests to determine which allergens trigger your asthma symptoms. then you ' ll get a series of injections containing small doses of those allergens. you generally receive injections once a week for a few months, and then once a month for a period of three to five years. in some cases, desensitization can be done more quickly. over time, you should lose your sensitivity to the allergens. omalizumab. omalizumab ( xolair ) is sometimes used to treat asthma triggered by airborne allergens. if you have allergies, your immune system produces allergy - causing antibodies to attack substances that generally cause no harm, such as pollen, dust mites and pet dander. omalizumab blocks the action of these antibodies, reducing your immune system reaction that causes allergy and asthma symptoms. om


- causing antibodies to attack substances that generally cause no harm, such as pollen, dust mites and pet dander. omalizumab blocks the action of these antibodies, reducing your immune system reaction that causes allergy and asthma symptoms. omalizumab is given by injection every two to four weeks. it isn ' t generally recommended for children under 12. in rare cases, this medication has triggered a life - threatening allergic reaction ( anaphylaxis ). anyone who takes omalizumab should be monitored closely by health professionals after getting an omalizumab injection in case of a severe reaction. allergy medications. these include oral and nasal spray antihistamines and decongestants as well as corticosteroid and cromolyn nasal sprays. allergy medications are available over - the - counter and in prescription form. corticosteroid nasal spray helps reduce inflammation without causing the rebound effect sometimes caused by nonprescription sprays. because it has few, if any, side effects, cromolyn is safe to use over long periods of time. carefully tracking symptoms and side effects — and adjusting your treatment accordingly — is the key to keeping your asthma symptoms under control. with your doctor or other health care providers, write a detailed plan for taking long - term control medications and for managing an asthma attack. then, carefully follow your plan. know when to adjust your medications, when to see your doctor and how to recognize an asthma emergency. if your doctor has prescribed a peak flow meter to measure how well your lungs are working, use it according to your plan. even if you feel well, keep taking your medications as prescribed and tracking your symptoms until you talk to your doctor. | most viewed | | most emailed | | top searches | want to know more about this article or other health related issues? ask your question and we ' ll post some each week for cnn. com reader to discuss or for our experts to weight in.


how has the sea ice that surrounds antarctica varied over the period for which there exist comprehensive satellite data? in what follows, we review what has been learned about the subject - - in the order in which it was learned - - starting with the very first year of the current millennium. noting that " antarctic sea ice may show high sensitivity to any anthropogenic increase in temperature " - - as per the canary - in - the - coal - mine concept of high - latitude amplification of co2 - induced global warming - - while further noting that most climate models suggest that an increase in surface temperature " would result in a decrease in sea ice coverage, " watkins and simmonds ( 2000 ) analyzed temporal trends in different measures of the sea ice that surrounds antarctica, using special sensor microwave imager data obtained from the defense meteorological satellite program for the nine - year period december 1987 - december 1996, in search of the suspected signal. but contrary to what one would expect on the basis of the model simulations, and especially in light of what climate alarmists call the unprecedented warming of the past quarter - century, the two scientists observed statistically significant increases in both sea ice area and extent ; and when they combined their results with those of the preceding nine - year period ( 1978 - 1987 ), both parameters continued to show increases over that expanded time period. in addition, they found that the 1990s also experienced increases in the length of the sea - ice season. in a contemporary assessment of antarctic sea ice behavior, yuan and martinson ( 2000 ) also utilized special sensor microwave imager data, but they additionally analyzed brightness temperatures obtained by the nimbus - 7 scanning multichannel microwave radiometer ; determining that the mean trend in the latitudinal location of the antarctic sea ice edge over the prior 18 years was an equatorward extension of 0. 011 degree latitude per year, in harmony with the findings of comiso ( 2000 ), who analyzed antarctic temperature data obtained from 21 surface stations, as well as from infrared satellites operating from 1979 to 1998, and discovered a 20 - year cooling trend of 0. 042°c per year in the satellite data and 0. 008°c per year in the station data. that antarctic sea ice had indeed increased in area, extent and season length since at least 1978 was also supported by several subsequent studies. the very next year, for example, hanna ( 2001 ) published an updated analysis of antarctic sea ice cover - - also based on special sensor microwave imager data, but for the extended


length since at least 1978 was also supported by several subsequent studies. the very next year, for example, hanna ( 2001 ) published an updated analysis of antarctic sea ice cover - - also based on special sensor microwave imager data, but for the extended period of october 1987 - september 1999 - - finding " an ongoing slight but significant hemispheric increase of 3. 7 ( ±0. 3 ) % in extent and 6. 6 ( ±1. 5 ) % in area. " and one year later, parkinson ( 2002 ) utilized satellite passive - microwave data to calculate and map the length of the sea - ice season throughout the southern ocean for each year of the period 1979 - 1999, finding that although there were opposing regional trends, a " much larger area of the southern ocean experienced an overall lengthening of the sea - ice season... than experienced a shortening. " concurrently, zwally et al. ( 2002 ) also utilized passive - microwave satellite data to study antarctic sea ice trends. over the 20 - year period 1979 - 1998, they report that the sea ice extent of the entire southern ocean increased by 11, 181 ± 4, 190 square km per year, or by 0. 98 ± 0. 37 percent per decade, while sea ice area increased by nearly the same amount : 10, 860 ± 3, 720 square km per year, or by 1. 26 ± 0. 43 percent per decade. and in contradiction of the ancillary climate - alarmist claim that various aspects of earth ' s climate should exhibit greater variability when it is warmer than when it is colder, they observed that the variability of monthly sea ice extent declined from 4. 0 % over the first ten years of the record to 2. 7 % over the last ten years ( which were supposedly the warmest of the prior millennium, according to the world ' s climate alarmists ). one year later, vyas et al. ( 2003 ) analyzed data from the multi - channel scanning microwave radiometer carried aboard india ' s oceansat - 1 satellite for the period june 1999 - may 2001, which they combined with data for the period 1978 - 1987 that had been derived from space - based passive microwave radiometers carried aboard earlier nimbus - 5, nimbus - 7 and dmsp satellites, in order to study secular trends in sea ice extent about antarctica over the period 1978 - 2001. this work revealed that the mean rate of change of sea ice extent for the entire antarctic region over this period was an increase of


and dmsp satellites, in order to study secular trends in sea ice extent about antarctica over the period 1978 - 2001. this work revealed that the mean rate of change of sea ice extent for the entire antarctic region over this period was an increase of 0. 043 m km² per year. in addition, the six researchers concluded that " the increasing trend in the sea ice extent over the antarctic region may be slowly accelerating in time, particularly over the last decade, " which finding they described as " paradoxical in the global warming scenario resulting from increasing greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. " in a somewhat similar study, cavalieri et al. ( 2003 ) extended prior satellite - derived antarctic sea ice records several years by bridging the gap between nimbus 7 and earlier nimbus 5 satellite data sets with national ice center digital sea ice data, finding that sea ice extent about antarctica rose at a mean rate of 0. 10 ± 0. 05 x 106 km² per decade between 1977 and 2002. likewise, liu et al. ( 2004 ) employed sea ice concentration data retrieved from the scanning multichannel microwave radiometer on the nimbus 7 satellite, plus the special sensor microwave imager on several defense meteorological satellites, to develop a quality - controlled history of antarctic sea ice variability over the period 1979 - 2002 ( which included different states of the antarctic oscillation and several enso events ), after which they evaluated total sea ice extent and area trends by means of linear least - squares regression. this work revealed, in their words, that " overall, the total antarctic sea ice extent has shown an increasing trend ( ~ 4, 801 km² / yr ), " and that " the total antarctic sea ice area has increased significantly by ~ 13, 295 km² / yr, exceeding the 95 % confidence level. " shortly thereafter, parkinson ( 2004 ) reviewed the history of satellite observations of sea ice extent in the southern ocean about antarctica, concentrating on data obtained from the scanning multichannel microwave radiometer aboard the nimbus 7 satellite and subsequent satellite - based special sensor microwave imagers, because these platforms provided, in her words, " the best long - term record of changes in the full southern ocean ice cover. " the resulting plot of 12 - month running - means of southern ocean sea ice extent, which extended from november 1978 through december 2002, revealed significant multi - year variability in the data, which began at the top of a peak and ended at the bottom of a trough. but in spite of the high beginning point and low end


ice extent, which extended from november 1978 through december 2002, revealed significant multi - year variability in the data, which began at the top of a peak and ended at the bottom of a trough. but in spite of the high beginning point and low end point of the data, which would mitigate against a long - term upward trend, the data exhibited just such a feature, the least - squares - fit slope of which revealed a 12, 380 ± 1, 730 km2 upward trend in sea ice extent per year. in considering this result, it is interesting to note that over the period of time that climate alarmists claim has experienced the most extreme global warming of the past millennium or more, and in spite of the fact they have historically claimed such warming should be most evident in earth ' s polar regions, and that it should lead to a decrease in polar sea ice extent, just the opposite had occurred to this point in time in the southern ocean that surrounds antarctica. but what is doubly damning to their dogma is the fact that the southern ocean ' s sea ice extent is extremely sensitive to warming, decreasing from a 24 - year - average maximum monthly value of 18. 23 x 106 km2 in september to a similarly - calculated minimum monthly value of 2. 98 x 106 km2 in february. this decrease represents the disappearance of nearly 84 % of each year ' s maximum sea ice cover ; and, therefore, it can be appreciated that given just a little extra seasonal warmth, it would disappear altogether each february. but it hasn ' t. in fact, it continues to slowly, but ever so surely, grow in the mean. focusing on the spring - summer period of november / december / january ( 1981 - 2000 ) some four years later, laine ( 2008 ) determined trends in antarctic ice - sheet and sea - ice surface albedo and temperature, as well as sea - ice concentration and extent, based on advanced very high resolution polar pathfinder data in the case of ice - sheet surface albedo and temperature, and the scanning multichannel microwave radiometer and special sensor microwave imagers in the case of sea - ice concentration and extent. these analyses were carried out for the continent as a whole, as well as for five longitudinal sectors emanating from the south pole : 20°e - 90°e, 90°e - 160°e, 160°e - 130°w, 130°w - 60°w, and 60°w - 20°e. this work revealed, in laine ' s words


per decade, from the 20 - to 28 - year period. " the antarctic sea ice area trend, however, remained constant at 1. 2 ± 0. 7 % per decade. its variability, however, like that of sea ice extent, declined ( from ± 0. 7 % to ± 0. 5 % per decade ), so that both sets of results indicated a " tightening up " of the two relationships. and why were these things so? the two researchers state that " what is driving the observed changes remains unanswered, and the physical mechanisms explaining these changes remain to be determined. " most recently, turner et al. ( 2009 ) reviewed the history of antarctic sea ice extent derived from satellite observations, after which they attempted to derive an explanation for the empirical data being what they are, based on climate model simulations. citing the work of zwalley et al. ( 2002 ), they first noted that over the period 1979 - 1998, sea ice extent surrounding antarctica increased at a mean rate of 0. 98 % per decade, and that comiso and nishio ( 2008 ) derived a value of 0. 9 % per decade for the period 1978 - 2006. this sea ice extent increase, according to their modeling work, was largely driven by an autumn increase in the ross sea sector that they suggest " is primarily a result of stronger cyclonic atmospheric flow over the amundsen sea. " and they say that " the trend towards stronger cyclonic circulation is mainly a result of stratospheric ozone depletion, which has strengthened autumn wind speeds around the continent, deepening the amundsen sea low through flow separation around the high coastal orography. " on the other hand, and much more simply, the nine researchers report that " statistics derived from a climate model control run suggest that the observed sea ice increase might still be within the range of natural climate variability. " in light of these contrasting possibilities, it is clear that the true cause of the near - three - decade - long increase in antarctic sea ice extent cannot be stated with any confidence. the only thing we can conclude at this point in time, therefore, is that for some still - unproven reason, and in spite of the supposedly unprecedented increases in mean global air temperature and atmospheric co2 concentration that the planet has experienced since the late 1970s, antarctica sea ice extent has stubbornly refused to do what climate models say it should be doing, as it just keeps on growing. cavalieri, d. j. and parkinson, c


co2 concentration that the planet has experienced since the late 1970s, antarctica sea ice extent has stubbornly refused to do what climate models say it should be doing, as it just keeps on growing. cavalieri, d. j. and parkinson, c. l. 2008. antarctic sea ice variability and trends, 1979 - 2006. journal of geophysical research 113 : 10. 1029 / 2007jc004564. cavalieri, d. j., parkinson, c. l. and vinnikov, k. y. 2003. 30 - year satellite record reveals contrasting arctic and antarctic decadal sea ice variability. geophysical research letters 30 : 10. 1029 / 2003gl018031. comiso, j. c. 2000. variability and trends in antarctic surface temperatures from in situ and satellite infrared measurements. journal of climate 13 : 1674 - 1696. comiso, j. c. and nishio, f. 2008. trends in the sea ice cover using enhanced and compatible amsr - e, ssm / i, and smmr data. journal of geophysical research 113 : 10. 1029 / 2007jc004257. elderfield, h. and rickaby, r. e. m. 2000. oceanic cd / p ratio and nutrient utilization in the glacial southern ocean. nature 405 : 305 - 310. hanna, e. 2001. anomalous peak in antarctic sea - ice area, winter 1998, coincident with enso. geophysical research letters 28 : 1595 - 1598. laine, v. 2008. antarctic ice sheet and sea ice regional albedo and temperature change, 1981 - 2000, from avhrr polar pathfinder data. remote sensing of environment 112 : 646 - 667. parkinson, c. l. 2002. trends in the length of the southern ocean sea - ice season, 1979 - 99. annals of glaciology 34 : 435 - 440. parkinson, c. l. 2004. southern ocean sea ice and its wider linkages : insights revealed from models and observations. antarctic science 16 : 387 - 400. turner, j., comiso, j. c., marshall, g. j., lachlan - cope, t. a., bracegirdle, t., maksym, t., meredith, m. p., wang, z. and orr, a. 2009. non - annular atmospheric circulation change induced by stratospheric ozone deple


bracegirdle, t., maksym, t., meredith, m. p., wang, z. and orr, a. 2009. non - annular atmospheric circulation change induced by stratospheric ozone depletion and its role in the recent increase of antarctic sea ice extent. geophysical research letters 36 : 10. 1029 / 2009gl037524. vyas, n. k., dash, m. k., bhandari, s. m., khare, n., mitra, a. and pandey, p. c. 2003. on the secular trends in sea ice extent over the antarctic region based on oceansat - 1 msmr observations. international journal of remote sensing 24 : 2277 - 2287. watkins, a. b. and simmonds, i. 2000. current trends in antarctic sea ice : the 1990s impact on a short climatology. journal of climate 13 : 4441 - 4451. yuan, x. and martinson, d. g. 2000. antarctic sea ice extent variability and its global connectivity. journal of climate 13 : 1697 - 1717. zwally, h. j., comiso, j. c., parkinson, c. l. cavalieri, d. j. and gloersen, p. 2002. variability of antarctic sea ice 1979 - 1998. journal of geophysical research 107 : 10. 1029 / 2000jc000733. last updated 30 december 2009


under what circumstances might you use the yield method of the thread class a. to call from the currently running thread to allow another thread of the same priority to run b. to call on a waiting thread to allow it to run c. to allow a thread of higher priority to run d. to call from the currently running thread with a parameter designating which thread should be allowed to run. the answer given was a. but i think the answer should be a and c since in the api doc yield is describe as " causes the currently executing thread object to temporarily pause and allow other threads to execute " other threads could mean thread of the same priority and higher priority. at least, that ' s what i think. thanks in advance.... just for a moment joined : apr 01, 2000 i think the yield method is to allow another thread of same / lesser priority to run. the thread with the higher priority will anyway be taken care by the jvm. joined : feb 08, 2000 thanx for your reply just for a moment... but in roberts and heller p. 208, it says " note that most schedulers do not stop yielding thread from running in favor of a thread of lower priority. " so generally speaking, yield does not allow lower priority thread to run. in my opinion, a yielding thread would give thread of the same priority and higher priority the chance to run. i know what you mean by thread with the higher priority will be taken care by the jvm since the jvm will eventually ( but not immediately ) allow the thread of higher priority to run. in my opinion, the yielding thread will make the higher priority to run much earlier than it is scheduled. in thinking in java, it defines yield ( ) give control to other threads and some other books just define it just allowing other runnable thread to run. now, i ' m left with this question in my mind. should i include the answer " to allow a thread of higher priority to run " and " to allow a thread of lower priority to run " in my answer if ever this question is asked. need confirmation. i ' m going to take the test soon. joined : jan 31, 2000 jerson this topic came up long back. the static yield ( ) method in thread class is for giving a chance for other threads of same priority. to allow a thread of higher priority to run. allowing a higher priority thread to run is, not the goal / job of yield method. it is jvm ' s.


get a grip on your emotions techniques to combat negative thoughts can make you a happier person by changing the biology of the brain, researchers say. when thomas paine said, “ these are the times that try men ' s souls " he wasn ' t talking about the ' 90s. but he could have been. with corporations playing hardball and families juggling the demands of modern life, many people feel stressed at work and at home. such conditions can create a whole raft of debilitating notions : " i ' m a failure " or " i ' ll never get ahead. " these emotional pitfalls can strain relationships, breed unhappiness and lead to serious depression, says robert leahy, director of the american institute for cognitive therapy in new york. " all of us have these distorted thoughts at times, " leahy points out. " it ' s not just people who are clinically depressed. any kind of a loss or threat of a loss will tend to activate a lot of negative thoughts. " what ' s more, negative thinking is not limited to any particular economic status. " i had one patient who was depressed because he was going to make only a million dollars this year, " leahy says. " in previous years, he had made $ 3 million. " acknowledging that distorted thoughts can ' t be eliminated entirely, leahy says, " the goal is to look at the situation objectively and solve problems. " that ' s where cognitive therapy comes in. developed in the 1960s, cognitive therapy uses a battery of simple, practical techniques to help people control painful mood swings and stop self - defeating behavior. dr. david d. burns, a cognitive therapist and an associate professor of psychiatry at stanford university in palo alto, calif., says the idea behind the technique is this : when you ’ re depressed or anxious, you think in an illogical, negative manner and unconsciously become your own worst enemy. one of burns ’ patients, a 34 - year old mother of two was extremely critical of herself and others and plagued with self - doubt and insecurity. when her son ’ s teacher told her he was having trouble in school, she blamed herself. gradually, burns says, the woman began to have a more realistic assessment of the situation : maybe my son was having a conflict with the teacher. she began to talk to the boy to figure out how she could help. burns, author of “ feeling good – the new mood therapy ” ( avon books, $ 6. 50 ), has developed about 50


was having a conflict with the teacher. she began to talk to the boy to figure out how she could help. burns, author of “ feeling good – the new mood therapy ” ( avon books, $ 6. 50 ), has developed about 50 techniques to help people look at things more realistically. here ’ s an example, taken from his book : you realize you ’ re late for an important meeting. your heart sinks. you ’ re gripped with panic. you think, “ i never do anything right. i ’ m always late. everyone will look down on me. ” burns suggests that you write down these critical thoughts as they go through your mind to give yourself some perspective. or say them aloud. next, identify the forms of distorted thinking you ’ re engaging in. substitute a more rational, less upsetting thought : “ i do some things right and some things wrong, just like everybody else. ” don ’ t try to cheer yourself up by rationalizing or saying things you do not believe are objectively valid. try to recognize the truth, burns says. he cautions against describing emotional reactions. suppose you notice your car has a flat tire, for example. don ’ t write, “ i feel crappy ” because you can ’ t disprove that with a rational response. the fact is you do feel crappy. instead, write down the thought that flashed through your mind : “ i ’ m stupid. i should have gotten a new tire this month. ” “ this simple exercise of answering your negative thoughts with rational responses on a daily basis is at the heart of cognitive method, ” burns says. though this kind of therapy sounds almost absurdly simple, about 50 studies have documented its effectiveness, burns says. in december, a review of several studies comparing the use of cognitive therapy and antidepressant drugs was published in a journal, “ professional psychology : research and practice. ” the researchers concluded cognitive therapy was as effective – and in some cases more effective – than drugs, even for sever depression. one theory about why it works is that changing the way you think actually changes the biology of the brain. last month, scientist at the university of california, los angeles, reported in the archives of general psychiatry that behavioral modification ( changing the way patients act ) and cognitive therapy ( changing how they think ) ca alter the brain ’ s biology. “ cognitive therapy is not just another self - help fad but a major development that has become an important part of the mainstream of modern psychiatric research and practice, ”


and cognitive therapy ( changing how they think ) ca alter the brain ’ s biology. “ cognitive therapy is not just another self - help fad but a major development that has become an important part of the mainstream of modern psychiatric research and practice, ” burns writes. unlike other kinds of psychotherapy, cognitive therapy doesn ’ t focus on finding the cause of distorted thoughts. “ pinpointing the nature or origin of your problem may give you insight, ” burns says, “ but it usually fails to change the way you act. ” “ it ’ s very difficult for people to have an unconditional sense of self - esteem, ” he notes. the assumption that your worth as a human being is proportional to your achievements i at the core of western culture and the protestant work ethic, he says. “ it sounds innocent enough. ( but ) in fact, it is self - defeating, grossly inaccurate and malignant, ” he says. in essence, this work ethic means you have to earn personal worth and the right to be happy. when your career goes well, you may feel satisfied, but you also may cut yourself off from other sources of satisfaction – being a parent or having a lot of friends. when your career heads south, you feel worthless because you have another basis for fulfillment of self - respect, he adds. in fact, he says, most of life ’ s satisfactions don ’ t require achievement at all : “ it takes no special talent to enjoy a walk through the woods. you don ’ t have to be ‘ outstanding ’ to relish the affectionate hug of your son. ” success doesn ’ t necessarily lead to happiness, burns says. “ you don ’ t have to be no. 1 before you can feel fulfilled and know the meaning of inner peace and self - esteem. ” how to change your thinking : talk to yourself as you would to a best friend. suppose a friend who was getting divorced felt like a selfish, vindictive, uncaring failure. what would you say? chances are you say something like : “ you ’ re not a failure simply because your marriage ended. many marriages end in divorce. i ’ ve known you for years and you ’ re a warm, kind, caring person. ” examine the evidence. take in the big picture. look at the success you have had in life. consider that your vindictiveness may be feelings of betrayal, which can be a normal reaction when you ’ re getting divorced. experiment. see how the negative thoughts stack up


in the big picture. look at the success you have had in life. consider that your vindictiveness may be feelings of betrayal, which can be a normal reaction when you ’ re getting divorced. experiment. see how the negative thoughts stack up against your behavior in other areas. think about how you have helped friends or others in need. look for partial successes. consider how your marriage was successful. perhaps you have some children who love you and still seem well - adjusted despite the breakup. maybe the problems that led to the breakup have given you valuable new insights into how you can make your next relationship work. take a survey. say you ’ re unable to take the kids for an extra day during a holiday weekend. your ex calls you vindictive. solicit views from your friends and ask them if your actions are justified. solve the problem. you blow up when you discover your spouse who wants a divorce has run up some charges on your credit card and expects you to pay them. you feel that your terrible temper has turned into a monster. the problem may not be your temper. maybe it ’ s time to close that credit card account. 10 forms of distorted thinking indicate the distortions contained in the negative thoughts. correct responses are at the end of this quiz. you are lonely and decide to attend a social affair for singles. soon after you get there, you want to leave because you feel anxious and defensive. the following thoughts run through your mind : “ they probably aren ’ t very interesting people. they ’ re just a bunch of losers. i can tell because i ’ m bored. this party will be a drag. ” your errors involve : jumping to conclusions you receive a layoff notice from your employer. you feel mad and frustrated. you think, “ this proves the world is no damn good. i never get a break. ” your distortions include : all - or nothing thinking discounting the positive a “ should ” statement your date calls you at the last minute to cancel because of illness. you feel angry and disappointed because you thin, “ i ’ m getting jilted. what did i do to foul things up? ” your errors include : jumping to conclusions you have been trying to diet. this weekend you have been nervous, and you ’ ve been nibbling. after your fourth piece of candy, you tell yourself, “ i just can ’ t control myself. my dieting and jogging all week have gone down the drain. i must look like a balloon. i shouldn ’ t have eaten that


nibbling. after your fourth piece of candy, you tell yourself, “ i just can ’ t control myself. my dieting and jogging all week have gone down the drain. i must look like a balloon. i shouldn ’ t have eaten that. i can ’ t stand this. i ’ m going to pig out all weekend. ” you eat more candy. your distortions include : a “ should ” statement discounting the positive answers : 1. a - d ; 2. b and c ; 3. c and d ; 4. a - e 10 emotional traps to avoid here are 10 forms of distorted thinking as listed in “ feeling good – the new mood therapy ” by dr. david burns, a stanford university psychiatrist and cognitive therapist. all - or - nothing thinking – you see things as black or white. if your performance falls short of perfect, you think of yourself as a total failure. overgeneralizing - you see a single negative event as a never - ending pattern of defeat. the tipoff is use of the words always or never. you ask a girl for a date. she politely declines, citing another engagement. you think : “ no girl would ever want a date with me. i ’ ll be lonely and miserable all my life. ” mental filtering – you dwell on the negative in complicated situations that have positive and negative elements. a depressed college student finished her mid - term exam certain she missed 17 out of 100 questions. she concluded she would flunk out of college. discounting the positive - if someone compliments you, you tell yourself, “ they ’ re just being nice. ” or “ anyone could have done it. ” or “ it wasn ’ t good enough. ” labeling – you pin a negative label on yourself or others, leading you to believe no one can change. if the driver ahead of you turns without signaling, you say, “ he ’ s a jerk. ” instead of “ he made a mistake. ” jumping to conclusions – this takes two forms. with mind - reading, you perceive a person ’ s actions as hostile or negative, based on very little evidence. a friend passes you on the street and fails to say hello because he is so absorbed in his thoughts he doesn ’ t notice you. you erroneously conclude, “ he doesn ’ t like me anymore. ” – fortune - telling is the other form. you imagine something bad is about to happen even though it ’ s unrealistic. a friend fails to return a telephone call. you decide, “ he ’


he doesn ’ t like me anymore. ” – fortune - telling is the other form. you imagine something bad is about to happen even though it ’ s unrealistic. a friend fails to return a telephone call. you decide, “ he ’ ll think i ’ m obnoxious if i call again. ” you avoid the friend and fell put down. three weeks later, you discover, he never for your message. magnifying and minimizing – you look at your errors, fears or imperfections and exaggerate their importance. if you make a mistake, you automatically think you ’ re going to get fired. emotional reasoning - you mistake your emotions for reality. “ i feel stupid, therefore i am stupid. ” or “ i feel guilty, so i ’ m a bad person. ” procrastination often accompanies this one. “ i feel lousy when i look at my messy desk. cleaning it will take forever. ” six months later, you finally clean it and realize it didn ’ t take all that long. making “ should ” and “ shouldn ’ t ” statements – you try to motivate yourself by saying “ i should ” or “ i shouldn ’ t ” do this. use of the words must, ought to and have to also signal this thinking. these statements make you feel pressured and resentful and ultimately apathetic and unmotivated. when you direct should statements to others, you will usually feel frustrated. personalizing blame – you blame yourself for things beyond your control. your child misbehaves at school, and you think, “ i ’ m a bad mother. ”


the first edition refers to a book ' s first printing run. for some blockbuster titles, this can be as many as 50, 000 copies or more. but for older books, or books originally published by small imprints, the first run may have been as few as 100 copies. for books that have subsequently become desirable or prized for their place in literature, the first edition is almost always published in a smaller, and thus more collectible, print run. beyond sheer scarcity, first editions are also collected because they are considered to be the closest a reader can get to the author ’ s original intent for his or her work. thus, first editions are sought if a book has been changed for the second printing. changes include new prefaces, text corrections or edits, and changes to a book ’ s format or binding. especially collectible are first editions of books that went on to win any of the numerous literary prizes that the publishing world annually bestows upon itself. for example, “ w... in general, there are as many types of collectible first editions as there are collectible categories of books. after the 2009 film “ julie & julia ” revived interest in chef and author julia child, prices for first - edition copies of her 1961 cookbook, “ mastering the art of french cooking, ” soared, although it ’ s a safe bet that the movie - fueled demand will not be long - lasting. not all first editions need to be vintage to be collectible. for example, the success of the recent “ twilight ” vampire movies has made first - edition copies of stephanie meyer ’ s 2005 novel of the same name quite collectible. the other thing to consider when collecting first editions is the country where a book was originally published. first editions produced for readers in the writer ’ s home country are usually more collectible than those printed in foreign countries. the most famous example of this is probably j. k. rowling ’ s “ harry potter and the philosopher ’ s stone, ” which was published by bloomsbury in the u. k. in 1997 before being re - titled by scholastic in 1998 for the u. s. market as “ harry potter and the sorcerer ’ s stone. ” that first bloomsbury edition numbered around 1, 000 copies, which is why copies of this edition routinely sell in the six figures. novels from the 19th century present the collector with a number of unique challenges. first, the paper and binding is obviously very old, so caring for a first edition from that time period requires attention and effort


of this edition routinely sell in the six figures. novels from the 19th century present the collector with a number of unique challenges. first, the paper and binding is obviously very old, so caring for a first edition from that time period requires attention and effort — it may not be wise to simply shove a first edition of “ david copperfield ” by charles dickens onto a crowded bookshelf. the other issue particular to dickens is that many of his books were initially serialized, which means there is typically a first edition “ bound from the parts ” as well as a “ first edition in book form. ” the other problem with 19th - century novels, especially the early ones, is that books were routinely rebound to make the covers more attractive than their originals. during rebinding, half - title pages were often dispensed with, further eroding the value of rebound first editions. modern first editions are books from the edwardian era through contemporary times. the quality of the dust jackets of these editions can have a large impact on the value of modern books, in no small part because the artwork on them is sometimes as highly regarded as the writing within. famous covers include those for f. scott fitzgerald ’ s “ the great gatsby ” ( 1925 ), john steinbeck ’ s “ the grapes of wrath ” ( 1939 ), and j. d. salinger ’ s “ the catcher in the rye ” ( 1951 ). interviews & articles the first pages of peter benchley ' s 1974 novel, “ jaws, ” as well as the opening minutes of steven spielberg ’ s 1975 blockbuster, beg … [ more ] one of my favorite " books as objects " is the first edition of h. g. wells ’ “ the time machine : an invention. ” published in 1895, it … [ more ] in 2005, i moved to new york to head up the entertainment memorabilia department at christie ’ s, new york. one of my first assignme … [ more ] collectors of autographed baseball cards are alert to the existence of forgeries, so they know to be on their guard. but how many … [ more ] one of the most curious items in our auction on december 2, 2010, is the first book produced in its entirety in the montana territ … [ more ] i don ’ t remember a time when i didn ’ t read books. in grade school, i devoured library books. i also loved comic books, and was whe … [ more ]


written by jacob moldenhauer, keenan stone, zeke shuler, and larry engelhardt supernovae type ia are used as standard candles to directly probe the expansion rate of the universe. the discovery of the cosmic acceleration in 1998 by two independent teams was awarded the 2011 nobel prize in physics. recently, gamma - ray bursts have been proposed to be a conplementary probe to supernovae type ia. so far, grbs are the most intense esposions in our universe. for this reason, the grbs have much higher redshifts up to 8. 1, but redshifts close to 10 or larger are expected. this simulation allows the user to discover the cosmological model that best - fits the recent supernovae and grb datasets. as a default, the cosmological model will be the lambda cold dark matter ( lcdm ) model. there are options to modify the model either by modifying the parameters values or number and type of parameters used. this simulation allows testing of the commonly accepted models of the universe with observations of supernovae type ia and derive the values of parameters for the standard model in cosmology. the simulation assumes some basic understanding of cosmology. specifically, the evolution of the universe can be explained using general relativity and the the universe is homogeneous and isotropic on the large scales, so the equations of motion will be the friedmann equations. the fitting supernovae and gamma ray bursts data model was created using easy java simulations ( ejs ) modeling tool. it is distributed as a ready - to - run ( compiled ) java archive. double clicking the ejs _ fitting _ cosmological _ models _ supernovae. jar file will run the program if java is installed. you can modify this simulation if you have ejs by right - clicking within the plot and selecting " open ejs model " from the pop - up menu item. please note that this resource requires at least version 1. 6 of java. view the supplemental document attached to this resource view the source code documents attached to this resource ( 2 ) the source code zip archive contains an xml representation of the fitting supernovae and gamma ray bursts data model. unzip this archive in your ejs … more... download 71kb. zip last modified : november 18, 2012 compadre is beta testing citation styles! disclaimer : compadre offers citation styles as a guide only. we cannot offer interpretations about citations as this is an automated


meat and dairy illustrate resource limits : ewg report even as co - ops and other local food providers promote meat and dairy from pastured livestock, these advocates are confronted with drawbacks to a diet centered on those resource - intensive foods. “ meat - eater ’ s guide to climate change and health, ” an environmental working group ( http : / / www. ewg. org ) report released on july 18, provides a comprehensive analysis of the lifecycle of common foods, and meat and dairy are at the top in their impact. concerning personal health, ill effects from heavy consumption of meat and dairy have been argued and researched for many years. but arguments about resource limits tend to get lost in the u. s., and the environmental working group report is a reminder that at least since the 1960s ( think diet for a small planet ), a primary argument for minimizing meat and dairy has been that these foods consume far more resources than vegetarian alternatives. that is still a strong argument, and we now can see the consequences of high resource consumption in climate instability. in “ more weight on less meat, ” mark bittman, food columnist at the new york times, comments in reviewing the ewg report that it is further evidence of what we already have heard about over - consumption of meat and dairy : http : / / bittman. blogs. nytimes. com / 2011 / 07 / 18 / more - weight - on - less - meat. however, the health evidence is much disputed, and generations of study also point to a vital role for livestock in both farming and diet. what kind of meat and dairy, in what kind of diet, and in how active a lifestyle? it ’ s important to make distinctions : red meat vs. fish and chicken ; local and pasture - based and clean meat and dairy vs. food from grain - fed animals in distant, concentrated animal feedlot operations that overuse antibiotics ; moderate consumption that is balanced with other foods vs. eating meat and dairy at nearly every meal ; and, often unmentioned, a lifestyle with regular exercise vs. a sedentary one that makes most any eating habits amount to over - consumption. the worst health statistics, and the most resources used in production, apply to daily consumption of red meat from grain - fed industrial operations. pasture - based livestock is lower, sometimes much lower, in its use of water, fuel, feed, and other components of farming that consume resources and generate global warming gases. the rules for organic dairy, a nutritionally superior product, require


rena oil spill : a brief history on october 5, 2011, an oil spill began off the coast of new zealand that would become what many describe as the country ' s worst maritime environmental disaster. when the mv rena tanker ( owned by greek shipping company costamare inc. ) ran aground on astrolabe reef 12 miles off the coast of new zealand ' s north island, an leak of fuel and diesel oil eventually spilled 93, 000 gallons into the bay of plenty. the disaster killed thousands of birds, with some death estimates as high as 20, 000. some species, such as the new zealand dotterels, were preemptively captured and sequestered for their own survival. some dotterels weren ' t so lucky ; a number died of respiratory infections due to the spill. many local residents disregarded orders from the goverment and began to organize cleanup efforts. five thousand volunteers were involved in cleaning the bay ' s shoreline. although signs of the ship splitting in two were reported as early as oct. 12, the rena eventually broke apart in january. more oil was found leaking from the wreckage, but it is unknown how much more leaked into the ocean. one slick from this secondary spill stretched over one square kilometer of water. as early spring storms lashed against the wreckage, oil continued to slowly leak from the hull. much of the wreckage continued to be collected eight six months after the crash. on may 25, captain mauro balomaga and his navigation officer, leonil relon, were found guilty of operating the ship in a dangerous manner as well as changing navigation records in order to mislead investigators. they were both sentenced to seven months. in early june 2012, new zealand ' s government appropriated $ 1 million for the long term study of the oil spill ' s environmental effects.


activity 19. 1. 3 – discovering family similarities dimitri mendeleev, a russian chemist, created the first version of the periodic table of the elements ( figure 19. 3 ) in 1869. when he ordered the elements according to increasing atomic weight in columns so that rows contained analogous elements, he saw patterns that allowed him to predict the properties of elements yet to be discovered. mendeleev ’ s task was formidable because there was relatively little data to work with, and no electronic tools to organize it. today, however, we have an abundance of information as well as database tools that allow us to instantly group data by common characteristics. database technology has fueled the information revolution by allowing us to store and examine large amounts of data. in this activity you will use a database program to separate data by groups and summarize your findings. table 19. 2 ( see book ) arranges the elements in terms of increasing atomic number. no patterns or trends are seen when the elements are displayed in this fashion. if, however, elements are arranged as seen in the periodic table, those with similar properties are grouped together. each column represents a family of elements that have similar electron configuration and similar chemical properties. although the periodic table makes it easy to see which elements have similar properties ( those in the same family or column ), it does not allow for an easy comparison of these properties. by contrast, table 19. 2 lists much specific information about the properties of the elements, but does not allow for comparison of family ( group ) data, unless first arranged by group. sort the elements by group, then calculate average group values for heat of fusion, specific heat, thermal conductivity, and other properties of your choice using the subtotal command and average option. list your results. database. ( 1 ) which families are most similar to each other? ( 2 ) which families are most dissimilar to each other?


recent upgrades to boulder ' s wastewater treatment plant may have dramatically reduced the amount of chemicals in boulder creek that cause male fish to develop female characteristics, according to scientists at the university of colorado. researchers first discovered a problem in the fish living below the wastewater treatment plant ' s outflow pipe in boulder almost a decade ago. david norris, a professor of integrative physiology at cu, found that half of white suckers living above the pipe were male. but only one in six fish living below the pipe - - where effluent from the plant containing estrogen - related chemicals is dumped into the stream - - were male. the others were female or " intersex, " with both male and female organs. norris followed up on his discovery with a study in 2006 that used a mobile fish exposure lab. the research trailer, which was set up near the wastewater treatment plant on 75th street, allowed him to expose fathead minnows to various mixtures of water from upstream of the plant and effluent collected directly from the plant ' s pipe. norris and his colleagues, including cu researcher alan vajda, found that minnows exposed to a mixture of 50 percent upstream water and 50 percent effluent became " feminized " in only a week. " when we set up the experiment, we set it up to run for 28 days because we had no idea how long it would take us to see an effect, " norris said. " initially, we were quite surprised at the effect we had within seven days. " now norris has again tested the effects of the effluent on fathead minnows, but in the years between the 2006 research and the new study, the city of boulder upgraded its treatment plant. " basically, the city set up an experiment for us, " norris said. " they upgraded their processing system. we had earlier data, and now we had a before - and - after to make a comparison. " in the new study, norris found that fathead minnows exposed to 100 percent effluent took 28 days to show signs of feminization. " it appears so far - - we have a lot of data yet to analyze - - that the levels of chemicals are down quite a bit, " norris said. even before norris ' 2006 experiment, the city had plans to update its wastewater treatment plant to use an " activated sludge " process in order to meet a state requirement to reduce the amount of nitrates and ammonia in the efflu