the heinous crime of taking some improper deductions on her income - tax return, thereby depriving the politicians and bureaucrats of their milk ; and so now she must serve four years in a federal penitentiary. and why milken and helmsley? two reasons. first, they make good victims, for they are rich — and americans are taught in their public schools to hate the rich and covet their wealth. second, wealthy people are the best vehicle by which the government can send its not - so - subtle message to us “ regular ’ people : “ listen up, you little people — if the wealthiest and most influential among you cannot stand against us, then certainly neither can you. and if you try, we will smash you, just as we have smashed them — only a little faster. obey and pay — or suffer the consequences. ” thus, even though they will never admit it openly, the american people live their lives filled with fear and terror. in public, they say, “ i ’ m proud to be an american. ” in private, they shudder at the thought of having their doors bashed down by irs agents or of having to & fend themselves in court against the mighty power of the u. s. government. what will it take to abandon the road to serfdom which americans have traveled during the last sixty years? the fast step is for people to pierce through to reality — to realize that what hayek said was true — that the u. s. has, in fact, adopted the nazi, fascist, and socialist economic principles of regulation of property and redistribution of wealth. the second step is to lose what the russian people have lost — the terrifying and paralyzing fear of politicians and bureaucrats. and, third, since our government has become destructive of the ends for which it was formed, to alter or abolish it and implement new government designed to protect, not destroy, our lives and fortunes. herein lies the road to freedom.


students and teachers in the francis howell school district ( fhsd ) are taking advantage of the district ’ s new technology initiative, b. y. o. t. which means, “ bring your own technology. ” students at francis howell high school ( fhhs ) had the opportunity to utilize their personal digital devices to conduct research to complete an english research assignment during end of course assessments. freshman english teachers at fhhs were unable to access the school library computers due to testing ; however, this did not stop students from completing their assignment. teachers and students gathered in the upper commons area at the high school, where they were able to conduct research using their digital devices. students without digital devices used books that were wheeled in on book carts and students with smart devices were able to download mobile apps, such as encyclopedia britannica, to finish their research. teachers were amazed at how well students worked, as they were engaged for the entire 90 minute scheduled course time. although, all teachers have not begun to incorporate b. y. o. t. into their curriculums or teaching practices gina hartman, educational technology specialist for the francis howell school district, says that b. y. o. t. is important for student learning. “ it allows for ubiquitous access and learning, anywhere and anytime, ” said hartman. “ in a b. y. o. t. classroom the teachers ’ role shifts from the expert to the facilitator, allowing for 21st century learning to take place. ” brian santos, spanish teacher and instructional technology specialist at francis howell north ( fhn ) high school, has incorporated b. y. o. t. in his classroom curriculum in numerous ways by allowing students to use their cell phones. santos uses the online website www. poleeverywhere. com, a real - time inexpensive mobile and web technology, to conduct surveys or ask multiple - choice questions about a specific topic. students use text messaging to submit their responses to a provided number and instantly the results are displayed in graph format in the teacher ’ s powerpoint presentation or web browser. santos also uses google voice, which allows students to answer questions in spanish to practice their speech and pronunciation as well as practice self - editing techniques. yodio. com is a program that santos recently used for a family history project, where students were able to upload images and narrate audio clips from their mobile devices about their families. santos also uses ipadio. com to create live broadcasts and podcasts from any phone to the internet live. additionally


a family history project, where students were able to upload images and narrate audio clips from their mobile devices about their families. santos also uses ipadio. com to create live broadcasts and podcasts from any phone to the internet live. additionally, santos is also heavily involved with professional development at fhn and says that because there has been a culture shift of digital immigrants ( those of the pre - digital age ) and digital natives ( native speakers of the digital language ) ; many teachers fall into the digital immigrant category. “ teachers fall into a distinct population ; some are digital immigrants and some are digital natives, ” said santos. “ a lot of teachers are digital immigrants and are apprehensive about using technology ; my job is to make teachers more comfortable with technology usage in the classroom. ” however, some teachers are apprehensive of allowing students to use their personal devices in the classroom because every student does not have access to digital devices outside of the school environment. in a recent survey conducted at fhn, santos found that 75 percent of students owned a cell phone and 60 percent of students owned a smartphone, for example apple iphone, blackberry or android. this may seem to pose a problem, but santos encourages students to share devices or submit answers in an alternate form for in - class assignments. hartman says teachers have the option of checking out mobile devices from school libraries. “ teachers can check out mobile devices that are available in the library for those students or incorporate cooperative learning activities where students are in small groups working and each individual students doesn ’ t need their own mobile device, ” said hartman. although, b. y. o. t. is only currently being offered at the middle and high school levels, hartman says the ultimate goal is to encourage more teachers to incorporate b. y. o. t. into their teaching curriculums next school year. hartman encourages teachers interested in b. y. o. t. to sign - up for district workshops or look for professional development opportunities that will be offered during the school year. “ students have cell phones and use them for entertainment, why not use them for learning, ” said santos. “ i think teachers should try to incorporate new digital technologies into education ; thus bringing entertainment to education. ” click here to access the fhsd b. y. o. t. guide for students, teachers and parents.


think before you type our mission : sisterhood journey take action project was centered around an issue we feel strongly about : bullying. specifically we wanted to focus on cyber bulling, by teaching younger girls the dos and don ’ ts of texting and using social media. our goals were to educate middle school girls on the proper things to type, to teach them how to avoid sending or posting information they will regret, and to protect them from gossip and rumors. we planned to accomplish all of these goals by teaching them how to think before they put things in writing. we wanted to help them be respectful of themselves and other women. we held our event at the local youth center in springdale, arkansas. we decided that the event would last for five hours, involving middle school girls with their cell phones. we made special permission slips for the girls to have signed. the slips asked if the girls had cell phones, if they had unlimited texting ability, and if they could participate in a texting scavenger hunt. on the day of the event, we broke the girls into two large groups. the groups rotated between the different sessions we had planned. we were surprised to hear that even at their ages – between 10 and 13 – many of the girls had already received hurtful text messages. we talked to the girls about thinking before they type anything on their phones or on facebook, and about how saying certain things can hurt people ’ s feelings. we also asked them to think about how their messages or what they post online will reflect on them. we discussed appropriate times to text and when you should leave your phone alone, and showed videos about the dangers of texting and driving. in doing this journey project, we learned how to work together as a team. we saw that we have a couple of natural leaders on our team, and some who prefer to do behind - the - scenes work. we learned that a few of us are good at public speaking, and some of us need some more practice. most importantly, we enjoyed teaching the girls about using social media responsibly – in some cases, they were able to learn from mistakes we ’ d made ourselves. and the project does not stop here. we will host the workshop again next year, and we plan to have senior troops host similar events for two more years after that. as social media expands and changes in the next three years, our take action project will evolve with it. this post was written by the girl scouts of senior troop 5223


| portest against nuclear power in tokyo | by dennis normile, science insider, january 27, 2012 tokyo — japan is preparing for the possibility of a summer without nuclear power as utilities and safety experts squabble over the safety of the country ' s remaining reactors. and a key government minister is calling the power industry ' s bluff — that blackouts will occur if plants idled for inspection are not brought online — by saying the nation could avoid disruption by relying on conservation and thermal power. by law, nuclear power plants must be periodically shut down for maintenance and inspection ; utilities need national and local permission to restart operations. in the wake of the fukushima disaster, last summer the governing democratic party of japan required " stress tests, " analyses of a facility ' s ability to withstand natural disasters, to be part of the periodic inspection routine. that analysis was carried out for two reactors at a plant in ohi on the japan sea coast and submitted for review to japan ' s nuclear and industrial safety agency ( nisa ), which concluded they had passed. operator kansai electric power is seeking approval to restart the two reactors. but today two members of a nisa advisory committee called the stress tests flawed and " not proof of safety. " at a press conference, hiromitsu ino, a materials scientist and professor emeritus at the university of tokyo, and masashi goto, a former nuclear power plant designer, said their concerns were simply ignored in the final report. ino said there are nine issues the stress tests failed to address. he said the criteria for the tests should reflect lessons learned from the fukushima disaster, but that the studies into the sequence of events that led to the cascade of failures are ongoing. without the results of those studies, he says, the criteria being used are " subjective and unclear. " he notes that the stress tests called for checking facility resistance to shaking 1. 8 times the design earthquake, yet seismologists have noted that those design events are based on the historical record and it is now clear that much more powerful earthquakes have occurred over geologic time. the analyses also do not consider the inevitable degradation over time of a reactor ' s materials. meanwhile, economy, trade and industry minister yukio edano was reported in this morning ' s asahi shimbun ( newspaper ) as saying it is conceivable that none of the country ' s nuclear power plants will be operating this summer because of the difficulty of gaining local approval to restart. of japan ' s 54 nuclear reactors, only three are currently operating


and that, not complexity or a lack of complexity, is the core claim of id - - that one can distinguish the natural from the artificial or intelligently made. if seti claims that such a distinction can be made scientifically, then the idea that one could distinguish the natural from the artificial in biology is not unreasonable. despite what this article claims, both seti and id are doing the same thing. seti assumes, without any existing evidence, that extraterrestrial intillgence may exist. in order to find evidence of such et intelligence, they look for evidence of signals which have characteristics that would distinguish the artificial from the natural. id assumes, without any existing evidence, that a creator of some sort may exist. in order to find evidence of such a creator, they look for evidence of pheonemna or features of life or the universe that would distinguish the created phoneomna from the natural. both start with no evidence and propose finding the evidence by looking for created features among natural features. so without the whole complexity red herring, the difference is? either you can differentiate the natural from the intelligently created or you can ' t. either both are science or neither is. seti has made a number of advance predictions about the sort of as - yet - undetected signal that would reflect intelligent creation rather than natural origin ( e. g. the distinction between a broad - spectrum and a narrow - band signal described in the above article ). id has made a number of after - the - fact assertions about already - known natural phenomena ( e. g. the claim that the probability of existing macromolecules forming is unreasonably low, even over an entire planet and billions of years ). the difference is equivalent to that between painting a target on a wall and shooting a bullet through the bulls - eye and shooting a bullet through a wall and painting a bulls - eye around the hole. both start with no evidence and propose finding the evidence by looking for created features among natural features. so without the whole complexity red herring, the difference is? either you can differentiate the natural from the intelligently created or you can ' t. either both are science or neither is. not really. seti looks for signals that can be differentiated from known natural sources that have features of an efficient, regular or simple artificial source. these are compared to known characteristics of artificial sources, their ability to be reproduced from technology id points to complexity alone as evidence for a claim of an " artifical " source of design


that have features of an efficient, regular or simple artificial source. these are compared to known characteristics of artificial sources, their ability to be reproduced from technology id points to complexity alone as evidence for a claim of an " artifical " source of design plan. it ignores the evidence of chemical and physical laws producing a multitude of complex systems. seti observes signals, experiments to understand if the signal could come from a known artificial source, predicts possible signal characteristics and mechanisms to produce such a signal. the requirements are specific : any signal less than about 300 hz wide must be, as far as we know, artificially produced. such narrow - band signals are what all seti experiments look for. other tell - tale characteristics include a signal that is completely polarized or the existence of coded information on the signal. narrow - band signals, say those that are only a few hertz or less wide, are the mark of a purposely built transmitter. natural cosmic noisemakers, such as pulsars, quasars, and the turbulent, thin interstellar gas of our own milky way, do not make radio signals that are this narrow. the static from these objects is spread all across the dial. seti faq id simply says it is complex thus it is artifical. why? it ' s artificial because it is complex. that ' s not science - that ' s fallacious logic. it ' s possible, but you need a measure that will separate the natural from the designed. the seti researchers have identified one reasonable measure : the narrowness of the band of an electromagnetic emission. this is predicated on the observation that the signals we use to communicate are far narrower, in frequency space, than any natural emission we know about. ( i guarantee you one thing, though : if and when a narrow electromagnetic emission of extraterrestrial origin is found, scientists will fall all over themselves proposing natural mechanisms for it. these will likely be testable, however. ) the id proponents have proposed a different measure, relevant to their assertions : complexity. natural things, they assert, are simple ; designed things are complex. it is certainly a testable approach ; the problem is that the measure fails miserably on the most cursory inspection. bricks are obviously designed, but it is the simplicity of the brick that tells you that. cars are more complex, but they really are simple compared to, say, a cloud, or a coastline. in fact, it ' s easy to come up with any number of manifestly


| home > news & policies > proclamation archives | for immediate release office of the press secretary april 21, 2006 jewish american heritage month, 2006 a proclamation by the president of the united states of america when the first jewish settlers came to this land, they sought a place of promise where they could practice their faith in freedom and live in liberty. during jewish american heritage month, we celebrate the rich history of the jewish people in america and honor the great contributions they have made to our country. as a nation of immigrants, the united states is better and stronger because jewish people from all over the world have chosen to become american citizens. since arriving in 1654, jewish americans have achieved great success, strengthened our country, and helped shape our way of life. through their deep commitment to faith, family, and community, jewish americans remind us of a basic belief that guided the founding of this nation : that there is an almighty who watches over the affairs of men and values every life. the jewish people have enriched our culture and contributed to a more compassionate and hopeful america. jewish american heritage month is also an opportunity to remember and thank the many jewish americans who defend our ideals as members of the united states armed forces. these courageous men and women risk their lives to protect their fellow citizens and to advance the cause of freedom. by helping to bring the promise of liberty to millions around the world, they lay the foundation of peace for generations to come. now, therefore, i george w. bush, president of the united states of america, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the constitution and laws of the united states, do hereby proclaim may 2006 as jewish american heritage month. i call upon all americans to observe this month with appropriate programs and activities that honor the significant contributions jewish americans have made to our nation. in witness whereof, i have hereunto set my hand this twentieth day of april, in the year of our lord two thousand six, and of the independence of the united states of america the two hundred and thirtieth. george w. bush # # #


donate breast milk, save preemies ' lives human milk dramatically boosts the chances for sick and fragile newborns to survive ; however, not every mom can produce it. by summer cassidy, rn, bsn, ibclc, lactation educator, neonatal intensive care unit, advocate lutheran general children ' s hospital. every day, i work with new mothers to assist them in nursing their newborns. if their baby is premature or sick, i help them pump so they can establish and maintain their milk supply. aside from the numerous advantages that human ( breast ) milk provides to the healthiest newborns, it is highly recommended for premature babies who spend time in the neonatal intensive care unit ( nicu ). for these infants, human milk has life - saving health benefits : - lowers risk of necrotizing enterocolitis ( nec ) — the most common and most fatal gastrointestinal emergency in the nicu. - decreases risk of retinopathy of prematurity ( rop ) — a potentially blinding eye disease that is primarily seen in premature babies. - lowers sepsis ( infection ) rates. - decreases length of stay in the nicu by approximately two weeks. - decreases incidence of feeding intolerance and diarrhea. the nicu mothers i work with understand the importance of their milk. they pump so that they can provide their infants with this life saving milk. unfortunately, not every mother can breastfeed or provide all of her infants nutritional needs by pumping. this may be a result of a low milk supply, the need to take medications that could be passed through her system, cases of adoption or surrogacy, or if the mother is too ill. until recently, we have been like every other hospital in the area and had no choice but to give these at - risk babies formula. however, a new program that my department developed is making it possible for all qualifying nicu babies to receive human milk. advocate lutheran general children ’ s hospital is the first chicago - area hospital to offer a donor milk program to babies in the nicu. while several area hospitals are planning to implement similar programs, we are currently the only hospital offering pasteurized donor human milk to sick and fragile infants. since the program began in april of 2011, we ’ ve seen incredible results in the health of our nicu babies with nec rates decreasing significantly. our donor milk program follows guidelines from the human milk banking association of north america ( hmbana ), which regulates all aspects of the process. here ’ s


’ ve seen incredible results in the health of our nicu babies with nec rates decreasing significantly. our donor milk program follows guidelines from the human milk banking association of north america ( hmbana ), which regulates all aspects of the process. here ’ s how it works : collection – as wonderful a gift as donated breast milk is, not every woman can be a human milk donor under hmbana guidelines. women must undergo rigorous medical tests, including blood testing for hiv and hepatitis, and pass strict lifestyle criteria before their milk will be accepted. once approved, women ship their milk to the milk bank or bring their donated milk to a milk depot facility, where it is stored frozen and shipped for processing and pasteurization. pasteurization – once donated milk has been received at the milk bank, it is pooled and pasteurized to destroy viruses and bacteria. after pasteurization, the milk is tested again to ensure that is safe for the babies. delivery – we currently receive shipments of pasteurized donor human milk from the indiana mother ’ s milk bank and will soon begin receiving milk from the mother ’ s milk bank of the western great lakes. after receiving consent from parents, we can ensure that their babies in the nicu are receiving 100 % human milk exclusively, which significantly increases their chances of surviving and thriving. mother ’ s milk is used first. if unavailable, pasteurized donor human milk is used to ensure optimal health and nutrition. in our first six months of operation at lutheran general, we provided nearly 3, 000 ounces of pasteurized donor human milk to babies. and because we feel that this program is so important, advocate lutheran general covers any program costs that a family ’ s insurance doesn ’ t. the success of our donor milk program has inspired us to take it a step further. in january 2012, lutheran general hospital began screening potential human milk donors and accepting milk, making us home to the first milk depot in northern illinois. if you would like to help improve the life of a newborn in this area through the gift of breast milk, or if you would like more information about out donor milk program, please contact lucia or summer at ( 847 ) 723 - 7341. pasteurized donor human milk improves infant outcomes and saves lives. summer cassidy, rn, bsn, ibclc, is a lactation educator at the neonatal intensive care unit of advocate lutheran general children ’ s hospital.


the microbes get stronger while the macrobes weaken. your operation ' s ability to wage the war against foodborne illness begins with an appreciation of the strength, resilience and mobility of the enemy and the suseptibility of your customer base. with microbes being an important part of our immune system, how do we identify the pathogens? how do we harness the constructive power of science? how does hep a and norovirus escape the restroom - fecal, hand, oral. unfortunately, this enemy fights a guerilla war, searching out a body ' s temporary weakness as a zone to penetrate. in the right conditions, heat and moisture, microbes mutate and evolve at an astonishing pace, further resisting efforts to control their impact. both bacteria and virus can survive weeks on inanimate surfaces, waiting their chance to attack. norovirus is the most prolific of the foodborne pathogens. for many years laboratory limitations left our knowlege about this virus in the dark. it was, and still is by many, known as the " winter vomiting disease " in england and montezuma ' s revenge by the at - risk north american visitor. the attached " bug " chart provides details on some of the more common pathogens that can inflict their pain and suffering thanks to inadequate food handling practices and poor hand hygiene. download bug chart ( print on 11 " x 17 " for easy reading )


uberhacker ii, chapter 3 : how to get many operating systems on one pc, continued... ide hard drives are the ones that usually come with pcs. scsi drives are faster, and you can place many more scsi drives on one pc. the disadvantage is that scsi drives cost more and, in order to run them, you usually have to add a scsi card and cables to your pc. also, today most bioses only offer the choice of one generic boot from a scsi drive, yet allow you to specify any ide drive. this chapter will assume ide drives for booting operating the disadvantage of ide drives is that you can have no more than two ide busses ( the cables that connect drives to the motherboard ) and each ide bus can have no more than two drives. this includes the total of hard and cd or dvd drives. if you are using old hard drives, be careful. they have a tendency to crash when it is most inconvenient, and take a lot of work to make halfway safe to use. one problem is that it could have an infected master boot record. some of these boot sector viruses are subtle but will really mess you up in ways that don ' t obviously point to a viral culprit. or there could be errors in the disk geometry - the way it has been formatted - that could give you endless headaches. worst of all, it could have been zapped by a power surge or for any other reason could have lots of bad blocks. this could mean it is nearing a disk crash. a disk crash is basically impossible to fix. the best safety measure is to do a low - level format. this is a type of formatting that is specific to each manufacturer. to get the appropriate software for this, write down the product data printed on the disk, then go to the manufacturer ' s web site and download whatever they advertise for testing and erasing that drive. they may not necessarily call it " low level format " and they may require more than one program to do the job. if during testing you find bad blocks, watch out for an impending crash. i ' ve used partition magic ( http : / / www. powerquest. com ) to test and clean old hard drives, with mixed results. if a hard drive is too messed up, it labels it bad and gives up. yet i ' ve made a " bad " drive good - even one zapped by lightning - by using the manufacturer


and clean old hard drives, with mixed results. if a hard drive is too messed up, it labels it bad and gives up. yet i ' ve made a " bad " drive good - even one zapped by lightning - by using the manufacturer ' s software for a low level format. how to install more than one ide hard drive on the same computer on the back of your hard drives and cd drives, next to the power connector, there should be two rows of little pins with one or more jumpers ( little rectangular boxes ) across them. only the most ancient hardware lacks those pins. if the pins aren ' t there, the drive is not likely to be useful to you. in theory, the drive on the last connector on an ide cable should be jumpered to be a master, and the one in the middle a slave. the bios may not even detect a drive unless it has been properly i found a pc that only worked when both drives on the same cable were jumpered slave, but its bios was probably designed by a mad here ' s the fun part. one ide cable is primary, and the other secondary. there also is usually a cable for a floppy and compatible devices such as tape backup drives. this is important because when the bios to chooses from which drive will boot, knows which cable is which. how do you know which cable is primary, and which is secondary? if your computer has a cd or dvd drive, it will most often be installed as the secondary master. you can make sure of this by watching bios detection of drives on boot. it will say something like ( depending on the bios ) detecting primary hdd master detecting primary hdd slave detecting secondary hdd master detecting secondary hdd slave as it detects each device, a bios typically labels it on the screen with the manufacturer ' s part number. if the screen flashes by too fast to read, that is a good sign because it means the bios figured out what everything was. if you want to stop things and read them, try the scroll lock key. here ' s how to tell apart the cables inside your computer. the cable for floppies and related hardware like tape drives is narrower than the ide cable. just before the end connector it is split and half of it is twisted. if you have a scsi cable, it is much wider than the ide, and the connector ( s ) on it have holes that are much closer together. new hard drives normally come out of the


is split and half of it is twisted. if you have a scsi cable, it is much wider than the ide, and the connector ( s ) on it have holes that are much closer together. new hard drives normally come out of the box jumpered to be either the only hard drive or the master. normally some sort of instructions are on the hard drive itself. if not, or if they are confusing, it doesn ' t hurt to try all sorts of jumper combinations. cable select is an option that won ' t matter to you unless you install a nic that is designed to accept a network signal to your hardware to boot the operating system from that hard drive. how do you know what way to attach the ide cable to the hard drive? often the cable is physically able to fit two different ways. fortunately, it doesn ' t damage anything to connect it the wrong way. here ' s how to get the connector right : the red line on the edge of the connector cable belongs on the side next to the hard drive power connector. if you want to get really geeky about how you install multiple hard drives, here ' s a tip from stuart carter. a system i once set up used a dpdt ( double - pole, double - throw ) switch wired to where the jumpers would normally attach to two hard drives. the way it worked was to switch the two drives between primary master and primary slave - one containing windows, and one linux. that way, it was like a disk caddy, but without having to remove the drives, plus the other system was available as a slave drive to the booted system. i can ' t remember exactly what happened when i tried flipping the switch while it was


design and coincidence organic matter can self - reproduce only if it exists as a fully developed cell with all its organelles and in an appropriate environment where it can survive, exchange materials, and get energy from its surroundings. the genetic system does not only consist of dna. enzymes to read the code on the dna, messenger rna to be produced after reading these codes, a ribosome to which messenger rna will attach according to this code, transfer rna to transfer the amino acids to the ribosome for use in production, and extremely complex enzymes to carry out numerous intermediary processes. this means that the first cell on earth was formed " all of a sudden " together with its incredibly complex structure. so, if a complex structure came into existence all of a sudden, what does this mean? let us ask this question with an example. let us liken the cell to a high - tech car in terms of its complexity. ( in fact, the cell is a much more complex and developed system than a car with its engine and all its technical equipment. ) now let us ask the following question : what would you think if you went out hiking in the depths of a thick forest and ran across a brand - new car among the trees? would you imagine that various elements in the forest had come together by chance over millions of years and produced such a vehicle? all the parts in the car are made of products such as iron, copper, and rubber - the raw ingredients for which are all found on the earth - but would this fact lead you to think that these materials had synthesised " by chance " and then come together and manufactured such a car? there is no doubt that anyone with a sound mind would realise that the car was the product of an intelligent design - in other words, a factory - and wonder what it was doing there in the middle of the forest. the sudden emergence of a complex structure in a complete form, quite out of the blue, shows that this is the work of an intelligent agent. a complex system like the cell is no doubt created by a superior will and wisdom. in other words, it came into existence as a creation of god. believing that pure chance can produce perfect designs goes well beyond the bounds of reason. yet, every " explanation put forward by the theory of evolution regarding the origin of life is like that. one outspoken authority on this issue is the famous french zoologist pierre - paul grasse, the former president of the french academy of sciences. grasse is a materialist, yet he acknowledges that


of evolution regarding the origin of life is like that. one outspoken authority on this issue is the famous french zoologist pierre - paul grasse, the former president of the french academy of sciences. grasse is a materialist, yet he acknowledges that darwinist theory is unable to explain life and makes a point about the logic of " coincidence ", which is the backbone of darwinism : the opportune appearance of mutations permitting animals and plants to meet their needs seems hard to believe. yet the darwinian theory is even more demanding : a single plant, a single animal would require thousands and thousands of lucky, appropriate events. thus, miracles would become the rule : events with an infinitesimal probability could not fail to occur … there is no law against daydreaming, but science must not indulge in it. ( pierre - p grasse, evolution of living organisms, new york : academic press, 1977, p. 103 ) grasse summarises what the concept of " coincidence " means for evolutionists : "... chance becomes a sort of providence, which, under the cover of atheism, is not named but which is secretly worshipped. " ( grasse, p. 107 ) the logical failure of evolutionists is an outcome of their enshrining the concept of coincidence. in the qur ' an, it is written that those who worship beings other than god are devoid of understanding ; they have hearts wherewith they understand not, eyes wherewith they see not, and ears wherewith they hear not. they are like cattle - nay more misguided : for they are heedless ( of warning ). ( surat al - araf : 179 ) evolutionary theory asserts that life is formed by chance. according to this claim, lifeless and unconscious atoms came together to form the cell and then they somehow formed other living things, including man. let us think about that. when we bring together the elements that are the building - blocks of life such as carbon, phosphorus, nitrogen and potassium, only a heap is formed. no matter what treatments it undergoes, this atomic heap cannot form even a single living being. if you like, let us formulate an " experiment " on this subject and let us examine on the behalf of evolutionists what they really claim without pronouncing loudly under the name " darwinian formula " : let evolutionists put plenty of materials present in the composition of living beings such as phosphorus, nitrogen, carbon, oxygen, iron, and magnesium into big barrels.


they really claim without pronouncing loudly under the name " darwinian formula " : let evolutionists put plenty of materials present in the composition of living beings such as phosphorus, nitrogen, carbon, oxygen, iron, and magnesium into big barrels. moreover, let them add in these barrels any material that does not exist under normal conditions, but they think as necessary. let them add in this mixture as many amino acids - which have no possibility of forming under natural conditions - and as many proteins - a single one of which has a formation probability of 10 - 950 - as they like. let them expose these mixtures to as much heat and moisture as they like. let them stir these with whatever technologically developed device they like. let them put the foremost scientists beside these barrels. let these experts wait in turn beside these barrels for billions, and even trillions of years. let them be free to use all kinds of conditions they believe to be necessary for a human ' s formation. no matter what they do, they cannot produce from these barrels a human, say a professor that examines his cell structure under the electron microscope. they cannot produce giraffes, lions, bees, canaries, horses, dolphins, roses, orchids, lilies, carnations, bananas, oranges, apples, dates, tomatoes, melons, watermelons, figs, olives, grapes, peaches, peafowls, pheasants, multicoloured butterflies, or millions of other living beings such as these. indeed, they could not obtain even a single cell of any one of them. briefly, unconscious atoms cannot form the cell by coming together. they cannot take a new decision and divide this cell into two, then take other decisions and create the professors who first invent the electron microscope and then examine their own cell structure under that microscope. matter is an unconscious, lifeless heap, and it comes to life with god ' s superior creation. evolutionary theory, which claims the opposite, is a total fallacy completely contrary to reason. thinking even a little bit on the claims of evolutionists discloses this reality, just as in the above example. | the muslim way of speaking | speaking with wisdom speaking with wisdom represents the ability to speak in the most appropriate, the most beneficial and most effective manner possible. but speaking with wisdom is not bound by any specific rules. it depends on the time, place, the person addressed, and the circumstances. moreover, the ability to speak with wisdom has no relation whatsoever with


the most beneficial and most effective manner possible. but speaking with wisdom is not bound by any specific rules. it depends on the time, place, the person addressed, and the circumstances. moreover, the ability to speak with wisdom has no relation whatsoever with people ' s degree of intelligence, or how cultured they may be, their level of education or technical expertise. some, who fail to apprehend this truth, then take part in courses or training with the aim of attaining wisdom and public speaking skills. some believe this trait can be obtained merely by employing certain techniques ; for this reason, they expend much effort to comply, as best as possible, to the various advice found in books about the rules of rhetoric or the art of diction. they believe that if their speaking is extended or excessively elaborate, or that they use fashionable or foreign turns of phrase, which they believe carry intellectual appeal, their speech will be more attractive and effective. however, these characteristics do not endow anyone with the ability to speak with wisdom, because wisdom is a faculty which can only be acquired through faith, the sincerity which results from awareness of allah and wholehearted submission to allah. as allah says of the angels, in the qur ' an, " they said, ' glory be to you! we have no knowledge except what you have taught us. you are the all - knowing, the all - wise '. " ( surat al - baqara : 32 ), allah has boundless wisdom, and he grants ability to whomever he wills. a person has no knowledge except what is taught by allah. when speaking with someone, those endowed with wisdom do not seek to endear the other to themselves. knowing that it is allah who grants the power of speech, they take refuge in him, and employ their speech in order only to gain his approval. at all times, they are aware that, while they are speaking, they are in the presence, not only of other people, but of allah, and that their words will be effective only by his will. to this purpose, that their language take effect and be supported with wisdom, they pray to allah. as a consequence of their sincerity, their conscience assists them to choose those words which are best and the most appropriate. as such, all who listen to their consciences may easily discern that which needs emphasis, what needs to be indicated, or what must be said. in contrast to verbose or elaborate speeches, as with those among whom the morality of the qur ' an


, all who listen to their consciences may easily discern that which needs emphasis, what needs to be indicated, or what must be said. in contrast to verbose or elaborate speeches, as with those among whom the morality of the qur ' an is not adhered to, they who speak with wisdom have an effect on the heart of their listeners. at no time does one who is sincere speak with the purpose of earning praise. however, because the real aim of those who are far removed from the morality set forth in the qur ' an is to make others be like them, they utterly lack in sincerity. without this sincerity, of course, nor either can there be wisdom in their speech. in it we would only be able to refer to its technical aspects. merely to make a show of their profound knowledge of a subject, some speakers at times make unnecessary pronouncements which are of no use whatsoever to their listeners. they belabor their audiences with two or three hour - long speeches on highly mundane subjects, which could have otherwise been explained in a few sentences. by contrast, people of faith explain in the most clear, comprehensible, concise and effective manner so as to be of benefit to the listener. their purpose is neither to make themselves lauded nor to assume superiority over others. their intention is solely to be of use to the listener, so as to earn the approval of allah. because their intention is pure, their efforts, allah willing, will be ultimately successful. the qur ' an draws our attention to the importance of wisdom, and to the fact that it is a great blessing : " he gives wisdom to whoever he wills and he who has been given wisdom has been given great good … " ( surat al - baqara : 269 ) indeed, those endowed with wisdom may, with allah ' s permission, live according to the religion in the best way and, by explaining to others the morality found in the qur ' an in the manner which is the most comprehensible and effective, bring upon them a number of benefits. those addressed by such wise people may, through their wise words, be able to see the truth behind the events they observe, and may be encouraged to reform their behavior, matters which until then they had not been able to properly understand. realizing how great a blessing wisdom is, the faithful, in their prayers, ask allah to grant them " wisdom and discernment in speech. " the qur ' an gives the example of the prophet ibrahim ' s ( as ) prayer :


understand. realizing how great a blessing wisdom is, the faithful, in their prayers, ask allah to grant them " wisdom and discernment in speech. " the qur ' an gives the example of the prophet ibrahim ' s ( as ) prayer : my lord, give me right judgment and unite me with the righteous ; and make me highly esteemed among the later peoples. ( surat ash - shu ‘ ara ' : 83 - 84 ) these verses call attention to the fact that allah grants wisdom to whomever he wills, and that wisdom is a characteristic trait of allah ' s messengers. for instance, from the verse, " [ we ] … gave him wisdom and decisive speech. " ( surah sad, 20 ), we understand that allah granted specific wisdom and influential speech to the prophet dawud ( as ). the following verse informs us that wisdom was imparted to the prophet ibrahim ( as ) : or do they in fact envy other people for the bounty allah has granted them? we gave the family of ibrahim the book and wisdom, and we gave them an immense kingdom. ( surat an - nisa ' : 54 ) as well, there is no relation between the ability to speak wisely and a person ' s age. allah will endow those with wisdom in proportion to their sincerity and faith, at whatever age he wills. the best examples of this, as stated in the qur ' an, are those of the prophets yahya ( as ) and musa ( as ). in the verse, " ' yahya, take hold of the book with vigor. ' we gave him judgment while still a child, " ( surah maryam : 12 ), we are told that the prophet yahya ( as ) was given wisdom in childhood. on the other hand, the verse, " and when he reached his full strength and maturity, we gave him judgment and knowledge. that is how we recompense good - doers. " ( surat al - qasas : 14 ) tells us that the prophet musa ( as ) received such blessing in his later years. several examples are provided in the qur ' an of the wise manner of speech of the prophets. one such example is that of a man who believed himself to be great, merely due to wealth and property, and initiated an argument about allah. faced with the wisdom of the answer of the prophet ibrahim ( as ), he then recognized his own insincerity : what about the one who argued with ibrahim about his lord, on the


wealth and property, and initiated an argument about allah. faced with the wisdom of the answer of the prophet ibrahim ( as ), he then recognized his own insincerity : what about the one who argued with ibrahim about his lord, on the basis that allah had given him sovereignty? ibrahim said, " my lord is he who gives life and causes to die. " he said, " i too give life and cause to die. " ibrahim said, " allah makes the sun come from the east. make it come from the west. " and the one who was an unbeliever was dumbfounded. allah does not guide wrongdoing people. ( surat al - baqara : 258 ) the originator ; the innovative creator the originator of the heavens and earth. when he decides on something, he just says to it, “ be! ” and it is. ( surat al - baqara, 2 : 117 ) no matter how competent and intelligent people may be, any innovation or new idea is limited to their background and what they see around themselves. we enjoy five senses and cannot imagine a sixth sense. moreover, we can use these senses only to a certain extent. for instance, we are utterly ignorant of what we cannot perceive. accordingly, we cannot think, discover, or exercise our wisdom about something that does not exist on earth, or in the universe as far as we know it. indeed, scientists develop some of their projects by imitating animals in nature and their flawless systems. for example, the dolphin ’ s snout served as a model for the bows of modern ships, while radar works on the principle used by bats, namely, emitting very high frequency sound waves ( ultrasound ) to compensate for their poor eyesight. such examples are legion. ( for further reference, please see, harun yahya, for men of understanding, 3rd ed., [ london : ta - ha publishers ltd., april 2003 ] ) allah ’ s knowledge is unbounded. everything that exists, whether visible or not to the naked eye, is the product of allah ’ s innovative creation. at a time when there was nothing, no universe, galaxies, planets, living beings, or even a single cell, he decided to create a flawless system consisting of atoms, molecules, cells, living beings, planets, stars, and galaxies. upon his command “ be, ” the universe and all of its contents came into being based upon no model other than what he willed to be. from the micro -


of atoms, molecules, cells, living beings, planets, stars, and galaxies. upon his command “ be, ” the universe and all of its contents came into being based upon no model other than what he willed to be. from the micro - world, of which the humanity became aware after thousands of years, to the celestial bodies discovered during the twentieth century, all of these systems were designed by allah and function according to his laws. this is related in the qur ’ an, as follows : say : “ my lord has commanded justice. stand and face him in every mosque and call upon him, making your religion sincerely his. as he originated you, so will you return. ” ( surat al - a ‘ raf, 7 : 29 ) is the originator of the heavens and earth. how could he have a son when he has no wife? he created all things and has knowledge of all things. ( surat al - an ‘ am, 6 : 101 ) is there any limit to good morals? can one say " that ' s enough " after attaining a certain level of good morals? there are no limits to good morals. for every action and word, there is certainly a better one. one can never say " this is enough " or " this is the best. " furthermore, whenever people deem themselves to have reached a satisfactory level, moral and behavioral corruption sets in. since they believe that they have no further need to renew themselves, they cannot benefit from any beauty or show any improvement in their characters. allah points out that those who see themselves as sufficient are arrogant : no indeed! truly man is unbridled, seeing himself as self - sufficient. ( surat al - ` alaq, 6 - 7 ) thus people should always seek to improve themselves, because nobody can be sure of earning paradise and allah ’ s good pleasure before allah ’ s decision about him or her is known. * what is the " decisive speech " that allah gave to prophet dawud ( as )? we made his kingdom strong and gave him wisdom and decisive speech. ( surah sad, 20 ) decisive speech is the ability to explain the truth in the most concise, most articulate, and most influential way. in other words, it is the ability to talk wisely. the most significant characteristic of such speech is that its very sincerity and fluency moves the conscience of others. those who have decisive speech deeply influence other people by causing them to alter their thoughts, ideologies, and ways of living, and


monday, sept. 24 ( healthday news ) - - women who were born preterm may be more likely to have pregnancy complications than other women, a new study suggests. the risk is higher for those born before 32 weeks ' gestation, the study found. canadian researchers examined data from more than 7, 000 women born preterm ( earlier than 37 weeks ' gestation ) and more than 16, 000 born at term between 1976 and 1995 in the province of quebec. at least one pregnancy complication occurred in nearly 12 percent of women born at term, slightly more than 13 percent of women born between 32 and 36 weeks, and nearly 20 percent of those born at less than 32 weeks. pregnancy complications included gestational diabetes, gestational hypertension, and preeclampsia or eclampsia. the researchers also found that women who were born small for gestational age, whether preterm or term, also had an increased risk for pregnancy complications, a finding reported in previous studies. the new study, published sept. 24 in cmaj, the journal of the canadian medical association, also found that chronic high blood pressure and type 2 diabetes were more common among women born preterm than among those born at term. both conditions increase the risk of pregnancy complications. higher rates of pregnancy complications in women born preterm may be linked to underlying conditions related to the preterm births, the researchers suggested. " the impact of the patients ' preterm birth on obstetric care should be taken into account in the care of pregnant patients, as well as in the allocation of resources in the health care system, " said dr. anne monique nuyt of sainte - justine university hospital and research center, university of montreal, and colleagues in a journal news release. the findings suggest that as increasing numbers of very preterm babies survive, a larger population may be at risk of hypertension, type 2 diabetes and other related health issues, the researchers said. the study found a link between pre - term birth and pregnancy complications ; it did not prove a cause - and - effect relationship. the u. s. office on women ' s health has more about pregnancy complications. copyright © 2012 healthday. all rights reserved.


by amy norton tuesday, march 19 ( healthday news ) - - more than 180, 000 deaths worldwide in 2010 were linked to a high intake of sugar - laden drinks, a new study estimates, including 25, 000 deaths in the united states. most deaths occurred in middle - to low - income countries, the harvard researchers noted. the findings are surprising because " we often think of this as a problem only in high - income countries, like the u. s., " said lead researcher gitanjali singh, a research fellow at harvard school of public health, in boston. she said her findings, presented tuesday at an american heart association meeting in new orleans, point to a need for policies that curb people ' s sugary drink intake. one such effort, in new york city, is currently in the spotlight. last week, a judge struck down mayor michael bloomberg ' s controversial limit on large sweetened sodas and other sugary beverages, one day before the rule was to go into effect. bloomberg said he would appeal the decision and defended his plan, which would have limited the size of sugary drinks sold at restaurants, food carts and theaters to 16 ounces. singh said that ' s not the only type of measure officials could take. others could include taxing sugar - added drinks, or limiting advertising of the beverages to children. but " anti - soda " moves are a tough sell - - not only because the beverage industry and many consumers resist. it ' s also hard to pin ill health effects on one component of people ' s diets, even if it ' s a nutritionally dubious one. these latest findings do not prove that sugary drinks kill people. they only show a correlation between high consumption and deaths from heart disease, diabetes and certain cancers. " this type of study cannot prove cause - and - effect, " said lona sandon, an assistant professor of clinical nutrition at the university of texas southwestern medical center at dallas. " sugary beverage consumption is often paired with other unhealthy food choices or behaviors, " said sandon, who was not involved in the study. " chronic diseases, such as heart disease and diabetes, are the result of many factors, not just excess sugar intake. " that said, everyone should be limiting added sugar - - from drinks and food - - sandon stressed. " we just do not need added sugar that is empty calories, " she said. the beverage industry also weighed in on the findings. " this [ study ], which is neither peer -


- from drinks and food - - sandon stressed. " we just do not need added sugar that is empty calories, " she said. the beverage industry also weighed in on the findings. " this [ study ], which is neither peer - reviewed nor published, is more about sensationalism than science, " the american beverage association ( aba ) said in a statement issued tuesday. " in no way does it show that consuming sugar - sweetened beverages causes chronic diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease or cancer - - the real causes of death among the studied subjects, " the aba added. " the researchers make a huge leap when they illogically and wrongly take beverage intake calculations from around the globe and allege that those beverages are the cause of deaths which the authors themselves acknowledge are due to chronic disease. " study author singh agreed that for any one person, many factors go into the risk of developing heart disease, cancer or other chronic conditions. but she said that on the " population level, " it is still possible to estimate the number of deaths attributable to sugary drink consumption. to do that, she and her colleagues used national nutrition surveys from around the world to gauge how high people ' s sugary drink intake was in each country. then they estimated how sugar - added drinks affected obesity levels in those countries. finally, singh said, they turned to data on how obesity sways people ' s risk of heart disease, type 2 diabetes and certain cancers - - such as breast, colon and pancreatic cancers. overall, they estimate that upwards of 180, 000 deaths were " attributable to " sugary drink consumption in 2010. that included more than 130, 000 from diabetes, about 45, 000 from heart disease and stroke, and 4, 600 from various cancers. as for sugary drink intake, young cuban men beat the rest of the world : men younger than 45 typically downed more than five servings per day. and in general, latin america and the caribbean had the most deaths linked to sugar - sweetened drinks.


many cancer survivors report feeling they ’ ve lost some mental sharpness following treatment. this common phenomenon has come to be known as “ chemo brain ” or “ chemo fog, ” which is somewhat misleading because it also occurs in people who have not undergone chemotherapy. although recent studies have shown that up to 75 % of cancer survivors do indeed experience altered mental function — and that these changes can last for five years or longer — doctors often downplay complaints about chemo fog, says shelli r. kesler of the stanford cancer center in palo alto, calif. “ [ patients ] often are told it ’ s not real, they ’ re imagining it, it ’ s just due to stress, ” she says. in a new study published this week in the archives of neurology, kesler and her colleagues provide more evidence that the phenomenon is real. using brain scans, the researchers found that breast - cancer survivors show changes in key aspects of mental function that can translate to real - world difficulties. and these changes were particularly marked in women who had undergone chemotherapy. kesler ’ s team investigated prefrontal - executive function, the type of mental activity most commonly reported to go awry in breast - cancer patients. executive function includes the ability to selectively pay attention, work with information, and choose the appropriate response while suppressing inappropriate responses. the study included 25 breast - cancer patients who had undergone chemo, 19 breast - cancer survivors who didn ’ t get chemo, and 18 healthy women. while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging ( fmri ) brain scans, the participants completed a brainteaser in which they tried to discern a pattern in a series of cards printed with colorful geometric shapes. the test, kesler explains, measures “ cognitive flexibility, ” or the ability to identify the best solution to a problem by mentally testing several possibilities. overall, both groups of breast - cancer patients showed less activity than the control group in regions of the brain involved in executive - function tasks such as storing and processing information. and the chemo - treated patients displayed the least activity of any group in parts of the brain associated with cognitive flexibility — a result that was borne out by the card - sorting task. the chemo patients made the most mistakes on the task, on average, and they took the most time to complete it. the brain activity of the chemo patients was also closely correlated with how severe they judged their own post - treatment declines in mental function to be. this finding confirms that chemo fog is not imaginary, says


they took the most time to complete it. the brain activity of the chemo patients was also closely correlated with how severe they judged their own post - treatment declines in mental function to be. this finding confirms that chemo fog is not imaginary, says robert ferguson, a clinical psychologist at eastern maine medical center in bangor, who studies the phenomenon but was not involved in the new research. “ i have patients tell me, ‘ i ’ m just working harder and i ’ m slower at what i do, and i have to check my work and i still find errors, even when i ’ m working methodically, ’ ” ferguson says. “ this data is consistent with that anecdotal report. ” it ’ s not clear that chemotherapy is directly to blame, however. more than half of the patients in both breast - cancer groups took tamoxifen, an estrogen - blocking drug that also has been linked to cognitive impairment, and most of the women in both groups also underwent radiation therapy. either treatment could affect the brain, kesler says. even surgery could be a contributing factor, because general anesthesia can have lasting effects on mental function, ferguson says. finally, cancer could be harmful in and of itself. “ when you get a disease like cancer, it activates your immune system, ” kesler says. “ sometimes you can have increased inflammation for a really long period of time, and inflammation can affect the brain. ” cancer - related changes in mental function tend to vary widely by patient, says james root, a neuropsychologist at memorial sloan - kettering cancer center in new york city, who studies cognitive impairment in cancer patients. “ treatment does not appear to affect all individuals equally, ” he says. “ some go through treatment and exhibit no issues, while others are significantly affected. ” researchers aren ’ t sure what accounts for this individual variation, although genes, age, biological factors, and the pre - cancer mental function of the patient could all play a role, root says. sure enough, older cancer survivors in the study tended to have less brain activity than their younger counterparts in the areas targeted by the researchers. the amount of brain activity also tended to increase with the women ’ s level of education, which suggests that people who have strong mental function before cancer treatment may be somewhat protected against declines, the study notes. kesler and her team are developing strategies for helping patients adapt to changes in mental function, and are conducting a clinical trial of a cognitive rehabilitation program they developed. “ the less mentally and


source : telegraph ( uk ) ( 12 - 31 - 09 ) – a related game, cross and pile, was played in medieval england. the cross was the major design on one side of many coins, and the pile was the mark created by the hammer used to strike the metal on the other side. – one of the most significant coin tosses in the united state ' s history involved the naming of the city of portland, oregon in 1845. asa lovejoy and francis pettygrove, who owned the claim to the land that would later become portland, each wanted to name their new town after their respective hometowns of boston, massachusetts and portland, maine. pettygrove prevailed in the coin flip, and the town was named portland. – in 1903, the wright brothers flipped a coin to see which one of them would take to the air in the first ever powered flight. wilbur won the toss but his attempt was only partially successful. orville ' s later flight was considered the first example of powered flight. – in the 1968 european football championship the semi - final between italy and the soviet union finished 0 - 0 after extra - time. penalty shoot - outs had not been invented and it was decided to toss a coin to see who reached the final, rather than play a replay. italy won, and went on to become european champions. the new zealand lottery game big wednesday uses a coin toss. if a player matches all 6 of their numbers, the coin toss will decide whether they win a cash jackpot or a bigger jackpot with luxury prizes. – in august 2001, nasser hussain, the england cricket captain, lost the toss for the 14th successive time. – some elections have been decided by the toss of a coin when no candidate has secured a majority. in may 2007, conservative christopher underwood - frost only held on by winning on the toss of a coin after he tied with his lib dem rival on 781 votes for the lincolnshire seat.


bsa supply no. 35933 plumbing, including pipe fitting, is an important and well - paid occupation. the industry is quite broad. it covers installations and repairs in homes, commercial properties, and factories. plumbing pipelines are used for water supply, waste drainage, natural - gas heating, and many other purposes. - do the following : do the following : - describe how a properly working plumbing system protects your family ' s health and safety. - list five important local health regulations related to plumbing and tell how they protect health and safety. - describe the safety precautions you must take when making home plumbing repairs. show how to use five important plumber ' s tools. identify and describe the use of each of the following : washer, retaining nut, plunger ( rubber force cup ), solder, flux, elbow, tee, nipple, coupling, plug, union, trap, drainpipe, and water meter. name the kinds of pipe that are used most often in a plumbing system. explain why these pipes are used. cut, thread, and connect two pieces of steel pipe. under the supervision of a knowledgeable adult, solder three copper tube connections using a gas torch. include one tee, two straight pieces, and one coupling. do the following : - make a drawing and explain how a home hot - and cold - water supply system works. tell how you would make it safe from freezing. - make a drawing and explain the drainage system of the plumbing in a house. show and explain the use of drains and vents. - replace a washer in a faucet. - clean out a sink or lavatory trap. better homes and gardens editors. step - by - step plumbing. meredith books, 1997. - home depot books editors. plumbing 1 - 2 - 3 : install, upgrade, repair, and maintain your home ' s plumbing system. home depot, 2001. popular mechanics editors. home how - to. hearst books, 2000. organizations and web sites american society of plumbing engineers web site : http : / / www. aspe. org international association of plumbing and mechanical officials web site : http : / / www. iapmo. org mechanical contractors association of america web site : http : / / www. mcaa. org plumbing - heating - cooling contractors web site : http : / / www. phccweb. org united association of plumbers and pipefitters web site : http : / / www. ua. org


jesus was at the last supper with his disciples. he looked around the table. in one direction he saw judas iscariot, and recognized betrayal in his eyes. he then looked the other way and saw peter sitting near the door, as if he was ready to escape. then he noticed thomas across from him, looking doubtful and unsure. jesus looked up and down the table, then called the waiter over. he whispered in the waiter ’ s ear, “ we ’ re going to need separate checks please. ” very wise move! did you ever wonder why they were all crowded on one side of the table at the last supper? surely it wasn ’ t to make it easier for leonard da vinci to paint the scene! it reminds me of a 70s sitcom with the perfect family sitting on one side of their perfect dinner table, speaking nicely to each other. in our family, we try to spread right around the table to avoid conflict. a meal that involved jesus would have been like a real family dinner table ; noisy, messy and open to every teen friend in search of a meal. there would have been a lot of people present, certainly a lot more than 12. the closest disciples would have been reclining around the table, meaning that they would have been sitting on benches with their feet on the outside of the table. it would have been busy. people would have come in and out from the streets to sit at the feet of the disciples and listen to the conversation. it would have been busy and public. meals were the symbol of inclusion for jesus and what became known as the last supper would have been no different. it ’ s likely that many social and religious rules of the day would have been broken ; maybe there were women at the table. maybe they didn ’ t wash their hands before eating. a big and open table was always more important to jesus than religious purity. part of jesus ’ unique style was not only mingling with women, but acting like one as well. for example one of the most radical features of the last supper was that jesus broke the bread himself, and served it to his friends. the disciples were peasants and would never have been served by slaves, but would usually be served by women. jesus challenging them to love in a new way ; a love that transcended gender as well as social and religious etiquette. the easter value is that it ’ s more important to treat people than to be right. easter is not about beliefs, or religious ritual. it ’ s about compassion and inclusion. double dipping


lebowski jesus figure and baseball jesus. it ’ s all in good fun. it seems normal and healthy to portray jesus in ways that make sense in a particular context. the issue i have is when jesus is used to promote values that seem contrary to his life. the release of the report about supersizing the last supper coincided with jamie oliver ’ s food revolution premiere on american television. he transformed school lunches in the uk, and now he has turned his attention to the us. obesity and mindless eating are a huge problem in america. the statistic that has shocked me most is that due to obesity, the current generation of kids could be the first generation in over 200 years that doesn ’ t live as long as their parents. there is a culture of poor nutrition taking hold in america. jamie oliver went into classrooms where the kids couldn ’ t name any of the vegetables, even a tomato. now doesn ’ t it seem ironic to you that easter has become a time to gorge on copious quantities of low grade chocolate? doesn ’ t it seem like a bad dieting strategy to fast during lent, then binge on chocolate at easter? surely the values associated with easter should include wellness and mindfulness. food and eating are a great way to honor the spirit of jesus ’ values. jesus didn ’ t say, “ super size your meals in remembrance of me. ” he said eat moderately and super size your mindfulness. one of the best ways you can live easter values is to join the food revolution. eat mindfully and help children to eat mindfully. what you choose to eat affects you, your families, the economy, the environment and all living things on the planet. the way you can eat in memory of jesus is to open yourself to the whole experience of food as a microcosm of life. remember the prayer of buddhist monk thick nhat hahn - this plate now empty will soon be filled with precious food. in this food i see the presence of the entire universe supporting my existence. many beings are struggling for food today. may all have enough to eat. i would add - many beings are eating mindlessly. may all eat mindfully. listen to the sizzle in the pan, the bubbling in the pot. smell the aromas in the air, the scent on the hands. look at the beauty of all that earth has provided. gaze at the food on your plate and trace its evolution from seed to table. hold warm bread in your hands and feel it warm your body. allow food to come


the scent on the hands. look at the beauty of all that earth has provided. gaze at the food on your plate and trace its evolution from seed to table. hold warm bread in your hands and feel it warm your body. allow food to come into contact with every tastebud. close your eyes, shut your ears, and let the food in your mouth become a part of your being. supersize your character so there is a distinction between the details of the historic events and the values that jesus lived and died for. the details of the history are questionable at best. the evidence for a physical resurrection is slim. so it begs the question - why should we celebrate easter at all? it ’ s an ancient tradition borrowed from pagan sources. most of it didn ’ t happen the way the story suggests, and the mainstream easter message is that jesus died for your sins and rose for your salvation. if i tell you that you don ’ t need to be saved from anything, and the death of jesus had nothing to do with sin and redemption, is there any point in celebrating easter? if easter reminds you to join the evolution revolution, then it ’ s worth celebrating easter. if easter reminds you that nature ’ s patterns are wise and you should respect the earth, then easter is worth celebrating. if easter reminds you that there is always the possibility of starting over and making amends, and that new possibilities so often emerge out of death and loss, then easter is worth celebrating. if easter reminds you that you don ’ t need a physical resurrection because you have an awareness of resurrection within and around you, at your finger tips at any time, then it ’ s well worth celebrating easter. just in case you think the demands of an easter revolution are impossible, remember that you only have to do the best you can. the last thing we want to do is replace the impossible standards of a wrathful god with a new impossible standard. you don ’ t have to be perfect, just be mindful. i remember once seeing a group of monks, in their saffron robes, eating at mcdonald ’ s. even monks eat big macs from time to time. so don ’ t set impossible standards for yourself. make small changes in your life and your family ’ s life and join the revolution. have you seen the world ’ s largest cross? it ’ s not far from here, in indian river. i went there a few years ago. it ’ s a super - sized cross. in australia, we proudly show off the world


revolution. have you seen the world ’ s largest cross? it ’ s not far from here, in indian river. i went there a few years ago. it ’ s a super - sized cross. in australia, we proudly show off the world ’ s largest pineapple. in nz, i visited the world ’ s largest can of pop. in ohio, i visited the world ’ s largest basket. kitsch is one thing. but the world ’ s largest cross? it ’ s an eerie thing to ogle at the world ’ s largest cross, a bit like visiting the world ’ s worst massacre or staring at the world ’ s most horrendous accident. we don ’ t need supersized crosses. we need supersized vision ; a vision for a world united by love, and an understanding that the common humanity that unites us is so much more significant than the differences that divide us. the easter message is to supersize your character and not your possessions. supersize your compassion, not your religious purity. supersize what comes out of your mouth, rather than what goes into your mouth. supersize your inner strength rather than your outer physique. supersize your optimism and love for all people, rather than bitterness and negativity. supersize your inner world and then you will always have enough and you will see resurrection everywhere. easter light in me honors supersized optimism in you. happy easter and namaste. for further reflection - how important are the historical details of the easter story? is resurrection a meaningful metaphor, even without a literal, physical resurrection of jesus? what do you see as the values of jesus ’ life? what does easter mean to you?


in part one, 15 excellent examples of web typography, i showcased 15 web sites that make excellent use of type. to avoid this article being inordinately long, i ’ m going to focus on the first site in the list, namely a list apart. to take all 15 examples to pieces would be rather pointless, because most of what ’ s good about them is shared. a list apart the job of web typography is not to simply mimic that of print. first, the web is a different medium with different strengths and weaknesses. attempting to faithfully reproduce print typography is a rather pointless exercise. the printed page is rigid ; we have no control over the size of the type and of the page ; on - line the user has more power, more influence ; she can resize the page ( browser window ), and even alter the default font size ; add to the mix, different browsers with different rendering capabilities, differing resolutions and screen sizes, and we soon realise that the web page and the printed page make different demands. however, despite these differences, the elements of good typography are shared across these two mediums. in a future article we ’ ll look at this topic in more detail ; today however, we have something different on our hands, so, without further ado let ’ s take this list apart. don your overalls, put on those latex gloves, and with that rather awful ( list apart ) pun behind us, let me reintroduce you to a list apart. home page view article page view not only is this site a wonderful resource, with well written articles, but it has the feel of a magazine or an academic journal — both in its design and in its typography ( it even has its own issn number! ). the first tick against this site sits beside “ white space ”. though the pages are quite full with information, even above the fold, they don ’ t feel crowded. ( see also mark boulton ’ s whitespace ). the page benefits from a relatively even texture and light colour ( in typography the colour of a page refers to its density or blackness of the type as a whole ). good typography is like bread ; ready to be admired, appraised and dissected before it is consumed. — robert bringhurst everything feels like it ’ s in the right place. type is used as a means of hierarchy, as a way to distinguish and differentiate elements on the page. the logotype sits


##sed and dissected before it is consumed. — robert bringhurst everything feels like it ’ s in the right place. type is used as a means of hierarchy, as a way to distinguish and differentiate elements on the page. the logotype sits in its most comfortable position, top - left ; the main menus, sit along the top, and are distinguished from other elements by their size, weight and style. all caps often benefits from a little extra letterspacing, as in the above example. the above date is styled like so : letter - spacing : 0. 33em ; ( equivalent to 3px ) the letter - spacing property is also used for titles and bylines. a word of caution : there is usually never a need to apply css letter - spacing to the lower - case ; and never, never, never, ever use negative letterspacing. there is an excellent article on web letterspacing over at webtypography. net. letterspace all strings of capitals and small caps, and all long strings of digits …. in titles and headings, extra letterspacing is often desirable. — robert bringhurst often, even a poorly designed page with substandard type can be much improved by simply aligning the elements to a well - crafted grid. a grid, though invisible, brings order and rhythm to design and to the type. note how the black badge in the top - left is supported by the grid, and how the top of the a within the logotype levels with the division between date and the preamble text. these are small details, but consistent attention to small details makes for a good whole. in a future article, we ’ ll take a look at sifr ( scaleable inman flash replacement ), for styling headings in flash ; how to style drop caps that are cross - browser friendly, and much, much more. this one has been longer than usual. the next article will be a little shorter and a whole lot sweeter, and will include the next typenuts cartoon, so stay tuned. i ’ ll also reveal the identity of brian ( i ’ ve received numerous emails about him ). to ensure you don ’ t miss out on the next article ( and on discovering brian ’ s true identity ), subscribe to i love typography today.


i am going to try to explain where the word " nazi " comes from. it is as plain as a pikestaff to a german - speaking person but i doubt if i have ever come across an english speaking person who " gets " it. jonah goldberg probably gets it but yiddish is a german dialect so he has a head start. ok : the first thing to note is that hitler ' s political party was called ( in english ) the " national socialist german workers ' party ". and the curious thing is that the word " national " is spelled exactly the same in german as in english. so in german the party was called the : nationalsozialistische deutsche arbeiter partei. " national " is in fact a borrowing from english / french. it ' s spelled the same in french too. but it is pronounced differently in the three countries. germans pronounce it ( approximately ) as " nartsionarl ". but a german word pronounced that way would not be spelled that way. it would be spelled as " nazional ". german has strict spelling rules ( unlike english ) so that is obvious in german. so " nazi " is simply the first two syllables of " national " - - where " national " is pronounced in the german way. maybe that is as clear as mud but i hope it is not. if not, just take my word for it that " nazi " is a german abbreviation for " national ". quite mundane, really. much less exciting than you might expect. but nazis were not simply the " nationalists ". there was another german political party at the time called nationalists. " nazis " were " national socialists " because " national socialists " is one word in german : nationalsozialisten. so " nazi " could be an abbreviation of both " nationalists " and " national socialists ". it was of course normally applied to the latter. hugenberg ' s nationalists were a much more minor party. jamming two or more words together to make one longer word is very german. in english we do the same but use latin and greek words as the starting point. perhaps the most curious example of that is the word " television " - - where the greek word " tele " ( meaning " afar " ) is combined with the latin word " videre " ( to see ). in german, a tv set is a fernsehgeraet, or " far - seeing - gadget ". i think the german word is more straightforward. mixing greek and latin is considered


researchers have created a synthetic " tree " - a centimeter - sized hydrogel with nanopores that can pull water just like real trees pull moisture up their tall trunks. optical micrograph image of a synthetic tree. credit : tobias wheeler. the scientists, led by abraham stroock of cornell university, explained that this process is called " transpiration. " getting water to overcome the force of gravity and move upward to the top of a tree requires a lot of energy. it ' s also a large factor in determining the maximum height of a tree - after it reaches a certain height, it just can ' t pull water any higher. by simulating transpiration in the lab, the researchers show that the process is purely physical, and requires no biological energy. understanding how the process works could allow researchers to use it for several human applications. in nature, real trees have long strands of transport tissue in their wood called xylum. when water evaporates from the upper leaves of the tree into the atmosphere, the xylum experiences a negative pressure, and this tension pulls water from the roots to the upper parts of the tree. in a sense the xylum is like a long straw, through which water is sucked to the top. the cornell researchers mimicked this behavior by using laboratory materials. they fabricated leaf and root membranes from hydrogel, similar to the material used in soft contact lenses. then they created tiny xylem capillaries in nanopores in the hydrogel using microfabrication techniques, through which water could be pulled. the researchers are investigating several applications for the water - pulling technique. one idea is to develop a new kind of passive heat - transfer technology to heat buildings. for instance, a solar collector on the roof could heat a fluid, which could be distributed by gravity to lower parts of the building. then the fluid could be recycled back up to the roof using the transpiration technique. the method could also be used for cooling laptops and de - contaminating the soil, where contaminated fluid could simply be sucked out of the soil. another idea is using the method to draw water out of deep soil, doing away with the need to dig wells. via : cornell university


by robert petitijean ta hydronics ab. in chiller systems, pumps, pipes and terminal units are selected to meet a specific maximum cooling load. if this capacity cannot be obtained because the system is unbalanced, then the owner has not the full return on his investment. if the supply water flow is correct, any zone flow greater than its design will create less flow available to other zones. this results in remote circuits with less than design flow which are not able to meet their required load. in figure 1, a cooling system is shown with two chillers piped in parallel, providing their supply in a production loop. a distribution pump draws chilled water from this loop at tee m, delivers it to the terminal units and returns it at tee n. a two way modulating control valve varies the flow through each terminal in response to a local temperature / humidity controller. a balancing valve limits the flow to each terminal. if the system is not balanced, the distribution flow " qs, " may be greater than chiller flow " qg " and a reverse flow " qb " will occur in the bypass mn to mix with the chiller supply at m. this increases the supply water temperature " ts " and consequently reduces the chiller capacity available to the distribution pumping system and the terminals. hydronic balancing avoids this situation. the balancing investment ( balancing valves + flow adjustments ) typically costs less than one percent of the total hvac cost. this allows the maximum chiller capacity installed to be fully distributed to all terminals, thereby returning the investment to the owner in terms of building performance and satisfied occupants. each terminal is shown with a balancing valve on its return side to act as a shut off valve, a flow measuring devices and a flow adjusting valve. since a shut off valve is recommended on both supply and return sides of the terminal piping, the balancing valve does not add to the installation labour cost. the balancing valve gives the opportunity to measure the terminal flow accurately in the commissioning process and is an important diagnostic tool during the life of the system. in addition, the balancing valve is provided with a mechanical memory to permit re - opening the valve to its correct position after servicing the terminal. manual balancing valves have to be balanced, which is a beneficial constraint, because the balancing procedure gives the possibility to detect most of the hydronic abnormalities during the commissioning operation. in variable flow of water distribution, some believe that two way control valves solve the balancing problem as they automatically provide the required flow in each terminal unit. this is true if the control


possibility to detect most of the hydronic abnormalities during the commissioning operation. in variable flow of water distribution, some believe that two way control valves solve the balancing problem as they automatically provide the required flow in each terminal unit. this is true if the control valves are correctly sized, if the control loop is stable, if the set point of the thermostat is not at an extreme value and if the terminal units are selected for the maximum load required. a lot of " ifs " to meet this statement! the typical characteristics of a cooling terminal and control valve are represented at figure 2 ( see reference a ). the non - linear characteristic of the cooling coil, makes control difficult with a proportional control valve. at small loads, for a small increase of valve lift, the cooling output increases rapidly. to make the control better, an equal % control valve must be used as shown in fig 2b. for 50 % of valve lift, the water flow is 20 % ( fig 2b ). 20 % of flow gives 50 % of cooling effect ( fig 2a ). finally, 50 % of valve lift gives 50 % of cooling effect ( fig 2c ). however, the non - linear characteristic of the terminal is really compensated by the equal % control valve characteristic. the design flow must be just obtained when the control valve is fully open ( fig 2b ) click to see the clear image to obtain the terminal ' s design flow at design condition, the pressure drop of the control valve at full open position must be equal to the available differential pressure δh less the design pressure drop in the terminal coil ( 8ft ) and the piping components ( 1 ft ) ( see fig 3a ). in the design stage, who knows the available differential pressure δh on each circuit? it is doubtful the designer provides this. also what is the pressure drop for the terminal coil, which will not be chosen until the contractor is selected? and we may not find, on the market, the correctly sized control valve calculated for this terminal. in example fig 3a, the pressure drop in the control valve, for a design flow of 25 gpm, must be ideally equal to ( 27 - 8 - 1 = ) 18 ft. the corresponding2 cv should be 9. on the market, this cv may not be available and a value of cv = 12 is selected. this valve ( cv = 12 ) creates a pressure drop of 9 ft for the design flow. this oversized valve gives a flow3 of 31 gpm ( curve 1 fig 3b )


not be available and a value of cv = 12 is selected. this valve ( cv = 12 ) creates a pressure drop of 9 ft for the design flow. this oversized valve gives a flow3 of 31 gpm ( curve 1 fig 3b ). with a balancing valve set for a pressure drop of ( 27 - 8 - 9 = ) 10ft, the correct design flow is obtained for the wide open control valve. the valve characteristic ( curve 2 fig 3b ) is closer to the theoretical equal % characteristic. this example shows why the control valves may be oversized and why balancing valves are required. at full load, all the control valves will be fully open. if the piping system is unbalanced, it may not be able to provide the design flow to each terminal. remember if the flow is greater than the design flow for some terminals, it will result in less flow available for other terminals. often, the system has to work at full load. if the system is never fully loaded, the chillers, pumps, etc. are oversized and the system is not correctly designed. when the system is balanced, it ' s not necessary to oversize, reducing the equipment investment and the operating costs. in starting - up each morning after night shut down, the cooling tonnage installed is required but may not be properly disturbed. any mixing at m ( fig 1 ) keeps the chilled supply water temperature higher than its design. the room temperatures slowly reduce to their set point, first for the circuits at design flow or greater. these controllers are reducing their flows. design room temperatures will eventually be reached, but not at the same time for all terminals. if the plant has to be started ½ hour earlier than normal, in comparison with an 8 hours normal day, the energy usage increases by 6. 25 % per day, i. e. 0. 5 x 100 / 8, which can exceed the distribution pumping costs. hydronic balancing allows each control valve, when fully open, to obtain its design flow. this remains true when the system is not working at the design condition, with a total average water flow lower than design. since a lower average flow means less pressure drops in the pipes and accessories, the available differential pressure and flow on each circuit can only increase. if the balancing valve is adjusted properly, it creates the minimum drop to obtain the design flow for the terminal at design condition. if after commissioning, the balancing valve is opened fully, the flow will increase. in example fig 3b ( curve 1 ), the flow and the


adjusted properly, it creates the minimum drop to obtain the design flow for the terminal at design condition. if after commissioning, the balancing valve is opened fully, the flow will increase. in example fig 3b ( curve 1 ), the flow and the pumping energy increase 24 % of design4. the control valve will have to close further, resulting in a shift of control point. the friction head energy is not saved that way, it will just be transferred from the balancing valve to the control valve. it is then obvious that the balancing valves do not create added pressure drops. one author has said : " in a plant, an analysis of pressure losses revealed a pressure drop of 50 to 56 psi across a balance valve installed on the discharge of he secondary pumps. this resulted in a energy loss of over 900, 000 kwh per year. " thanks to the balancing valve for showing that the pump is oversized. this is to say : " don ' t accuse at thermometer if it is too hot in the room ". knowing this pump is oversized, the correct action is to trim or replace the pump impeller or the pump itself, re - open the pump balancing valve to eliminate any additional pumping cost. if only the balancing valve is eliminated, the excess pump head must be absorbed by the control valves or automatic flow limiters without saving any pumping energy. from the point of view, manual hydronic balancing allows the minimum pumping cost in the distribution system. the manufacturer does not provide he coil as a flow measuring device. differences between the catalog and actual pressure drop may vary from 10 % to 40 %. if a coil is to be used as a flow measuring device, it should be specified with a verified flow vs. pressure drop curve ( from the factory ) and pressure taps at the inlet and outlet headers. if the coil becomes partially clogged, high pressure drops will be interpreted as a high flow while the actual flow, in reality, may be too low. first let us look at the direct return distribution ( fig 4 ) the first terminal circuit sees a higher differential pressure than the other terminal circuit ( ab at first and ef at last, see fig 4b ). the control valve is selected according to the available differential pressure ab for first and ef for last. suppose figure 3 represents the circuit ef in fig 4a. the pressure drop ef is 27 ft, including terminal and accessories ( 9 ft ). then the theoretical pressure drop through the control valve must be 18ft and cv5 is 9. if the available


3 represents the circuit ef in fig 4a. the pressure drop ef is 27 ft, including terminal and accessories ( 9 ft ). then the theoretical pressure drop through the control valve must be 18ft and cv5 is 9. if the available differential pressure for the first terminal circuit ( ab in figure 4b ) is 57 ft, the control valve has to be selected for ( 57 - 9 = ) 48 ft pressure drop and its cv = 5. 4. at 50 % average flow ( fig 4c ), the pipe pressure drop decreases and the pump head increases. the differential pressure for the first terminal circuit increases from 57 ft to 65 ft6 and will require the control valve to work very close to its seat. now let us look at reverse return distribution ( fig. 5 ). in early systems, reverse return was provided for constant flow distribution serving identical terminal units. it normalizes the differential pressure on all circuits for design flow. at design condition ( fig 5b ), all terminal circuits see the available differential pressure of 27 ft. at 50 % average flow ( fig 5c ), all terminal circuits are submitted to a differential pressure of 58 ft which requires the control valves to work closer to their seat ( with a risk of unstable control ). in conclusion, control valves may hunt at small load for remote circuits in direct return while all of them may hunt in reverse return. to reduce changes in differential pressure, a variable speed controller on the pump can be used to keep it constant, for example, between c and d on figure 5a. this reduces the pumping cost and improves the quality of control ( see references b & c ) please note that in certain cases, the pump head has to be increased in reverse return design. in figures 4 and 5, if the first circuit requires a differential pressure of 47 ft this condition is satisfied in direct return ( fig 4b ) since 57 ft is available. it is not he case in reverse return ( fig 5b ) as only 27 ft is available. consequently, for the reverse return system, in this case, the pump head has to be increased by 20 ft. - for a constant δh, the pump energy increases proportionally with the flow. stability of the terminal control is dependent on the control valves authority ( see references d & e ) which is defined as : for good control, it must be at least 25 %. in figure 3, expected control valve pressure drop is 18ft. the control valve actually selected has a design pressure drop of 9ft. 6 since δ


& e ) which is defined as : for good control, it must be at least 25 %. in figure 3, expected control valve pressure drop is 18ft. the control valve actually selected has a design pressure drop of 9ft. 6 since δh - ( gpm ) 2, the actual pressure drop in pipes is ( 1 / 2 ) 2 ( 57 - 27 ) ≈ 7 ft. then the actual available differential pressure is 65 - 7 = 58 ft. 7 δp across closed control valve is the same as the available differential pressure for the circuit. the pressure drop created by the balancing valve these not intervene in any of theses factors and has consequently no influence on the control valve ' s authority. so, its authority is 9 / 27x100 = 33 %. 9 ft is a fixed value as soon as this control valve has been selected. the only variable parameter is the available differential pressure ( 27 ft ). if this differential pressure increase, the control valve authority decreases with risk of control valve hunting. let us consider a direct return system with a constant speed pump according to figure 4a. design pressure drop8 for the control valve in circuit 1 is 40 ft. at 50 % average flow, the available differential pressure for the circuit 1 increases from 57 to 65 ft ( fig 4c ) and the control valve authority from 40 / 57x100 = 70 % to 40 / 65x100 = 62 %. this increase in differential pressure does not compromise the control valve performance. however, for the last circuit, the available differential increases from 27 to 58 ft which greatly decreases the control valve authority from 33 % to 9 / 55x100 = 15 %. in reverse return ( fig 5c ), for all the circuits, the authority will be only 15 % ( 9 / 58x100 ). an example of large cooling system with variable speed pump is shown in figure 6. the variable speed pump keeps the available differential pressure constant for the last circuit. when all terminals experience nearly the same load at the same time, it is a suitable solution. the design condition is : δp coil = 12. 5 ft, δh cd = 85 ft and δh ef = 25 ft. for the last terminal, the design pressure drop for control valve is 12. 5ft ( authority 50 % ). for the first terminal, the best available choice is 70 ft ( authority 80 % ) assuming that the valve noise is acceptable and the valve actuator is capable of closing against 87 ft head. if not, the design of the